1989 Vol. 2, No. 4
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1989, 2(4): 311-320.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
China is situated in the eastern part of Asia. Her complicated ecological environment provide good conditions for breeding, overwintering and dwelling for 1186 species of birds.Thousands of years ago, the seeds of Chinese bird banding originated. But scientifically large-scale bird banding and bird migration research started in the end of 1982. In the past five years, the Chinese bird banding research has begun to take shaps and 45 banding station have been set up. The number of freeing banded birds accumulated to a total of 37 060 individuals, 186 species. The total number of recoveries of banded birds domestic and abroad were 171 individuals, 57 species. The banded birds coming from seven countries or regions not only proved migratory channel of migrant birds covering from Asia to Australia and from Asia to Europe but also provided the evidence of flying over Himalaya mountain range that gave an answer to the historic questionable points.The information of the birds' migration between China and other countries is known to all. The statistical data of the same species of migrant birds in China and other 24 Asian-Pacific countries shows that China is the country of summer migrant bird breeding territory, winter migrant bird hibernaculum of bird migrating terminal as well as the travelling birds' stopping area, for it is located among eastern Asia, northern Asia, southern Asia subcontinent and Australia, America, Europe, Southern Pacific Ocean. China plays an important role in the research of bird migratory regularity in Asian-Pacific area, recoveries and breeding ecological characteristics, the rate of existence as well as collecting other ecobiological information. Therefore China is situated in the key place which can not be replaced.
China is situated in the eastern part of Asia. Her complicated ecological environment provide good conditions for breeding, overwintering and dwelling for 1186 species of birds.Thousands of years ago, the seeds of Chinese bird banding originated. But scientifically large-scale bird banding and bird migration research started in the end of 1982. In the past five years, the Chinese bird banding research has begun to take shaps and 45 banding station have been set up. The number of freeing banded birds accumulated to a total of 37 060 individuals, 186 species. The total number of recoveries of banded birds domestic and abroad were 171 individuals, 57 species. The banded birds coming from seven countries or regions not only proved migratory channel of migrant birds covering from Asia to Australia and from Asia to Europe but also provided the evidence of flying over Himalaya mountain range that gave an answer to the historic questionable points.The information of the birds' migration between China and other countries is known to all. The statistical data of the same species of migrant birds in China and other 24 Asian-Pacific countries shows that China is the country of summer migrant bird breeding territory, winter migrant bird hibernaculum of bird migrating terminal as well as the travelling birds' stopping area, for it is located among eastern Asia, northern Asia, southern Asia subcontinent and Australia, America, Europe, Southern Pacific Ocean. China plays an important role in the research of bird migratory regularity in Asian-Pacific area, recoveries and breeding ecological characteristics, the rate of existence as well as collecting other ecobiological information. Therefore China is situated in the key place which can not be replaced.
1989, 2(4): 321-328.
Abstract:
This paper presents a taxonomic study on the genus Camponotus Mayr of China. Ten species are new to science. Four species are reported for the first time in China. One subspecies and 3 varieties are raised to species. The type specimens except for those with annotations are kept in the insect collection, the Research Institute of Forestry CAF.
This paper presents a taxonomic study on the genus Camponotus Mayr of China. Ten species are new to science. Four species are reported for the first time in China. One subspecies and 3 varieties are raised to species. The type specimens except for those with annotations are kept in the insect collection, the Research Institute of Forestry CAF.
1989, 2(4): 329-333.
Abstract:
In this paper morphological change and development procedure of male/female flowers of masson pine was reported as follows: ① Male flowers: Male flowers, which were covered by bud scales, aggregated on the lower part of new shoot. It was found that male flowers were naked with scales open. Gynospore sac consisted of epidermis, middle layer, tapetum and sporogenous tissue. Tapetal cell was binucleated and gynospore quadrent was quadritaloral and symmetrical. During monokaryon phase the exhymenine stretched and produced two air sacs of same size. A mature pollen contained two vegetative cells, one generative cell and one tube cell.② Female flowers: Female flowers were at the top of new shoot, and after the top bud scales opened, the female flowers revealed. The ovule scales, in the rear of which there were two anatropous ovules, arranged in the form of a spiral. The ovule consisted of integuments and nucellus, the former with one layer of tissue and ovule scales open when pollinated, and the latter contained one or two macrosporocytes. The appearance of the development of female flowers was later than that of the males in different phases.
