2000 Vol. 13, No. 3
Display Method:
2000, 13(3): 225-232.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
seed lots of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) were introduced from United States,Australia and Zimbabwe,from 1989 to 1996. Among these seed lots,there were 6 provenances,188 half sib families,and 213 full-sib families.One provenance trial stand,6 gene resource stands were established with a total of 370 seed lots in Taishan Hongling Seed Orchard.And the seed lot from the primary slash pine seed orchard in Taishan was used as control (CK).The total area of these stands was 16.85 hm2.Based on data from these seven stands,the growth performance and selection potential of these new exotic materials were evaluated,and the reliability of early selection was studied.The results showed that the new materials had good adaptability and the survival rates of stands were above 90%.66.67% provenance and 82.14% families grown better than the CK did.The realized gains were 10.07% and 30.45% respectively for height and volume growth.It was estimated that the predicted genetic gains of plus trees from these new materials would be 28.51% and 60.79% respectively for height and volume,according to the combined selection method that the top 50% families were selected from these new resources,and then 2 plus trees within each selected family.Correlation coefficients between height growth at age 1,and height,diameter breast height and volume at age 3 and the increment at age 7 were greatly significant.Those families growing poorer at age 3 could not performance very well at age 7.
seed lots of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) were introduced from United States,Australia and Zimbabwe,from 1989 to 1996. Among these seed lots,there were 6 provenances,188 half sib families,and 213 full-sib families.One provenance trial stand,6 gene resource stands were established with a total of 370 seed lots in Taishan Hongling Seed Orchard.And the seed lot from the primary slash pine seed orchard in Taishan was used as control (CK).The total area of these stands was 16.85 hm2.Based on data from these seven stands,the growth performance and selection potential of these new exotic materials were evaluated,and the reliability of early selection was studied.The results showed that the new materials had good adaptability and the survival rates of stands were above 90%.66.67% provenance and 82.14% families grown better than the CK did.The realized gains were 10.07% and 30.45% respectively for height and volume growth.It was estimated that the predicted genetic gains of plus trees from these new materials would be 28.51% and 60.79% respectively for height and volume,according to the combined selection method that the top 50% families were selected from these new resources,and then 2 plus trees within each selected family.Correlation coefficients between height growth at age 1,and height,diameter breast height and volume at age 3 and the increment at age 7 were greatly significant.Those families growing poorer at age 3 could not performance very well at age 7.
2000, 13(3): 233-238.
Abstract:
The basal area growth model under the integrated whole stand model system is tested based on the permanent plots of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) in Dagangshan Experiment Bureau,Jiangxi Province.The results showed that the basal area growth model is suitable to both the free growth and thinned stand.The growth process for a stand,particularly for the thinned stand,can be fitted and predicted by using integrated whole stand growth model system so as to provide some helpful suggestions.As a competition index,crown competition factor can be used to determine the growth phase of a given stand.
The basal area growth model under the integrated whole stand model system is tested based on the permanent plots of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) in Dagangshan Experiment Bureau,Jiangxi Province.The results showed that the basal area growth model is suitable to both the free growth and thinned stand.The growth process for a stand,particularly for the thinned stand,can be fitted and predicted by using integrated whole stand growth model system so as to provide some helpful suggestions.As a competition index,crown competition factor can be used to determine the growth phase of a given stand.
2000, 13(3): 239-248.
Abstract:
Based on the Brink revised formula,a generalized stem form model was established,by which the changes of tree stem of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation can be well described at different sites,densities and ages.Of the generalized stem form model,parameter i is correlated to diameter breast high (DBH) and the value will be larger when the DBH increases;while parameter q is correlated to tree height (H) and the value will be smaller when the H decrease,which verified the conclusion by Gadow,et al.Parameter p is unrelated to both H and DBH and verified the research results by Steingass.Parameter p is weak negatively correlated to density,while parameter q is weak-positively correlated to density.Parameter q is correlated to site and the value will be larger with site index,too.When simulating stem form,the generalized stem form models with bark and without bark should be used respectively.
