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近年来,随着林业生态建设的不断发展,森林资源和蓄积量的不断增加,森林防火面临的形势愈发严峻。江苏苏南丘陵山区名胜古迹众多,人文活动频繁,森林火灾潜在隐患巨大。亟待构建彩色树种防火林带,可在有效阻减森林火灾的同时,形成彩色景观的防火林带,对于实现我省丘陵山区防火树种“珍贵化、彩色化、效益化”,保护森林生态环境,筑牢生态防火屏障,促进美化景观、发展旅游和丘陵山区乡村振兴的意义重大。
防火林带林下可燃物是影响林火发生与蔓延的重要因子。目前,美国、加拿大等国均研制出了加快可燃物的降解及循环技术[1-3]。地球纤维素每年通过光合作用更新量为4.0 × 1010亿吨,但其中只有极少部分为人们所利用[4]。目前,降解纤维素的方法较多,有生物、化学等方法,但微生物降解是最为关注的。降解纤维素的微生物有真菌、细菌和放线菌等微生物;国内外主要的研究集中在木霉属、青霉属、曲霉属、根霉属、漆斑霉属等丝状真菌上[5-8]。目前主要是用真菌来发酵生产纤维素酶,国内外已经对这几种菌进行比较透彻的研究,尤其是对木霉属菌的研究,普遍认为它是纤维素酶的高产菌株。另外,绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)和黑木霉(Aspergillus niger)被认为是产纤维素酶最稳定和无毒安全的菌种。康氏木霉(T. koningii)、拟康氏木霉(T. pseudokoningii)也是目前较好的纤维素酶生产菌。因此,从自然界中分离生长快,产酶活力高的纤维素降解菌尤为重要[9-11]。为了充分利用这些可再生资源,本研究立足于防火林带景观树种,引进并筛选出一批木纤维素降解真菌,通过单因素和联用试验和优化,以期通过优化菌株及其联用组合加快防火林带景观树种的枯枝落的降解速度,达到进一步有效利用资源和减少森林火灾的目的。
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通过对12种防火林带景观树种落叶的降解实验比较,研究11株菌株对落叶的降解能力。经为期10 d的落叶降解实验发现:绵皮卧孔菌 (Pp)对12种防火林带景观树种落叶的降解能力最高,其降解率为44.62% ± 2.93%,康宁木霉(Tk1)和云芝 (Pv) 对12种防火林带景观树种落叶的降解能力次之,其降解率分别为43.88% ± 2.50%和43.44% ± 1.71%,试验说明3株菌株对12种防火林带景观树种落叶均有很强的降解效果,且降解能力明显高于其他8株菌株(表1)。
表 1 不同菌株对防火林带景观树种落叶的降解效果
Table 1. Degradation effect of different strains on deciduous leaves of tree species in colorful landscape fire-resistant belt
% 菌株
Strain树种 Species 木荷
S.
superba红楠
M.
thunbergii檫树
S.
tsumu红果冬青
I.
purpurea油樟
C.
longipaniculatum北美枫香
L.
styraciflua红花深山含笑
M.
maudiae桂花
O.
fragrans杨梅
M.
rubra油茶
C.
oleifera红叶石楠
P. ×
fraseri茶叶树
C.
