1989 Vol. 2, No. 2
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1989, 2(2): 101-108.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
The measurements of synchronous and relative value of wind velocity were conducted with 56 probes of 4 levels in aerial seeding land and moving dunes in Yulin area of Maowusu Desert in 1988. The result showed that the conversing effect of aerial seeded Hedysarum mongolica Turcz. and Hedysarum scoparium Fisch et Mey., especially that of H. mongolica was remarkable. The former vegetation belt was widened from 24 metres to 35 metres because of germination of the subterraneous stem. The rate of survival area increased from 17.7% to more than 60% 10 years later and the land changed into stablized sand land.As for the reformed dune, its slope became smaller, its length became longer, its height became lower, it went forward in a tongue-shaped form and the land between dunes became smaller. A series of changes of the topographic features of aerial seeding land occurred. The wind velocity there was reduced horizontally, vertically and harmoniously. That the result of closing the moving dune after 10 years was still without vegetation on slope but the dune went forward. Thus, aerial seeding in the farther place and artificial seeding in the near place are considered to be good methods to control the dunes. It should be promoted in the future.
The measurements of synchronous and relative value of wind velocity were conducted with 56 probes of 4 levels in aerial seeding land and moving dunes in Yulin area of Maowusu Desert in 1988. The result showed that the conversing effect of aerial seeded Hedysarum mongolica Turcz. and Hedysarum scoparium Fisch et Mey., especially that of H. mongolica was remarkable. The former vegetation belt was widened from 24 metres to 35 metres because of germination of the subterraneous stem. The rate of survival area increased from 17.7% to more than 60% 10 years later and the land changed into stablized sand land.As for the reformed dune, its slope became smaller, its length became longer, its height became lower, it went forward in a tongue-shaped form and the land between dunes became smaller. A series of changes of the topographic features of aerial seeding land occurred. The wind velocity there was reduced horizontally, vertically and harmoniously. That the result of closing the moving dune after 10 years was still without vegetation on slope but the dune went forward. Thus, aerial seeding in the farther place and artificial seeding in the near place are considered to be good methods to control the dunes. It should be promoted in the future.
1989, 2(2): 109-112.
Abstract:
For three years, we have been using a bundle of needle from young branches of mature Pinus elliottii Engelm, P. taeda Linn, P. massoniana Lamb, as scions, 25 months old seedlings as stocks. Through grafting, keeping moisture inducing short-branch et al., a new technique of needle-bundle-grafting has been developed (We have propagated more than 2000 grafting seedlings). It is better than the old method of scion grafting obviously, which has been recognized to be an important innovation in grafting. This paper summarizes the main idea of pine needle-bundle-grafting technique systematically.
For three years, we have been using a bundle of needle from young branches of mature Pinus elliottii Engelm, P. taeda Linn, P. massoniana Lamb, as scions, 25 months old seedlings as stocks. Through grafting, keeping moisture inducing short-branch et al., a new technique of needle-bundle-grafting has been developed (We have propagated more than 2000 grafting seedlings). It is better than the old method of scion grafting obviously, which has been recognized to be an important innovation in grafting. This paper summarizes the main idea of pine needle-bundle-grafting technique systematically.
1989, 2(2): 113-118.
Abstract:
This paper analyses the growth of 8 provenances of Acacia mangium plantation in 3 years old in two sites,the research result shows the analy sis of variance is significant between the 8 provenances. The best provena nee is No. 13242 which from Queensland whether in height, diameter breast height and volume increment or wind-resistance index. Its height, diameter breast height and volume increment has 154%, 158% and 387% as compared with the poor seed source. The second is No. 13459 which from papua-New Guinea,its height, diameter breast height and volume increment also has 144%, 160% and 370% as compared with the poor one. The provenance No. 13621 from Indonesia shows a poorest performance.Besides, the growth in each provenance has a positive correation with rainfull, humidity and heat. The height, diameter breast height and volume increment of Acacia mangium in the latter half of the year is larger than the first half of the year.
