1999 Vol. 12, No. 1
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1999, 12(1): 1-6.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
Neighbourhood comparison was proposed for stimulating the spatial structure of forest stands.It quantifies relationship of the reference tree with neighbouring trees using a ratio of the total number of neighbours larger than the reference tree to the total number of neighbours investigated.The new parameter improves and complements the diameter distribution and the size differentiation still under use.It provides accurate determination of whether the reference trees larger than its neighbours.The advantage of this parameter is that it makes it possible to realize the close-to-reality rebuilding of complicated stand structure.
Neighbourhood comparison was proposed for stimulating the spatial structure of forest stands.It quantifies relationship of the reference tree with neighbouring trees using a ratio of the total number of neighbours larger than the reference tree to the total number of neighbours investigated.The new parameter improves and complements the diameter distribution and the size differentiation still under use.It provides accurate determination of whether the reference trees larger than its neighbours.The advantage of this parameter is that it makes it possible to realize the close-to-reality rebuilding of complicated stand structure.
1999, 12(1): 7-12.
Abstract:
Four strains, 2# (Bacillus polymyxa), 12#,14# (B.licheniformis), isolated from Phyllostachys heterocycla var.pubescens rhizosphere, 7#(The species name have not been determined finally),isolated from P.meyeri rhizosphere were cultured and prepared into liquid inoculums and inoculated back to moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocyclavar.pubescens) seedlings.Potted culture (sand culture) under artificial and sterile conditions was then conducted.The results showed that all of four strains were,more or less, able to raise the survival rate and promote the seedling growth in various aspects.Especially for root fresh weight were increased by 44.1%～76.9%,reaching significant level (14#) and remarkable significant level (2#,12#,7#) respectively.The nitrogen content of seedlings was also increased considerably,increase rate reach to 22%～38%.Meanwhile,statistical analysis results showed, under the condition of no indigenous bacteria, inoculating stage will also influence the growth of seedling,when inoculated on seedling stage the seedlings’growth and total nitrogen content was better and higher than that inoculated on seed germinating stage,the diversity reach to remarkable significant level.
Four strains, 2# (Bacillus polymyxa), 12#,14# (B.licheniformis), isolated from Phyllostachys heterocycla var.pubescens rhizosphere, 7#(The species name have not been determined finally),isolated from P.meyeri rhizosphere were cultured and prepared into liquid inoculums and inoculated back to moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocyclavar.pubescens) seedlings.Potted culture (sand culture) under artificial and sterile conditions was then conducted.The results showed that all of four strains were,more or less, able to raise the survival rate and promote the seedling growth in various aspects.Especially for root fresh weight were increased by 44.1%～76.9%,reaching significant level (14#) and remarkable significant level (2#,12#,7#) respectively.The nitrogen content of seedlings was also increased considerably,increase rate reach to 22%～38%.Meanwhile,statistical analysis results showed, under the condition of no indigenous bacteria, inoculating stage will also influence the growth of seedling,when inoculated on seedling stage the seedlings’growth and total nitrogen content was better and higher than that inoculated on seed germinating stage,the diversity reach to remarkable significant level.
1999, 12(1): 15-18.
Abstract:
This article dealt with the amounts and species of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere micoorganism of the 1st and 2nd generation of Chinese fir in Shanxia and Shangcun Farms of Sub-tropical Forestry Center, CAF in Fenyi County, Jiangxi Province.It was found that the amounts and species of the actinomycetes in soil of second generation Chinese fir plantation are obviously lower than those in the first generation’s,so do the Bacillus, Azotobacter and Cellulomonas in the bacteria.But in the second generation Chinese fir plantation, the amounts of fungi and the percentage of Agrobacterium, Micrococcus and Chromobacferium in soil bacteria, Penicillium in soil fungi are much higher than those in the first one’s.The amounts of rhizosphere actinomycetes are lower than those in the non-rhizosphere’s of both 1st and 2nd generation Chinese fir plantation, yet the amounts of rhizosphere bacteria are the opposite.
This article dealt with the amounts and species of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere micoorganism of the 1st and 2nd generation of Chinese fir in Shanxia and Shangcun Farms of Sub-tropical Forestry Center, CAF in Fenyi County, Jiangxi Province.It was found that the amounts and species of the actinomycetes in soil of second generation Chinese fir plantation are obviously lower than those in the first generation’s,so do the Bacillus, Azotobacter and Cellulomonas in the bacteria.But in the second generation Chinese fir plantation, the amounts of fungi and the percentage of Agrobacterium, Micrococcus and Chromobacferium in soil bacteria, Penicillium in soil fungi are much higher than those in the first one’s.The amounts of rhizosphere actinomycetes are lower than those in the non-rhizosphere’s of both 1st and 2nd generation Chinese fir plantation, yet the amounts of rhizosphere bacteria are the opposite.
