1998 Vol. 11, No. 1
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Research on the Bio ecological Characteristics and Cultivation Techniques for Calamus simplicifolius
1998, 11(1): 7-15.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the distribution of natural resource and bio ecological characteristics,cultivation techniques including the increase of supper seedlings of Calamus simplicifolius and the analysis of economic benefit of its plantations.The research results showed that although the species is only distributed in primary and secondary forests in the eastern and southern parts of Hainan Island at altitudes ranging from 300 to 1100 m,the plantations can be expanded to the southern parts of Guangdong,Guangxi and Fujian Provinces.The regions with an annual mean temperature 22℃,annual rainfall 1500 mm,15℃ active accumulated temperature 7000℃,the coldest month temperature 14℃,short dry season,no frost,and thick,moist and fertile soils are the most suitable areas for the cultivation of C.simplicifolius.Seeds should be extracted and cleaned immediately after collection.The normal nursery practice is to sow the cleaned seeds in sand beds in the shade.The seeds stored in humid sand until March of next year still hve a high germination rate.Adequate sunlight,water and fertilizer applications are very important for enhancing the growth of seedlings.The containerized seedlings of C.simplicifolius should be intercropped in the forests of Gmelina chinensi,Michelia macclurei,Casuarina equisetifolia, and Pinus massoniana with planting densities of 1200～1500 clumps/hm2.Group planting with 3～4 seedlings per clump is considered to be suitable for the species.It is estimated that within a management period of 25 years,the total yield may possibly reach 11349 kg/hm2 with net worth ≥$42939/hm2, IRR≥21.2%, B/C ≥2.13,and investment recovry period≤10.3 years.It is shown that to invest the plantation of C.simplicifolius are vigorous capable of resistant to risk in economics.
This paper deals with the distribution of natural resource and bio ecological characteristics,cultivation techniques including the increase of supper seedlings of Calamus simplicifolius and the analysis of economic benefit of its plantations.The research results showed that although the species is only distributed in primary and secondary forests in the eastern and southern parts of Hainan Island at altitudes ranging from 300 to 1100 m,the plantations can be expanded to the southern parts of Guangdong,Guangxi and Fujian Provinces.The regions with an annual mean temperature 22℃,annual rainfall 1500 mm,15℃ active accumulated temperature 7000℃,the coldest month temperature 14℃,short dry season,no frost,and thick,moist and fertile soils are the most suitable areas for the cultivation of C.simplicifolius.Seeds should be extracted and cleaned immediately after collection.The normal nursery practice is to sow the cleaned seeds in sand beds in the shade.The seeds stored in humid sand until March of next year still hve a high germination rate.Adequate sunlight,water and fertilizer applications are very important for enhancing the growth of seedlings.The containerized seedlings of C.simplicifolius should be intercropped in the forests of Gmelina chinensi,Michelia macclurei,Casuarina equisetifolia, and Pinus massoniana with planting densities of 1200～1500 clumps/hm2.Group planting with 3～4 seedlings per clump is considered to be suitable for the species.It is estimated that within a management period of 25 years,the total yield may possibly reach 11349 kg/hm2 with net worth ≥$42939/hm2, IRR≥21.2%, B/C ≥2.13,and investment recovry period≤10.3 years.It is shown that to invest the plantation of C.simplicifolius are vigorous capable of resistant to risk in economics.
1998, 11(1): 16-23.
Abstract:
The influence of temperature and water content during incubation on the pH values of solutions extracted with saturated water content from the strongly acidified and NH4+-riched forest floor materials (OL-,OF-and OH-layers) of Norway spruce was investigated under manipulated conditions for one year.During the incubation there were no element input,element leaching and plant uptake,but the gas exchange with the atmosphere was relatively free.There were 3 temperature treatments (with annual average air temperature of 11.6,12.3 and 14.5 ℃ respectively) and 4 water content treatments (from nearly air dry to the saturation of each material).Drought led to a significant decrease of pH value.In the extreme drought treatment,the extracted H+ amounted to 2.2～2.7 times of that of the starting phase.In order to avoid a sharp decrease of pH value,a saturation degree of 60%～80% for the forest floor materials should be maintained.If it is smaller than about 30% for the OL and 50% for the OF-and OH-material,the pH value will be lowered compared with the starting phase.Surprisingly,ammonia volatilization can take place under drought conditions,even in the strongly acidified forest floor materials which have a high content of NH4+.Furthermore,ammonia volatilization plays the most important role in the decrease of pH value.On the contrary the influence of warming was not significant in the applied temperature range.
