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“天牛”是天牛科(Cerambycidae)昆虫的统称,包含了我国危害最严重、最难治理的农林害虫。它们通常钻蛀危害,习性隐蔽,很难被常规的化学药品接触,因此这类害虫的防控一直是农林上的难题。所有针对天牛类害虫的防治措施中,利用天敌昆虫防治是绿色且最有效的措施之一。无论哪种防治措施,入手点应是选择治理对象生长发育的脆弱时期,例如防治天牛类害虫要选择成虫期和卵期。天牛的成虫期是补充营养、繁殖、扩散的时期,此时虫体暴露,多数种类还需不断取食植物补充营养,此阶段采取化学防治、信息素和物理防治最为有效。卵期是天牛生活史中最脆弱的时期:卵一般产于浅层树皮下或树皮裂缝中,不会自行移动,难以躲避天敌,容易被一些寄生蜂寄生,如果将这些卵期寄生蜂加以利用,就可将天牛的种群数量控制在造成危害之前。因此研究和利用天牛卵期寄生蜂,可为天牛有效的绿色防控提供支撑。
国内外对昆虫卵寄生蜂的研究很多,证实了卵寄生蜂对害虫有着非常好的控制作用,但是对天牛类的卵寄生蜂研究很少。赤眼蜂是国内外研究最多且最早被用于防治实践的卵寄生蜂,Flanders 最早在1929年就开始了对赤眼蜂的研究[1],国内对赤眼蜂(Trichogramma spp.)的研究也很多[2-3],例如利用赤眼蜂防治松毛虫[4]和玉米螟[5],取得了良好的防效。我国也是利用卵寄生蜂较早的国家,在1974年就利用平腹小蜂(Anastatus sp.)防治荔枝蝽象(Tessaratoma papillosa)[6];在1980年,就已利用稻飞虱缨小蜂(Anagrus nilaparvatae)防治稻飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)[7]。最近,我国学者也对舞毒蛾卵寄生蜂——大蛾卵跳小蜂(Ooencyrtus kuwanae)进行了初步探讨[8]。害虫卵寄生蜂的研究中鲜见对天牛类卵寄生蜂的报道,在美国加州,双斑佛天牛跳小蜂(Avetianella longoi)成功控制了两种桉树天牛反曲佛天牛(Phoracantha recurva)和双斑佛天牛(P. semipunctata)的危害,大大降低了桉树死亡率[9]。Yang 等报道了松褐天牛(Monochamus alternatus)卵寄生蜂松褐天牛卵金小蜂(Callimomoides monochaphagae)在林间对松褐天牛的自然寄生率最高能达到12.6%,该卵寄生蜂对生物防治松褐天牛具有十分重要的意义[10]。足见天牛卵寄生蜂作为天牛类害虫重要的生防物有着巨大的潜力,为了更好的研究和利用天牛卵寄生蜂,笔者收集并分析了前人有关天牛卵寄生蜂的研究文献,以期学习和借鉴前人的研究成果和经验,也为国内外天牛卵寄生蜂的研究提供参考。
天牛卵寄生蜂研究进展及应用前景
Research Progress on Egg Parasitoids of Longicorn Beetle and Their Prospect in Biocontrol Application
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摘要: 本文对天牛卵期寄生性天敌的研究进展进行了综述。已有文献表明该领域的研究多集中在天敌资源调查、天敌分类与系统发育、天敌生物学特性、行为学特性、生殖与遗传多样性、化学生态学等方面,大部分属于基础性研究;但相对其他类群害虫的卵寄生蜂研究较少;仅见对极少数几种天牛卵寄生蜂的行为学、化学生态学机制有过较深入的探讨。天牛卵寄生蜂应用于生物防治实践的研究更少,这可能与天牛卵寄生蜂虫源获取困难、饲养技术研究薄弱有关,天牛卵寄生蜂的规模化繁育技术也制约了其生物防治利用。本综述对全面了解天牛卵期寄生性天敌研究进展提供了便捷,为今后加强和深入对天牛卵寄生蜂的研究利用提供了参考。Abstract: In this paper, the research progress on egg parasitoids of longicorn beetles was reviewed. The existing literatures showed that most of the research in this field was focused on the description of new species discovered (morphological, molecular biology), biology, behavior, reproduction and genetic diversity, as well as chemical ecology. Most of them belongs to fundamental research. The studies on egg parasitoids of longicorn beetle are far less than those on other pests. Only a few species of longicorn beetle’s egg parasitoids have been deeply discussed in terms of their behavioral and chemical ecology mechanisms. However, the research on the application of parasitoid wasps of longicorn beetle eggs in biological control practice was very little. The main reason maybe that it is difficult to obtain the parasitoids from longicorn beetle eggs and the research on feeding technology is weak. Therefore, the large-scale breeding technology of longicorn beetle egg parasitoids restricts its biological control and utilization. This review tries to provide a convenient way to comprehensively understand the research progress of parasitic natural enemies of longicorn beetle eggs, and provides reference for further research and utilization of longicorn beetle egg parasitoids.
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Key words:
- Cerambycidae
- / biological control
- / egg parasitoids
- / natural enemy
- / feeding technology
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