1999, 12(1): 19-22.
Abstract:
The diversity of mating alleles in population of Armillaria sinapina in Great Xingan & Changbai Mountains were inverstigated.The results from mating tests between the four haploid strains which represented a fruiting body’s mating genotype and another one were used to deduced mating genotypes among closely adjacent individuals.13 pair mating factors have been found from the 17 stocks except four individuals from the same location (about twenty kilometers apart) sharing one mating genotype.The result indicated that the fungus possessed high level of mating alleles diversity and adapting ability in this area.
The diversity of mating alleles in population of Armillaria sinapina in Great Xingan & Changbai Mountains were inverstigated.The results from mating tests between the four haploid strains which represented a fruiting body’s mating genotype and another one were used to deduced mating genotypes among closely adjacent individuals.13 pair mating factors have been found from the 17 stocks except four individuals from the same location (about twenty kilometers apart) sharing one mating genotype.The result indicated that the fungus possessed high level of mating alleles diversity and adapting ability in this area.
1999, 12(1): 23-30.
Abstract:
North Guangdong hilly and mountainous area is a place in South China’s Guangdong Province where rare and endangered plant species most abundantly distribute.31 species of rare and endangered plants of national level and 4 such species of provincial level are found to distribute naturally in this area,accounting for 52.3 percent of the total number of rare and endangered species distributing across the province.These rare and endangered plant species fall into 3 categories.The first is of second-ranking protection which includes Tsuga longibracteata,Fokienia hodginsii, Cephalotaxus oliveri,Pseudotaxus chienii,Tsoogiodendron ordorum,Camellia sinensis var.assamica,Disanthus cercidifolius var.longipes,Archiboehmeria atrata,Euryocorymbus cavaleriei,Bretshneidera sinensis and Diplopanax stachyanthus.The second is of third ranking protection which includes Pinus kwangtungensis,Tsuga chinensis var.tchekiangensis,Amentotaxus argotaenia,Magnolia officialis subsp.biloba,Parakmeria lotungensis,Cinnamomum micranthum,Phoebe bournei,Coptis chinensis var.brevisepala,Dysosma versipellis,Semiliquidambar cathayensis,Zenia insignis, Euchresta japonica,Glycine soja,Castanopsis kawakamii,Pteroceltis tatarinowii,Artocarpus hypargyreus,Toona cilita,Tapiscia sinensis,Halesia macgregorii and Morinda officinalis.The last is of provincial level protection which includes Cephalotaxus fortunei,Taxus mairei,Castanopsis jucunda and Scleropyrum wallichianum.The rare and endangered plants are characterized by the generic areal type of endemic to China,of Indo Chinese peninsula to south China and of discontinuous dispersion.This,coupled with the lack of cosmopolitan areal type,indicates the confinement of dispersal in geography of rare and endangered plant species.Of the 35 rare and endangered plant species,some are relic taxa or occupy critical position in the phylogenetic chain,which have significant scientific implications,such as C.fortunei,F.hodginsii and B.sinensis; some are of economic importance,such as T.mairei, which bears in the bark an anticancer wonder drug,taxol;some are provenance species of important crops in China,which have significant importance for germplasm improvement,such as C.sinensis var.assamica and G.soja.In view of the above,the rare and endangered plant species should be rigorously protected and a series of strategies are thus proposed,i.e.enlargement of nature reserves as well as establishing new ones should be carried out,in order to conserve more local populations; some critical species should be listed for conservation of highest priority,for which ex-situ conservation and germplasm preservation and storage methods should be studied,as well as in situ conservation methods.To this end,coordination of nature conservation and local sustainable development should also be considered.
