1990 Vol. 3, No. 2
Display Method:
1990, 3(2): 103-112.
Abstract:
Permanent sample plots were located under forests in the 30°45' ~31°25'N and 102°52'~103°24' E, between 1200~4300 m above sea level, in the Wolong Natural Reserve. There are five mountain forest soil types for the sample plots:(1) mountain yellow soils under the evergreen forest, (2) mountain brown forest soils under the deciduous and broadleaf forest, (3) mountain dark brown forest soils under the coniferous deciduous and broad-leaf mixed forest, (4) mountain brown dark coniferous forest soils under the pure fir forest, (5) alpine meadow soils of the alpine meadow zone.Observation began in 1981 and ended in 1984. It is found that the forest soil moisture storage capacities in the experimental forest field are: maximum water-holding capacities of forest floor 36~313 t/ha, water-storage capacity of forest soil 611~2334 t/ha, forest soil permeability coefficient 1.54-5.33 mm/min, the degree of forest soil moisture supply: mountain brown dark coniferous forest soils (heavy moist)alpine meadow soils (heavy moist) mountain brown forest soils (moist)mountain yellow soils (light moist) mountain dark brown forest soils (low-light moist).
Permanent sample plots were located under forests in the 30°45' ~31°25'N and 102°52'~103°24' E, between 1200~4300 m above sea level, in the Wolong Natural Reserve. There are five mountain forest soil types for the sample plots:(1) mountain yellow soils under the evergreen forest, (2) mountain brown forest soils under the deciduous and broadleaf forest, (3) mountain dark brown forest soils under the coniferous deciduous and broad-leaf mixed forest, (4) mountain brown dark coniferous forest soils under the pure fir forest, (5) alpine meadow soils of the alpine meadow zone.Observation began in 1981 and ended in 1984. It is found that the forest soil moisture storage capacities in the experimental forest field are: maximum water-holding capacities of forest floor 36~313 t/ha, water-storage capacity of forest soil 611~2334 t/ha, forest soil permeability coefficient 1.54-5.33 mm/min, the degree of forest soil moisture supply: mountain brown dark coniferous forest soils (heavy moist)alpine meadow soils (heavy moist) mountain brown forest soils (moist)mountain yellow soils (light moist) mountain dark brown forest soils (low-light moist).
1990, 3(2): 113-118.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the results of a series provenance trials of Pinus armandi at 11 locations. The overwintering characteristics of the seedlings at the age of 1-3 years in the nurseries and frost resistance of young trees in the field were investigated. It was found that virtually all seedlings of the 11 Yun-gui Plateau provenances had died in the northern portion of its range and heavy mortality and dieback of trees occurred during the 4-8 years in the field in the central portion of China. These data clearly indicated that cold hardiness of southern provenances was very weak. In contrast to these, no provenances come from the Daba-Qinling Mountains were lost from the frost. A strong relationship between latitude of seed origin and mortality as well as frost damage was found with correlation coefficient R=0.794**.
This paper deals with the results of a series provenance trials of Pinus armandi at 11 locations. The overwintering characteristics of the seedlings at the age of 1-3 years in the nurseries and frost resistance of young trees in the field were investigated. It was found that virtually all seedlings of the 11 Yun-gui Plateau provenances had died in the northern portion of its range and heavy mortality and dieback of trees occurred during the 4-8 years in the field in the central portion of China. These data clearly indicated that cold hardiness of southern provenances was very weak. In contrast to these, no provenances come from the Daba-Qinling Mountains were lost from the frost. A strong relationship between latitude of seed origin and mortality as well as frost damage was found with correlation coefficient R=0.794**.
1990, 3(2): 119-126.
Abstract:
The results from the experiment showed that the seedling growth is proportional to its root range, number of laterel-roots and nodule weight, especially the latter two. The differences in height and ground-diameter of seedlings among provenances are of significant level. In seedling stage, C. cunninghamiana grows well whereas C. equisetifolia grows poorly in resistance to bacterial wilt C. glauca is the strongest, while C. equisetifolia the weakest. The seed sources with better quality of fast-growing and disease-resistant are as follows: the E2, E3, E9, E15, E19, E30, E35, and E48, in Guangzhou Region; the E7, E11, E21, E29, E47, and E48, in Zhan Jiang Region of Guangdong Province; the E2, E3, E5, E7, E10 and E29 in Hainan Province, among them, the E2, E3, E9, E29, and E48 are of wider adaptabilities.