In this paper morphological change and development procedure of male/female flowers of masson pine was reported as follows: ① Male flowers: Male flowers, which were covered by bud scales, aggregated on the lower part of new shoot. It was found that male flowers were naked with scales open. Gynospore sac consisted of epidermis, middle layer, tapetum and sporogenous tissue. Tapetal cell was binucleated and gynospore quadrent was quadritaloral and symmetrical. During monokaryon phase the exhymenine stretched and produced two air sacs of same size. A mature pollen contained two vegetative cells, one generative cell and one tube cell.② Female flowers: Female flowers were at the top of new shoot, and after the top bud scales opened, the female flowers revealed. The ovule scales, in the rear of which there were two anatropous ovules, arranged in the form of a spiral. The ovule consisted of integuments and nucellus, the former with one layer of tissue and ovule scales open when pollinated, and the latter contained one or two macrosporocytes. The appearance of the development of female flowers was later than that of the males in different phases.
1989, 2(4): 334-343.
Abstract:
This paper reported the results of a provenance trial of Ulmus pumila L., in which 46 seedlots and 14 locations were involved. It was found out that there were significant differences among provenances in height growth and DBH at age of 7-year-old. The geographic variation in growth showed a clinal pattern. The genotypic stability and productivity of each provenance were analysed. The variance components indicated that the provenance and site effect were highly significant. The provenance × Location interaction effect was significant. The Ecovalence and PQI of Wricke were used as an index of stability and productivity of various provenances. The superior provenances located in the southeast part of the range.
This paper reported the results of a provenance trial of Ulmus pumila L., in which 46 seedlots and 14 locations were involved. It was found out that there were significant differences among provenances in height growth and DBH at age of 7-year-old. The geographic variation in growth showed a clinal pattern. The genotypic stability and productivity of each provenance were analysed. The variance components indicated that the provenance and site effect were highly significant. The provenance × Location interaction effect was significant. The Ecovalence and PQI of Wricke were used as an index of stability and productivity of various provenances. The superior provenances located in the southeast part of the range.
1989, 2(4): 344-350.
Abstract:
The result of the research shows that the Gmelina arborea has two fast-growing period on growth of tree height and diameter in natural forest, the first one appears in the tenth year and the other one appears in the fortieth-fiftieth year. The volume growth is still increasing and lasting to as long as fifty or sixty years old. If the sowing is in proper season, the growing peak of height and diameter of seedlings appear in the third month after sowing, but decreases immediately. The growing peak period of height appears in the second to fifth(sixth) month and it's increment is up to 79-90% of the total of one year. There are two growing peak period of seedling diameter growth, the principal one appears in the second to fourth(fifth) month and the secondary one in the seventh month after sowing, the increment of the two period is up to 72-80% of the total; In the young plantation of eleven years old, the growing peak of tree height, diameter and volume appear respectively in the second, fourth and seventh year after planting, the speed of height growth decreases in the eighth year but the increments in diameter and volume are increasing rapidly in this period.
The result of the research shows that the Gmelina arborea has two fast-growing period on growth of tree height and diameter in natural forest, the first one appears in the tenth year and the other one appears in the fortieth-fiftieth year. The volume growth is still increasing and lasting to as long as fifty or sixty years old. If the sowing is in proper season, the growing peak of height and diameter of seedlings appear in the third month after sowing, but decreases immediately. The growing peak period of height appears in the second to fifth(sixth) month and it's increment is up to 79-90% of the total of one year. There are two growing peak period of seedling diameter growth, the principal one appears in the second to fourth(fifth) month and the secondary one in the seventh month after sowing, the increment of the two period is up to 72-80% of the total; In the young plantation of eleven years old, the growing peak of tree height, diameter and volume appear respectively in the second, fourth and seventh year after planting, the speed of height growth decreases in the eighth year but the increments in diameter and volume are increasing rapidly in this period.
1989, 2(4): 351-356.
Abstract:
Based on the results of 4-year-old (1983-1987) provenance test, with 21 seed sources introduced from Australia, at 5 sites both in Guangdong and Hainan provinces, this paper analyses the variation of height and D.B. H. growth among the seed sources of Acacia mangium. It showed that there are significant differences in the growth rate among these tested seed sources. The variation coefficient for height and D.B.H. are more than 0.30 and 0.40 respectively and the provenance variance has accounted for above 50 percent of the total phenotypic variance,illustrating a tendency of strong genetic control for both traits. There is a relative stability for each seed source to grow at sites with different soil conditions. The superior seed sources are distributed both in PNG (13459 and 13460) and in Claudie River (13229), as well as in the low altitude area to the south of 17.5°S in Queensland (13242 etc), Australia. It is expected to get a genetic gain with 8.54%, 9.18% and 16.81% for height, D.B.H., and volume respectively, comparing with the grand mean of provenance test stand, just through superior seed source selection.
