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炭疽菌(Colletotrichum spp.)是一类重要的植物病原真菌,分布广泛,在热带和亚热带地区尤为突出[1]。炭疽菌可侵染植物叶、花、果、茎及嫩枝等,引发各种植物炭疽病,造成叶斑、叶枯、花腐、果腐和枝枯等症状,严重时导致落叶、落花和落果,甚至植株死亡,给农林业生产造成极大损失,被称为世界第八大植物致病真菌群[2]。
薄壳山核桃(Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch)又名美国山核桃、长山核桃,原产于美国与墨西哥北部,是重要的木本油料树种[3-5]。薄壳山核桃种仁油脂含量达65%以上,其中,不饱和脂肪酸含量90%以上,其果实是世界著名干果之一[6]。近年来,随着我国南方薄壳山核桃种植面积的不断扩大,病虫害发生日益严重[7-8],在浙江、江西和云南等薄壳山核桃主栽区爆发黑斑病,落叶、落果现象严重,造成重大的经济损失。研究发现,炭疽菌是引发薄壳山核桃黑斑病的关键病原菌。由于该病具有潜伏期长、发病时间集中、爆发性强等特点,选择高效、低毒的化学药剂进行防治是一种有效策略。
国内外学者针对炭疽菌的药效试验开展了大量研究,筛选出了一系列高效药剂,但不同种或同种菌不同菌株对杀菌剂存在着一定的特异性[9],如戊唑醇对柿树炭疽菌(C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc)具有较好的抑制作用[10],而对辣椒炭疽菌(C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc)抑制作用较差[11]。作者从不同地区的薄壳山核桃病叶和病果中,分离到26株炭疽菌,通过形态学特征和多基因序列分析共鉴定出9种炭疽菌。先前应用于其它植物炭疽病防治的杀菌剂对薄壳山核桃炭疽病病菌的防治效果尚不清楚。因此,本研究利用菌丝生长速率法测定了8种杀菌剂对9种炭疽菌的室内毒力,以期筛选出高效低毒的杀菌剂,为薄壳山核桃炭疽病的防治提供科学依据。
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供试的9种引起薄壳山核桃炭疽病的炭疽菌菌株分别收集自浙江、江西、安徽及云南4地薄壳山核桃感病的叶片和果实(图1),经分离纯化后于PDA斜面培养,4℃保存备用。菌种/株的详细信息见表1。
表 1 供试菌株
Table 1. Information of strains for test
种名
Species菌株编号
Strain number采集地点
Collection locations纬度
N/(°)经度
E/(°)采集时间(年-月)
Collecting time(year-month)寄主部位
Host tissueC. fioriniae (Marcelino and
Gouli) Shivas and TanJD756 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD119 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD29 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD12 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD32 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD179 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit C. fructicola Prihastuti, Cai and Hyde JD7536 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD031 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JX073 江西吉安 Ji’an, Jiangxi 114.98 27.12 2018-09 枝 Branch JX0731 江西吉安 Ji’an, Jiangxi 114.98 27.12 2018-09 枝 Branch YN1751 云南玉溪 Yuxi,Yunnan 102.55 24.35 2018-09 果实 Fruit YN191 云南玉溪 Yuxi,Yunnan 102.55 24.35 2018-09 果实 Fruit YN1911 云南玉溪 Yuxi,Yunnan 102.55 24.35 2018-09 果实 Fruit YN151 云南玉溪 Yuxi,Yunnan 102.55 24.35 2018-09 果实 Fruit C. siamense Prihastuti, Cai and Hyde JX23 江西吉安 Ji’an, Jiangxi 114.98 27.12 2018-09 枝Branch CZ622 安徽滁州 Chuzhou, Anhui 118.32 32.30 2018-09 果实 Fruit C. nymphaeae (Pass.) Aa JD3 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 叶片 Leaf JD31 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit YN1633 云南玉溪 Yuxi,Yunnan 102.55 24.35 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD043 浙江建德 Zhejiang, jiande 119.28 29.48 2018-07 叶片 Leaf C. americae-borealis Damm JD2 浙江建德 Zhejiang, jiande 119.28 29.48 2018-07 叶片 Leaf D. alienum Weir and Johnst. YN182 云南玉溪 Yuxi,Yunnan 102.55 24.35 2018-07 果实 Fruit CZ52 安徽滁州 Chuzhou, Anhui 118.32 32.30 2018-09 果实 Fruit C. coelogynes Damm JH111 浙江金华 Jinhu,a Zhejiang 119.65 29.08 2018-09 叶片 Leaf C. tamarilloi Damm, Cannon and Crous JD13 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 叶片 Leaf C. liaoningense Diao, Zhang, Cai and Liu JD041 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 叶片 Leaf -
供试药剂原药均由丙酮溶解,分别配制成10 mg·L-1的药剂母液,置于4℃冰箱保存备用。供试药剂及试验浓度梯度见表2。
表 2 供试药剂及浓度
Table 2. Fungicides and their concentration for tests
类别
Classification药剂
Fungicide公司
CompanyCAS No. 试验浓度梯度
Concentration /(mg·L−1)有机硫类 Organosulfurs 代森锰锌 Mancozeb Sigma 8018-01-7 250、200、100、50、25 甲氧基丙烯酸酯类 Methoxyacrylates 吡唑醚菌酯 yraclostrobin Sigma 175013-180 80、40、20、10、5 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin Macklin 131341-86-1 20、10、5、2.5、1.25 三唑类 Triazoles 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole Aladdin 119446-68-3 10、5、2.5、1.25、0.625 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole Sigma 13186-33-8 4、2、1、0.25、0.125 苯并咪唑类 Benzimidazoles 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate-methyl Aladdin 23564-05-8 20、10、5、2.5、1.5 咪唑类 Imidazoles 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz Aladdin 67747-09-5 1、0.5、0.25、0.125、0.0625 吡咯类 Pyrroles 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil Aladdin 107534-96-3 2、1、0.5、0.25、0.125 -
马铃薯琼脂糖(PDA)培养基:去皮马铃薯200 g,葡萄糖20 g,琼脂16 g蒸馏水1000 mL。
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采用菌丝生长速率法[10]测定8种杀菌剂对炭疽病菌的毒力。按试验浓度梯度配置含药剂的PDA培养基。将病原菌于PDA培养基上,25℃下预培养5 d后,在靠近菌落边缘打取直径5 mm的菌饼,接种于含药PDA培养基上,每个处理放置1个菌饼,设置3个重复,于25℃培养箱中培养6 d后,采用十字交叉法测量每个菌落的直径,计算抑制率(抑制率=((对照组菌落直径-药剂组直径菌落直径)/对照组直径)×100%)。基于抑制率构建回归方程,并计算抑制中浓度(EC50)。各处理均以丙酮为对照(CK),每处理重复3次。
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利用DPSV14.10软件构建各药剂对不同菌种/株的毒力回归方程(95%的置信限),并计算EC50值。利用SPSS 19.0软件,采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA,LSD)进行不同药剂EC50值差异显著性分析。
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建立8种药剂对C. fioriniae 6个菌株的毒力回归方程,并计算出各药剂对C. fioriniae及各菌株的抑制中浓度,结果(表3)表明:8种杀菌剂对C. fioriniae菌丝生长的抑制作用差异显著(F(7,40)= 12.507,P<0.001);咯菌腈、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇和恶醚唑的抑制作用最强,平均EC50值分别是0.13、0.15、0.58、0.64 mg·L−1;其次甲基硫菌灵、吡唑醚菌酯及嘧菌酯,平均EC50值分别是4.39、5.50、7.88 mg·L−1;代森锰锌的抑制效果最差,平均EC50值仅为43.40 mg·L−1。同一杀菌剂对同一菌种不同菌株菌丝生长的毒力也存在着差异。戊唑醇对供试的6个菌株菌丝生长抑制作用差异最大,其对JD179菌株的毒力(EC50=2.46)是JD756菌株(EC50=0.04)的61.5倍;其次,吡唑醚菌酯和咯菌腈2种药剂对不同菌株毒力最大差异倍数分别是55.5倍和27.0倍;甲基硫菌灵、恶醚唑、咪鲜胺、嘧菌酯对6个菌株的毒力差异变化相对小,最大差异倍数仅为1.61~3.83倍(表3)。
表 3 不同杀菌剂对C. fioriniae不同菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 3. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. fioriniae
杀菌剂
Fungicides菌株
Strains毒力回归方程
Toxicity regression equation抑制中浓度
EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1)EC50值(平均值 ± 标准误)