North Guangdong hilly and mountainous area is a place in South China’s Guangdong Province where rare and endangered plant species most abundantly distribute.31 species of rare and endangered plants of national level and 4 such species of provincial level are found to distribute naturally in this area,accounting for 52.3 percent of the total number of rare and endangered species distributing across the province.These rare and endangered plant species fall into 3 categories.The first is of second-ranking protection which includes Tsuga longibracteata,Fokienia hodginsii, Cephalotaxus oliveri,Pseudotaxus chienii,Tsoogiodendron ordorum,Camellia sinensis var.assamica,Disanthus cercidifolius var.longipes,Archiboehmeria atrata,Euryocorymbus cavaleriei,Bretshneidera sinensis and Diplopanax stachyanthus.The second is of third ranking protection which includes Pinus kwangtungensis,Tsuga chinensis var.tchekiangensis,Amentotaxus argotaenia,Magnolia officialis subsp.biloba,Parakmeria lotungensis,Cinnamomum micranthum,Phoebe bournei,Coptis chinensis var.brevisepala,Dysosma versipellis,Semiliquidambar cathayensis,Zenia insignis, Euchresta japonica,Glycine soja,Castanopsis kawakamii,Pteroceltis tatarinowii,Artocarpus hypargyreus,Toona cilita,Tapiscia sinensis,Halesia macgregorii and Morinda officinalis.The last is of provincial level protection which includes Cephalotaxus fortunei,Taxus mairei,Castanopsis jucunda and Scleropyrum wallichianum.The rare and endangered plants are characterized by the generic areal type of endemic to China,of Indo Chinese peninsula to south China and of discontinuous dispersion.This,coupled with the lack of cosmopolitan areal type,indicates the confinement of dispersal in geography of rare and endangered plant species.Of the 35 rare and endangered plant species,some are relic taxa or occupy critical position in the phylogenetic chain,which have significant scientific implications,such as C.fortunei,F.hodginsii and B.sinensis; some are of economic importance,such as T.mairei, which bears in the bark an anticancer wonder drug,taxol;some are provenance species of important crops in China,which have significant importance for germplasm improvement,such as C.sinensis var.assamica and G.soja.In view of the above,the rare and endangered plant species should be rigorously protected and a series of strategies are thus proposed,i.e.enlargement of nature reserves as well as establishing new ones should be carried out,in order to conserve more local populations; some critical species should be listed for conservation of highest priority,for which ex-situ conservation and germplasm preservation and storage methods should be studied,as well as in situ conservation methods.To this end,coordination of nature conservation and local sustainable development should also be considered.
1999, 12(1): 31-36.
Abstract:
‘Songrong’,with synonym ‘Songkoumo’,is taxonomically Tricholoma matsutake (Ito et Imai) Sing.It is one of the widely known wild mushrooms with extremely high value for food and medicine.These edible mushrooms take an important role in forest products,especially in the forest regions of southwestern and northeastern China.It was reported that some 6 116 t raw mushrooms of ‘Songrong’ in China were exported and created $82.22 million USD income in 1996.Though the geographic distribution of‘Songrong’mushrooms may not include areas in Baoshan Prefecture,western Yunnan Province, the ecological conditions of this area is greatly distinct.On the basis of our recent investigation,‘Songrong’ mushrooms in this area were identified to be the fungal species of Tricholoma baka-matsutake Hongo,as called‘Jia Songrong’ or ‘Qinggang Songrong’,which is another valuable mushroom and closely related to the real ‘Songrong’,i.e.T.matsutake.This paper reports the results of ecological survey on the occurrences of ‘Jia Songrong’.The occurrence of T.baka-matsutake mushrooms and their distribution has been investigated.These mushrooms began to develop fruit body in mid-July and ended in the last ten days of October with the peak occurrence in late August.The product in thd main fruitng period from early August to early September took 69.9% of its annual output.Furthermore,the ecological conditions of their occurrences in this area were covered and the sustainable development discussed in this paper.
‘Songrong’,with synonym ‘Songkoumo’,is taxonomically Tricholoma matsutake (Ito et Imai) Sing.It is one of the widely known wild mushrooms with extremely high value for food and medicine.These edible mushrooms take an important role in forest products,especially in the forest regions of southwestern and northeastern China.It was reported that some 6 116 t raw mushrooms of ‘Songrong’ in China were exported and created $82.22 million USD income in 1996.Though the geographic distribution of‘Songrong’mushrooms may not include areas in Baoshan Prefecture,western Yunnan Province, the ecological conditions of this area is greatly distinct.On the basis of our recent investigation,‘Songrong’ mushrooms in this area were identified to be the fungal species of Tricholoma baka-matsutake Hongo,as called‘Jia Songrong’ or ‘Qinggang Songrong’,which is another valuable mushroom and closely related to the real ‘Songrong’,i.e.T.matsutake.This paper reports the results of ecological survey on the occurrences of ‘Jia Songrong’.The occurrence of T.baka-matsutake mushrooms and their distribution has been investigated.These mushrooms began to develop fruit body in mid-July and ended in the last ten days of October with the peak occurrence in late August.The product in thd main fruitng period from early August to early September took 69.9% of its annual output.Furthermore,the ecological conditions of their occurrences in this area were covered and the sustainable development discussed in this paper.