sinensisPp 45.2a 44.60a 49.2a 46.0a 39.9ab 46.20a 42.90a 43.8a 47.2a 42.1a 48.1a 40.2a Pv 43.8a 43.3a 44.6a 44.8a 39.5ab 42.7a 42.7a 44.3a 41.2a 45.0a 45.3a 44.1a An 33.8b 37.3ab 37.0ab 34.7b 32.7b 35.2ab 31.7ab 35.4b 31.9b 33.2b 30.5b 31.5b Pr 29.6c 31.5b 31.5b 29.0c 29.4bc 32.8b 30.6b 27.7c 27.8c 28.9c 30.9b 26.6c Pf 38.3ab 29.4b 38.3ab 35.6ab 35.5ab 34.7ab 34.7ab 36.7ab 34.7ab 34.3ab 40.1a 33.9ab Th 34.0b 31.3b 31.0b 34.9b 33.1b 29.9b 33.6b 35.2b 36.0b 35.1b 36.8ab 34.0b Ta 32.3b 33.7b 33.7b 28.9bc 31.9b 35.3b 31.3b 35.1b 25.7bc 29.7bc 38.3ab 29.9bc Tc 28.8c 29.1bc 24.3c 33.0bc 30.8bc 26.7c 27.0c 29.3c 34.3bc 32.8bc 21.9c 31.0bc Te 24.7c 23.9c 29.7bc 28.0c 25.7c 27.3c 25.7c 26.3c 25.7c 26.8c 28.7c 23.3c Tk1 42.7a 45.7a 46.9a 45.2a 43.1a 47.3a 38.9ab 45.3a 40.8a 44.0a 44.8a 41.9a Tk2 38.5b 34.8b 35.3b 36.1b 30.3b 36.7b 32.3b 34.6b 34.9b 33.3b 36.9b 28.8bc 注:表中数据经邓肯氏新复极差检验法(DMRT)检验在P<0.01水平差异显著。
Note: Data is tested by Duncan multiple range test, P<0.01. -
经为期10 d的枯枝落叶的降解失重实验,结果表明,11株菌株对12种防火林带景观树种枯枝落叶均有一些的降解失重效果;但康宁木霉(Tk1) 对12种防火林带景观树种枯枝落叶的降解失重效果最高,其降解失重率为54.33% ± 2.79%;绵皮卧孔菌(Pp) 和云芝(Pv)2株菌株次之,其对12种防火林带景观树种枯枝落叶的降解失重率分别为53.22% ± 4.02%和53.91% ± 2.28%,说明3菌株对12种防火林带景观树种枯枝落叶均有明显的降解失重能力,其它8菌株的降解失重效果较差(表2)。
表 2 不同菌株对防火林带景观树种枝叶的降解失重率
Table 2. The rate of weight loss of deciduous leaves of tree species degraded by different strains in color landscape fire-resistant belt
% 菌株
Strain树种 Species 木荷
S.
superba红楠
M.
thunbergii檫树
S.
tsumu红果冬青
I.
purpurea油樟
C.
longipaniculatum北美枫香
L.
styraciflua红花深山含笑
M.
maudiae桂花
O.
fragrans杨梅
M.
rubra油茶
C.
oleifera红叶石楠
P. ×
fraseri茶叶树
C.
sinensisPp 55.1a 52.1a 58.7a 56.0a 47.3ab 59.3a 50.7a 50.0a 54.2a 49.5ab 56.8a 48.9ab Pv 56.0a 55.7a 56.3a 53.9a 49.8ab 57.1a 53.6a 52.8a 52.8a 54.3a 54.4a 50.2a An 44.1b 38.0bc 45.0ab 43.9b 39.8b 46.9ab 36.9bc 38.1bc 41.0b 39.5bc 44.7b 41.3b Pr 40.7b 37.2bc 42.6b 41.1b 44.3b 40.3b 35.8bc 36.6bc 39.8bc 37.3bc 41.3b 39.8bc Pf 45.1ab 45.4b 44.8ab 43.6b 38.9bc 45.3ab 44.1b 39.8bc 44.3b 37.0bc 46.7ab 39.2bc Th 41.9b 36.0bc 40.7b 40.8b 36.1bc 42.3b 35.9bc 35.3bc 38.8bc 33.8bc 42.0b 35.3bc Ta 42.2b 41.2b 43.9b 41.0b 34.8bc 41.7b 43.1b 38.8bc 42.4b 36.7bc 40.9b 35.1bc Tc 35.7c 30.0c 35.7c 36.8c 35.4c 36.3c 28.8c 30.2c 35.9c 35.1c 36.3c 36.0c Te 38.8bc 31.8bc 38.3bc 37.7bc 31.8bc 39.8bc 29.9c 28.3c 31.6bc 29.8c 39.1bc 27.4c Tk1 53.7a 54.8a 57.2a 54.8a 50.9a 58.7a 51.7a 53.5a 55.3a 52.1a 55.9a 49.7ab Tk2 41.9b 37.8bc 43.1b 40.4b 35.0bc 40.7b 36.9bc 33.7bc 38.4bc 34.2bc 42.8b 33.8bc 注:表中数据经邓肯氏新复极差检验法(DMRT)检验在P<0.01水平差异显著。
Note: Data is tested by Duncan multiple range test, P<0.01. -