The influence of temperature and water content during incubation on the pH values of solutions extracted with saturated water content from the strongly acidified and NH4+-riched forest floor materials (OL-,OF-and OH-layers) of Norway spruce was investigated under manipulated conditions for one year.During the incubation there were no element input,element leaching and plant uptake,but the gas exchange with the atmosphere was relatively free.There were 3 temperature treatments (with annual average air temperature of 11.6,12.3 and 14.5 ℃ respectively) and 4 water content treatments (from nearly air dry to the saturation of each material).Drought led to a significant decrease of pH value.In the extreme drought treatment,the extracted H+ amounted to 2.2～2.7 times of that of the starting phase.In order to avoid a sharp decrease of pH value,a saturation degree of 60%～80% for the forest floor materials should be maintained.If it is smaller than about 30% for the OL and 50% for the OF-and OH-material,the pH value will be lowered compared with the starting phase.Surprisingly,ammonia volatilization can take place under drought conditions,even in the strongly acidified forest floor materials which have a high content of NH4+.Furthermore,ammonia volatilization plays the most important role in the decrease of pH value.On the contrary the influence of warming was not significant in the applied temperature range.
1998, 11(1): 24-29.
Abstract:
In the spring of 1987～1992,studies on the migration ecology and biological characterstics of the main species or raptors had been conducted at their main roosting sites (Qingdao,Changdao of Shangdong Province,Laotieshan of Dalian City,Liaoning Province).According to the research,the north migrating raptors pass through the roosting sites from early March to late June.The migrating peak period is from late March to early May.Through the analysis and statistics of climate,it has shown that the massive migration of raptors in spring will be influenced intensively by climate.The disastrous climatic conditions in early spring will do harm to the overwintering and migrating raptors in this area.The best weather for raptor migration is on sunny days with south wind of 3～5 scale.
In the spring of 1987～1992,studies on the migration ecology and biological characterstics of the main species or raptors had been conducted at their main roosting sites (Qingdao,Changdao of Shangdong Province,Laotieshan of Dalian City,Liaoning Province).According to the research,the north migrating raptors pass through the roosting sites from early March to late June.The migrating peak period is from late March to early May.Through the analysis and statistics of climate,it has shown that the massive migration of raptors in spring will be influenced intensively by climate.The disastrous climatic conditions in early spring will do harm to the overwintering and migrating raptors in this area.The best weather for raptor migration is on sunny days with south wind of 3～5 scale.
1998, 11(1): 30-33.
Abstract:
The effects of maturities and pre harvest treatments on storage performance of peaches (Amygdalus persica cv.Okubao,A.p.cv Jingyu and A.p.cv Yanhong)were studied.The results showed that maturities could affect the storage performance directly.Fruits harvested at green-mature stage,the surface color and fruitfirmness were maintained very well during storage,the rates of pulp brown and storage rot was much lower than the fruit harvested at the ripe stage.Pre-harvest treatment with 100 mg/kg GA3 could enhance the storage performances.The storage rot was reduced if the orchards were sprayed with funglcides such as rovral flo (500 mg/kg) 1 or 2 days before harvest.Another pre-harvest treatment reagent (50mg/kg GA3,50 mg/kg 2,4-D and 2000 folds carbendazim) was also sprayed in orchards 10 days before harvest,the treated fruits retarted their physical and chemical metabolism,so that maintained the fruits quality well and reduced the rates of rot and the pulp brown during storage.
The effects of maturities and pre harvest treatments on storage performance of peaches (Amygdalus persica cv.Okubao,A.p.cv Jingyu and A.p.cv Yanhong)were studied.The results showed that maturities could affect the storage performance directly.Fruits harvested at green-mature stage,the surface color and fruitfirmness were maintained very well during storage,the rates of pulp brown and storage rot was much lower than the fruit harvested at the ripe stage.Pre-harvest treatment with 100 mg/kg GA3 could enhance the storage performances.The storage rot was reduced if the orchards were sprayed with funglcides such as rovral flo (500 mg/kg) 1 or 2 days before harvest.Another pre-harvest treatment reagent (50mg/kg GA3,50 mg/kg 2,4-D and 2000 folds carbendazim) was also sprayed in orchards 10 days before harvest,the treated fruits retarted their physical and chemical metabolism,so that maintained the fruits quality well and reduced the rates of rot and the pulp brown during storage.
1998, 11(1): 34-38.