Based on the results of 4-year-old (1983-1987) provenance test, with 21 seed sources introduced from Australia, at 5 sites both in Guangdong and Hainan provinces, this paper analyses the variation of height and D.B. H. growth among the seed sources of Acacia mangium. It showed that there are significant differences in the growth rate among these tested seed sources. The variation coefficient for height and D.B.H. are more than 0.30 and 0.40 respectively and the provenance variance has accounted for above 50 percent of the total phenotypic variance,illustrating a tendency of strong genetic control for both traits. There is a relative stability for each seed source to grow at sites with different soil conditions. The superior seed sources are distributed both in PNG (13459 and 13460) and in Claudie River (13229), as well as in the low altitude area to the south of 17.5°S in Queensland (13242 etc), Australia. It is expected to get a genetic gain with 8.54%, 9.18% and 16.81% for height, D.B.H., and volume respectively, comparing with the grand mean of provenance test stand, just through superior seed source selection.
1989, 2(4): 357-362.
Abstract:
Twenty seven species of symbiotic mycorrhiza fungi with Masson pine have been preliminarily found out by means of investigation in the pine forests and identification in the lab, among which 19 are new records and a catalog (1) of their names has been listed. Masson Pine belongs to a form of ectophic mycorrhiza, and is a host which can widely admit various mycorrhiza fungi. All of the mycorrhizas which established by the way of an associated relationship between the trees and many kinds of the fungi have their typical morphological structures, that is, 'the fungal mantles' and'the hartig net'.
Twenty seven species of symbiotic mycorrhiza fungi with Masson pine have been preliminarily found out by means of investigation in the pine forests and identification in the lab, among which 19 are new records and a catalog (1) of their names has been listed. Masson Pine belongs to a form of ectophic mycorrhiza, and is a host which can widely admit various mycorrhiza fungi. All of the mycorrhizas which established by the way of an associated relationship between the trees and many kinds of the fungi have their typical morphological structures, that is, 'the fungal mantles' and'the hartig net'.
1989, 2(4): 363-368.
Abstract:
Data of 25 stems analysis of dominant trees and 104 sample plots of Pcpulus deltoides cv. "Lux" I-69/55,Populus euramericana "San Martino" I-72/58 and Populus curamericana Robusta were collected in the poplar plantations in Linyi Region, Shangdong Province from the winter of 1986 to thespring of 1987. The formula logH=a+b(1/A) was chosen as a mathematicalmodel of guiding curve. The standard age was 8-year-old. There were 8 grades with a range of 2 m(12-16 m) in the site-index table and method of height growth correlative value was adopted to establish it. It proved to be of high accuracy after testing and is considered to be useful for the forest institutions in Linyi Region, Shangdong Province.
Data of 25 stems analysis of dominant trees and 104 sample plots of Pcpulus deltoides cv. "Lux" I-69/55,Populus euramericana "San Martino" I-72/58 and Populus curamericana Robusta were collected in the poplar plantations in Linyi Region, Shangdong Province from the winter of 1986 to thespring of 1987. The formula logH=a+b(1/A) was chosen as a mathematicalmodel of guiding curve. The standard age was 8-year-old. There were 8 grades with a range of 2 m(12-16 m) in the site-index table and method of height growth correlative value was adopted to establish it. It proved to be of high accuracy after testing and is considered to be useful for the forest institutions in Linyi Region, Shangdong Province.
1989, 2(4): 369-375.
Abstract:
In order to sum up the experience and to explore our own way of forestry inventory and planning, this paper proposed that the work of the past 40 years should be treated historically and dialectically. The paper cited facts from several aspects to demonstrate that our achievements were principal but lessons were deep.On the basis of summarizing the past experience and lessons, our objectives for forest inventory and planning were proposed: to do the inventory of forest resources in time, to establish and supervise properly the resources archives, to know well the growth dynamics and to find out the change pattern, to develop energetically forestry division, planning and design and various specialized surveys to provide arguments for scientific management, and finally to introduce continuously new techniques for the modernization of survey and planning. For the realization of the above mentioned objectives, the papper stressed, it is imperative to establish administrative system of resources survey suitable to our national conditions. Within this system, the standards should be unified, surveys and managements should be carried out in classified levels. In this way, the forestry inventory and planning would be regarded as legal routines for forestry production and construction. Forest resources should be administrated in a unified pattern. Technical trainning and scientific research should be emphasized.