This paper analyses the growth of 8 provenances of Acacia mangium plantation in 3 years old in two sites,the research result shows the analy sis of variance is significant between the 8 provenances. The best provena nee is No. 13242 which from Queensland whether in height, diameter breast height and volume increment or wind-resistance index. Its height, diameter breast height and volume increment has 154%, 158% and 387% as compared with the poor seed source. The second is No. 13459 which from papua-New Guinea,its height, diameter breast height and volume increment also has 144%, 160% and 370% as compared with the poor one. The provenance No. 13621 from Indonesia shows a poorest performance.Besides, the growth in each provenance has a positive correation with rainfull, humidity and heat. The height, diameter breast height and volume increment of Acacia mangium in the latter half of the year is larger than the first half of the year.
1989, 2(2): 119-123.
Abstract:
Hippota dorsalis has seven natural enemies, most of which are preying ones. In its egg stage there are two species belonging to Telenomus spp. with rather high parasitic rate. The mean parasitic rate of early layed eggs is 5.17%, but after one month natural propagation, it can raise to 76.50%.The control methods are as follows:a. To spray 10 000-time liquid of Decis emulsion with a concentration of 2.5%, or 1 500-time liquid of Phenthoate with a concentration of 50%, the mortality of nymph will be over 93%.b. To inject 1.5-2.0ml of Methamidophos with a concentration of 50% into the base of bamboo culms, the mortality can be 90%.c. To spread a 15 cm ring on the base of bamboo culm with mixed oil composed by calcic lubricating oil, engine oil, and pesticide, the proportion of mixture should be 1:1:0.01,for preventing nymph to climb up to the bamboo culm and get food so that it will be dead of starvation, and the effect can be 90%.
Hippota dorsalis has seven natural enemies, most of which are preying ones. In its egg stage there are two species belonging to Telenomus spp. with rather high parasitic rate. The mean parasitic rate of early layed eggs is 5.17%, but after one month natural propagation, it can raise to 76.50%.The control methods are as follows:a. To spray 10 000-time liquid of Decis emulsion with a concentration of 2.5%, or 1 500-time liquid of Phenthoate with a concentration of 50%, the mortality of nymph will be over 93%.b. To inject 1.5-2.0ml of Methamidophos with a concentration of 50% into the base of bamboo culms, the mortality can be 90%.c. To spread a 15 cm ring on the base of bamboo culm with mixed oil composed by calcic lubricating oil, engine oil, and pesticide, the proportion of mixture should be 1:1:0.01,for preventing nymph to climb up to the bamboo culm and get food so that it will be dead of starvation, and the effect can be 90%.
1989, 2(2): 124-127.
Abstract:
The development of the radicle cell ultrastructure of monogenetic progeny seeds of Cunninghamia lanceolata with high vigor (№ 244) and low vigor (№ 5) was investigated during the imbibition. The result showed that for the high vigor seeds, mitochondria can be seen on the first day of imbibition. After the second day of imbibition, the number of mitochondria evidently increased, and most of them located along the nucleus. On the third day of imbibition, endoplasmic reticulum increased and developed well, and a number of starch grains appeared in distinct size with the disappearance of lipid bodies and aleurone grains. For low vigor seeds (№ 5), however, the whole cell was still occupied by a large amount of lipid bodies and aleurone grains except nucleus even on the third day of imbibition. No mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum can be found and no starch grains appeared.
The development of the radicle cell ultrastructure of monogenetic progeny seeds of Cunninghamia lanceolata with high vigor (№ 244) and low vigor (№ 5) was investigated during the imbibition. The result showed that for the high vigor seeds, mitochondria can be seen on the first day of imbibition. After the second day of imbibition, the number of mitochondria evidently increased, and most of them located along the nucleus. On the third day of imbibition, endoplasmic reticulum increased and developed well, and a number of starch grains appeared in distinct size with the disappearance of lipid bodies and aleurone grains. For low vigor seeds (№ 5), however, the whole cell was still occupied by a large amount of lipid bodies and aleurone grains except nucleus even on the third day of imbibition. No mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum can be found and no starch grains appeared.
1989, 2(2): 128-135.
Abstract:
Biotic factor is a very important factor in insect population dynamics, which is also a necessity in the research of IPM of masson pine moth Dendrolimus punctatus. The results are as follows:There are a lot of natural enemies of masson pine moth, including spiders, insects, microorganisms and birds. They form a complicated complex of natural enemy. There are several lethal factors in the life table, which has been conducted for two years (1984-1985). 78% of the larvae are killed by predators and migration etc. after egg hatching, which form a main lethal factor in the life table. According to the systematic investigation on the influence of natural enemies. Biotic factor is supposed to be the main factor in the population dynamics of masson pine moth in 1984-1985.