The results from the experiment showed that the seedling growth is proportional to its root range, number of laterel-roots and nodule weight, especially the latter two. The differences in height and ground-diameter of seedlings among provenances are of significant level. In seedling stage, C. cunninghamiana grows well whereas C. equisetifolia grows poorly in resistance to bacterial wilt C. glauca is the strongest, while C. equisetifolia the weakest. The seed sources with better quality of fast-growing and disease-resistant are as follows: the E2, E3, E9, E15, E19, E30, E35, and E48, in Guangzhou Region; the E7, E11, E21, E29, E47, and E48, in Zhan Jiang Region of Guangdong Province; the E2, E3, E5, E7, E10 and E29 in Hainan Province, among them, the E2, E3, E9, E29, and E48 are of wider adaptabilities.
1990, 3(2): 127-132.
Abstract:
(1) Establishment of sexidiogram Root-tips and stem-tips of Chinese torreya for this study were collected from 63 female and 67 male trees growing in Longyang, Fuyang county and Zhuji county (Zhejiang, China) from 1987 to 1989. Chromosome numbers of the females and the males are found to be 22. Triploid (2n=33) is only observed in root-tips of two plants. Karyotypes of both sexes are as follows:female: K(2n)♀=22=21 Xm(2SAT)+1Ymmale: K(2n)♂=22=22 Xm(2SAT) Photomicrographs and idiograms are shown in Figs. A1-A3, B1-B3, C.(2) Identification of seedlings' sexuality Root-tips of 131 seedlings from Longyang, Fuyang and Zhuji are under study. The results of karyotype analysis of 131 seedlings have been obtained. In the 131 seedlings, 89 are identified to be female and 42 male on the basis of above mentioned sex idiogram (See Table 3, 4).Results obtained through chromosome examination of the seedlings, as shown by Figs D-F, reveal that: (a) two seedlings from Longyang possess B-chromosomes. (b) four from Zhuji are found to be triploids. (c) three from Zhuji are aneuploids, two with 2n=23; one with 2n=34.
(1) Establishment of sexidiogram Root-tips and stem-tips of Chinese torreya for this study were collected from 63 female and 67 male trees growing in Longyang, Fuyang county and Zhuji county (Zhejiang, China) from 1987 to 1989. Chromosome numbers of the females and the males are found to be 22. Triploid (2n=33) is only observed in root-tips of two plants. Karyotypes of both sexes are as follows:female: K(2n)♀=22=21 Xm(2SAT)+1Ymmale: K(2n)♂=22=22 Xm(2SAT) Photomicrographs and idiograms are shown in Figs. A1-A3, B1-B3, C.(2) Identification of seedlings' sexuality Root-tips of 131 seedlings from Longyang, Fuyang and Zhuji are under study. The results of karyotype analysis of 131 seedlings have been obtained. In the 131 seedlings, 89 are identified to be female and 42 male on the basis of above mentioned sex idiogram (See Table 3, 4).Results obtained through chromosome examination of the seedlings, as shown by Figs D-F, reveal that: (a) two seedlings from Longyang possess B-chromosomes. (b) four from Zhuji are found to be triploids. (c) three from Zhuji are aneuploids, two with 2n=23; one with 2n=34.
OBSERVATION ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF LAC INSECT (HOMOPTERA: KERRIIDAE) WITH SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
1990, 3(2): 133-136.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the morphology of lac insect under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The supra-anal plate, brachia, anterior spiracle, dorsal spine, mouth-parts, antenna, posterior spiracle, vaginal pore, pervaginal pore clusters, marginal duct clusters, and ventral duct clusters of this insect are described.
This paper deals with the morphology of lac insect under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The supra-anal plate, brachia, anterior spiracle, dorsal spine, mouth-parts, antenna, posterior spiracle, vaginal pore, pervaginal pore clusters, marginal duct clusters, and ventral duct clusters of this insect are described.
1990, 3(2): 137-141.
Abstract:
In Mt. Qilinn District, Gansu Province, pure and mixed forests are made up by the peculiar tree, Picea crassifolia, which are mainly distributed in the north-west of China. There are many unknown serious pests on this tree, among which, three new species of tortricids have been described in this paper.All the specimens, including the types of new species are kept in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica.
In Mt. Qilinn District, Gansu Province, pure and mixed forests are made up by the peculiar tree, Picea crassifolia, which are mainly distributed in the north-west of China. There are many unknown serious pests on this tree, among which, three new species of tortricids have been described in this paper.All the specimens, including the types of new species are kept in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica.
1990, 3(2): 142-145.
Abstract:
This paper presents the description of a new species of the family Eupterotidae from Guizhou Province, China. The type specimens are kept in the Insect Collections of Beijing Agricultural University.