In order to sum up the experience and to explore our own way of forestry inventory and planning, this paper proposed that the work of the past 40 years should be treated historically and dialectically. The paper cited facts from several aspects to demonstrate that our achievements were principal but lessons were deep.On the basis of summarizing the past experience and lessons, our objectives for forest inventory and planning were proposed: to do the inventory of forest resources in time, to establish and supervise properly the resources archives, to know well the growth dynamics and to find out the change pattern, to develop energetically forestry division, planning and design and various specialized surveys to provide arguments for scientific management, and finally to introduce continuously new techniques for the modernization of survey and planning. For the realization of the above mentioned objectives, the papper stressed, it is imperative to establish administrative system of resources survey suitable to our national conditions. Within this system, the standards should be unified, surveys and managements should be carried out in classified levels. In this way, the forestry inventory and planning would be regarded as legal routines for forestry production and construction. Forest resources should be administrated in a unified pattern. Technical trainning and scientific research should be emphasized.
1989, 2(4): 376-380.
Abstract:
"Baokexiang" tea oil is a cooking oil obtained from the seed of Camellia grijsii Hance. Tests of composition and quality of the oil showed that there were high contents of unsaturated fatty acids in the oil (75-80% oleinic acid and 8-10% linoleic acid) and it had better quality than the tea oil which was from the seed of Camellia oleifera Abel., with Vitamin E content 2-5 times as much as the latter possessed.A dietary experiment was carried out using Spraque-Dawley male rats fed with "Baokexiang" tea oil, common tea oil and soybean oil respectively for 3 months. The results showed that the serum high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) of the rats fed with"Baokexiang" tea oil and common tea oil were significantly higher than that fed with soybean oil (P0.01), the serum triglyceride of the rats fed with "Baokexiang" oil was significantly lower (P0.05) than that fed with common tea oil and also lower than that fed with soybean oil but not significant in statistics, but the serum cholesterol level in rats fed with the two kinds of tea oil was remarkably higher than that fed with soybean oil (P0.01).Liver anatomy of the rats revealed that there was no pathological change in liver cells of the rats fed with two kinds of tea oil, but some pathological changes in that of the rats fed with soybean oil including slight fat denatura-tion in certain individual.The suggestion made from the current study is, to find out a compound cooking oil from "Baokexiang" tea oil and soybean oil as one of the procedures which could hopefully lower the serum cholesterol and triglyceride but raise HDLs to reach a goal of preventing and curing the coronary heart disease for a long period.
"Baokexiang" tea oil is a cooking oil obtained from the seed of Camellia grijsii Hance. Tests of composition and quality of the oil showed that there were high contents of unsaturated fatty acids in the oil (75-80% oleinic acid and 8-10% linoleic acid) and it had better quality than the tea oil which was from the seed of Camellia oleifera Abel., with Vitamin E content 2-5 times as much as the latter possessed.A dietary experiment was carried out using Spraque-Dawley male rats fed with "Baokexiang" tea oil, common tea oil and soybean oil respectively for 3 months. The results showed that the serum high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) of the rats fed with"Baokexiang" tea oil and common tea oil were significantly higher than that fed with soybean oil (P0.01), the serum triglyceride of the rats fed with "Baokexiang" oil was significantly lower (P0.05) than that fed with common tea oil and also lower than that fed with soybean oil but not significant in statistics, but the serum cholesterol level in rats fed with the two kinds of tea oil was remarkably higher than that fed with soybean oil (P0.01).Liver anatomy of the rats revealed that there was no pathological change in liver cells of the rats fed with two kinds of tea oil, but some pathological changes in that of the rats fed with soybean oil including slight fat denatura-tion in certain individual.The suggestion made from the current study is, to find out a compound cooking oil from "Baokexiang" tea oil and soybean oil as one of the procedures which could hopefully lower the serum cholesterol and triglyceride but raise HDLs to reach a goal of preventing and curing the coronary heart disease for a long period.
1989, 2(4): 381-387.
Abstract:
Synanthedon castanevora Yang et Wang seriously infests chestnut trees by boring tree trunks. The average rate of affected trees reached 62.9% in Qianxi County, Hebei province in 1986. There are five instars in the larvae stage and two generations a year in this area. It overwinters in the larvae stage. There are three kinds of larvae parasites, of which Apanteles sp. is the dominant one. Scraping scars on the tree trunks in early spring, on which the eggs are laid and using insecticides to kill the newly hatched larvae and adults are effective control measures.
