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白蜡虫( Ericerus pela Chavannes)属于半翅目(Hemiptera)蜡介科(Coccidae)白蜡蚧属( Ericerus ),寄居于女贞( Ligustrum lucidum Ait)和白蜡树( Fraxinus chinensis Roxb)等植物,其二龄雄若虫分泌天然的脂类物质,在现代工业广泛的应用于化工、食品、医药、信息技术、化妆品等,是中国独有的具有重要经济价值的资源昆虫[1]。它在我国分布广泛,北至辽宁南至海南均有分布[2]。白蜡虫一龄若虫分布在寄主植物叶片上,二龄若虫分布在寄主植物枝条上。二龄雌若虫暴露在空气中,雄若虫会在枝条上分泌蜡层覆盖虫体,雄虫泌蜡消耗较多的能量。它们主要以吸食寄主植物的韧皮部汁液来获取生长发育所需的能量和营养,而刺吸式昆虫吸取的寄主植物汁液常常缺乏一些必须氨基酸等营养,其体共生菌在营养供给方面为宿主昆虫的生长发育提供了有力的支撑[3]。
昆虫体内存在着大量的共生菌,在昆虫的生长、发育中发挥着不可替代的作用。如布赫纳氏菌( Buchnera )可以为其宿主蚜虫提供多种必需氨基酸[4]和维生素[5],参与宿主昆虫的能量代谢[6]和嘌呤代谢[7];立克次氏体( Rickettsia )对宿主昆虫有杀雄作用、影响宿主孤雌生殖、发育速度、提高环境适合度等[8-11],还可以提高宿主对病原菌与天敌的抵抗力[12-13];沃尔巴克氏体菌属( Wolbachia )与立克次氏体同属立克次氏体目(Rickettsiales),它与立克次氏体有类似的功能,如通过诱导细胞质不亲和、孤雌生殖、雌性化和杀雄作用来影响后代雌雄比例[14-17],影响宿主昆虫的营养代谢[18],为宿主提供保护作用等[19]。研究还证明,蜜蜂的肠道共生菌可以合成一些酶帮助蜜蜂降解、消化碳水化合物[20]; 果蝇肠道共生菌群通过调节宿主激素信号来促进果蝇的系统增长和发育[21],提高宿主免疫力等[22]。
目前为止,关于白蜡虫共生菌的研究较少。刘魏魏等[23]与徐冬丽等[24]分别对白蜡虫体内杀雄菌属( Arsenophonus )和立克次氏体进行了分子检测,王雪庆等[25]研究了白蜡虫不同发育阶段分泌的蜡花中微生物的多样性,孙涛等[26]研究了长春与昆明白蜡虫越冬时共生菌多样性的异同[26]。白蜡虫二龄雄若虫分泌大量的白蜡,具有极高的经济价值,但目前为止还没有白蜡虫泌蜡期共生菌的研究。本研究利用DNA克隆文库法对二龄白蜡虫的共生菌进行测序、鉴定和统计,探明白蜡虫二龄雌雄虫中共生菌的种类和结构,比较二者多样性的异同,并对其中重要共生菌进行功能分析。
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白蜡虫细菌16S rRNA高通量测序信息处理后,所有样品共得到1 869 191个原始标签,拼接优化后有效标签为1 798 646条。以97%相似度为标准进行聚类分析,得到1 334个OTUs(表 1)。
表 1 白蜡虫二龄雌雄虫共生菌16S rDNA高通量测序基本信息
Table 1. Basic information of 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencingof symbiotic bacteria in the second-instar male and female of Ericerus pela
样品名称
Sample Name原始标签数
Raw tags拼接后标签数
Combined tags有效标签数
Qualified tagsOTU数
OTUsSF1 53 959 51 861 37 414 128 SF2 55 480 52 802 37 119 205 SF3 58 618 56 851 41 962 187 SM1 59 278 57 515 42 531 164 SM2 64 936 61 829 44 431 198 SM3 68 561 66 760 53 714 79 注:SF-白蜡虫二龄雌虫,SM-白蜡虫二龄雄虫;1、2、3分别表示该组3个重复的样品编号。
Notes: SF-second-instar female of Eracerus pela , SM-pela second-instar male of Eracerus ; 1, 2, 3 represent the three replicate sample numbers of the group.对白蜡虫二龄雌雄虫中全部OTUs进行注释后,进行统计分析。在门分类单元,共注释到了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)等共14个门,其中, 变形菌门为优势菌,占97%(图 1A);在纲分类单元水平,共注释到了α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、纤维粘网菌纲(Cytophagia)、杆菌纲(Bacilli)、梭菌纲(Clostridia)等29个纲,优势菌为α-变形菌纲,占97%(图 1B),其中,还包括了与松树叶绿体部分基因相似度极高的一段序列;在目分类单元水平,共注释到立克次体目、根瘤菌目、鞘脂单胞菌目(Sphingomonadales)、Micrococcales、噬纤维菌目(Cytophagales)等60个目,其中,立克次体目为优势菌,占91%(图 1C);在科分类单元水平,共注释到了立克次氏体科(Rickettsiaceae)、未鉴定的某科、甲基杆菌科(Methylobacteriaceae)、鞘酯菌科(Sphingomonadaceae)、微杆菌科(Microbacteriaceae)等共109个科,其中,立克次氏体科为优势菌,占91%(图 1D);在属分类单元水平,共注释到了立克次体属( Rickettsia )、甲基杆菌属( Methylobacterium )、鞘氨醇单胞菌属( Sphingomonas )、 Amnibacterium 、薄层菌属( Hymenobacter )等165个属,其中,立克次体属为优势菌,占91%(图 1E);在种分类单元水平,共注释到了吉氏芽孢杆菌( Bacillus gibsonii Nielsen)、 Methylobacterium adhaesivum Gallego 、 Methylobacterium komagatae Kato 、 Nitrospira defluvii 、维氏假单胞菌( Pseudomonas veronii )、 Pseudanabaena galeata Bocher等55个种(图 1F )。
图 1 白蜡虫二龄雌雄若虫共生菌在不同分类等级上的物种比例
Figure 1. Species proportion of symbiotic bacteria in the second-instar male and femaleof Ericerus pela at different taxonomic levels
对二龄雌雄白蜡虫共生菌相对含量前30的OTU序列进行处理、统计后发现:在二龄若虫中,立克次氏体相对含量最高,其中,雌虫为85.740%(表 2),雄虫为95.462%(表 3)。此外,雌虫体内根瘤菌目(OTU 13、OTU 8)的含量也较高,分别为3.426%与1.891%,其次为 Amnibacterium 与鞘氨醇单胞菌属,分别为1.384%与1.058%。在雄虫中,次优势菌为芽孢杆菌纲的吉氏芽孢杆菌(0.747%),根瘤菌目(OTU13,含量0.708%;OTU8,含量0.600%)和鞘氨醇单胞菌(OTU21, 含量0.360%)。
表 2 白蜡虫二龄雌虫中共生菌前20含量及分类地位
Table 2. Content and taxonomic status of symbiotic bacteria in the second-instar female of Eracerus pela
OTU
No.分类地位 Taxonomic status 含量/%