EC50value(mean ± SE)/(mg·L−1)代森锰锌 Mancozeb JD29 y = 2.85 + 1.08 x 98.94(61.32~159.62) 43.40 ± 11.43 a JD119 y = 1.95 + 1.88 x 42.17(35.74~49.75) JD12 y = 2.75 + 1.45 x 35.46(28.90~43.50) JD179 y = 3.53 + 0.96 x 33.76(25.11~45.40) JD756 y = 2.57 + 1.72 x 25.92(21.83~30.76) JD32 y = 3.56 + 1.04 x 24.18(23.18~25.22) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JD756 y = 6.23 + 2.59 x 13.32(10.01~17.72) 5.50 ± 2.08 b JD29 y = 3.38 + 1.74 x 8.63(6.08~12.25) JD32 y = 3.48 + 1.78 x 7.17(6.50~7.90) JD12 y = 4.50 + 1.23 x 2.53(1.83~3.49) JD119 y = 4.97 + 0.98 x 1.09(0.37~3.14) JD179 y = 5.36 + 0.58 x 0.24(0.03~2.12) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JD756 y = 5.99 + 1.73 x 0.27(0.20~0.35) 0.13 ± 0.04 b JD29 y = 6.16 + 1.74 x 0.22(0.15~0.31) JD32 y = 6.33 + 1.78 x 0.18(0.16~0.20) JD12 y = 6.47 + 1.23 x 0.06(0.05~0.09) JD119 y = 6.54 + 0.98 x 0.03(0.01~0.08) JD179 y = 6.28 + 0.58 x 0.01(0.00~0.05) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JD119 y = 5.05 + 1.25 x 0.91(0.66~1.25) 0.64 ± 0.10 b JD29 y = 5.06 + 1.17 x 0.89(0.69~1.14) JD179 y = 5.12 + 1.02 x 0.76(0.70~0.83) JD756 y = 5.29 + 1.05 x 0.53(0.18~1.57) JD12 y = 5.39 + 1.01 x 0.42(0.16~1.10) JD32 y = 5.55 + 1.15 x 0.33(0.14~0.76) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JD32 y = 3.85 + 1.06 x 12.21(10.88~13.72) 7.88 ± 1.56 b JD179 y = 3.94 + 1.01 x 11.14(9.51~13.06) JD119 y = 3.74 + 1.32 x 9.07(7.73~10.65) JD12 y = 4.42 + 0.63 x 8.21(6.40~10.53) JD29 y = 4.45 + 1.02 x 3.44(2.87~4.13) JD756 y = 4.54 + 0.91 x 3.19(2.53~4.01) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate-methyl JD119 y = 4.28 + 0.98 x 5.48(4.00~7.52) 4.39 ± 0.31 b JD756 y = 3.85 + 1.65 x 4.95(4.27~5.73) JD179 y = 4.37 + 0.95 x 4.62(3.12~6.86) JD32 y = 4.19 + 1.32 x 4.07(3.78~4.39) JD12 y = 4.45 + 0.93 x 3.84(2.59~5.70) JD29 y = 4.32 + 1.29 x 3.40(2.79~4.15) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JD756 y = 5.96 + 1.40 x 0.21(0.17~0.25) 0.15 ± 0.02 b JD119 y = 6.19 + 1.60 x 0.18(0.14~0.24) JD29 y = 6.15 + 1.34 x 0.14(0.11~0.17) JD32 y = 6.05 + 1.16 x 0.13(0.09~0.16) JD12 y = 6.01 + 1.06 x 0.11(0.06~0.21) JD179 y = 6.16 + 1.21 x 0.11(0.08~0.16) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JD179 y = 4.06 + 1.05 x 2.46(2.18~2.73) 0.58 ± 0.38 b JD29 y = 5.72 + 1.34 x 0.29(0.16~0.55) JD32 y = 5.63 + 1.18 x 0.29(0.22~0.38) JD12 y = 5.52 + 0.88 x 0.25(0.13~0.49) JD119 y = 5.41 + 0.44 x 0.12(0.06~0.23) JD756 y = 5.79 + 0.55 x 0.04(0.02~0.06) 注:EC50平均值后不同小写字母标注,表示在同一列数据中P < 0.05水平上差异显著。下同。
Note: the representation marked with different lowercase letters after the average value of EC50 is significantly different at the level of P < 0.05 in the same column of data. The same followed. -
8种杀菌剂对C. fructicola菌丝生长的抑制作用差异显著(F(7,56) = 7.320,P < 0.001)(表4)。咯菌腈和咪鲜胺的抑制作用最强,平均EC50值分别为0.11、0.13 m·L−1;对菌株JX073的抑制效果较好的杀菌剂有吡唑醚菌酯(EC50 = 0.01 mg·L−1)、甲基硫菌灵(EC50 = 0.14 mg·L−1)、咯菌腈(EC50 = 0.39 mg·L−1)、代森锰锌(EC50 = 0.45 mg·L−1)、咪鲜胺(EC50 = 0.61 mg·L−1);戊唑醇对菌株JX0731(EC50 = 0.53 mg·L−1)抑制效果较好。
表 4 不同杀菌剂对C. fructicola不同菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 4. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. fructicola
杀菌剂
Fungicides菌株
Strains毒力回归方程
Toxicity regression equation抑制中浓度
EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1)EC50值(平均值 ± 标准误)
EC50value(mean ± SE)/(mg·L−1)代森锰锌 Mancozeb JD7536 y = 6.15 + 1.41 x 6.11(3.05~12.24) 40.31 ± 10.74 a JD031 y = 4.45 + 1.15 x 2.98(1.32~6.75) JX073 y = 5.30 + 0.85 x 0.45(0.23~0.86) JX0731 y = 2.60 + 1.59 x 32.35(24.57~42.59) YN1751 y = 2.96 + 1.65 x 17.23(14.31~20.75) YN191 y = 2.54 + 1.37 x 62.11(36.11~106.83) YN1911 y = 3.47 + 1.14 x 22.14(19.26~25.46) YN151 y = 2.33 + 1.80 x 30.39(26.42~34.96) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JD7536 y = 6.15 + 1.41 x 0.15(0.08~0.31) 4.31 ± 1.41 bc JD031 y = 6.30 + 1.15 x 0.07(0.03~0.17) JX073 y = 6.66 + 0.85 x 0.01(0.01~0.02) JX0731 y = 4.27 + 1.29 x 1.29(2.10~6.49) YN1751 y = 3.04 + 1.76 x 12.88(10.62~15.62) YN191 y = 4.68 + 1.08 x 1.97(0.91~4.28) YN1911 y = 4.30 + 1.39 x 3.18(2.20~4.60) YN151 y = 3.63 + 1.83 x 5.58(3.23~9.64) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JD7536 y = 4.76 + 0.95 x 1.78(1.58~2.01) 0.11 ± 0.03 b JD031 y = 4.93 + 0.89 x 1.18(0.85~1.65) JX073 y = 5.37 + 0.91 x 0.39(0.26~0.60) JX0731 y = 6.34 + 1.29 x 0.09(0.05~0.16) YN1751 y = 5.87 + 1.76 x 0.32(0.27~0.39) YN191 y = 6.41 + 1.08 x 0.05(0.02~0.11) YN1911 y = 6.52 + 1.39 x 0.08(0.06~0.12) YN151 y = 6.57 + 1.83 x 0.14(0.08~0.24) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JD7536 y = 3.86 + 1.33 x 7.14(5.33~9.55) 1.25 ± 0.21 b JD031 y = 3.23 + 1.62 x 12.43(9.95~15.53) JX073 y = 3.79 + 1.40 x 7.31(5.91~9.03) JX0731 y = 4.55 + 1.29 x 2.23(1.59~3.11) YN1751 y = 5.09 + 0.99 x 0.82(0.53~1.26) YN191 y = 5.09 + 1.10 x 0.83(0.59~1.17) YN1911 y = 4.38 + 1.46 x 1.46(1.76~4.01) YN151 y = 4.81 + 1.47 x 1.34(1.04~1.73) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JD7536 y = 4.24 + 1.39 x 3.54(2.95~4.24) 6.99 ± 1.10 bc JD031 y = 4.52 + 1.84 x 1.81(1.19~2.77) JX073 y = 4.59 + 1.70 x 1.75(1.12~2.74) JX0731 y = 3.47 + 1.83 x 6.87(6.05~7.81) YN1751 y = 4.94 + 0.90 x 1.16(0.63~2.13) YN191 y = 3.47 + 2.03 x 5.64(4.36~7.29) YN1911 y = 3.35 + 1.96 x 6.95(6.03~8.01) YN151 y = 3.78 + 1.31 x 8.45(7.22~9.88) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate~methyl JD7536 y = 6.04 + 1.28 x 0.15(0.12~0.19) 2.42 ± 0.26 b JD031 y = 5.95 + 0.85 x 0.08(0.06~0.09) JX073 