Synanthedon castanevora Yang et Wang seriously infests chestnut trees by boring tree trunks. The average rate of affected trees reached 62.9% in Qianxi County, Hebei province in 1986. There are five instars in the larvae stage and two generations a year in this area. It overwinters in the larvae stage. There are three kinds of larvae parasites, of which Apanteles sp. is the dominant one. Scraping scars on the tree trunks in early spring, on which the eggs are laid and using insecticides to kill the newly hatched larvae and adults are effective control measures.
1989, 2(4): 388-394.
Abstract:
The paper emphatically expounded the effectiveness of the control of Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi by pruning and thinning of the young plantations of Pinus massoniana. During 1986-1988, we conducted an experiment of pruning and thinning in a 8-9-yearrold young pine plantation which covered about two hundred ha in Nianzhan forest district of Huidong County.The results have revealed that one third to one half population of H. pitysophila in the tree crown could be directly cleared off from the forest by pruning and thinning. In the stands with a canopy density of 0.5-0.7 |the insect population was 24-32 percent lower than that of the check plot (0.9 canopy density) and 30-60 percent of the mean pregnant egg number per female was reduced in the same year. Thus, the trees grow fast and the mean volume per tree is increased by 0.71-2.88 times as against the check. Besides, the mean economic income from pruning and thinning is about 1650 yuan per ha. Therefore, a reasonable pruning and thinning are an effective measures in the integrated control of H. pitysophila.
The paper emphatically expounded the effectiveness of the control of Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi by pruning and thinning of the young plantations of Pinus massoniana. During 1986-1988, we conducted an experiment of pruning and thinning in a 8-9-yearrold young pine plantation which covered about two hundred ha in Nianzhan forest district of Huidong County.The results have revealed that one third to one half population of H. pitysophila in the tree crown could be directly cleared off from the forest by pruning and thinning. In the stands with a canopy density of 0.5-0.7 |the insect population was 24-32 percent lower than that of the check plot (0.9 canopy density) and 30-60 percent of the mean pregnant egg number per female was reduced in the same year. Thus, the trees grow fast and the mean volume per tree is increased by 0.71-2.88 times as against the check. Besides, the mean economic income from pruning and thinning is about 1650 yuan per ha. Therefore, a reasonable pruning and thinning are an effective measures in the integrated control of H. pitysophila.
1989, 2(4): 395-401.
Abstract:
Data of growth were collected from 136 sample plots of intensively cultivated poplar plantations, 8 items and 32 categories of site quality and management intensity were set up as quantitative factors. The collected data of growth were processed in the way of quantification. A trapezoidal scoring table for the site quality and management intensity was compiled by means of programed computation. The correlation coefficient testing shows that the established regression equation for prediction is reliable. According to the testing of partial correlation coefficient, the selected items are basically main factors. The established table may offer scientific evidence for the intensive poplar management.
Data of growth were collected from 136 sample plots of intensively cultivated poplar plantations, 8 items and 32 categories of site quality and management intensity were set up as quantitative factors. The collected data of growth were processed in the way of quantification. A trapezoidal scoring table for the site quality and management intensity was compiled by means of programed computation. The correlation coefficient testing shows that the established regression equation for prediction is reliable. According to the testing of partial correlation coefficient, the selected items are basically main factors. The established table may offer scientific evidence for the intensive poplar management.
1989, 2(4): 402-406.
Abstract:
The multivariate analysis of variance is introduced in this paper. The program of multivariate analysis of variance is made with BASIC language and passed on the computer (type: DESKTOP 10/sp).The research on the characteristics of original bearing-shoots of emblic is done with this method. This paper also discussed the relationship between significance of single factor and comprehensive significance of multiple factors.
The multivariate analysis of variance is introduced in this paper. The program of multivariate analysis of variance is made with BASIC language and passed on the computer (type: DESKTOP 10/sp).The research on the characteristics of original bearing-shoots of emblic is done with this method. This paper also discussed the relationship between significance of single factor and comprehensive significance of multiple factors.
1989, 2(4): 407-410.
Abstract:
Lushan county is located in Henan province by the east foot of Funiu Mountain with rich persimmon resouces. This paper deals with the properties of fourteen cutivars on the basis of investigation of persimmon resources in the county. It was also suggested that the productive plans of ecological regionalization of persimmon varieties in Lushan county.
Lushan county is located in Henan province by the east foot of Funiu Mountain with rich persimmon resouces. This paper deals with the properties of fourteen cutivars on the basis of investigation of persimmon resources in the county. It was also suggested that the productive plans of ecological regionalization of persimmon varieties in Lushan county.
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