This paper presents the description of a new species of the family Eupterotidae from Guizhou Province, China. The type specimens are kept in the Insect Collections of Beijing Agricultural University.
1990, 3(2): 146-150.
Abstract:
Infection of periwinkle (Vinca rosea) with paulownia witches' broom agent (mycoplasma like organism) by dodder resulted in regular changes in peroxidase isoenzymes. Peroxidases of leaves and stems in the healthy periwinkles were separated into 11 bands at most, generally 6 bands including Ⅰb、Ⅰc、Ⅰd, Ⅱ、Ⅲd and Ⅲe by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). 4 band visible were shown in the infected plants with typical symptoms of yellow leaves, witches' broom and phyllody while band Ⅲd and Ⅲe (with lower Rf value than other bands) could not be detected. It was confirmed that the concentration and width of band Ⅲd and Ⅲe have close relation to the symptoms of periwinkle infected with PWB-MLO and ages of periwinkle. The healthy seedlings with less than 7 pairs of leaves were also lack of band Ⅲd and Ⅲe. The root immersion of diseased plants in oxytetracycline solution could make symptoms subside partially, and the result of PAGE of peroxid-ases showed that the concentration and activity of band Ⅲd and Ⅲe in the treated plants were higher than the control (root immersion in distilled water) but still lower than the healthy plants (root immersion in oxytetracycline or distilled water). We deduced that the presence of band Ⅲd and Ⅲe of peroxidase isoenzymes is a good indicator of the resistance of periwinkle against PWB-MLO.
Infection of periwinkle (Vinca rosea) with paulownia witches' broom agent (mycoplasma like organism) by dodder resulted in regular changes in peroxidase isoenzymes. Peroxidases of leaves and stems in the healthy periwinkles were separated into 11 bands at most, generally 6 bands including Ⅰb、Ⅰc、Ⅰd, Ⅱ、Ⅲd and Ⅲe by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). 4 band visible were shown in the infected plants with typical symptoms of yellow leaves, witches' broom and phyllody while band Ⅲd and Ⅲe (with lower Rf value than other bands) could not be detected. It was confirmed that the concentration and width of band Ⅲd and Ⅲe have close relation to the symptoms of periwinkle infected with PWB-MLO and ages of periwinkle. The healthy seedlings with less than 7 pairs of leaves were also lack of band Ⅲd and Ⅲe. The root immersion of diseased plants in oxytetracycline solution could make symptoms subside partially, and the result of PAGE of peroxid-ases showed that the concentration and activity of band Ⅲd and Ⅲe in the treated plants were higher than the control (root immersion in distilled water) but still lower than the healthy plants (root immersion in oxytetracycline or distilled water). We deduced that the presence of band Ⅲd and Ⅲe of peroxidase isoenzymes is a good indicator of the resistance of periwinkle against PWB-MLO.
1990, 3(2): 151-154.
Abstract:
The seven pairs of open-pollinated progenies of plus trees in individual plantations and of their relative clones in a seed orchard of Chinese fir have been tested. Four years after having been planted in the field, significant growth difference was found between progenies of both pollin resource types to the same female parent genotypes. The growth of all the progenies from the clones in the seed orchard have exceeded those from their plus trees in plantations,having an average gain of 9.1%(4.7%~14.1%) for height and 14.5%(9.9%~23%) for DBH. This result would verify the genetic improvement effect of elementary seed orchard of Chinese fir.
The seven pairs of open-pollinated progenies of plus trees in individual plantations and of their relative clones in a seed orchard of Chinese fir have been tested. Four years after having been planted in the field, significant growth difference was found between progenies of both pollin resource types to the same female parent genotypes. The growth of all the progenies from the clones in the seed orchard have exceeded those from their plus trees in plantations,having an average gain of 9.1%(4.7%~14.1%) for height and 14.5%(9.9%~23%) for DBH. This result would verify the genetic improvement effect of elementary seed orchard of Chinese fir.
1990, 3(2): 155-161.
Abstract:
The tropical acacias are multipurpose trees. Most of them are fast-growing and they have strong adaptability in different soils in the tropical and south subtropical zone of China. At 3~4 years old, the mean annual increament of Acacia mangium and A. crassicarpa reached 2-4 m in height and 3~4cm in D. B. H.. The low temperature is a limiting factor in planting acacias. Their northern boundary of cultivation can reach 20℃ isotherm, some sites may be extended to 18℃ with an annual accumulated temperature of more than 7000℃, absolute minimum temperature is above 5℃. This is the suitable range for planting tropical acacias.Owing to a lot of acacias play a good role for agroforestry, soil improvement and nitrogen fixation, a higher benefits of socioeconomy may easily be achieved by planting tropical acacias. There are a great many of acacias' timber suitable for construction, furniture and veneer etc., its basic density is between 460~620 kg/m3. They can be used as good quality pulpwood of broad-leaved trees.