Abstract:
It is reported in this paper that the wax secretion state of three geographic varieties of Chinese white wax scale.The research results have shown that Kunming variation has the longest wax secretion period and the largest wax secretion amount,Zhaotong variation has shorter period and less amount than Kunming variation,Jinkouhe variation has the shortest wax secretion period and the least wax secretion amount among the three varieties.There is a wax secretion peak in whole wax secretion period.Kunming variation peaks on the 50th day after the beginning of wax secretion, Zhaotong variation peaks on the 30th day,Jinkouhe variation peaks on the 20th day.The experimental results of esterase and peroxidase isozymes have demonstrated that there are some degree of differentiation among the three geographic varieties.There is small differentiation between Kunming and Zhaotong variations,but they differ obviously from Jinkouhe variation.
It is reported in this paper that the wax secretion state of three geographic varieties of Chinese white wax scale.The research results have shown that Kunming variation has the longest wax secretion period and the largest wax secretion amount,Zhaotong variation has shorter period and less amount than Kunming variation,Jinkouhe variation has the shortest wax secretion period and the least wax secretion amount among the three varieties.There is a wax secretion peak in whole wax secretion period.Kunming variation peaks on the 50th day after the beginning of wax secretion, Zhaotong variation peaks on the 30th day,Jinkouhe variation peaks on the 20th day.The experimental results of esterase and peroxidase isozymes have demonstrated that there are some degree of differentiation among the three geographic varieties.There is small differentiation between Kunming and Zhaotong variations,but they differ obviously from Jinkouhe variation.
1998, 11(1): 39-44.
Abstract:
Superior and fast-growing mangrove tree species Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham was introduced to Hainan Island and Shenzhen mangrove zone(19°38′～22°32′N) of China in 1985 from Sundarban mangrove zone,southwest of Bangladesh and has normally blossomed and borne fruit.The weight of one-thousand-seed is 14.41～14.88 g,seed germination percentage 90～96,and one-year-old seedlings more or less than 1.5m.Growing in adaptable habitat in Hainan mangrove zone,the mean height of five-year-old trees is 9.2m,the mean DBH of that 12.9cm,39.4% and 26.5% higher than that of indigenous dominant tree species S.caseolaris (L) Engl respectively;the mean height of 2.5 year old young trees is 5.3m and that of best growing tree is 6.2m at Shenzhen mangrove bay in Guangdong Province.Its cold resistance is obviously stronger than that of all indigenous species of the same genus distributing in China and it has the similar adaptability as them to mudflat,tidebelt height and salinity.So S.apetala has remarkable potentiality and promising prospect in China.
Superior and fast-growing mangrove tree species Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham was introduced to Hainan Island and Shenzhen mangrove zone(19°38′～22°32′N) of China in 1985 from Sundarban mangrove zone,southwest of Bangladesh and has normally blossomed and borne fruit.The weight of one-thousand-seed is 14.41～14.88 g,seed germination percentage 90～96,and one-year-old seedlings more or less than 1.5m.Growing in adaptable habitat in Hainan mangrove zone,the mean height of five-year-old trees is 9.2m,the mean DBH of that 12.9cm,39.4% and 26.5% higher than that of indigenous dominant tree species S.caseolaris (L) Engl respectively;the mean height of 2.5 year old young trees is 5.3m and that of best growing tree is 6.2m at Shenzhen mangrove bay in Guangdong Province.Its cold resistance is obviously stronger than that of all indigenous species of the same genus distributing in China and it has the similar adaptability as them to mudflat,tidebelt height and salinity.So S.apetala has remarkable potentiality and promising prospect in China.
1998, 11(1): 45-51.
Abstract:
Castanopsis fargesii secondary forest in the Hongdong Forest Farm of Fujian Province was studied,the results showed:(1) C.fargesii secondary forest was classified into five types based on the species diversity of stand and the degree of perturbation,such as A type,it consists of C.fargesii or C.fargesii+Schima superba (a few),B type consists of C.fargesii+C.fabri (a few);C type consists of C.fargesii+S.superba (a few)+ C.fabri (a few);D type consists of C.fargesii+C.fabri (a few)+ S.superba (a few);E type consists of S.superba+C.fargesii+C.fabri (a few);(2)Tree species diversity index varies with the degree of perturbation,the diversity of the A and B type communities is the lowest among the five types because of severe perturbation,the next is C type,the diversity of the D and E type communities is the highest among all types which are lightly perturbed;(3)Its diversity index also varies with the stand age,it is the higher in 16 a,the highest in 23 a,but when the stand age is 36 a,the diversity index dereased for the interspecific competition;(4)The height niche breadths of different tree species are calculated in young growth,and their niche overlaps are analysed as well;(5)In this paper,on the basis of prices niche breadth formula,the calculating formula of the height niche breadths of forest communities are advanced as follows:B=1/ΣPi2(S)(Ⅳ).