y = 6.58 + 1.89 x 0.14(0.10~0.22) JX0731 y = 4.31 + 1.55 x 2.81(2.04~3.87) YN1751 y = 4.34 + 1.71 x 2.43(1.77~3.34) YN191 y = 4.74 + 1.55 x 1.47(1.18~1.82) YN1911 y = 4.13 + 1.76 x 3.14(2.44~4.03) YN151 y = 4.37 + 1.59 x 2.48(1.82~3.39) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JD7536 y = 4.93 + 0.66 x 1.27(0.63~2.59) 0.13 ± 0.03 b JD031 y = 4.80+ 1.12 x 1.51(0.77~2.94) JX073 y = 5.30 + 1.37 x 0.61(0.40~0.92) JX0731 y = 6.17 + 1.00 x 0.07(0.05~0.09) YN1751 y = 6.39 + 1.13 x 0.06(0.04~0.09) YN191 y = 6.87 + 2.40 x 0.17(0.14~0.20) YN1911 y = 6.50 + 1.51 x 0.10(0.08~0.12) YN151 y = 6.04 + 1.87 x 0.28(0.18~0.43) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JD7536 y = 2.35 + 1.30 x 107.40(57.04~202.53) 17.07 ± 9.45 c JD031 y = 3.55 + 1.02 x 26.31(23.67~29.25) JX073 y = 3.18 + 1.32 x 24.38(18.02~32.98) JX0731 y = 5.41 + 1.49 x 0.53(0.38~0.74) YN1751 y = 3.71 + 1.31 x 9.59(4.44~20.73) YN191 y = 2.55 + 1.44 x 50.02(34.61~72.30) YN1911 y = 2.77 + 1.22 x 68.63(42.53~110.76) YN151 y = 4.53 + 0.72 x 4.43(1.28~15.33) -
8种杀菌剂对C. nymphaeae菌丝生长的抑制作用存在显著差异(F(7,24) = 5.35,P = 0.001)(表5)。咪鲜胺、咯菌腈和恶醚唑对菌丝生长抑制作用最好;其次为嘧菌酯、戊唑醇、甲基硫菌灵、吡唑醚菌酯;代森锰锌抑制作用最差。同一杀菌剂对不同菌株菌丝生长的毒力也存在着差异。戊唑醇的EC50值变异最大,对JD043菌株的EC50值是JD3的326.67倍;其次,吡唑醚菌酯、嘧菌酯和恶醚唑的毒力差异倍数分别是14.36、11.30、11.17倍;咪鲜胺、咯菌腈、代森锰锌及甲基硫菌灵对4个供试菌株的毒力差异相对稳定,毒力差异倍数为2.33~4.61倍。
表 5 不同杀菌剂对C. nymphaeae不同菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 5. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. nymphaeae
杀菌剂
Fungicides菌株
Strains毒力回归方程
Toxicity regression equation抑制中浓度
EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1)EC50 值(平均值 ± 标准误)
EC50 value(Mean ± SE)/(mg·L−1)代森锰锌 Mancozeb JD3 y = 2.77 + 1.40 x 39.44(35.04~44.40) 50.73 ± 19.83 a JD31 y = 2.43 + 1.26 x 106.50(63.95~187.63) JD043 y = 3.66 + 0.93 x 28.10(26.47~29.83) YN1633 y = 2.98 + 1.43 x 25.84(18~37.11) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JD3 y = 2.71 + 2.30 x 79.83(7.25~13.33) 11.36 ± 3.69 b JD31 y = 3.72 + 1.71 x 5.56(5.00~6.19) JD043 y = 3.42 + 1.76 x 7.94(7.36~8.57) YN1633 y = 3.33 + 1.24 x 22.12(13.57~36.05) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JD3 y = 6.40 + 2.30 x 0.25(0.18~0.33) 0.29 ± 0.09 b JD31 y = 6.47 + 1.71 x 0.14(0.12~0.15) JD043 y = 6.23 + 1.76 x 0.20(0.18~0.21) YN1633 y = 5.32 + 1.24 x 0.55(0.34~0.90) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JD3 y = 5.60 + 0.64 x 0.12(0.05~0.26) 0.80 ± 0.28 b JD31 y = 4.83 + 1.35 x 1.34(1.16~1.55) JD043 y = 5.18 + 0.77 x 0.59(0.30~1.17) YN1633 y = 4.92 + 1.05 x 1.18(0.93~1.50) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JD3 y = 4.02 + 1.57 x 4.18(3.20~5.47) 2.70 ± 0.89 b JD31 y = 4.09 + 1.51 x 4.01(3.16~5.09) JD043 y = 4.53 + 1.37 x 2.22(1.63~3.01) YN1633 y = 5.23 + 0.54 x 0.37(0.20~0.67) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate~methyl JD3 y = 4.21 + 1.02 x 5.95(4.84~7.32) 5.78 ± 1.60 b JD31 y = 4.25 + 1.06 x 5.11(4.15~6.30) JD043 y = 4.75 + 0.76 x 2.15(1.05~4.38) YN1633 y = 3.60 + 1.40 x 9.91(8.03~12.23) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JD3 y = 5.84 + 0.82 x 0.09(0.07~0.12) 0.13 ± 0.03 b JD31 y = 5.79 + 0.82 x 0.11(0.08~0.16) JD043 y = 6.09 + 1.59 x 0.21(0.17~0.26) YN1633 y = 6.17 + 1.27 x 0.12(0.10~0.15) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JD3 y = 5.85 + 0.71 x 0.06(0.04~0.10) 5.08 ± 4.87 b JD31 y = 5.55 + 0.70 x 0.16(0.06~0.42) JD043 y = 1.71 + 2.54 x 19.60(14.71~26.31) YN1633 y = 5.39 + 1.00 x 0.41(0.27~0.63) -
8种杀菌剂对C. siamense菌丝生长的抑制作用差异显著(F(7,8) = 22.553,P < 0.001)(表6)。咯菌腈、咪鲜胺的毒力较高,代森锰锌的抑制作用最差;吡唑醚菌酯、恶醚唑、甲基硫菌灵和戊唑醇对JX23菌株的抑制作用高于CZ622菌株,戊唑醇对2个菌株的毒力变异最大,对CZ622菌株的EC50值是JX23菌株的14.34倍。
表 6 不同杀菌剂对C. siamense不同菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 6. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. siamense
杀菌剂
Fungicides菌株
Strains毒力回归方程
Toxicity regression equation抑制中浓度
EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1)EC50值(平均值 ± 标准误)
EC50value(Mean ± SE)/(mg·L−1)代森锰锌 Mancozeb JX23 y = 1.68 + 2.08 x 39.4(29.96~51.97) 44.35 ± 4.89 a CZ622 y = 2.82 + 1.29 x 49.2(39.65~61.13) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JX23 y = 6.47 + 0.87 x 0.82(0.06~10.85) 3.95 ± 3.13 b CZ622 y = 4.22 + 0.92 x 7.07(5.26~9.52) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JX23 y = 6.47 + 0.87 x 0.02(0.00~0.27) 0.10 ± 0.08 b CZ622 y = 5.69 + 0.92 x 0.18(0.13~0.24) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JX23 y = 5.25 + 0.86 x 0.51(0.44~0.59) 0.98 ± 0.47 b CZ622 y = 4.85 + 0.93 x 1.44(1.28~1.63) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JX23 y = 4.52 + 0.71 x 4.69(3.51~6.27) 4.03 ± 0.67 b CZ622 y = 4.41 + 1.12 x 3.36(2.95~3.84) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate~methyl JX23 y = 4.28 + 1.22 x 3.89(3.52~4.31) 6.06 ± 2.17 b CZ622 y = 3.86 + 1.25 x 8.22(5.88~11.48) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JX23 y = 6.31 + 1.79 x 0.19(0.15~0.23) 0.19 ± 0.01 b CZ622 y = 6.21 + 1.61 x 0.18(0.12~0.26) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JX23 y = 5.04 + 1.41 x 0.93(0.83~1.05) 7.14 ± 6.21 b CZ622 y = 2.75 + 2.00 x 13.34(9.01~19.75) -
8种杀菌剂对C. alienum菌丝生长的抑制作用差异显著(F(7,8) = 18.45,P < 0.002)(表7)。咯菌腈、咪鲜胺及恶醚唑的抑制作用相对较好,平均EC50值分别为0.09、0.14、0.90 mg·L−1。其次是嘧菌酯、甲基硫菌灵及吡唑醚菌酯3种药剂。同一杀菌剂对不同菌株的菌丝生长抑制作用也具有差异,戊唑醇对供试菌株抑制差异最大,最高EC50值是最低值的215.69倍;咪鲜胺、恶醚唑毒力差异倍数分别是3.00、2.98倍;甲基硫菌灵、代森锰锌、吡唑醚菌酯、咯菌腈、嘧菌酯对2个供试菌株的毒力差异倍数最小,为1.34~1.79倍。
表 7 不同杀菌剂对C. alienum不同菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 7. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. alienum