The tropical acacias are multipurpose trees. Most of them are fast-growing and they have strong adaptability in different soils in the tropical and south subtropical zone of China. At 3~4 years old, the mean annual increament of Acacia mangium and A. crassicarpa reached 2-4 m in height and 3~4cm in D. B. H.. The low temperature is a limiting factor in planting acacias. Their northern boundary of cultivation can reach 20℃ isotherm, some sites may be extended to 18℃ with an annual accumulated temperature of more than 7000℃, absolute minimum temperature is above 5℃. This is the suitable range for planting tropical acacias.Owing to a lot of acacias play a good role for agroforestry, soil improvement and nitrogen fixation, a higher benefits of socioeconomy may easily be achieved by planting tropical acacias. There are a great many of acacias' timber suitable for construction, furniture and veneer etc., its basic density is between 460~620 kg/m3. They can be used as good quality pulpwood of broad-leaved trees.
1990, 3(2): 162-165.
Abstract:
A comparative research on the sealed-bottle weighing method, leaf quick-weighing method and porometer method was conducted in a poplar plantation (Populus deltoides Bartr. cv. "Lux" ex. I-69/55) in 1983~1986. The results have revealed that the deviation of transpiration value determined by quick-weighing method was relevant to the meteorological factors and the water status of leaves. The process of lossing water from leaves can be divided into four stages. A discussion for determining transpiration rate at each stage has been made.
A comparative research on the sealed-bottle weighing method, leaf quick-weighing method and porometer method was conducted in a poplar plantation (Populus deltoides Bartr. cv. "Lux" ex. I-69/55) in 1983~1986. The results have revealed that the deviation of transpiration value determined by quick-weighing method was relevant to the meteorological factors and the water status of leaves. The process of lossing water from leaves can be divided into four stages. A discussion for determining transpiration rate at each stage has been made.
1990, 3(2): 166-171.
Abstract:
According to the trial of 7 stand densities, the growing rules and volume yields of poplar plantations with different densities under short rotation intensive cultivation (SRIC) system were summerized. Based on the prices of rural building timber an economic analysis was made for different densities. The best spacing with maximum yield and income was suggested for growing small and medium sized rural building timber. The thinning trial shows that thinning didn't increase volume yield.
According to the trial of 7 stand densities, the growing rules and volume yields of poplar plantations with different densities under short rotation intensive cultivation (SRIC) system were summerized. Based on the prices of rural building timber an economic analysis was made for different densities. The best spacing with maximum yield and income was suggested for growing small and medium sized rural building timber. The thinning trial shows that thinning didn't increase volume yield.
1990, 3(2): 172-177.
Abstract:
Fertilization results for four years indicate that single fertilization for three fertilizer elements, N, P, K, and their combining fertilization significantly effect on height, diameter, volume and bark production, tannin yield and thickness of bark, and economic benefit compared to control experiments. Different combinations among the three elements show significant differences. Phosphorous fertilizer is of first importance to increase the production for A. mearnsii. This paper mainly describes and reviews basical information for trial sites, methods and results.
Fertilization results for four years indicate that single fertilization for three fertilizer elements, N, P, K, and their combining fertilization significantly effect on height, diameter, volume and bark production, tannin yield and thickness of bark, and economic benefit compared to control experiments. Different combinations among the three elements show significant differences. Phosphorous fertilizer is of first importance to increase the production for A. mearnsii. This paper mainly describes and reviews basical information for trial sites, methods and results.
1990, 3(2): 178-181.
Abstract:
The comparison experiment of spraying 300 ppm rare earth solution, 15 ppm gibberellin solution and water on jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) during blossoming period was conducted in 1988 and 1989. As a result of the studies, the average yields per tree in the treatment sprayed with 300 ppm rare earth, 15 ppm gibberellin and water are 35.3kg, 28.2kg and 18.5kg respectively. Rare earth can also improve the fruit quality. Sucrose and vitamin C content of the fruits in the treatment with 300 ppm rare earth is more than that in the treatment with 15 ppm gibberellin and water, sucrose and vitamin C content of the fruits in the treatment with 300 ppm rare earth, 15 ppm gibberellin and water are 8.842g/100g and 330.20mg/100g, 8.049g/100g and 307.92mg/100g, 8.078g/100g and 309.20mg/100g respectively. It is profitable to apply rare earth to jujube, the input to profit is approximately 1:62.3.