1999, 12(1): 37-41.
Abstract:
There has existed “the three reds and three blacks” phenomenon in white wax scales brood insects production for hundreds of years,which brought about an up-and-down of white wax production.After an investigation over 20 years,the authors considered that the reasons were not the results of dry hot wind,drizzle,frog,unreasonable use of host tree,but the result of enemy insect harm-mainly the parasitic wasps’ growth and decline.5 families about 14 species of parasitic wasps of white wax scale can be parasitized in female and male white wax insect.At the peak period of destruction between September and October,a lot of female insects die and become black.When the harm is not serious,brood insects are red and the farmer can get a good harvest.
There has existed “the three reds and three blacks” phenomenon in white wax scales brood insects production for hundreds of years,which brought about an up-and-down of white wax production.After an investigation over 20 years,the authors considered that the reasons were not the results of dry hot wind,drizzle,frog,unreasonable use of host tree,but the result of enemy insect harm-mainly the parasitic wasps’ growth and decline.5 families about 14 species of parasitic wasps of white wax scale can be parasitized in female and male white wax insect.At the peak period of destruction between September and October,a lot of female insects die and become black.When the harm is not serious,brood insects are red and the farmer can get a good harvest.
1999, 12(1): 42-46.
Abstract:
The growth of wilt inducing bacteria, Pseudomonas solanacearum was inhibited by Frankia isolates from Casuarinaceae.The inhibitory activities of Frankia isolates Or9302 and 9021 were higher than the other Frankia isolates tested in this experiment.Extracts from nodules of Casurina spp.inhibited growth of P.solanacearum.The inhibitory activity of extracts from nodules of C.glauca was higher than those of C.junghuhniana and C.cunninghamiana.The results of nursery experiment showed that the seedlings with more nodules were higher in resistance to the bacterial wilt.
The growth of wilt inducing bacteria, Pseudomonas solanacearum was inhibited by Frankia isolates from Casuarinaceae.The inhibitory activities of Frankia isolates Or9302 and 9021 were higher than the other Frankia isolates tested in this experiment.Extracts from nodules of Casurina spp.inhibited growth of P.solanacearum.The inhibitory activity of extracts from nodules of C.glauca was higher than those of C.junghuhniana and C.cunninghamiana.The results of nursery experiment showed that the seedlings with more nodules were higher in resistance to the bacterial wilt.
1999, 12(1): 47-52.
Abstract:
The construction of aboveground biomass and biomass model of Dendrocalamus latiflorus plantation in South Fujian are studied in this paper.The results are showed as follows: (1)The aboveground biomass and the biomass of culm of D.latiflorus may reliably be calculated by the model, m=a·(D2H)b,but the biomass of its culm and leaf may not.In order to calculate it, it is necessary to introduce the factor, clear height,and the models, m=a·Db(H-h)c and m=a·Db·[(H-h)/h]c.(2)The total aboveground biomass of D.latiflorus plantation in South Fujian is 39.518 t·hm-2 .The biomass of 3-year-old is the highest,accounting for 59.17 percent of the total, followed by that of 2-,4-and 5-year old successively.The biomass of culm is the highest in terms of organ, accounting for 62.81 percent of the fotal, followed by that of branch and leaf successively.The total aboveground biomass and the biomass of culm gradually decrease along the height, and that of branch and leaf gradually decreases from the section of 6～8 m to the top and to the bottom.
The construction of aboveground biomass and biomass model of Dendrocalamus latiflorus plantation in South Fujian are studied in this paper.The results are showed as follows: (1)The aboveground biomass and the biomass of culm of D.latiflorus may reliably be calculated by the model, m=a·(D2H)b,but the biomass of its culm and leaf may not.In order to calculate it, it is necessary to introduce the factor, clear height,and the models, m=a·Db(H-h)c and m=a·Db·[(H-h)/h]c.(2)The total aboveground biomass of D.latiflorus plantation in South Fujian is 39.518 t·hm-2 .The biomass of 3-year-old is the highest,accounting for 59.17 percent of the total, followed by that of 2-,4-and 5-year old successively.The biomass of culm is the highest in terms of organ, accounting for 62.81 percent of the fotal, followed by that of branch and leaf successively.The total aboveground biomass and the biomass of culm gradually decrease along the height, and that of branch and leaf gradually decreases from the section of 6～8 m to the top and to the bottom.
1999, 12(1): 53-59.