杀菌剂
Fungicides菌株
Strains毒力回归方程
Toxicity regression equation抑制中浓度
EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1)EC50值(平均值 ± 标准误)
EC50value(Mean ± SE)/(mg·L−1)代森锰锌 Mancozeb YN182 y = 2.07 + 1.75 x 47.35(39.74~56.42) 56.41 ± 9.07 a CZ52 y = 2.35 + 1.46 x 65.40(51.73~82.88) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin YN182 y = 4.57 + 0.96 x 2.82(1.52~5.23) 3.57 ± 0.75 b CZ52 y = 3.88 + 1.76 x 4.32(1.62~11.48) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil YN182 y = 6.11 + 0.96 x 0.07(0.04~0.13) 0.09 ± 0.02 b CZ52 y = 6.70 + 1.76 x 0.11(0.04~0.29) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole YN182 y = 4.81 + 1.47 x 1.34(1.04~1.73) 0.90 ± 0.45 b CZ52 y = 5.26 + 0.74 x 0.45(0.37~0.55) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin YN182 y = 3.52 + 2.44 x 4.06(2.98~5.53) 3.16 ± 0.90 b CZ52 y = 4.23 + 2.16 x 2.27(1.36~3.80) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate~methyl YN182 y = 4.40 + 1.34 x 2.83(2.25~3.56) 3.30 ± 0.48 b CZ52 y = 3.96 + 1.80 x 3.78(1.29~11.07) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz YN182 y = 5.94 + 0.80 x 0.07(0.05~0.09) 0.14 ± 0.07 b CZ52 y = 6.61 + 2.36 x 0.21(0.13~0.33) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole YN182 y = 5.56 + 1.61 x 0.45(0.21~0.96) 48.75 ± 28.30 a CZ52 y = 3.21 + 0.90 x 97.06(85.44~110.25) -
8种杀菌剂对C. tamarilloi菌丝生长的具有一定的抑制作用(表8),其中,咯菌腈、咪鲜胺和戊唑醇对C. tamarilloi菌株的抑制作用较好,EC50值小于1.00;而代森锰锌的对C. tamarilloi菌株的抑制作用较差(EC50 = 71.63)。
表 8 不同杀菌剂对C. tamarilloi同一菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 8. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. tamarilloi
杀菌剂 Fungicides 菌株 Strains 毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation 抑制中浓度 EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1) 代森锰锌 Mancozeb JD13 y = 2.07 + 1.58 x 71.63(35.17~145.87) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JD13 y = 6.37 + 1.02 x 1.89(1.24~2.88) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JD13 y = 5.33 + 1.02 x 0.05(0.02~0.08) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JD13 y = 4.51 + 2.00 x 1.75(1.46~2.11) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JD13 y = 3.52 + 1.15 x 19.70(14.06~27.76) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate-methyl JD13 y = 4.21 + 1.07 x 5.51(4.51~6.73) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JD13 y = 6.13 + 1.14 x 0.10(0.07~0.15) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JD13 y = 5.12 + 0.31 x 0.41(0.20~0.85) -
8种杀菌剂对C. americae-borealis菌丝生长的抑制作用有明显差异(表9)。咪鲜胺、咯菌腈及戊唑醇对供试菌株菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,EC50值为0.01~0.48 mg·L−1;代森锰锌EC50值为47.10 mg·L−1,对C. americae-borealis的毒力相对较差。
表 9 不同杀菌剂对C. americae-borealis同一菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 9. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. americae-borealis
杀菌剂 Fungicides 菌株 Strains 毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation 抑制中浓度 EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1) 代森锰锌 Mancozeb JD2 y = 2.82 + 1.30 x 47.10(39.55~56.12) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JD2 y = 3.72 + 1.61 x 6.21(4.66~8.28) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JD2 y = 6.30 + 1.61 x 0.16(0.12~0.21) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JD2 y = 4.86 + 1.84 x 1.20(1.03~1.40) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JD2 y = 4.04 + 1.14 x 6.93(6.29~7.63) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate-methyl JD2 y = 4.18 + 1.79 x 2.88(1.81~4.58) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JD2 y = 6.83 + 0.96 x 0.01(0.01~0.02) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JD2 y = 5.50 + 1.57 x 0.48(0.22~1.05) -
8种杀菌剂对C. coelogynes菌丝的生长均存在抑制作用(表10),其中,咪鲜胺对菌丝生长抑制效果佳,EC50值为0.10 mg·L−1;代森锰锌和戊唑醇对菌丝生长的抑制作用较差,平均EC50值为33.29和62.40 mg·L−1。
表 10 不同杀菌剂对C. coelogynes同一菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 10. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. coelogynes
杀菌剂 Fungicides 菌株 Strains 毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation 抑制中浓度 EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1) 代森锰锌 Mancozeb JH111 y = 2.75 + 1.48 x 33.29(25.00~44.32) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JH111 y = 3.28 + 1.86 x 8.36(6.36~11.00) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JH111 y = 6.27 + 1.86 x 0.21(0.16~0.27) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JH111 y = 5.35 + 0.04 x 0.77(0.68~1.06) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JH111 y = 3.98 + 1.55 x 4.56(3.40~6.12) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate-methyl JH111 y = 4.46 + 1.07 x 3.17(2.92~3.44) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JH111 y = 6.49 + 1.51 x 0.10(0.07~0.15) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JH111 y = 2.16 + 1.58 x 62.40(51.52~75.64) -
8种杀菌剂对C. liaoningens菌丝的生长均表现出一定的抑制作用(表11)。8种杀菌剂中,咪鲜胺(EC50 = 0.13 mg·L−1)、咯菌腈(EC50 = 0.24 mg·L−1)及戊唑醇(EC50 = 0.48 mg·L−1)EC50值均小于1.00,抑制效果较好。
表 11 不同杀菌剂对C. liaoningense同一菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 11. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. liaoningense