The comparison experiment of spraying 300 ppm rare earth solution, 15 ppm gibberellin solution and water on jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) during blossoming period was conducted in 1988 and 1989. As a result of the studies, the average yields per tree in the treatment sprayed with 300 ppm rare earth, 15 ppm gibberellin and water are 35.3kg, 28.2kg and 18.5kg respectively. Rare earth can also improve the fruit quality. Sucrose and vitamin C content of the fruits in the treatment with 300 ppm rare earth is more than that in the treatment with 15 ppm gibberellin and water, sucrose and vitamin C content of the fruits in the treatment with 300 ppm rare earth, 15 ppm gibberellin and water are 8.842g/100g and 330.20mg/100g, 8.049g/100g and 307.92mg/100g, 8.078g/100g and 309.20mg/100g respectively. It is profitable to apply rare earth to jujube, the input to profit is approximately 1:62.3.
1990, 3(2): 182-185.
Abstract:
Studying the genetic variation of natural population of masson pine, we found that there were significant differences between provenances for tree height, base diameter and survival rate. It was possible to acquire moderate genetic gains by provenance selection. Stand selection could be of no effect because of no differences between stands within the same areas,
Studying the genetic variation of natural population of masson pine, we found that there were significant differences between provenances for tree height, base diameter and survival rate. It was possible to acquire moderate genetic gains by provenance selection. Stand selection could be of no effect because of no differences between stands within the same areas,
1990, 3(2): 186-189.
Abstract:
Through the analyses on such traits as seed quality, seedling height and young tree growth of 104 Chinese fir families in 13 elementary seed orchards from 10 provinces or autonomous regions, genetic variance component of main economic traits among provenances and families within provenances, and genetic correlations between these traits were studied. According to the tree height growth, 15 better families were selected primarily.
Through the analyses on such traits as seed quality, seedling height and young tree growth of 104 Chinese fir families in 13 elementary seed orchards from 10 provinces or autonomous regions, genetic variance component of main economic traits among provenances and families within provenances, and genetic correlations between these traits were studied. According to the tree height growth, 15 better families were selected primarily.
1990, 3(2): 190-194.
Abstract:
The paper deals with the effect of using Steinernema feltiae Agtriotos to control Holcocerus insular is Stgr..The results showed that control effects were influenced by temperature, dosage, and instar of larva. At 25℃, the host could be killed by it within 3 days, at 35℃, the nematode was effective. At 10℃, the host mortality was 25% within 10 days. When a 1-year-old host was parasitized by 6.8 or 21.6 nematodes, the mortality was 70% or 90% respectively, when a 2-year-old host was parasitized by 27.2 or 86.2 nematodes, 70% or 90% respectively.
The paper deals with the effect of using Steinernema feltiae Agtriotos to control Holcocerus insular is Stgr..The results showed that control effects were influenced by temperature, dosage, and instar of larva. At 25℃, the host could be killed by it within 3 days, at 35℃, the nematode was effective. At 10℃, the host mortality was 25% within 10 days. When a 1-year-old host was parasitized by 6.8 or 21.6 nematodes, the mortality was 70% or 90% respectively, when a 2-year-old host was parasitized by 27.2 or 86.2 nematodes, 70% or 90% respectively.
1990, 3(2): 195-199.
Abstract:
At present, the cultivation of tungoil tree (Aleurites fordii Hemsl) in hills is a main tendency of development of its production. The effects of different elevation on the growth and bearing of tungoil trees have been determined for five years from 1982 to 1986 in Longju township, Wanxian county, Sichuan Province. The research on variability of sprouting stage, bud appearing stage and flowering stage has been done at different elevations. The relationship between the conditions of soil fertility, different elevation, and yield of tungoil tree, component factors of the yield and tungoil quality has been analysed. The results show that the elevation is negatively related to seed percentage, oil content and the content of tungic acid obviously. It posed that 700 m is the suitable limit and cultivation may be up to 800 m at most in the Sichuan Province.
At present, the cultivation of tungoil tree (Aleurites fordii Hemsl) in hills is a main tendency of development of its production. The effects of different elevation on the growth and bearing of tungoil trees have been determined for five years from 1982 to 1986 in Longju township, Wanxian county, Sichuan Province. The research on variability of sprouting stage, bud appearing stage and flowering stage has been done at different elevations. The relationship between the conditions of soil fertility, different elevation, and yield of tungoil tree, component factors of the yield and tungoil quality has been analysed. The results show that the elevation is negatively related to seed percentage, oil content and the content of tungic acid obviously. It posed that 700 m is the suitable limit and cultivation may be up to 800 m at most in the Sichuan Province.