Abstract:
Establishing biomass models is a major way of biomass estimate.To establish biomass model compatible with volume table is the base of realizing the combination of forest biomass survey and growing stock invertory.Based on this point,the progressive variable selection method is used to establish biomass model compatible with volume table for Larix olgensis and Tilia amurensis,and weighted least squares method is used to estimate parameters for clearing up phenomenon of non-homogeneous variance.In the meantime,the paper presented five indices for evaluation of models,they are coefficient of variation for parameters Cvi, total relative error Er, average relative error Em average absolute value of relative error Ea and prediction precision P.All the results show that biomass models established in this paper not only realize compatibility with volume table,but also get remarkable improvement in estimate effect and prediction precision comparing with previous model CAR.According to the results,some reference models are given.
Establishing biomass models is a major way of biomass estimate.To establish biomass model compatible with volume table is the base of realizing the combination of forest biomass survey and growing stock invertory.Based on this point,the progressive variable selection method is used to establish biomass model compatible with volume table for Larix olgensis and Tilia amurensis,and weighted least squares method is used to estimate parameters for clearing up phenomenon of non-homogeneous variance.In the meantime,the paper presented five indices for evaluation of models,they are coefficient of variation for parameters Cvi, total relative error Er, average relative error Em average absolute value of relative error Ea and prediction precision P.All the results show that biomass models established in this paper not only realize compatibility with volume table,but also get remarkable improvement in estimate effect and prediction precision comparing with previous model CAR.According to the results,some reference models are given.
1999, 12(1): 60-65.
Abstract:
The genetic parameters of 20 characters were analyzed for 11 provenances of one-year-old Phellodendron chinense seedlings from Hunan Province,and the efficiency of correlative selection was assessed.The genetic characters are grouped into 4 types:young seedling,compound leaf,above-ground growth and productivity.Analysis shows that the variations of 17 characters among different provenances are significant,and that the variations of the productivity characters are higher than those of the other 3 types of characters.The heritabilities of the young seedling,compound leaf,above-ground growth generally were over 0.5, and were greater than that of productivity characters.The phenotypic and genetic correlations among the above-ground growth or productivity characters,and between them are significant,which have provided a theoretical basis for correlative selection for the production growth and productivity for P.chinense seedlings.The efficiencies of selection for the biomass of bark and roots using the seedling height increased by 16.1% and 62.9%,respectively;and the efficiencies of selection for the biomass of bark and roots using the diameter of the stem base increased by 24.5% and 103.8%,respectively.The efficiencies of selection for the biomass of seedling bark and roots using the height of seedling or the diameter of the stem base are higher than that of direction selection.
The genetic parameters of 20 characters were analyzed for 11 provenances of one-year-old Phellodendron chinense seedlings from Hunan Province,and the efficiency of correlative selection was assessed.The genetic characters are grouped into 4 types:young seedling,compound leaf,above-ground growth and productivity.Analysis shows that the variations of 17 characters among different provenances are significant,and that the variations of the productivity characters are higher than those of the other 3 types of characters.The heritabilities of the young seedling,compound leaf,above-ground growth generally were over 0.5, and were greater than that of productivity characters.The phenotypic and genetic correlations among the above-ground growth or productivity characters,and between them are significant,which have provided a theoretical basis for correlative selection for the production growth and productivity for P.chinense seedlings.The efficiencies of selection for the biomass of bark and roots using the seedling height increased by 16.1% and 62.9%,respectively;and the efficiencies of selection for the biomass of bark and roots using the diameter of the stem base increased by 24.5% and 103.8%,respectively.The efficiencies of selection for the biomass of seedling bark and roots using the height of seedling or the diameter of the stem base are higher than that of direction selection.
1999, 12(1): 66-73.
Abstract:
The quantitative process of suitable plantation evaluation of saline land in northern shelterbelt area has been adopted.(1) To collect related test data,(2) investigation in northern shelterbelt area,(3)method of expert evaluation remark,and through fuzzy multifactor decision ordering and DEA optimization,could be used to estimate the salt-tolerance tree species in the area with different salinity (light,medium,heavy),different tree species (tree,shrub,economic forest),different suitability (suitable,assistance,reference) and 5 different nature areas (Helongjing nature area,Beijing Tianjin Liaoning nature area,Jilin Inner Mongolia nature area,Qinghei Gansu Inner Mongolia nature area,and Xinjinag nature area).The results showed the saline soil classification project and suitable plantation evaluation of saline land.