Content纲 Class 目 Order 科 Family 属 Genus 种 Species 1 α-Proteobacteria Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae Rickettsia 85.740 13 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales 3.426 8 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales Methylobacteriaceae Methylobacterium 1.891 22 Actinobacteria Micrococcales Microbacteriaceae Amnibacterium 1.384 21 α-Proteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas 1.058 31 Cytophagia Cytophagales Cytophagaceae Hymenobacter 0.630 11 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales Methylobacteriaceae Methylobacterium Methylobacterium adhaesivum 0.580 25 α-Proteobacteria Rhodospirillales Acetobacteraceae Acidiphilium 0.411 40 α-Proteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas 0.357 53 Actinobacteria Propionibacteriales Propionibacteriaceae Friedmanniella 0.250 75 Acidobacteria Acidobacteriales Acidobacteriaceae Bryocella 0.243 2 α-Proteobacteria Rickettsiales SRickettsiaceae Rickettsia 0.188 110 Acidobacteria Acidobacteriales Acidobacteriaceae Terriglobus 0.170 123 Actinobacteria Frankiales 0.159 127 Actinobacteria Micrococcales Dermacoccaceae 0.153 93 Nitrospira Nitrospirales Nitrospiraceae Nitrospiraceae Nitrospira defluvii 0.152 139 Cytophagia Cytophagales Cytophagaceae Hymenobacter 0.141 103 Cytophagia Cytophagales Cytophagaceae Hymenobacter 0.118 168 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales Methylobacteriaceae Methylobacterium Methylobacterium komagatae 0.117 115 α-Proteobacteria Sphingomonadales 0.102 表 3 白蜡虫二龄雄虫中共生菌前20含量及分类地位
Table 3. Content and taxonomic status of symbiotic bacteria in the second-instar male of Eracerus pela
OTU
No.分类地位 Taxonomic status 含量/%
Content纲 Class 目 Order 科 Family 属 Genus 种 Species 1 α-Proteobacteria Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae Rickettsia 95.462 48 Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus gibsonii 0.747 13 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales 0.708 8 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales Methylobacteriaceae Methylobacterium 0.600 21 α-Proteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas 0.360 2 α-Proteobacteria Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae Rickettsia 0.171 20 γ-Proteobacteria Pseudomonadales Pseudomonadaceae Pseudomonas Pseudomonas veronii 0.135 15 Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus 0.132 422 α-Proteobacteria Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae Rickettsia 0.084 22 Actinobacteria Micrococcales Microbacteriaceae Amnibacterium 0.071 103 Cytophagia Cytophagales Cytophagaceae Hymenobacter 0.065 40 α-Proteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas 0.062 168 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales Methylobacteriaceae Methylobacterium Methylobacteriumko magatae 0.061 115 α-Proteobacteria Sphingomonadales 0.050 147 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales 0.050 98 Actinobacteria Micrococcales Microbacteriaceae 0.040 319 β-Proteobacteria Burkholderiales Oxalobacteraceae Massilia 0.040 180 Bacilli Bacillales Planococcaceae Solibacillus Solibacillus silvestris 0.037 33 Chloroplast Chloroplast Chloroplast Chloroplast Cercis gigantea 0.035 190 Actinobacteria Micrococcales Microbacteriaceae Microbacterium 0.035 -
物种的多样性通常以环境中的物种数、Shannon、Simpson、Chao1、ACE进行描述,其值越高,说明样品的多样性越高。分析结果表明:无论物种个数、Chao1、ACE、Shannon、Simpson等指数,二龄雌虫均大于二龄雄虫(表 4),因此,认为二龄雌虫共生菌的多样性高于二龄雄虫。
表 4 白蜡虫二龄幼虫共生菌多样性分析
Table 4. Diversity analysis of symbiotic bacteria in the second instar larvae of Ericerus pela