Castanopsis fargesii secondary forest in the Hongdong Forest Farm of Fujian Province was studied,the results showed:(1) C.fargesii secondary forest was classified into five types based on the species diversity of stand and the degree of perturbation,such as A type,it consists of C.fargesii or C.fargesii+Schima superba (a few),B type consists of C.fargesii+C.fabri (a few);C type consists of C.fargesii+S.superba (a few)+ C.fabri (a few);D type consists of C.fargesii+C.fabri (a few)+ S.superba (a few);E type consists of S.superba+C.fargesii+C.fabri (a few);(2)Tree species diversity index varies with the degree of perturbation,the diversity of the A and B type communities is the lowest among the five types because of severe perturbation,the next is C type,the diversity of the D and E type communities is the highest among all types which are lightly perturbed;(3)Its diversity index also varies with the stand age,it is the higher in 16 a,the highest in 23 a,but when the stand age is 36 a,the diversity index dereased for the interspecific competition;(4)The height niche breadths of different tree species are calculated in young growth,and their niche overlaps are analysed as well;(5)In this paper,on the basis of prices niche breadth formula,the calculating formula of the height niche breadths of forest communities are advanced as follows:B=1/ΣPi2(S)(Ⅳ).
1998, 11(1): 52-57.
Abstract:
In vegetative propagation nursery of Chinese fir,in Shaowu region of Fujian Province,the cutting donor plant of 4～6 years were observed with fixed plant for 3 years,as that growth and development law of cutting donor plant were known in different working methods of coppice shoots,and preliminary effect of fertilization were studied.The results showed:there were very strong law on growth and development of sprout of cutting donor plant.After all clearing away coppice shoots in late August,September was pregnant bud period,October was period for quickly growing of coppice shoots,November was period for slowly growing of coppice shoots,until growing stopped.The ability of sprouting of donor plant was very strong in April and May.Second were in August and September.But the growing speed of coppice shoots was more quickly in June and July,and the second was Septemer,and the correlation was close between month average temperature and growing speed of coppice shoots.For the fertilization experiment,the results showed:there were significant increasing yields fertilizing urea and multiple fertilizer than CK,there were no significant difference in increasing production effect between two fertilization special,the best effects of fertilization were on early March and late August for two times,increasing rate of total coppice shoots were 54.0%～56.9% in a year, and fertilizing quantities of urea or multiple fertilizer 187.5～225 kg/hm2 were adaptable every time.According to sprouting law of cutting donor plant and there were theory and practice of stock plant management and fertilizer and soil management,“three times cutting coppice shoots,three times cutting,three times management in a year” management regulation of vegetative propogation nursery were mentioned.
In vegetative propagation nursery of Chinese fir,in Shaowu region of Fujian Province,the cutting donor plant of 4～6 years were observed with fixed plant for 3 years,as that growth and development law of cutting donor plant were known in different working methods of coppice shoots,and preliminary effect of fertilization were studied.The results showed:there were very strong law on growth and development of sprout of cutting donor plant.After all clearing away coppice shoots in late August,September was pregnant bud period,October was period for quickly growing of coppice shoots,November was period for slowly growing of coppice shoots,until growing stopped.The ability of sprouting of donor plant was very strong in April and May.Second were in August and September.But the growing speed of coppice shoots was more quickly in June and July,and the second was Septemer,and the correlation was close between month average temperature and growing speed of coppice shoots.For the fertilization experiment,the results showed:there were significant increasing yields fertilizing urea and multiple fertilizer than CK,there were no significant difference in increasing production effect between two fertilization special,the best effects of fertilization were on early March and late August for two times,increasing rate of total coppice shoots were 54.0%～56.9% in a year, and fertilizing quantities of urea or multiple fertilizer 187.5～225 kg/hm2 were adaptable every time.According to sprouting law of cutting donor plant and there were theory and practice of stock plant management and fertilizer and soil management,“three times cutting coppice shoots,three times cutting,three times management in a year” management regulation of vegetative propogation nursery were mentioned.
1998, 11(1): 58-62.
Abstract:
The model y=bx+e is used to estimate the density of stem,where y is dry weight, x is volume, b is density and e is error.According to the relationship between variance of y and x, there are three methods to estimate b: (1)variance of y is uncorrelated with x ;(2)the relationship between the variance of y and x is a positive correlation,or δyx2=xδ2 ;(3)the relationship between the standard deviation of y and x is a positive correlation, or δyx=xδ.In this paper,the three methods were applied to estimate the average density of stem wood and bark,and the differences of the density in different positions of a tree and in different age class were analyzed with dummy variable method.The results showed:the effect of method (1) is better than the others.The differences of the density in different positions of a tree and in different age class are not significant.Same average density can be used to estimate stem dry weight of the same species of trees.