通过3强降解菌株单用及联用对防火林带3种景观树种[16]的枯枝落叶降解失重实验,研究它们对枯枝落叶的失重效果。10 d的降解失重实验表明,3种防火林带景观树种的枯枝落叶降解失重效果明显。①檫树的枯枝落叶经Pp、Pv和Tk1的单一菌株液处理,降解失重率分别为57.8%、53.8%和58.1%,经Pp + Pv、Pv + Tk1和Pp + Tk1联用混合菌株处理,降解失重率分别为65.2%、63.9%和67.3%,试验说明菌株混合联用能明显提高对檫树枯枝落叶降解失重效果。②红叶石楠的枯枝落叶经Pp、Pv和Tk1的单一菌株液处理,降解失重率分别为54.9%、51.8%和54.7%,经Pp + Pv、Pv + Tk1和Pp + Tk1联用混合菌株处理,降解失重率分别为62.4%、60.7%和63.563.5%,试验也说明菌株混合联用能明显提高对红叶石楠枯枝落叶降解失重效果。③木荷的枯枝落叶经Pp、Pv和Tk1的单一菌株液处理,降解失重率分别为53.1%、52.0%和52.7%,经Pp + Pv、Pv + Tk1和Pp + Tk1联用混合菌株处理,降解失重率分别为59.0%、56.3%和60.8%,试验也说明菌株混合联用能明显提高对木荷枯枝落叶降解失重效果。强降解菌株及其联用对三防火林带景观树种枯枝落叶降解失重效果试验也同样说明,落叶树种檫树的降解失重率略高于常绿树种红叶石楠和木荷(图1)。
防火林带景观树种枯落物的高效降解真菌筛选及效果评估
Selection of High Efficient Fungi for Litter Degradation in Firebreak Belt
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摘要:
目的 为森林防火和枯枝落叶的循环利用,筛选和优化菌株,并应用于防火林带景观树种枯枝落叶的降解。 方法 采用树种枯枝落叶叶片条降解法、降解失重法筛选出强降解菌株,再比较强降解菌株混合联用的降解失重效果,选出强降解菌株的混合联用组合,并分析其对枯枝落叶的降解效果和作用。 结果 通过比较11菌株对12种防火林带景观树种枯枝落叶的降解效果,筛选出绵皮卧孔菌 (Pp)、康宁木霉(Tk1)和云芝(Pv)等3株强降解菌株;3菌株单用及联用对檫树、红叶石楠和木荷枯枝落叶降解失重率分别为54.3% ± 2.3%和62.1% ± 3.3%。 结论 筛选出的3菌株单用及联用组合,Pp + Pv、Pv + Tk1和Pp + Tk1对防火林带景观树种枯枝落叶有明显的降解效果,可用于苏南丘陵山区的防火和枯枝落叶处理工作。 Abstract:Objective To screen and optimize the strain and apply it to the degradation of dead leaves of landscape tree species in forest firebreak belt for recycling of dead leaves and forest fire prevention. Method The highly degrading strains were screened out by the degradation methods of leaf strips of tree species in color bio-fireproof forest belt and the degradation weight loss methods. The highly degrading strains and their combinations were selected by the experimental analysis of the degradation weight loss effect of the highly degrading strains and their combinations. In addition, their degradation rules on the dead branches and leaves were analyzed. Result Through the degradation experiments of 11 strains on deciduous leaves and dead branches and leaves of 12 colorful landscape trees in the firebreak belt, Postia Placenta (Pp),Trichoderma Koningii (Tk1) and Polystictus versicolor (Pv) were found to have strong degradation ability and weight loss effect. The weight loss of Sassafras tsumu, Photinia × fraseri and Schima superba were 54.3% ± 2.3% and 62.1% ± 3.3% respectively. Conclusion Pp + Pv, Pv + Tk1 and Pp + Tk1 have significant degradation effect on the tree species in the forest firebreak belts, which can be widely used as in the forest firebreak belts in the south of Jiangsu Province. -
Key words:
- firebreak
- / dead branches and leaves
- / highly degrading fungi
- / degradation effect.
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表 1 不同菌株对防火林带景观树种落叶的降解效果
Table 1. Degradation effect of different strains on deciduous leaves of tree species in colorful landscape fire-resistant belt
% 菌株
Strain树种 Species 木荷
S.
superba红楠
M.
thunbergii檫树
S.
tsumu红果冬青
I.
purpurea油樟
C.
longipaniculatum北美枫香
L.
styraciflua红花深山含笑
M.
maudiae桂花
O.
fragrans杨梅
M.
rubra油茶
C.
oleifera红叶石楠
P. ×
fraseri茶叶树
C.