Biotic factor is a very important factor in insect population dynamics, which is also a necessity in the research of IPM of masson pine moth Dendrolimus punctatus. The results are as follows:There are a lot of natural enemies of masson pine moth, including spiders, insects, microorganisms and birds. They form a complicated complex of natural enemy. There are several lethal factors in the life table, which has been conducted for two years (1984-1985). 78% of the larvae are killed by predators and migration etc. after egg hatching, which form a main lethal factor in the life table. According to the systematic investigation on the influence of natural enemies. Biotic factor is supposed to be the main factor in the population dynamics of masson pine moth in 1984-1985.
1989, 2(2): 136-141.
Abstract:
Three ectomycorrhizal fungi, Boletus griseus, B. sp. and Suillus grevillei, were chosen to be studied on ecological adaptability to environmental factors, such as temperature, pH, salt concentration and water potential. Besides, the 3 fungi were used in pure culture synthesis of Pinus tabulaeformis and P. elliottii ectomycorrhizae.Generally, pH and salt concentration had slight effects on the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi but temperature and water potential had strong effects in the ecological adaptability experiments using 3 fungi. B. sp. and S. grevillei displayed their strong adaptability in varied ecological conditions. In addition, it's evident that PEG-4000 can accelerate the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi in liquid.In the pure culture synthesis, five ectomycorrhizae were formed, in which P. tabulaeformis-B. griseus were discovered for the first time. P. tabulaefor-mis-S. grevillei and P. elliottii-B. griseus are better ones of the 5 mycor-rhizae.
Three ectomycorrhizal fungi, Boletus griseus, B. sp. and Suillus grevillei, were chosen to be studied on ecological adaptability to environmental factors, such as temperature, pH, salt concentration and water potential. Besides, the 3 fungi were used in pure culture synthesis of Pinus tabulaeformis and P. elliottii ectomycorrhizae.Generally, pH and salt concentration had slight effects on the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi but temperature and water potential had strong effects in the ecological adaptability experiments using 3 fungi. B. sp. and S. grevillei displayed their strong adaptability in varied ecological conditions. In addition, it's evident that PEG-4000 can accelerate the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi in liquid.In the pure culture synthesis, five ectomycorrhizae were formed, in which P. tabulaeformis-B. griseus were discovered for the first time. P. tabulaefor-mis-S. grevillei and P. elliottii-B. griseus are better ones of the 5 mycor-rhizae.
1989, 2(2): 142-148.
Abstract:
Various species of table cultivars of olive were introduced into China from 1964-1979, most of them fruited up to now. Research on the economic characteristics of their fruits shows that the fruits keep their prime characters. They are bigger in size and have higher pulp ratio. Various species, such as Gordal, Ascolana Tenera, Berat, Manzanilla de Carmona, Manzanilla, Tanche etc. and Cheng Gu 22, Zhong Shan 24, which were selected from the seedlings in China, are ideal table cultivars olive. The average fruit weight is about 4.58-9.02g, and the average pulp ration ranges from 85.09-89.96%. The pulp contains various nutrients, which are helpful to the peoples health, such ad sugar (1.45-8.73%), protein (3.80-11.85%), mineral elements (1.7-2.2%), and oil (7.96-15.77%).According to the study, A preliminary standard of classification which can be applied to olive table cultivars and a suitable harvesting time-table for different processing purposes (green or black table olives), Which are useful to olive breeding, cultivation and processing have been set up.
Various species of table cultivars of olive were introduced into China from 1964-1979, most of them fruited up to now. Research on the economic characteristics of their fruits shows that the fruits keep their prime characters. They are bigger in size and have higher pulp ratio. Various species, such as Gordal, Ascolana Tenera, Berat, Manzanilla de Carmona, Manzanilla, Tanche etc. and Cheng Gu 22, Zhong Shan 24, which were selected from the seedlings in China, are ideal table cultivars olive. The average fruit weight is about 4.58-9.02g, and the average pulp ration ranges from 85.09-89.96%. The pulp contains various nutrients, which are helpful to the peoples health, such ad sugar (1.45-8.73%), protein (3.80-11.85%), mineral elements (1.7-2.2%), and oil (7.96-15.77%).According to the study, A preliminary standard of classification which can be applied to olive table cultivars and a suitable harvesting time-table for different processing purposes (green or black table olives), Which are useful to olive breeding, cultivation and processing have been set up.