分组
Group物种个数
Number of speciesChao1 ACE Shannon Simpson 二龄雌虫(SF) 265 168.361 173.844 1.228 0.262 二龄雄虫(SM) 255 153.173 166.651 0.473 0.088
基于16S测序分析白蜡虫二龄雌雄若虫共生菌的多样性分析
Analysis on Structure and Diversity of Bacterial Community of the Second-instar Ericerus pela Nymph Based on 16S rRNA High-throughput Sequencing
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摘要:
目的 探明白蜡虫二龄雌雄若虫共生菌的种类和结构。 方法 利用高通量测序技术,对白蜡虫二龄雌雄虫16S rRNA的V3-V4区进行高通量测序,使用Uparse软件对有效标签进行聚类,使用Mothur方法与SILVA的SSUrRNA数据库进行物种注释,分析雌雄间共生菌物种丰度及多样性的差异。 结果 共得到了1 798 646条有效标签,以97%相似度为标准进行聚类分析,得到1 334个OTUs,其中,有14个门,29个纲,60个目,109个科,165个属,55个种得到注释。与其他昆虫明显不同,白蜡虫二龄若虫中立克次氏体属为优势菌(雌85.740%,雄95.462%),缺乏布赫纳氏菌和沃尔巴克氏体。 结论 白蜡虫与其它昆虫的共生菌有很大差异,立克次氏体在白蜡虫二龄若虫中占绝对优势,具有固氮作用的根瘤菌目和芽孢杆菌目、能合成类胡萝卜素的鞘脂单胞菌目为次优势菌,在共生菌中占有一定比例。白蜡虫若虫共生菌独特的现象可能与白蜡虫独特的生物习性、生态学特征和营养相关。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the variation and diversity of symbiotic bacteria both in the second-instar male and female of Ericerus pela . Method The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA was performed using high-throughput sequencing technology. Uparse software was used to cluster the qualified labels. Species annotation was taken by using the Mothur and SILVA's SSUrRNA database to analysis the differences in species abundance and diversity between male and female symbiotic bacteria. Result There were 1798646 qualified labels identified in this experiment. Cluster analysis was performed with 97% similarity as the standard, and 1 334 OTUs (operational taxonomic unit) were obtained. After the annotation, 14 phylums, 29 classes, 60 orders, 109 families, 165 genera, and 55 species were obtained. E. pela is significantly different from the other insects. For the second-instar nymph, Rickettsia (85.740% in female, 95.462% in male) was the dominant bacteria while Buchnera and Wolbachia were absent. A total of 386 symbiotic bacteria were identified in the second-instar nymphs. Conclusion The endosymbiotic bacteria of E. pela are quite different from that of other insects. Rickettsia has an absolute advantage in the second-instar nymph of E. pela . Rhizobiales and Bacillales with nitrogen fixation, Sphingomonadales which can synthesize carotenoids, are the subdominant bacteria and occupy a certain proportion in symbiotic bacteria. The unique phenomenon of the E. pela symbiotic bacteria may be related to its unique biological habits, ecological characteristics and nutrition. -
Key words:
- Ericerus pela
- / second-instar nymph
- / 16S rRNA
- / symbiotic bacteria
- / Rickettsia
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表 1 白蜡虫二龄雌雄虫共生菌16S rDNA高通量测序基本信息
Table 1. Basic information of 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencingof symbiotic bacteria in the second-instar male and female of Ericerus pela
样品名称
Sample Name原始标签数
Raw tags拼接后标签数
Combined tags有效标签数
Qualified tagsOTU数
OTUsSF1 53 959 51 861 37 414 128 SF2 55 480 52 802 37 119 205 SF3 58 618 56 851 41 962 187 SM1 59 278 57 515 42 531 164 SM2 64 936 61 829 44 431 198 SM3 68 561 66 760 53 714 79 注:SF-白蜡虫二龄雌虫,SM-白蜡虫二龄雄虫;1、2、3分别表示该组3个重复的样品编号。
Notes: SF-second-instar female of Eracerus pela , SM-pela second-instar male of Eracerus ; 1, 2, 3 represent the three replicate sample numbers of the group.表 2 白蜡虫二龄雌虫中共生菌前20含量及分类地位
Table 2. Content and taxonomic status of symbiotic bacteria in the second-instar female of Eracerus pela
OTU
No.分类地位 Taxonomic status 含量/%