The quantitative process of suitable plantation evaluation of saline land in northern shelterbelt area has been adopted.(1) To collect related test data,(2) investigation in northern shelterbelt area,(3)method of expert evaluation remark,and through fuzzy multifactor decision ordering and DEA optimization,could be used to estimate the salt-tolerance tree species in the area with different salinity (light,medium,heavy),different tree species (tree,shrub,economic forest),different suitability (suitable,assistance,reference) and 5 different nature areas (Helongjing nature area,Beijing Tianjin Liaoning nature area,Jilin Inner Mongolia nature area,Qinghei Gansu Inner Mongolia nature area,and Xinjinag nature area).The results showed the saline soil classification project and suitable plantation evaluation of saline land.
1999, 12(1): 74-78.
Abstract:
When being equipped with the petrel 650B motor glider,the HU2-HW1 spraying equipment of ultra low volume (ULV) and the NT100 Global Positioning System (GPS) were first applied in the forest region in Wuming County,Guangxi,for control of forest pest and disease there.When 2.5% EC deltamethrin was diluted with 0# Diesel oil and sprayed at 30 and 40 mL·hm-2 during an aerial spraying,the average mortality rates of pine caterpillar were 96.4% and 98.3% respectively.When 2.5% EC deltamethrin was diluted with water and sprayed at 60 mL·hm -2 in a similar spraying,the average mortality rates of pine caterpillar and Dasychira axutha were 97.6% and 93.6% respectively.100 billion spores·g-1 Beauveria bassiana was sprayed at 120 g·hm -2 being mixed at the formula of 5 spores:100 water:0.5 Tuwen 80∶0.5 salt,plus 3 liter water for further dilution,the death rates of pine caterpillar and D.axutha were 67.7% and 50.3% respectively.
When being equipped with the petrel 650B motor glider,the HU2-HW1 spraying equipment of ultra low volume (ULV) and the NT100 Global Positioning System (GPS) were first applied in the forest region in Wuming County,Guangxi,for control of forest pest and disease there.When 2.5% EC deltamethrin was diluted with 0# Diesel oil and sprayed at 30 and 40 mL·hm-2 during an aerial spraying,the average mortality rates of pine caterpillar were 96.4% and 98.3% respectively.When 2.5% EC deltamethrin was diluted with water and sprayed at 60 mL·hm -2 in a similar spraying,the average mortality rates of pine caterpillar and Dasychira axutha were 97.6% and 93.6% respectively.100 billion spores·g-1 Beauveria bassiana was sprayed at 120 g·hm -2 being mixed at the formula of 5 spores:100 water:0.5 Tuwen 80∶0.5 salt,plus 3 liter water for further dilution,the death rates of pine caterpillar and D.axutha were 67.7% and 50.3% respectively.
1999, 12(1): 79-86.
Abstract:
Investment composition and economic benefit of the Chinese fir seed orchard in Qingyuan County,Zhejiang Province were analysed and evaluated.The result showed:(1)in this orchard,616.5 thousand Yuan of fund for production was invested in 20.years productive periods,that accounted for 66.31% of the total invested in the orchard.And the investments in capital construction and equipment were 33.69% of the total.520.2 thousand Yuan was invested in seeding periods of the later 15 years,that amounted to 90.22% of the total invested in superior seed producing area.(2)incomes of selling seeds totaled up to 644.1 thousand Yuan in 20 years of productive periods,that retrieved a fund of 616.5 thousand Yuan.The NPV was 296.6 thousand Yuan, IRR was 8.0%,and the BCR 1.42 Yuan.Through a period of 19 years and 3 months,the investments have been retrieved.(3)the volume genetic gain of good strains was 15.39%,so the good strain user would get 180.7 Yuan else by investing one Yuan after one lumbering rotation.Based on systematic methods,it showed a good social and economic benefit in this seed orchard.
Investment composition and economic benefit of the Chinese fir seed orchard in Qingyuan County,Zhejiang Province were analysed and evaluated.The result showed:(1)in this orchard,616.5 thousand Yuan of fund for production was invested in 20.years productive periods,that accounted for 66.31% of the total invested in the orchard.And the investments in capital construction and equipment were 33.69% of the total.520.2 thousand Yuan was invested in seeding periods of the later 15 years,that amounted to 90.22% of the total invested in superior seed producing area.(2)incomes of selling seeds totaled up to 644.1 thousand Yuan in 20 years of productive periods,that retrieved a fund of 616.5 thousand Yuan.The NPV was 296.6 thousand Yuan, IRR was 8.0%,and the BCR 1.42 Yuan.Through a period of 19 years and 3 months,the investments have been retrieved.(3)the volume genetic gain of good strains was 15.39%,so the good strain user would get 180.7 Yuan else by investing one Yuan after one lumbering rotation.Based on systematic methods,it showed a good social and economic benefit in this seed orchard.
1999, 12(1): 87-91.