1989, 2(2): 149-154.
Abstract:
Digital terrain model (DTM) is an important component of a resource information system. The DTM with netted texture has the advantage of fixed position and altitude. It has many uses. This paper described in detail the principle and method of altitude data extraction, slope and aspect data calculation, change of net density, establishment of terrain model and three dimension map-making. The function of the DTM subsystem under microcomputer environment was also introduced. The DTM established within this subsystem can be used in image processing of remote sensing, classification of vegatation, stratification of site condition, map-making of slope and aspect. It can also be used in selecting road, quantity calculation of earthwork, selecting location of reservoir, calculation of dam height and capacity of reservoir, disaster estimation of floodwater and so on.
Digital terrain model (DTM) is an important component of a resource information system. The DTM with netted texture has the advantage of fixed position and altitude. It has many uses. This paper described in detail the principle and method of altitude data extraction, slope and aspect data calculation, change of net density, establishment of terrain model and three dimension map-making. The function of the DTM subsystem under microcomputer environment was also introduced. The DTM established within this subsystem can be used in image processing of remote sensing, classification of vegatation, stratification of site condition, map-making of slope and aspect. It can also be used in selecting road, quantity calculation of earthwork, selecting location of reservoir, calculation of dam height and capacity of reservoir, disaster estimation of floodwater and so on.
1989, 2(2): 155-162.
Abstract:
The effect of the strong pruning of 2-yr-old original bearing-shoot(OBS) to 1-yr-old original bearing-shoot(OBS) of emblic is probed into with complete analysis and single factor analysis. Complete analysis (Λ statistic) shows that strong pruning of OBS has extreme significant effects (ΛΛ0.01) to five factors of OBS in general. Variance analysis of single factor is transformed by Λ statistic. The results show that there are extreme significant effects for treatment to length, thickness, number of bearing-shoot of OBS, significant effect to length of bearing-shoot of OBS, no significant effect to the number of bearing-shoot leaves. The treatment increases the number of scion(OBS) and improves its qulitity. This study affords basis for propagation of superior trees, management of nursery of scion and equilibrium control between bearing and growth of emblic. The concept of overlapping grade of region is posed and the relationship between overlapping grade and availability of treatment is discussed. The relationship between significance of single factor and significance of multiple factors is discussed also.
The effect of the strong pruning of 2-yr-old original bearing-shoot(OBS) to 1-yr-old original bearing-shoot(OBS) of emblic is probed into with complete analysis and single factor analysis. Complete analysis (Λ statistic) shows that strong pruning of OBS has extreme significant effects (ΛΛ0.01) to five factors of OBS in general. Variance analysis of single factor is transformed by Λ statistic. The results show that there are extreme significant effects for treatment to length, thickness, number of bearing-shoot of OBS, significant effect to length of bearing-shoot of OBS, no significant effect to the number of bearing-shoot leaves. The treatment increases the number of scion(OBS) and improves its qulitity. This study affords basis for propagation of superior trees, management of nursery of scion and equilibrium control between bearing and growth of emblic. The concept of overlapping grade of region is posed and the relationship between overlapping grade and availability of treatment is discussed. The relationship between significance of single factor and significance of multiple factors is discussed also.
1989, 2(2): 163-170.
Abstract:
This paper provides a method of measuring genetic differentiation by analyzing gene regulation and expression. A Genetic Differentiation Value (Dg) was found, which could be used to determine the difference among different tissues. Using the method of the information theory, the authors found a function, that is the Gene Regulation Entropy (Hr), which could describe the extent of differentiation. The quantity of regulation information could be estimated from Hr·Dg has the property of intensity and Hr has the property of content. The value of Dg and Hr could be measured by isozymes or other proteins. In the end of the paper, how to use Dg and Hr in differentiation, biological evolution, biological information, the complexity of population and practical application in forest population genetics have been discussed.
This paper provides a method of measuring genetic differentiation by analyzing gene regulation and expression. A Genetic Differentiation Value (Dg) was found, which could be used to determine the difference among different tissues. Using the method of the information theory, the authors found a function, that is the Gene Regulation Entropy (Hr), which could describe the extent of differentiation. The quantity of regulation information could be estimated from Hr·Dg has the property of intensity and Hr has the property of content. The value of Dg and Hr could be measured by isozymes or other proteins. In the end of the paper, how to use Dg and Hr in differentiation, biological evolution, biological information, the complexity of population and practical application in forest population genetics have been discussed.