杀菌剂 Fungicides 菌株 Strains 毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation 抑制中浓度 EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1) 代森锰锌 Mancozeb JD041 y = 3.76 + 0.94 x 21.10(18.24~24.55) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JD041 y = 6.18 + 1.91 x 9.54(6.34~14.51) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JD041 y = 5.08 + 1.51 x 0.24(0.16~0.36) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JD041 y = 4.79 + 0.88 x 1.72(1.59~1.86) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JD041 y = 3.67 + 1.37 x 9.38(8.39~10.49) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate-methyl JD041 y = 4.11 + 1.11 x 6.29(5.36~7.39) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JD041 y = 5.86 + 0.97 x 0.13(0.10~0.17) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JD041 y = 5.48 + 1.49 x 0.48(0.40~0.57) -
将8种杀菌剂对26株炭疽菌的毒力进行了总体分析,结果(图2)表明:8种杀菌剂对供试菌株的毒力不同,其中,咪鲜胺和咯菌腈2种药剂对所筛选的9种炭疽菌、26个菌株的菌丝生长抑制作用最强,EC50值为0.01~0.28 mg·L−1,平均EC50值分别为0.14和0.15 mg·L−1;其次为恶醚唑,EC50值为0.51~2.08 mg·L−1,平均EC50值为1.08 mg·L−1;再次为甲基硫菌灵、吡唑醚菌酯和嘧菌酯,EC50值为0.24~22.12 mg·L−1,平均EC50值分别为4.13、6.12、6.94 mg·L−1;代森锰锌对26株炭疽菌菌丝抑制作用差异较大,EC50值均在17.23 mg·L−1以上,其中,3株炭疽菌EC50值超过100.00 mg·L−1。
8种杀菌剂对9种薄壳山核桃炭疽病病原菌的毒力测定
Toxicity Test with 8 Fungicides Against 9 Pathogens of Pecan Anthracnose ( Colletotrichum spp.)
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摘要:
目的 测定8种杀菌剂对9种炭疽菌(26个菌株)的室内毒力,筛选出防治薄壳山核桃炭疽病的高效药剂。 方法 采用菌丝生长速率法测定8种杀菌剂对26株炭疽菌菌丝生长的抑制作用,构建毒力回归方程,并计算EC50值。 结果 供试8种杀菌剂中,咪鲜胺和咯菌腈对所分离的9种炭疽菌(26个菌株)菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,平均EC50值分别为0.14、0.15 mg·L−1。戊唑醇对C. fioriniae、C. liaoningense、C. tamarilloi和C. americae-borealis菌丝生长的抑制作用较强(平均EC50 = 0.49 mg·L−1),但对另5种炭疽菌效果不明显(平均EC50 = 23.60 mg·L−1)。恶醚唑对C. nymphaeae、C. siamense、C. alienum、C. fioriniae和 C. coelogynes菌丝生长的抑制作用较强(平均EC50 = 0.81 mg·L−1),但对另4种炭疽菌抑制效果一般(平均EC50 = 2.00 mg·L−1)。代森锰锌对9种病原菌菌丝生长的抑制性最差,平均EC50值为42.70 mg·L−1。 结论 咪鲜胺、咯菌腈对薄壳山核桃炭疽菌具有较高的毒力,在薄壳山核桃炭疽病林间防治中具有较大的应用潜力。为避免产生抗药性,建议轮换使用咪鲜胺、咯菌腈、恶醚唑和甲基硫菌灵等杀菌剂。 Abstract:Objective To test the toxicity of 8 fungicides against Colletotrichum in laboratory and screen out effective fungicides to control pecan anthracnose. Method The method of comparing mycelia growth rate was used to determine the fungistasis of 8 fungicides to 26 strains of 9 Colletotrichum species, then the virulence regression equations were built, and the EC50 values for each fungicide were calculated. Result Among the 8 fungicides tested, Prochloraz and Fludioxonil showed the strongest fungistasis to mycelium growth of all trains, with an average EC50 value of 0.14 mg·L-1 and 0.15 mg·L-1, respectively. Tebuconazole had a strong fungistasis to mycelium growth of C. fioriniae, C. liaoningense, C. tamarilloi and C. americae-borealis (mean EC50 = 0.49 mg·L−1), but showed a moderate inhibitory effect on other 5 species (mean EC50 = 23.60 mg·L−1). Difenoconazole had a strong inhibitory effect on mycelium growth of five Colletotrichum species, C. nymphaeae, C. siamense, C. alienum, C. fioriniae and C. coelogynes (mean EC50 = 0.81 mg·L−1), but showed low virulence for the other 4 species (mean EC50 = 2.00 mg·L−1). The virulence of Mancozeb for the 9 pathogens was the worst, with the average EC50 value of 42.70 mg·L−1. Conclusion Prochloraz and Fludioxonil show high virulence for pecan anthracnose, and are the optimal candidates for field control against pecan anthracnose. It is suggested to use Prochloraz, Fludioxonil, Difenoconazole and Thiophanate-methyl in rotation to control pecan anthracnose effectively and avoid developing resistance. -
Key words:
- Carya illinoensis
- / anthracnose
- / fungicide
- / toxicity test
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表 1 供试菌株
Table 1. Information of strains for test
种名
Species菌株编号
Strain number采集地点
Collection locations纬度
N/(°)经度
E/(°)采集时间(年-月)
Collecting time(year-month)寄主部位
Host tissueC. fioriniae (Marcelino and
Gouli) Shivas and TanJD756 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD119 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD29 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD12 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD32 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD179 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit C. fructicola Prihastuti, Cai and Hyde JD7536 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD031 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit JX073 江西吉安 Ji’an, Jiangxi 114.98 27.12 2018-09 枝 Branch JX0731 江西吉安 Ji’an, Jiangxi 114.98 27.12 2018-09 枝 Branch YN1751 云南玉溪 Yuxi,Yunnan 102.55 24.35 2018-09 果实 Fruit YN191 云南玉溪 Yuxi,Yunnan 102.55 24.35 2018-09 果实 Fruit YN1911 云南玉溪 Yuxi,Yunnan 102.55 24.35 2018-09 果实 Fruit YN151 云南玉溪 Yuxi,Yunnan 102.55 24.35 2018-09 果实 Fruit C. siamense Prihastuti, Cai and Hyde JX23 江西吉安 Ji’an, Jiangxi 114.98 27.12 2018-09 枝Branch CZ622 安徽滁州 Chuzhou, Anhui 118.32 32.30 2018-09 果实 Fruit C. nymphaeae (Pass.) Aa JD3 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 叶片 Leaf JD31 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 果实 Fruit YN1633 云南玉溪 Yuxi,Yunnan 102.55 24.35 2018-07 果实 Fruit JD043 浙江建德 Zhejiang, jiande 119.28 29.48 2018-07 叶片 Leaf C. americae-borealis Damm JD2 浙江建德 Zhejiang, jiande 119.28 29.48 2018-07 叶片 Leaf D. alienum Weir and Johnst. YN182 云南玉溪 Yuxi,Yunnan 102.55 24.35 2018-07 果实 Fruit CZ52 安徽滁州 Chuzhou, Anhui 118.32 32.30 2018-09 果实 Fruit C. coelogynes Damm JH111 浙江金华 Jinhu,a Zhejiang 119.65 29.08 2018-09 叶片 Leaf C. tamarilloi Damm, Cannon and Crous JD13 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 叶片 Leaf C. liaoningense Diao, Zhang, Cai and Liu JD041 浙江建德 Jiande, Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 2018-07 叶片 Leaf 表 2 供试药剂及浓度