The model y=bx+e is used to estimate the density of stem,where y is dry weight, x is volume, b is density and e is error.According to the relationship between variance of y and x, there are three methods to estimate b: (1)variance of y is uncorrelated with x ;(2)the relationship between the variance of y and x is a positive correlation,or δyx2=xδ2 ;(3)the relationship between the standard deviation of y and x is a positive correlation, or δyx=xδ.In this paper,the three methods were applied to estimate the average density of stem wood and bark,and the differences of the density in different positions of a tree and in different age class were analyzed with dummy variable method.The results showed:the effect of method (1) is better than the others.The differences of the density in different positions of a tree and in different age class are not significant.Same average density can be used to estimate stem dry weight of the same species of trees.
1998, 11(1): 63-69.
Abstract:
Available and total contents of microelements (including B,Mo,Cu,Zn,Fe and Mn) in forest soils of Nanjing-Zhenjiang hilly regions were analyzed,and contents of total N,available P,K,organic matter,pH values and mechanical composition of soils were also studied.Results showed that total contents of B,Zn,Mn in this region were all lower than the average contents of the whole country,and those of Mo,Fe,and Cu were relatively high.The distribution regularity varied among the forests and was different among the elements.The contents of available B,Mo and Cu were very low,that of Zn was a little higher,and those of Fe,Mn were rich in the regions.Contents of available microelements were mainly affected by total contents of microelements,O.M.and available P contents.The variance on the availability of various microelements in soils of different forests was also studied in the paper.
Available and total contents of microelements (including B,Mo,Cu,Zn,Fe and Mn) in forest soils of Nanjing-Zhenjiang hilly regions were analyzed,and contents of total N,available P,K,organic matter,pH values and mechanical composition of soils were also studied.Results showed that total contents of B,Zn,Mn in this region were all lower than the average contents of the whole country,and those of Mo,Fe,and Cu were relatively high.The distribution regularity varied among the forests and was different among the elements.The contents of available B,Mo and Cu were very low,that of Zn was a little higher,and those of Fe,Mn were rich in the regions.Contents of available microelements were mainly affected by total contents of microelements,O.M.and available P contents.The variance on the availability of various microelements in soils of different forests was also studied in the paper.
1998, 11(1): 70-77.
Abstract:
Two hundred and twenty seven clones in Yingde Loblolly Pine Seed Orchard were studied for their cone productions.The result showed that there was very large variation in cone production.The differences between clones,ramets and years were all significant.Cone production was weakly or not correlative with height, DBH and volume growth.However,the correlation between cone productions in different years were strong,and those of every year and the average of three years were the same.The repetition ability of cone production was over 0.6.The observation data of cone production for 3～4 years can be used to determine cone productivity of the clones in future.When the clones with high cone production,which account for 25%～30% of all the studied clones,are re selected to establish an advanced seed orchard,64%～145% or higher of cone production can be made over the average of the selecting population.
Two hundred and twenty seven clones in Yingde Loblolly Pine Seed Orchard were studied for their cone productions.The result showed that there was very large variation in cone production.The differences between clones,ramets and years were all significant.Cone production was weakly or not correlative with height, DBH and volume growth.However,the correlation between cone productions in different years were strong,and those of every year and the average of three years were the same.The repetition ability of cone production was over 0.6.The observation data of cone production for 3～4 years can be used to determine cone productivity of the clones in future.When the clones with high cone production,which account for 25%～30% of all the studied clones,are re selected to establish an advanced seed orchard,64%～145% or higher of cone production can be made over the average of the selecting population.
1998, 11(1): 78-85.
Abstract:
In Daqingshan experimental base,34 site-types are divided by the following criterions:landform,the depth of soil and the growth of trees.The quality of sites is divided into 5 classes by the content of moisture and nutrition of soils in 200 investigated plots and the site quality index (at standard age of 20 years)for Pinus massoniana or Cunninghamia lanceolata.The method used for evaluation was based on the biologicol characters of trees and site quality which is very practical for choice of appropriate tree species in a given site,especially for intensive man-made plantation.
