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随着人类对原始林的干扰破坏,全球次生林的面积占比不断上升[1-2],特别在中国东北地区,由于历史上高强度的采伐干扰而形成的次生林占天然林面积的65%以上[3-4]。关于次生林方面的研究受到了广大学者的关注,有关研究也在各个方面展开[5-9],其中次生林演替规律及其干扰是研究热度较高的一个分支[3, 10-13]。
次生林演替属于一种特殊的森林演替,指的是原生森林受到强烈干扰形成次生林后的一系列生长发育过程[11, 14],这与森林演替中先锋群落至顶级群落的演替过程基本一致[15]。与森林演替相似,次生林演替按照发展趋向同样可分为进展演替和逆行演替[16]。次生林演替的发生与干扰有密不可分的联系。一般而言,次生林在正向干扰或小强度范围内的逆向干扰下可以保持进展演替,一旦逆向干扰强度超过阈值,次生林演替就会停滞,甚至出现逆行演替的情形[15, 17]。
在中国东北地区,关于次生林演替和干扰的研究从20世纪50年代逐渐展开[18-19],至今已形成了大量的研究成果。本研究分别阐述干扰因素与东北次生林演替的关系,中国东北地区地带性群落受干扰后衍生出主要的次生林的演替过程,以及演替规律和干扰作用在次生林恢复演替过程中的应用,并对未来研究进行展望。
东北主要天然次生林干扰与演替规律
Disturbances and Succession Laws of Main Natural Secondary Forests in Northeast China
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摘要: 对东北地区兴安落叶松林、阔叶红松林和山地云冷杉林三大地带性顶级群落衍生出的主要次生林的生态演替过程规律,以及干扰在次生林演替过程中的作用影响进行了综述。结果显示人为干扰对次生林演替的作用有利有弊,但大部分的自然干扰不利于次生林进展演替,利用好采伐、补植和火烧等人为干扰可以有效地促进次生林的演替进程,次生林演替全周期经营和复杂的自然干扰对东北次生林演替的作用机制是未来进一步的研究重点。Abstract: Due to the excessive logging in the early stages, the natural forests in Northeast China were damaged to varying degrees, thus various types of secondary forests were formed. With the implementation of Natural Forest Protection Project, high-intensity commercial logging has been banned, so that most of the natural secondary forests in Northeast China have been restored to a certain content, but the whole process is slow. Understanding the succession law of secondary forest, using the ecological function of disturbance, and speeding up the succession process of the secondary forest through forest management measures has become the consensus of degraded secondary forest restoration. In this review, we introduce the ecological succession process of the main secondary forests derived from the three zonal top communities of Larix gmelinii forest, broadleaved Pinus koraiensis forest and Mountain spruce-fir forest in Northeast China, as well as the influence of interference on the succession process of secondary forests. It shows that artificial interferences may have both advantages and disadvantages on the succession of secondary forests, but most natural interferences are not conducive to the succession of secondary forests. Making good use of artificlal interferences such as logging, replanting and fire can effectively promote the succession process of secondary forests. Full cycle management of secondary forest successionandthe mechanism of natural disturbance on the succession of secondary forests in Northeast China is the focus of further research in the future.
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Key words:
- Northeast China
- / natural secondary forest
- / succession
- / disturbance
- / forest management
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