Table 2. Fungicides and their concentration for tests
类别
Classification药剂
Fungicide公司
CompanyCAS No. 试验浓度梯度
Concentration /(mg·L−1)有机硫类 Organosulfurs 代森锰锌 Mancozeb Sigma 8018-01-7 250、200、100、50、25 甲氧基丙烯酸酯类 Methoxyacrylates 吡唑醚菌酯 yraclostrobin Sigma 175013-180 80、40、20、10、5 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin Macklin 131341-86-1 20、10、5、2.5、1.25 三唑类 Triazoles 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole Aladdin 119446-68-3 10、5、2.5、1.25、0.625 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole Sigma 13186-33-8 4、2、1、0.25、0.125 苯并咪唑类 Benzimidazoles 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate-methyl Aladdin 23564-05-8 20、10、5、2.5、1.5 咪唑类 Imidazoles 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz Aladdin 67747-09-5 1、0.5、0.25、0.125、0.0625 吡咯类 Pyrroles 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil Aladdin 107534-96-3 2、1、0.5、0.25、0.125 表 3 不同杀菌剂对C. fioriniae不同菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 3. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. fioriniae
杀菌剂
Fungicides菌株
Strains毒力回归方程
Toxicity regression equation抑制中浓度
EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1)EC50值(平均值 ± 标准误)
EC50value(mean ± SE)/(mg·L−1)代森锰锌 Mancozeb JD29 y = 2.85 + 1.08 x 98.94(61.32~159.62) 43.40 ± 11.43 a JD119 y = 1.95 + 1.88 x 42.17(35.74~49.75) JD12 y = 2.75 + 1.45 x 35.46(28.90~43.50) JD179 y = 3.53 + 0.96 x 33.76(25.11~45.40) JD756 y = 2.57 + 1.72 x 25.92(21.83~30.76) JD32 y = 3.56 + 1.04 x 24.18(23.18~25.22) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JD756 y = 6.23 + 2.59 x 13.32(10.01~17.72) 5.50 ± 2.08 b JD29 y = 3.38 + 1.74 x 8.63(6.08~12.25) JD32 y = 3.48 + 1.78 x 7.17(6.50~7.90) JD12 y = 4.50 + 1.23 x 2.53(1.83~3.49) JD119 y = 4.97 + 0.98 x 1.09(0.37~3.14) JD179 y = 5.36 + 0.58 x 0.24(0.03~2.12) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JD756 y = 5.99 + 1.73 x 0.27(0.20~0.35) 0.13 ± 0.04 b JD29 y = 6.16 + 1.74 x 0.22(0.15~0.31) JD32 y = 6.33 + 1.78 x 0.18(0.16~0.20) JD12 y = 6.47 + 1.23 x 0.06(0.05~0.09) JD119 y = 6.54 + 0.98 x 0.03(0.01~0.08) JD179 y = 6.28 + 0.58 x 0.01(0.00~0.05) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JD119 y = 5.05 + 1.25 x 0.91(0.66~1.25) 0.64 ± 0.10 b JD29 y = 5.06 + 1.17 x 0.89(0.69~1.14) JD179 y = 5.12 + 1.02 x 0.76(0.70~0.83) JD756 y = 5.29 + 1.05 x 0.53(0.18~1.57) JD12 y = 5.39 + 1.01 x 0.42(0.16~1.10) JD32 y = 5.55 + 1.15 x 0.33(0.14~0.76) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JD32 y = 3.85 + 1.06 x 12.21(10.88~13.72) 7.88 ± 1.56 b JD179 y = 3.94 + 1.01 x 11.14(9.51~13.06) JD119 y = 3.74 + 1.32 x 9.07(7.73~10.65) JD12 y = 4.42 + 0.63 x 8.21(6.40~10.53) JD29 y = 4.45 + 1.02 x 3.44(2.87~4.13) JD756 y = 4.54 + 0.91 x 3.19(2.53~4.01) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate-methyl JD119 y = 4.28 + 0.98 x 5.48(4.00~7.52) 4.39 ± 0.31 b JD756 y = 3.85 + 1.65 x 4.95(4.27~5.73) JD179 y = 4.37 + 0.95 x 4.62(3.12~6.86) JD32 y = 4.19 + 1.32 x 4.07(3.78~4.39) JD12 y = 4.45 + 0.93 x 3.84(2.59~5.70) JD29 y = 4.32 + 1.29 x 3.40(2.79~4.15) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JD756 y = 5.96 + 1.40 x 0.21(0.17~0.25) 0.15 ± 0.02 b JD119 y = 6.19 + 1.60 x 0.18(0.14~0.24) JD29 y = 6.15 + 1.34 x 0.14(0.11~0.17) JD32 y = 6.05 + 1.16 x 0.13(0.09~0.16) JD12 y = 6.01 + 1.06 x 0.11(0.06~0.21) JD179 y = 6.16 + 1.21 x 0.11(0.08~0.16) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JD179 y = 4.06 + 1.05 x 2.46(2.18~2.73) 0.58 ± 0.38 b JD29 y = 5.72 + 1.34 x 0.29(0.16~0.55) JD32 y = 5.63 + 1.18 x 0.29(0.22~0.38) JD12 y = 5.52 + 0.88 x 0.25(0.13~0.49) JD119 y = 5.41 + 0.44 x 0.12(0.06~0.23) JD756 y = 5.79 + 0.55 x 0.04(0.02~0.06) 注:EC50平均值后不同小写字母标注,表示在同一列数据中P < 0.05水平上差异显著。下同。
Note: the representation marked with different lowercase letters after the average value of EC50 is significantly different at the level of P < 0.05 in the same column of data. The same followed.表 4 不同杀菌剂对C. fructicola不同菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 4. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. fructicola
杀菌剂
Fungicides菌株
Strains毒力回归方程
Toxicity regression equation抑制中浓度
EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1)EC50值(平均值 ± 标准误)
EC50value(mean ± SE)/(mg·L−1)代森锰锌 Mancozeb JD7536 y = 6.15 + 1.41 x 6.11(3.05~12.24) 40.31 ± 10.74 a JD031 y = 4.45 + 1.15 x 2.98(1.32~6.75) JX073 y = 5.30 + 0.85 x 0.45(0.23~0.86) JX0731 y = 2.60 + 1.59 x 32.35(24.57~42.59) YN1751 y = 2.96 + 1.65 x 17.23(14.31~20.75) YN191 y = 2.54 + 1.37 x 62.11(36.11~106.83) YN1911 y = 3.47 + 1.14 x 22.14(19.26~25.46) YN151 y = 2.33 + 1.80 x 30.39(26.42~34.96) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JD7536 y = 6.15 + 1.41 x 0.15(0.08~0.31) 4.31 ± 1.41 bc JD031 y = 6.30 + 1.15 x 0.07(0.03~0.17) JX073 y = 6.66 + 0.85 x 0.01(0.01~0.02) JX0731 y = 4.27 + 1.29 x 1.29(2.10~6.49) YN1751 y = 3.04 + 1.76 x 12.88(10.62~15.62) YN191 y = 4.68 + 1.08 x 1.97(0.91~4.28) YN1911 y = 4.30 + 1.39 x 3.18(2.20~4.60) YN151 y = 3.63 + 1.83 x 5.58(3.23~9.64) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JD7536 y = 4.76 + 0.95 x 1.78(1.58~2.01) 0.11 ± 0.03 b JD031 y = 4.93 + 0.89 x 1.18(0.85~1.65) JX073 y = 5.37 + 0.91 x 0.39(0.26~0.60) JX0731 y = 6.34 + 1.29 x 0.09(0.05~0.16) YN1751 y = 5.87 + 1.76 x 0.32(0.27~0.39) YN191 y = 6.41 + 1.08 x 0.05(0.02~0.11) YN1911 y = 6.52 + 1.39 x 0.08(0.06~0.12) YN151 y = 6.57 + 1.83 x 0.14(0.08~0.24) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JD7536 