sinensisPp 45.2a 44.60a 49.2a 46.0a 39.9ab 46.20a 42.90a 43.8a 47.2a 42.1a 48.1a 40.2a Pv 43.8a 43.3a 44.6a 44.8a 39.5ab 42.7a 42.7a 44.3a 41.2a 45.0a 45.3a 44.1a An 33.8b 37.3ab 37.0ab 34.7b 32.7b 35.2ab 31.7ab 35.4b 31.9b 33.2b 30.5b 31.5b Pr 29.6c 31.5b 31.5b 29.0c 29.4bc 32.8b 30.6b 27.7c 27.8c 28.9c 30.9b 26.6c Pf 38.3ab 29.4b 38.3ab 35.6ab 35.5ab 34.7ab 34.7ab 36.7ab 34.7ab 34.3ab 40.1a 33.9ab Th 34.0b 31.3b 31.0b 34.9b 33.1b 29.9b 33.6b 35.2b 36.0b 35.1b 36.8ab 34.0b Ta 32.3b 33.7b 33.7b 28.9bc 31.9b 35.3b 31.3b 35.1b 25.7bc 29.7bc 38.3ab 29.9bc Tc 28.8c 29.1bc 24.3c 33.0bc 30.8bc 26.7c 27.0c 29.3c 34.3bc 32.8bc 21.9c 31.0bc Te 24.7c 23.9c 29.7bc 28.0c 25.7c 27.3c 25.7c 26.3c 25.7c 26.8c 28.7c 23.3c Tk1 42.7a 45.7a 46.9a 45.2a 43.1a 47.3a 38.9ab 45.3a 40.8a 44.0a 44.8a 41.9a Tk2 38.5b 34.8b 35.3b 36.1b 30.3b 36.7b 32.3b 34.6b 34.9b 33.3b 36.9b 28.8bc 注:表中数据经邓肯氏新复极差检验法(DMRT)检验在P<0.01水平差异显著。
Note: Data is tested by Duncan multiple range test, P<0.01.表 2 不同菌株对防火林带景观树种枝叶的降解失重率
Table 2. The rate of weight loss of deciduous leaves of tree species degraded by different strains in color landscape fire-resistant belt
% 菌株
Strain树种 Species 木荷
S.
superba红楠
M.
thunbergii檫树
S.
tsumu红果冬青
I.
purpurea油樟
C.
longipaniculatum北美枫香
L.
styraciflua红花深山含笑
M.
maudiae桂花
O.
fragrans杨梅
M.
rubra油茶
C.
oleifera红叶石楠
P. ×
fraseri茶叶树
C.
sinensisPp 55.1a 52.1a 58.7a 56.0a 47.3ab 59.3a 50.7a 50.0a 54.2a 49.5ab 56.8a 48.9ab Pv 56.0a 55.7a 56.3a 53.9a 49.8ab 57.1a 53.6a 52.8a 52.8a 54.3a 54.4a 50.2a An 44.1b 38.0bc 45.0ab 43.9b 39.8b 46.9ab 36.9bc 38.1bc 41.0b 39.5bc 44.7b 41.3b Pr 40.7b 37.2bc 42.6b 41.1b 44.3b 40.3b 35.8bc 36.6bc 39.8bc 37.3bc 41.3b 39.8bc Pf 45.1ab 45.4b 44.8ab 43.6b 38.9bc 45.3ab 44.1b 39.8bc 44.3b 37.0bc 46.7ab 39.2bc Th 41.9b 36.0bc 40.7b 40.8b 36.1bc 42.3b 35.9bc 35.3bc 38.8bc 33.8bc 42.0b 35.3bc Ta 42.2b 41.2b 43.9b 41.0b 34.8bc 41.7b 43.1b 38.8bc 42.4b 36.7bc 40.9b 35.1bc Tc 35.7c 30.0c 35.7c 36.8c 35.4c 36.3c 28.8c 30.2c 35.9c 35.1c 36.3c 36.0c Te 38.8bc 31.8bc 38.3bc 37.7bc 31.8bc 39.8bc 29.9c 28.3c 31.6bc 29.8c 39.1bc 27.4c Tk1 53.7a 54.8a 57.2a 54.8a 50.9a 58.7a 51.7a 53.5a 55.3a 52.1a 55.9a 49.7ab Tk2 41.9b 37.8bc 43.1b 40.4b 35.0bc 40.7b 36.9bc 33.7bc 38.4bc 34.2bc 42.8b 33.8bc 注:表中数据经邓肯氏新复极差检验法(DMRT)检验在P<0.01水平差异显著。
Note: Data is tested by Duncan multiple range test, P<0.01. -
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