Abstract:
Frost tolerance of Acacia melanoxylon and Acacia implexa introduced from the Australian temperate zone was evaluated on basis of conductivity along with multi variety analysis of Australian climatic factors.There was no significant difference for frost tolerance between the two Acacia species,and only slightly stronger frost tolerance of A.implexa was found.However,results showed very significant difference for hardiness among the 17 provenances of two Acacia species.The sensitizing range of low temperature for A.melanoxylon is -4 ℃,and -4～-6 ℃ for A.implexa.Most of provenances from northern areas (Queensland) with further southern latitude of 32°S showed lower frost tolerance with an exception of the seedlot from LAWLERS of NSW.There were 60% of seedlots from cooler areas showing stronger frost tolerance.A.melanoxylon seedlots with stronger hardiness are from RED CR.of TAS,GAMBIER of SA,LAWLERS of NSW and BONANG of VIC,and the A.implexa seedlots from SYDENHAM and PYALONG of VIC,YASS GUNNING of NSW.
Frost tolerance of Acacia melanoxylon and Acacia implexa introduced from the Australian temperate zone was evaluated on basis of conductivity along with multi variety analysis of Australian climatic factors.There was no significant difference for frost tolerance between the two Acacia species,and only slightly stronger frost tolerance of A.implexa was found.However,results showed very significant difference for hardiness among the 17 provenances of two Acacia species.The sensitizing range of low temperature for A.melanoxylon is -4 ℃,and -4～-6 ℃ for A.implexa.Most of provenances from northern areas (Queensland) with further southern latitude of 32°S showed lower frost tolerance with an exception of the seedlot from LAWLERS of NSW.There were 60% of seedlots from cooler areas showing stronger frost tolerance.A.melanoxylon seedlots with stronger hardiness are from RED CR.of TAS,GAMBIER of SA,LAWLERS of NSW and BONANG of VIC,and the A.implexa seedlots from SYDENHAM and PYALONG of VIC,YASS GUNNING of NSW.
1999, 12(1): 92-96.
Abstract:
During the period of controlling the overwintering generation Dendrolimus punctatus in similar stands in 5 forestry farms with the different control strategy along the southern shore of Changjiang River,arthropoda and entomogenous fungi communities were surveyed.The result showed that comparing the communities of the forestry farms with Beauveria bassiana releasing every year with that in the forestry farm controlled by insecticides,the species number of pests were around 50%,the individuals were 70% or so,the ratio of natural enemy to pest species number (Ns/Ps) was 0.72～0.83,the ratio of natural enemy to pest individuls number (Nn/Pn) was 0.44～0.45,idexes of diversity (H′) fluctuated little,and population densities of D.punctatus ≤2.0 heads/tree.Within the forestry farms with alternated releasing of B.bassiana and applying insecticides,overflowed applying insecticides,and non-controlling forestry farms,the pest species number was around 60%,individual number was 70% or so, Ns/Ps was 0.46～0.54, Nn/Pn 0.23～0.34, H′ fluctuated greatly,and the population densities of D.punctatus was 6.0～10.0 heads/tree,which was over the control threshold (5 heads/tree).A long time realesing B.bassiana formulation and selecting appropriate suppression were beneficial to optimizing community structure.
During the period of controlling the overwintering generation Dendrolimus punctatus in similar stands in 5 forestry farms with the different control strategy along the southern shore of Changjiang River,arthropoda and entomogenous fungi communities were surveyed.The result showed that comparing the communities of the forestry farms with Beauveria bassiana releasing every year with that in the forestry farm controlled by insecticides,the species number of pests were around 50%,the individuals were 70% or so,the ratio of natural enemy to pest species number (Ns/Ps) was 0.72～0.83,the ratio of natural enemy to pest individuls number (Nn/Pn) was 0.44～0.45,idexes of diversity (H′) fluctuated little,and population densities of D.punctatus ≤2.0 heads/tree.Within the forestry farms with alternated releasing of B.bassiana and applying insecticides,overflowed applying insecticides,and non-controlling forestry farms,the pest species number was around 60%,individual number was 70% or so, Ns/Ps was 0.46～0.54, Nn/Pn 0.23～0.34, H′ fluctuated greatly,and the population densities of D.punctatus was 6.0～10.0 heads/tree,which was over the control threshold (5 heads/tree).A long time realesing B.bassiana formulation and selecting appropriate suppression were beneficial to optimizing community structure.
1999, 12(1): 97-102.