In Daqingshan experimental base,34 site-types are divided by the following criterions:landform,the depth of soil and the growth of trees.The quality of sites is divided into 5 classes by the content of moisture and nutrition of soils in 200 investigated plots and the site quality index (at standard age of 20 years)for Pinus massoniana or Cunninghamia lanceolata.The method used for evaluation was based on the biologicol characters of trees and site quality which is very practical for choice of appropriate tree species in a given site,especially for intensive man-made plantation.
1998, 11(1): 86-88.
Abstract:
This paper described a new species: Zaommoencyrtus brachytarsus sp.n.ex.Batocera horsfieldi(Hope) collected from Hubei Province; the other two species: Austroencyrtus ceresii(Liao et Tachikawa) and Oophagus batocerae Liao parasitized on longicorn beetle were keyed in this paper.It is also the first record of Zaommoencyrtus Girault from China.All the specimens deposited in the Department of Plant Protection,Zhejiang Agricultural University.Zaommoencyrtus brachytarsus sp.n.Host: Batocera horsfieldi (Hope).Distribution:Prov.Hubei.Specimen examed:holotype ♀,Hubei(without exact type locality),1985—04,Zhan,Zhongcai,eggs of Batocera horsfieldi(Hope),907691;paratypes 7♀♀,same data as holotype.Diagnosis:This species very similar to Zaommoencyrtus liaoi (Trjapitzin),1962,but can be distinguished form the latter by:(1)hind basal tarsi 2.6 times as long as wide,shorter than second third tarsi combined,the latter with basal tarsi as long as second-third tarsi combined;(2)hind femora 2.4 times as long as wide,the latter with hind femora 3.0 times as long as wide;(3)fore wings with 4 sensory on apex of stigma,the latter with 2 sensory on apex of stigma;(4)apical half of mid tibiae yellow,basal half black,the latter with mid tibiae without dark or black colour.
This paper described a new species: Zaommoencyrtus brachytarsus sp.n.ex.Batocera horsfieldi(Hope) collected from Hubei Province; the other two species: Austroencyrtus ceresii(Liao et Tachikawa) and Oophagus batocerae Liao parasitized on longicorn beetle were keyed in this paper.It is also the first record of Zaommoencyrtus Girault from China.All the specimens deposited in the Department of Plant Protection,Zhejiang Agricultural University.Zaommoencyrtus brachytarsus sp.n.Host: Batocera horsfieldi (Hope).Distribution:Prov.Hubei.Specimen examed:holotype ♀,Hubei(without exact type locality),1985—04,Zhan,Zhongcai,eggs of Batocera horsfieldi(Hope),907691;paratypes 7♀♀,same data as holotype.Diagnosis:This species very similar to Zaommoencyrtus liaoi (Trjapitzin),1962,but can be distinguished form the latter by:(1)hind basal tarsi 2.6 times as long as wide,shorter than second third tarsi combined,the latter with basal tarsi as long as second-third tarsi combined;(2)hind femora 2.4 times as long as wide,the latter with hind femora 3.0 times as long as wide;(3)fore wings with 4 sensory on apex of stigma,the latter with 2 sensory on apex of stigma;(4)apical half of mid tibiae yellow,basal half black,the latter with mid tibiae without dark or black colour.
1998, 11(1): 89-93.
Abstract:
The biological characteristics of Canthconidea furcellata, an important predator in black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) forest,were observed through artificial rearing on caged branches in forests.Results showed that,in rearing trials,there were three uncompleted generations a year in Changtai County,Fujian Province in Southern China,with adults of the second generation overwintering.The first instar nymphs were gregarious and fed on tree sap only;2～5 instar nymphs and adults predated various caterpillars,but were rarely sap sucking.Tests also indicated that eggs laid by a female in her life circle were 88～168.The overall mean egg stage was 9.06 days;nymph stage lasted 21.3 days in overall mean ranging from 20～26 days in rearing trials.The longevity of adult bugs of the first generation varied from 6 to 72 days,with 29.5 days on average.Nymphs of the third generation all died before winter,mostly in the 2nd and 3rd instar.
The biological characteristics of Canthconidea furcellata, an important predator in black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) forest,were observed through artificial rearing on caged branches in forests.Results showed that,in rearing trials,there were three uncompleted generations a year in Changtai County,Fujian Province in Southern China,with adults of the second generation overwintering.The first instar nymphs were gregarious and fed on tree sap only;2～5 instar nymphs and adults predated various caterpillars,but were rarely sap sucking.Tests also indicated that eggs laid by a female in her life circle were 88～168.The overall mean egg stage was 9.06 days;nymph stage lasted 21.3 days in overall mean ranging from 20～26 days in rearing trials.The longevity of adult bugs of the first generation varied from 6 to 72 days,with 29.5 days on average.Nymphs of the third generation all died before winter,mostly in the 2nd and 3rd instar.