y = 3.86 + 1.33 x 7.14(5.33~9.55) 1.25 ± 0.21 b JD031 y = 3.23 + 1.62 x 12.43(9.95~15.53) JX073 y = 3.79 + 1.40 x 7.31(5.91~9.03) JX0731 y = 4.55 + 1.29 x 2.23(1.59~3.11) YN1751 y = 5.09 + 0.99 x 0.82(0.53~1.26) YN191 y = 5.09 + 1.10 x 0.83(0.59~1.17) YN1911 y = 4.38 + 1.46 x 1.46(1.76~4.01) YN151 y = 4.81 + 1.47 x 1.34(1.04~1.73) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JD7536 y = 4.24 + 1.39 x 3.54(2.95~4.24) 6.99 ± 1.10 bc JD031 y = 4.52 + 1.84 x 1.81(1.19~2.77) JX073 y = 4.59 + 1.70 x 1.75(1.12~2.74) JX0731 y = 3.47 + 1.83 x 6.87(6.05~7.81) YN1751 y = 4.94 + 0.90 x 1.16(0.63~2.13) YN191 y = 3.47 + 2.03 x 5.64(4.36~7.29) YN1911 y = 3.35 + 1.96 x 6.95(6.03~8.01) YN151 y = 3.78 + 1.31 x 8.45(7.22~9.88) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate~methyl JD7536 y = 6.04 + 1.28 x 0.15(0.12~0.19) 2.42 ± 0.26 b JD031 y = 5.95 + 0.85 x 0.08(0.06~0.09) JX073 y = 6.58 + 1.89 x 0.14(0.10~0.22) JX0731 y = 4.31 + 1.55 x 2.81(2.04~3.87) YN1751 y = 4.34 + 1.71 x 2.43(1.77~3.34) YN191 y = 4.74 + 1.55 x 1.47(1.18~1.82) YN1911 y = 4.13 + 1.76 x 3.14(2.44~4.03) YN151 y = 4.37 + 1.59 x 2.48(1.82~3.39) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JD7536 y = 4.93 + 0.66 x 1.27(0.63~2.59) 0.13 ± 0.03 b JD031 y = 4.80+ 1.12 x 1.51(0.77~2.94) JX073 y = 5.30 + 1.37 x 0.61(0.40~0.92) JX0731 y = 6.17 + 1.00 x 0.07(0.05~0.09) YN1751 y = 6.39 + 1.13 x 0.06(0.04~0.09) YN191 y = 6.87 + 2.40 x 0.17(0.14~0.20) YN1911 y = 6.50 + 1.51 x 0.10(0.08~0.12) YN151 y = 6.04 + 1.87 x 0.28(0.18~0.43) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JD7536 y = 2.35 + 1.30 x 107.40(57.04~202.53) 17.07 ± 9.45 c JD031 y = 3.55 + 1.02 x 26.31(23.67~29.25) JX073 y = 3.18 + 1.32 x 24.38(18.02~32.98) JX0731 y = 5.41 + 1.49 x 0.53(0.38~0.74) YN1751 y = 3.71 + 1.31 x 9.59(4.44~20.73) YN191 y = 2.55 + 1.44 x 50.02(34.61~72.30) YN1911 y = 2.77 + 1.22 x 68.63(42.53~110.76) YN151 y = 4.53 + 0.72 x 4.43(1.28~15.33) 表 5 不同杀菌剂对C. nymphaeae不同菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 5. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. nymphaeae
杀菌剂
Fungicides菌株
Strains毒力回归方程
Toxicity regression equation抑制中浓度
EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1)EC50 值(平均值 ± 标准误)
EC50 value(Mean ± SE)/(mg·L−1)代森锰锌 Mancozeb JD3 y = 2.77 + 1.40 x 39.44(35.04~44.40) 50.73 ± 19.83 a JD31 y = 2.43 + 1.26 x 106.50(63.95~187.63) JD043 y = 3.66 + 0.93 x 28.10(26.47~29.83) YN1633 y = 2.98 + 1.43 x 25.84(18~37.11) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JD3 y = 2.71 + 2.30 x 79.83(7.25~13.33) 11.36 ± 3.69 b JD31 y = 3.72 + 1.71 x 5.56(5.00~6.19) JD043 y = 3.42 + 1.76 x 7.94(7.36~8.57) YN1633 y = 3.33 + 1.24 x 22.12(13.57~36.05) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JD3 y = 6.40 + 2.30 x 0.25(0.18~0.33) 0.29 ± 0.09 b JD31 y = 6.47 + 1.71 x 0.14(0.12~0.15) JD043 y = 6.23 + 1.76 x 0.20(0.18~0.21) YN1633 y = 5.32 + 1.24 x 0.55(0.34~0.90) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JD3 y = 5.60 + 0.64 x 0.12(0.05~0.26) 0.80 ± 0.28 b JD31 y = 4.83 + 1.35 x 1.34(1.16~1.55) JD043 y = 5.18 + 0.77 x 0.59(0.30~1.17) YN1633 y = 4.92 + 1.05 x 1.18(0.93~1.50) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JD3 y = 4.02 + 1.57 x 4.18(3.20~5.47) 2.70 ± 0.89 b JD31 y = 4.09 + 1.51 x 4.01(3.16~5.09) JD043 y = 4.53 + 1.37 x 2.22(1.63~3.01) YN1633 y = 5.23 + 0.54 x 0.37(0.20~0.67) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate~methyl JD3 y = 4.21 + 1.02 x 5.95(4.84~7.32) 5.78 ± 1.60 b JD31 y = 4.25 + 1.06 x 5.11(4.15~6.30) JD043 y = 4.75 + 0.76 x 2.15(1.05~4.38) YN1633 y = 3.60 + 1.40 x 9.91(8.03~12.23) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JD3 y = 5.84 + 0.82 x 0.09(0.07~0.12) 0.13 ± 0.03 b JD31 y = 5.79 + 0.82 x 0.11(0.08~0.16) JD043 y = 6.09 + 1.59 x 0.21(0.17~0.26) YN1633 y = 6.17 + 1.27 x 0.12(0.10~0.15) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JD3 y = 5.85 + 0.71 x 0.06(0.04~0.10) 5.08 ± 4.87 b JD31 y = 5.55 + 0.70 x 0.16(0.06~0.42) JD043 y = 1.71 + 2.54 x 19.60(14.71~26.31) YN1633 y = 5.39 + 1.00 x 0.41(0.27~0.63) 表 6 不同杀菌剂对C. siamense不同菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 6. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. siamense
杀菌剂
Fungicides菌株
Strains毒力回归方程
Toxicity regression equation抑制中浓度
EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1)EC50值(平均值 ± 标准误)
EC50value(Mean ± SE)/(mg·L−1)代森锰锌 Mancozeb JX23 y = 1.68 + 2.08 x 39.4(29.96~51.97) 44.35 ± 4.89 a CZ622 y = 2.82 + 1.29 x 49.2(39.65~61.13) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JX23 y = 6.47 + 0.87 x 0.82(0.06~10.85) 3.95 ± 3.13 b CZ622 y = 4.22 + 0.92 x 7.07(5.26~9.52) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JX23 y = 6.47 + 0.87 x 0.02(0.00~0.27) 0.10 ± 0.08 b CZ622 y = 5.69 + 0.92 x 0.18(0.13~0.24) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JX23 y = 5.25 + 0.86 x 0.51(0.44~0.59) 0.98 ± 0.47 b CZ622 y = 4.85 + 0.93 x 1.44(1.28~1.63) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JX23 y = 4.52 + 0.71 x 4.69(3.51~6.27) 4.03 ± 0.67 b CZ622 y = 4.41 + 1.12 x 3.36(2.95~3.84) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate~methyl JX23 y = 4.28 + 1.22 x 3.89(3.52~4.31) 6.06 ± 2.17 b CZ622 y = 3.86 + 1.25 x 8.22(5.88~11.48) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JX23 y = 6.31 + 1.79 x 0.19(0.15~0.23) 0.19 ± 0.01 b CZ622 y = 6.21 + 1.61 x 0.18(0.12~0.26) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JX23 y = 5.04 + 1.41 x 0.93(0.83~1.05) 7.14 ± 6.21 b CZ622 y = 2.75 + 2.00 x 13.34(9.01~19.75) 表 7 不同杀菌剂对C. alienum不同菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 7. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. alienum