Content纲 Class 目 Order 科 Family 属 Genus 种 Species 1 α-Proteobacteria Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae Rickettsia 85.740 13 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales 3.426 8 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales Methylobacteriaceae Methylobacterium 1.891 22 Actinobacteria Micrococcales Microbacteriaceae Amnibacterium 1.384 21 α-Proteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas 1.058 31 Cytophagia Cytophagales Cytophagaceae Hymenobacter 0.630 11 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales Methylobacteriaceae Methylobacterium Methylobacterium adhaesivum 0.580 25 α-Proteobacteria Rhodospirillales Acetobacteraceae Acidiphilium 0.411 40 α-Proteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas 0.357 53 Actinobacteria Propionibacteriales Propionibacteriaceae Friedmanniella 0.250 75 Acidobacteria Acidobacteriales Acidobacteriaceae Bryocella 0.243 2 α-Proteobacteria Rickettsiales SRickettsiaceae Rickettsia 0.188 110 Acidobacteria Acidobacteriales Acidobacteriaceae Terriglobus 0.170 123 Actinobacteria Frankiales 0.159 127 Actinobacteria Micrococcales Dermacoccaceae 0.153 93 Nitrospira Nitrospirales Nitrospiraceae Nitrospiraceae Nitrospira defluvii 0.152 139 Cytophagia Cytophagales Cytophagaceae Hymenobacter 0.141 103 Cytophagia Cytophagales Cytophagaceae Hymenobacter 0.118 168 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales Methylobacteriaceae Methylobacterium Methylobacterium komagatae 0.117 115 α-Proteobacteria Sphingomonadales 0.102 表 3 白蜡虫二龄雄虫中共生菌前20含量及分类地位
Table 3. Content and taxonomic status of symbiotic bacteria in the second-instar male of Eracerus pela
OTU
No.分类地位 Taxonomic status 含量/%
Content纲 Class 目 Order 科 Family 属 Genus 种 Species 1 α-Proteobacteria Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae Rickettsia 95.462 48 Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus gibsonii 0.747 13 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales 0.708 8 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales Methylobacteriaceae Methylobacterium 0.600 21 α-Proteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas 0.360 2 α-Proteobacteria Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae Rickettsia 0.171 20 γ-Proteobacteria Pseudomonadales Pseudomonadaceae Pseudomonas Pseudomonas veronii 0.135 15 Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus 0.132 422 α-Proteobacteria Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae Rickettsia 0.084 22 Actinobacteria Micrococcales Microbacteriaceae Amnibacterium 0.071 103 Cytophagia Cytophagales Cytophagaceae Hymenobacter 0.065 40 α-Proteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas 0.062 168 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales Methylobacteriaceae Methylobacterium Methylobacteriumko magatae 0.061 115 α-Proteobacteria Sphingomonadales 0.050 147 α-Proteobacteria Rhizobiales 0.050 98 Actinobacteria Micrococcales Microbacteriaceae 0.040 319 β-Proteobacteria Burkholderiales Oxalobacteraceae Massilia 0.040 180 Bacilli Bacillales Planococcaceae Solibacillus Solibacillus silvestris 0.037 33 Chloroplast Chloroplast Chloroplast Chloroplast Cercis gigantea 0.035 190 Actinobacteria Micrococcales Microbacteriaceae Microbacterium 0.035 表 4 白蜡虫二龄幼虫共生菌多样性分析
Table 4. Diversity analysis of symbiotic bacteria in the second instar larvae of Ericerus pela
分组
Group物种个数
Number of speciesChao1 ACE Shannon Simpson 二龄雌虫(SF) 265 168.361 173.844 1.228 0.262 二龄雄虫(SM) 255 153.173 166.651 0.473 0.088 -
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