1998, 11(1): 94-98.
Abstract:
Through studying the contents of Cu,Mo element and the activity of polyphenoloxidase of larch,we find different organs of the tree have obviously different element contents.Absorbing root has the highest Cu content(13.97mg/kg).The Lowest(3.37mg/kg)lies in the perennial branch.The biggest Mo content(17.97mg/kg)lies in the treetop,that of the perennial twig has the smallest (1.24mg/kg),furthermore,for the underground part of the tree,absorbing root(thinner than 2mm)has the highest activity of polgphenoxidase(29.33u/g).The lowest exists in the root which is wider than 10mm,but for the upper part of the tree,the order from big to small is the tree top,one year twig,two year twig,trunk,perennial twig.
Through studying the contents of Cu,Mo element and the activity of polyphenoloxidase of larch,we find different organs of the tree have obviously different element contents.Absorbing root has the highest Cu content(13.97mg/kg).The Lowest(3.37mg/kg)lies in the perennial branch.The biggest Mo content(17.97mg/kg)lies in the treetop,that of the perennial twig has the smallest (1.24mg/kg),furthermore,for the underground part of the tree,absorbing root(thinner than 2mm)has the highest activity of polgphenoxidase(29.33u/g).The lowest exists in the root which is wider than 10mm,but for the upper part of the tree,the order from big to small is the tree top,one year twig,two year twig,trunk,perennial twig.
1998, 11(1): 99-106.
Abstract:
Cyclobalanopsis glauca forest is one of the main types of the evergreen broad leaved forest (EBLF) in East China Subtropical Area.The study on the structure and dynamics of populations of C.glauca forest was carried out in Jiande,Zhejiang,with the methods of contiguous grid quadrats and spatial sere substituting for time sere.On the basis of census of all individuls of main populations in different communities,the size structure,the spatial pattern of the main populations and their dynamics were described.The result shows that size structure of C.glauca and Lithocarpus glaber appears irregular inverted J type,but it is still characterized by stable type.The spatial pattern of the C.glauca populations is a contagious type,which changes with the size classes of the population.It was found that seedling or sapling class show contagious type,while the small and middle tree classes exhibit radom type.The regularity reflects that spatial pattern of the populations changes with time in the development of forests,and moreover,it also embodies the ecology strategy or adaptive mechanism.The spatial patterns of main populations in communities have also been measured,which show that the dominant populations in tree layer appear radom type.In the shrub layer,the seedling or sapling of dominant populations follows contagious type.In the herb layer,the spatial pattern of most populations exhibit contagious type.Additionally,the quantitative structure and dynamics of propagative module of C.glauca clone populations have been studied.According to the above results,the dynamics process or mechanism of C.glauca forest has been discussed preliminarily.
Cyclobalanopsis glauca forest is one of the main types of the evergreen broad leaved forest (EBLF) in East China Subtropical Area.The study on the structure and dynamics of populations of C.glauca forest was carried out in Jiande,Zhejiang,with the methods of contiguous grid quadrats and spatial sere substituting for time sere.On the basis of census of all individuls of main populations in different communities,the size structure,the spatial pattern of the main populations and their dynamics were described.The result shows that size structure of C.glauca and Lithocarpus glaber appears irregular inverted J type,but it is still characterized by stable type.The spatial pattern of the C.glauca populations is a contagious type,which changes with the size classes of the population.It was found that seedling or sapling class show contagious type,while the small and middle tree classes exhibit radom type.The regularity reflects that spatial pattern of the populations changes with time in the development of forests,and moreover,it also embodies the ecology strategy or adaptive mechanism.The spatial patterns of main populations in communities have also been measured,which show that the dominant populations in tree layer appear radom type.In the shrub layer,the seedling or sapling of dominant populations follows contagious type.In the herb layer,the spatial pattern of most populations exhibit contagious type.Additionally,the quantitative structure and dynamics of propagative module of C.glauca clone populations have been studied.According to the above results,the dynamics process or mechanism of C.glauca forest has been discussed preliminarily.
1998, 11(1): 107-110.