1989, 2(2): 171-175.
Abstract:
Design and conditions of the sites for the provenance trials of the black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) have been described. Variations of characters relevant to seedlings in the nursery stage and the young trees of one and a half year old were analyzed. The results were as follows:Ⅰ. There were significant differences between different provenances in height, diameter growth and biomass at nursery stage.Ⅱ. For young trees, the significant difference lies in increment of diameter and tree height.Ⅲ. Among six Chinese provenances, five ones started flowering, but no Australian provenance tested was found flowering at the same time.Ⅳ. Provenances 14725, 15087, 15088, 14397, 14771, C24, C20 and C21 appeared the best. No. C6 from Ganzhou was performing badly.Ⅴ. All provenances tested did not differ significantly for die-back incidence.
Design and conditions of the sites for the provenance trials of the black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) have been described. Variations of characters relevant to seedlings in the nursery stage and the young trees of one and a half year old were analyzed. The results were as follows:Ⅰ. There were significant differences between different provenances in height, diameter growth and biomass at nursery stage.Ⅱ. For young trees, the significant difference lies in increment of diameter and tree height.Ⅲ. Among six Chinese provenances, five ones started flowering, but no Australian provenance tested was found flowering at the same time.Ⅳ. Provenances 14725, 15087, 15088, 14397, 14771, C24, C20 and C21 appeared the best. No. C6 from Ganzhou was performing badly.Ⅴ. All provenances tested did not differ significantly for die-back incidence.
1989, 2(2): 176-180.
Abstract:
This paper reported the vertical distribution of macrofungi in the Mt. Jianfengling region. From the seashore to the top of the mountain in the tropical vegetation types of that region, different soil, plant composition and microclimate of different sites resulted in significant difference of the composition and distribution of the macrofungi. The species and composition of macrofungi of the six vegetation types had been analysed and the vertical distribution as well as ecological conditions of the specific species and the common important species had also been studied primarily.
This paper reported the vertical distribution of macrofungi in the Mt. Jianfengling region. From the seashore to the top of the mountain in the tropical vegetation types of that region, different soil, plant composition and microclimate of different sites resulted in significant difference of the composition and distribution of the macrofungi. The species and composition of macrofungi of the six vegetation types had been analysed and the vertical distribution as well as ecological conditions of the specific species and the common important species had also been studied primarily.
1989, 2(2): 181-184.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the functional interrelationship among physiography, soil and height growth of Larix olgensis and tries to find out the key factor influencing the height growth of L. olgensis.Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine the key factors. They were water-holding capacity of soil in the field and soil volume weight. By means of canonical variates analysis, the authors found out that water-holding capacity of soil in the field and soil volume weight were influenced by aspect. Based on the results of the study, forest site types could be classified correctly.
This paper deals with the functional interrelationship among physiography, soil and height growth of Larix olgensis and tries to find out the key factor influencing the height growth of L. olgensis.Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine the key factors. They were water-holding capacity of soil in the field and soil volume weight. By means of canonical variates analysis, the authors found out that water-holding capacity of soil in the field and soil volume weight were influenced by aspect. Based on the results of the study, forest site types could be classified correctly.
1989, 2(2): 185-189.
Abstract:
Through years of examination, the quality index of better seed of Gmelina arborea is. thousand-seed weight 500-800g,moisture content 10-11%, germination percent 15-34% in laboratory and 80-90% in nursery, germination power 60-70%, seedling survival percent over 90%. The germination percent is 87.4% after storing in desiccator for twelve months (83.8% before storage). To store the seeds with wet sand in an incubator and keep the temperature at 38-40℃ for four or six days, the germination percent reaches 53%. The best way for hastening germination is the treatment of soaking and drying repeatedly or soaking seed in lime-water for seven days, the germination percent is 81.0%,84.0%, the germination power is 65.5%, 61.0% and the seedling survival percent is 97.2% and 92.8% respectively.