杀菌剂
Fungicides菌株
Strains毒力回归方程
Toxicity regression equation抑制中浓度
EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1)EC50值(平均值 ± 标准误)
EC50value(Mean ± SE)/(mg·L−1)代森锰锌 Mancozeb YN182 y = 2.07 + 1.75 x 47.35(39.74~56.42) 56.41 ± 9.07 a CZ52 y = 2.35 + 1.46 x 65.40(51.73~82.88) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin YN182 y = 4.57 + 0.96 x 2.82(1.52~5.23) 3.57 ± 0.75 b CZ52 y = 3.88 + 1.76 x 4.32(1.62~11.48) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil YN182 y = 6.11 + 0.96 x 0.07(0.04~0.13) 0.09 ± 0.02 b CZ52 y = 6.70 + 1.76 x 0.11(0.04~0.29) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole YN182 y = 4.81 + 1.47 x 1.34(1.04~1.73) 0.90 ± 0.45 b CZ52 y = 5.26 + 0.74 x 0.45(0.37~0.55) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin YN182 y = 3.52 + 2.44 x 4.06(2.98~5.53) 3.16 ± 0.90 b CZ52 y = 4.23 + 2.16 x 2.27(1.36~3.80) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate~methyl YN182 y = 4.40 + 1.34 x 2.83(2.25~3.56) 3.30 ± 0.48 b CZ52 y = 3.96 + 1.80 x 3.78(1.29~11.07) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz YN182 y = 5.94 + 0.80 x 0.07(0.05~0.09) 0.14 ± 0.07 b CZ52 y = 6.61 + 2.36 x 0.21(0.13~0.33) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole YN182 y = 5.56 + 1.61 x 0.45(0.21~0.96) 48.75 ± 28.30 a CZ52 y = 3.21 + 0.90 x 97.06(85.44~110.25) 表 8 不同杀菌剂对C. tamarilloi同一菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 8. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. tamarilloi
杀菌剂 Fungicides 菌株 Strains 毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation 抑制中浓度 EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1) 代森锰锌 Mancozeb JD13 y = 2.07 + 1.58 x 71.63(35.17~145.87) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JD13 y = 6.37 + 1.02 x 1.89(1.24~2.88) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JD13 y = 5.33 + 1.02 x 0.05(0.02~0.08) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JD13 y = 4.51 + 2.00 x 1.75(1.46~2.11) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JD13 y = 3.52 + 1.15 x 19.70(14.06~27.76) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate-methyl JD13 y = 4.21 + 1.07 x 5.51(4.51~6.73) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JD13 y = 6.13 + 1.14 x 0.10(0.07~0.15) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JD13 y = 5.12 + 0.31 x 0.41(0.20~0.85) 表 9 不同杀菌剂对C. americae-borealis同一菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 9. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. americae-borealis
杀菌剂 Fungicides 菌株 Strains 毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation 抑制中浓度 EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1) 代森锰锌 Mancozeb JD2 y = 2.82 + 1.30 x 47.10(39.55~56.12) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JD2 y = 3.72 + 1.61 x 6.21(4.66~8.28) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JD2 y = 6.30 + 1.61 x 0.16(0.12~0.21) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JD2 y = 4.86 + 1.84 x 1.20(1.03~1.40) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JD2 y = 4.04 + 1.14 x 6.93(6.29~7.63) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate-methyl JD2 y = 4.18 + 1.79 x 2.88(1.81~4.58) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JD2 y = 6.83 + 0.96 x 0.01(0.01~0.02) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JD2 y = 5.50 + 1.57 x 0.48(0.22~1.05) 表 10 不同杀菌剂对C. coelogynes同一菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 10. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. coelogynes
杀菌剂 Fungicides 菌株 Strains 毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation 抑制中浓度 EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1) 代森锰锌 Mancozeb JH111 y = 2.75 + 1.48 x 33.29(25.00~44.32) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JH111 y = 3.28 + 1.86 x 8.36(6.36~11.00) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JH111 y = 6.27 + 1.86 x 0.21(0.16~0.27) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JH111 y = 5.35 + 0.04 x 0.77(0.68~1.06) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JH111 y = 3.98 + 1.55 x 4.56(3.40~6.12) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate-methyl JH111 y = 4.46 + 1.07 x 3.17(2.92~3.44) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JH111 y = 6.49 + 1.51 x 0.10(0.07~0.15) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JH111 y = 2.16 + 1.58 x 62.40(51.52~75.64) 表 11 不同杀菌剂对C. liaoningense同一菌株菌丝生长的毒力测定
Table 11. Toxicity test of different fungicides against mycelial growth of C. liaoningense
杀菌剂 Fungicides 菌株 Strains 毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation 抑制中浓度 EC50(95%CL)/(mg·L−1) 代森锰锌 Mancozeb JD041 y = 3.76 + 0.94 x 21.10(18.24~24.55) 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin JD041 y = 6.18 + 1.91 x 9.54(6.34~14.51) 咯菌腈 Fludioxonil JD041 y = 5.08 + 1.51 x 0.24(0.16~0.36) 恶醚唑 Difenoconazole JD041 y = 4.79 + 0.88 x 1.72(1.59~1.86) 嘧菌酯 Azoxystrobin JD041 y = 3.67 + 1.37 x 9.38(8.39~10.49) 甲基硫菌灵 Thiophanate-methyl JD041 y = 4.11 + 1.11 x 6.29(5.36~7.39) 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz JD041 y = 5.86 + 0.97 x 0.13(0.10~0.17) 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole JD041 y = 5.48 + 1.49 x 0.48(0.40~0.57) -
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