Abstract:
In this paper,potential forestry land productivity in Huang Jiaercha small water shed of loess hilly area is analyzed,based on the evaluation of land fitness.With the Thornthwait Memorial Model,the climatic potential capability of productivity of the water-shed is calculated roughly.The results show that the climatic potential capability of productivity of arbor land is 12.75 m3/(hm2·a)and that of shrub land is 13 597.5 kg/(hm2·a).The present potential capability of productivity of arbor land is 4.80 m3/(hm2·a) and that of shrub land is 8 197.5 kg/(hm2·a) and is 38% and 60% of the climatic potential capability of productivity respectively.It is indicated that to plant shrub will make full use of the natural resources in the water-shed and furthermore,amongst the shrub,planting Robinia pseudoaeacia is better.It must be of great significance to guide the current productive and comprehensive management of small water-shed in loess hilly area.
In this paper,potential forestry land productivity in Huang Jiaercha small water shed of loess hilly area is analyzed,based on the evaluation of land fitness.With the Thornthwait Memorial Model,the climatic potential capability of productivity of the water-shed is calculated roughly.The results show that the climatic potential capability of productivity of arbor land is 12.75 m3/(hm2·a)and that of shrub land is 13 597.5 kg/(hm2·a).The present potential capability of productivity of arbor land is 4.80 m3/(hm2·a) and that of shrub land is 8 197.5 kg/(hm2·a) and is 38% and 60% of the climatic potential capability of productivity respectively.It is indicated that to plant shrub will make full use of the natural resources in the water-shed and furthermore,amongst the shrub,planting Robinia pseudoaeacia is better.It must be of great significance to guide the current productive and comprehensive management of small water-shed in loess hilly area.
1998, 11(1): 111-113.
Abstract:
A simple, quick and reliable procedure was developed for the extraction and purification of DNA from the leaves of Chinese fir.Specifically designed to overcome the trouble caused by the very high concentration of pigments,polysaccharides and other contaminants in the leaves.In this procedure,the application of extraction buffer with high concentration of mercaptoethanol (2%)was proved to be successful in removing pigments,ethanol precipitation of resuspended nucleic acids from 3 mol/L NaAC and revealed to be powerful in removing polysaccharides,and PVP-360 was used to remove polyphenols.The resulted DNA with this method was of high molecular weight (more than 50 kb) and was completely digestible with restriction endonucleases and amplifiable in PCR,they are well suited to RAPD,RFLP analysis and other molecular marker systems.This procedure can also be used to extract DNA from other gymnosperms,for example:Taiwania fiousiana,Metasequoia glyptostroboides,Cryptomeria fortunei etc.
A simple, quick and reliable procedure was developed for the extraction and purification of DNA from the leaves of Chinese fir.Specifically designed to overcome the trouble caused by the very high concentration of pigments,polysaccharides and other contaminants in the leaves.In this procedure,the application of extraction buffer with high concentration of mercaptoethanol (2%)was proved to be successful in removing pigments,ethanol precipitation of resuspended nucleic acids from 3 mol/L NaAC and revealed to be powerful in removing polysaccharides,and PVP-360 was used to remove polyphenols.The resulted DNA with this method was of high molecular weight (more than 50 kb) and was completely digestible with restriction endonucleases and amplifiable in PCR,they are well suited to RAPD,RFLP analysis and other molecular marker systems.This procedure can also be used to extract DNA from other gymnosperms,for example:Taiwania fiousiana,Metasequoia glyptostroboides,Cryptomeria fortunei etc.
1998, 11(1): 114-117.
Abstract:
The contents of total nucleic acid and RNA and RNA/DNA rate were increased during flower bud differentiation in male and female trees of Torreya grandis.In comparision with leaf bud differentiation,there were high level of total nucleic acid and RNA in flower bud.There was higher rate of RNA/DNA in flower bud than that in leaf bud.The contents of total nucleic acid and RNA and RNA/DNA rate in leaves of female and male shoots during flower bud differentiation were also higher than that in the leaves of nutrient shoot and in the shoot before flower bud differentiation.The results of this paper show the relationship between nucleic acid and flower bud differentiation in T.grandis.The problem on accelerating flowering and fruiting by chemical regulating treatment is also discussed.
The contents of total nucleic acid and RNA and RNA/DNA rate were increased during flower bud differentiation in male and female trees of Torreya grandis.In comparision with leaf bud differentiation,there were high level of total nucleic acid and RNA in flower bud.There was higher rate of RNA/DNA in flower bud than that in leaf bud.The contents of total nucleic acid and RNA and RNA/DNA rate in leaves of female and male shoots during flower bud differentiation were also higher than that in the leaves of nutrient shoot and in the shoot before flower bud differentiation.The results of this paper show the relationship between nucleic acid and flower bud differentiation in T.grandis.The problem on accelerating flowering and fruiting by chemical regulating treatment is also discussed.
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