Through years of examination, the quality index of better seed of Gmelina arborea is. thousand-seed weight 500-800g,moisture content 10-11%, germination percent 15-34% in laboratory and 80-90% in nursery, germination power 60-70%, seedling survival percent over 90%. The germination percent is 87.4% after storing in desiccator for twelve months (83.8% before storage). To store the seeds with wet sand in an incubator and keep the temperature at 38-40℃ for four or six days, the germination percent reaches 53%. The best way for hastening germination is the treatment of soaking and drying repeatedly or soaking seed in lime-water for seven days, the germination percent is 81.0%,84.0%, the germination power is 65.5%, 61.0% and the seedling survival percent is 97.2% and 92.8% respectively.
1989, 2(2): 190-193.
Abstract:
Under natural condition, the developmental threshold temperature for the first, second and third instar larvae and the female adults of K. lacca is 9.1℃,8.8℃,10.2℃ and 18.1℃ respectively,with that of the larval stage being 8.8℃ as a whole. The total of effective temperature for the first, second, third instar larvae, the larval stage and female adult stage are 291.6±44.2℃, 193.4±22.8℃,168.7±44.1℃, 694.2±88.7℃ and 304.9±29.4℃ respectively, while their relative coefficiencies between the developmental durations and total of effective temperature are 0.97, 0.99, 0.93, 0.97 and 0.99 correspondingly. It then appears that temperature exerts decisive influence on the insect during its developmental course.
Under natural condition, the developmental threshold temperature for the first, second and third instar larvae and the female adults of K. lacca is 9.1℃,8.8℃,10.2℃ and 18.1℃ respectively,with that of the larval stage being 8.8℃ as a whole. The total of effective temperature for the first, second, third instar larvae, the larval stage and female adult stage are 291.6±44.2℃, 193.4±22.8℃,168.7±44.1℃, 694.2±88.7℃ and 304.9±29.4℃ respectively, while their relative coefficiencies between the developmental durations and total of effective temperature are 0.97, 0.99, 0.93, 0.97 and 0.99 correspondingly. It then appears that temperature exerts decisive influence on the insect during its developmental course.
1989, 2(2): 194-197.
Abstract:
Grafting with sheath is an effective measure to increase survival rate of graft tree of masson pine. Using sheath in grafting, the moisture between scion and stock would be close to saturation, and so procedure of healing accelerated and survival rate increased. The results showed a 20% increase in survival rate of graft tree with sheath over without sheath.The growth of tip was heavily out of that of lateral branch, which was one of the most important cause of hindering growth of new tip of graft tree. Thus, if it did no harm to the growth of new tip, nutritive branches of stock would be controlled and pruned.
Grafting with sheath is an effective measure to increase survival rate of graft tree of masson pine. Using sheath in grafting, the moisture between scion and stock would be close to saturation, and so procedure of healing accelerated and survival rate increased. The results showed a 20% increase in survival rate of graft tree with sheath over without sheath.The growth of tip was heavily out of that of lateral branch, which was one of the most important cause of hindering growth of new tip of graft tree. Thus, if it did no harm to the growth of new tip, nutritive branches of stock would be controlled and pruned.
1989, 2(2): 198-201.
Abstract:
Several factors influencing synthesis and accumulation of ginseng saponin in callus are studied. The abilities of synthesis of ginseng saponin in callus from different explants are same basically. Synthesis and accumulation of ginseng saponin are on a par with the increase of weight of callus. The content of ginseng saponin in cultures is the highest at 0.5-1.0mg/L 2,4-D. The illumination at 2 000 lx is the most favourable for synthesis and accumulation of ginseng saponin. Free 2,4-D clone is induced by subsequent culture accompanied by reducing 2,4-D concentration gradually. Free 2,4-D clone can synthesize and accumulate ginseng saponin at a lower level, and the ability in synthesis and accumulation of saponin can be raised again up-to original level in medium contained 2,4-D.
Several factors influencing synthesis and accumulation of ginseng saponin in callus are studied. The abilities of synthesis of ginseng saponin in callus from different explants are same basically. Synthesis and accumulation of ginseng saponin are on a par with the increase of weight of callus. The content of ginseng saponin in cultures is the highest at 0.5-1.0mg/L 2,4-D. The illumination at 2 000 lx is the most favourable for synthesis and accumulation of ginseng saponin. Free 2,4-D clone is induced by subsequent culture accompanied by reducing 2,4-D concentration gradually. Free 2,4-D clone can synthesize and accumulate ginseng saponin at a lower level, and the ability in synthesis and accumulation of saponin can be raised again up-to original level in medium contained 2,4-D.
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