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化学农药的大量使用,在杀死害虫的同时也杀死了天敌昆虫等非靶标生物,且环境中残留的农药威胁人类健康,造成害虫抗药性(resistance)、再增猖獗(resurgence)和农药残留(residue)的“3R”问题。害虫植物源诱控技术利用靶标害虫特别敏感或偏好的挥发物组合诱杀靶标害虫,不仅能避免化学农药的大量使用,缓解“3R”问题,且防治效果好,使用简单,节约成本[1-3]。植物源诱控技术已在橘小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel))[1,4]、柑橘大实蝇(Bactrocera minax (Enderlein))[1]、棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner))[5]、苹果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonella (L.))[6]、红脂大小蠹(Dendroctonus valens LeConte)[7]、松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope)[8]等害虫规模化防治中推广应用,产生了显著的经济效益和生态效益。
造瘿害虫是早竹(Phyllostachys praecox C. D. Chu et C. S. Chao)林的重要害虫,在浙江德清县早竹林严重发病林地危害率高达70% [9],且近年来其危害呈上升的趋势。通过对虫瘿昆虫的饲养和物种鉴定,明确了早竹造瘿害虫有竹瘿广肩小蜂(Aiolomorphus rhopaloides Walker)、刚竹泰广肩小蜂(Tetramesa phyllostrachitis Gahan)、竹泰广肩小蜂(Tetramesa bambusae Philips)等[9-10],而竹泰广肩小蜂和刚竹泰广肩小蜂数量最多,是主要的早竹造瘿害虫。刚竹泰广肩小蜂和竹泰广肩小蜂的卵、幼虫、蛹和初羽化成虫均生活于封闭虫瘿的内部,隐蔽危害,防治困难。每年4—5月份,刚竹泰广肩小蜂和竹泰广肩小蜂的成虫羽化出孔[9],并在其短暂的成虫期完成交配、产卵和寄主选择行为。羽化出孔的成虫脱离虫瘿的保护,是其生活史中最薄弱的时期,在此阶段防控更易获得成功。同时,造瘿害虫的寄主选择行为主要由寄主挥发物来调控,故发展植物源诱控技术,在造瘿害虫成虫羽化出孔后诱杀,可望解决造瘿害虫难以防治的问题。
研究表明,挥发物为基础的诱控技术诱捕效果受到挥发物配方和剂量、挥发物释放速率、诱捕器类型、诱捕器悬挂高度等因素的影响[11-13],只有充分优化整合这些影响因素,才能最大限度提高害虫诱控效果。本研究使用6种早竹挥发物标准品和早竹提取物制备诱芯,通过林间生物测定法筛选对早竹造瘿害虫有引诱效果的挥发物配方;设置不同类型的诱捕器和不同的悬挂高度,比较诱捕器的类型和悬挂高度对诱捕效果的影响;通过监测林间造瘿害虫的种群动态,确定刚竹泰广肩小蜂和竹泰广肩小蜂的林间活动规律。研究结果为早竹造瘿害虫植物源诱控技术研发应用提供技术支撑。
2种早竹造瘿害虫植物源诱控技术
Plant Volatiles-based Attract-and-kill Technology Against Two Species of Gall-inducing Pests on Phyllostachys praecox
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摘要:
目的 筛选刚竹泰广肩小蜂和竹泰广肩小蜂植物源引诱剂,优化影响诱捕效果的因素,为2种早竹造瘿害虫植物源诱控技术的应用提供技术支撑。 方法 采用林间生物测定法比较7种候选引诱剂的引诱效果,比较3种悬挂高度和5种诱捕器类型对诱捕效果的影响,并监测刚竹泰广肩小蜂和竹泰广肩小蜂林间的种群动态。 结果 水杨酸甲酯原液、顺-3-己烯-1-醇原液和反-2-己烯醛1 000倍液作为引诱剂的诱捕器诱捕刚竹泰广肩小蜂数量分别为154.40±129.04、35.20±35.75、24.00±20.30头,显著高于对照组诱捕器的诱虫量(P<0.05)。反-2-己烯醛1 000倍液、顺-3-己烯-1-醇10 000倍液和β-紫罗兰酮1 000倍液作为引诱剂的诱捕器诱捕竹泰广肩小蜂数量分别为29.50±28.43、25.67±16.26、20.25±3.95头,显著高于对照组诱捕器的诱虫量(P<0.05)。冠层的上层和中层诱捕造瘿害虫的数量显著多于冠层的下层(P<0.05),而冠层的上层和中层诱捕造瘿害虫的数量差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同类型诱捕器诱捕造瘿害虫的数量差异显著(P<0.05),小船型诱捕器的诱虫量显著多于三角形诱捕器的诱虫量(P<0.05),而三角形诱捕器的诱虫量显著多于桶型诱捕器(P<0.05)、实蝇诱捕器(P<0.05)和夜蛾诱捕器的诱虫量(P<0.05)。 结论 4月下旬到5月上旬,使用水杨酸甲酯与顺-3-己烯-1-醇30:1比例的混合物作为引诱剂,在早竹冠层的中层或上层悬挂小船型诱捕器,能够诱捕到更多的刚竹泰广肩小蜂和竹泰广肩小蜂。 Abstract:Objective To develop a plant volatiles-based attracticide against Tetramesa phyllostrachitis and T. bambusae, and to optimize the factors affecting the efficiency of trapping. Method The attractiveness of 7 candidate attractants were assessed, the effects of different heights and trap types on the efficiency of trapping were compared, and the population dynamics of the 2 species of pests in Phyllostachys praecox forest were monitored. Result The amount of T. phyllostrachitis trapped by methyl salicylate, cis-3-hexen-1-ol and 1 000 times dilution of trans-2-hexenal were 154.40±129.04, 35.20±35.75 and 24.00±20.30, respectively, which were significantly more than that of the control group (P<0.05). The amount of T. bambusae trapped by 1 000 times dilution of trans-2-hexenal, 10 000 times dilution of cis-3-hexen-1-ol and 1 000 times dilution of β-ionone were 29.50±28.43, 25.67±16.26 and 20.25±3.95, respectively, which were significantly more than that of the control group (P<0.05). The amount of gall-inducing pests trapped in the upper and medium layers of the canopy were significantly more than that in the lower layers of the canopy (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the amount of gall-inducing pests trapped in the upper and medium layers of the canopy (P>0.05). The amount of gall-inducing pests trapped by different types of trap had significantly different (P<0.05), the wing traps caught more pest than delta traps (P<0.05), while delta traps caught more than bucket traps (P<0.05), fly traps (P<0.05) and moth traps (P<0.05). Conclusion From late April to early May, more T. phyllostrachitis and T. bambusae can be trapped by wing traps, when the traps are suspended in the middle or upper layers of canopy, and the mixture of methyl salicylate and cis-3-hexen-1-ol at a ratio of 30:1 is used as attractant. -
Key words:
- gall-inducing pests
- / Phyllostachys praecox
- / plant volatiles
- / attractants
- / traps
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