Abstract:
Six loblolly pine trees of 27 a were cut down as analysis trees and sliced into 3 ring group wood samples for the determination of wood basic density,the within-tree variations of basic density were studied in details.The results showed there existed radial variation and vertical variation of the ring wood basic density and the cross section wood basic density of certain number of rings from pith.The radial variation from pith to bark at any given height is that the basic density increases from pith outward for about the first 15 rings and then levels out,the vertical variation from trunk base to top is that the basic density is the highest near the base and decreases fast upward within 3～5 m butt and then stays essentially constant with increasing height.The regression analyses show the certain ring wood basic density and cross section wood basic density is the function of ring position from pith and sample height, BD=a+b/R+c/H .The age of transition from juvenile to mature wood is about 12 a,the wood basic density correlation of young timber stage and mature timber stage become notable and steady with the increase of age of young timber,the early selection for wood basic density would be done after the transition age of juvenile to mature wood.
Six loblolly pine trees of 27 a were cut down as analysis trees and sliced into 3 ring group wood samples for the determination of wood basic density,the within-tree variations of basic density were studied in details.The results showed there existed radial variation and vertical variation of the ring wood basic density and the cross section wood basic density of certain number of rings from pith.The radial variation from pith to bark at any given height is that the basic density increases from pith outward for about the first 15 rings and then levels out,the vertical variation from trunk base to top is that the basic density is the highest near the base and decreases fast upward within 3～5 m butt and then stays essentially constant with increasing height.The regression analyses show the certain ring wood basic density and cross section wood basic density is the function of ring position from pith and sample height, BD=a+b/R+c/H .The age of transition from juvenile to mature wood is about 12 a,the wood basic density correlation of young timber stage and mature timber stage become notable and steady with the increase of age of young timber,the early selection for wood basic density would be done after the transition age of juvenile to mature wood.
1999, 12(1): 103-107.
Abstract:
The accumulation of free proline in some major tree species growing in dry and hot river valley of Jinsha during both dry and rainy seasons has respectively been determined.The result shows that the free proline content in Acacia manguim,Tephrosia candida,A.podalyriifolia,A.auriliformia,A.confusa,A.holosericea and Dodonaea viscosa increased significantly than in any other species in dry season.No observable changes have been found as for the content of free proline in Eucalyptus camaldulensia,E.camaldlensia from Thailand, E.citriodora,E.urophylla,E.robusta,Leucaena leucocephala,Acacia glauca,Zizyphus mauritiana in both seasons.There is not obvious interrelation between the accumulation of free proline and drought resistance in the plants whether among different species,or among the same tree species from different area,or from different ecological forms.It seems that there is certain limitation to utilize the content of free proline as the indices as plant drought resistance.However,using the free proline as indices or parameter to determine the physiological change in some plants under water stress is suggested.
The accumulation of free proline in some major tree species growing in dry and hot river valley of Jinsha during both dry and rainy seasons has respectively been determined.The result shows that the free proline content in Acacia manguim,Tephrosia candida,A.podalyriifolia,A.auriliformia,A.confusa,A.holosericea and Dodonaea viscosa increased significantly than in any other species in dry season.No observable changes have been found as for the content of free proline in Eucalyptus camaldulensia,E.camaldlensia from Thailand, E.citriodora,E.urophylla,E.robusta,Leucaena leucocephala,Acacia glauca,Zizyphus mauritiana in both seasons.There is not obvious interrelation between the accumulation of free proline and drought resistance in the plants whether among different species,or among the same tree species from different area,or from different ecological forms.It seems that there is certain limitation to utilize the content of free proline as the indices as plant drought resistance.However,using the free proline as indices or parameter to determine the physiological change in some plants under water stress is suggested.
1999, 12(1): 108-110.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the study on the main factors,such as the infection concentration,infection instar and temperature,affecting the propagation of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) of poplar looper, Apocheima cinerarius, the artificially reared 3～4 instars larvae were fed with the surface inoculated medium and it proved that the optimal concentration is 2.5×106PIB·mL-1 on condition that the temperature is 20 ℃.The result showed that the 4-instar larvae were the best for inoculation.The average propagating total of polyhedral inclusion bodies(PIB) is 2.40×109～2.43×109PIB.
This paper deals with the study on the main factors,such as the infection concentration,infection instar and temperature,affecting the propagation of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) of poplar looper, Apocheima cinerarius, the artificially reared 3～4 instars larvae were fed with the surface inoculated medium and it proved that the optimal concentration is 2.5×106PIB·mL-1 on condition that the temperature is 20 ℃.The result showed that the 4-instar larvae were the best for inoculation.The average propagating total of polyhedral inclusion bodies(PIB) is 2.40×109～2.43×109PIB.
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