Based on the Brink revised formula,a generalized stem form model was established,by which the changes of tree stem of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation can be well described at different sites,densities and ages.Of the generalized stem form model,parameter i is correlated to diameter breast high (DBH) and the value will be larger when the DBH increases;while parameter q is correlated to tree height (H) and the value will be smaller when the H decrease,which verified the conclusion by Gadow,et al.Parameter p is unrelated to both H and DBH and verified the research results by Steingass.Parameter p is weak negatively correlated to density,while parameter q is weak-positively correlated to density.Parameter q is correlated to site and the value will be larger with site index,too.When simulating stem form,the generalized stem form models with bark and without bark should be used respectively.
2000, 13(3): 249-256.
Abstract:
Mycorrhizal biotechnology can raise the resistance to drought of Castanea mollissima seedlings:increase the content of bound water in leaf by 12.08%～57.49%;under the condition of water stress,delay the time of leaf wilting up to 1～1.8 days,advance recovery time from wilting up to 0.2～1.2 days after irrigation,decrease wilting coefficient by 21.95%～58.04%,amplify net photosynthesis rate by 3.84%～230.72%.The study demonstrates that inoculation can change the organic structure:increase the degree of leaf succulence by 0.09%～7.88%,specific leaf area by 2.67%～18.83%.It influences the physiological characters:raise leaf water holding ability and decrease water saturation deficit by 3.54%～29.61%.Degree of leaf succulence,specific leaf area and leaf water holding ability were adopted in the research of mycorrhizae firstly.Additionally,transpiration rate (expressing with stomatal resistance and conductance) of inoculating seedlings is lower than the control group under water stress while it is higher under normal condition.At the same time,inoculation improve the water use efficiency of Castanea mollissima,i.e 7.89%～79.78% under water stress,4.78%～63.89% under normal condition.Free proline content increases rapidly in control group seedlings 50.54%.It does indicate that the control group is deficient of water supply,but the inoculated seedlings still not or little feels water stress.In sum, Boletus edulis,Xerocomus chrysenteron and Cortinarius sublanatus are good ECM fungi of Castanea mollissima.
Mycorrhizal biotechnology can raise the resistance to drought of Castanea mollissima seedlings:increase the content of bound water in leaf by 12.08%～57.49%;under the condition of water stress,delay the time of leaf wilting up to 1～1.8 days,advance recovery time from wilting up to 0.2～1.2 days after irrigation,decrease wilting coefficient by 21.95%～58.04%,amplify net photosynthesis rate by 3.84%～230.72%.The study demonstrates that inoculation can change the organic structure:increase the degree of leaf succulence by 0.09%～7.88%,specific leaf area by 2.67%～18.83%.It influences the physiological characters:raise leaf water holding ability and decrease water saturation deficit by 3.54%～29.61%.Degree of leaf succulence,specific leaf area and leaf water holding ability were adopted in the research of mycorrhizae firstly.Additionally,transpiration rate (expressing with stomatal resistance and conductance) of inoculating seedlings is lower than the control group under water stress while it is higher under normal condition.At the same time,inoculation improve the water use efficiency of Castanea mollissima,i.e 7.89%～79.78% under water stress,4.78%～63.89% under normal condition.Free proline content increases rapidly in control group seedlings 50.54%.It does indicate that the control group is deficient of water supply,but the inoculated seedlings still not or little feels water stress.In sum, Boletus edulis,Xerocomus chrysenteron and Cortinarius sublanatus are good ECM fungi of Castanea mollissima.
2000, 13(3): 257-261.
Abstract:
Concentrations of magnolol and honokiol contained in 39 bark samples of 13 seed sources from a five-year-old provenance test plantation were determined by means of HPLC.It’s concluned that such quality characteristics as concentrations of magnolol and honokiol,the total concentration of phenolic compounds in Magnolia officinalis,and the proportion of magnolol to honokiol differ significantly or most significantly among various seed sources.Phenolic compounds from the seed source of west of Hubei,the leaf of which has a tip,are the highest in concentrations,with those from the seed source of Mt.Lushan,the leaf of which is concave in the tip,being the lowest.The total concentration of the former is 10.34 times as high as that of the latter.The four quality characteristics are all genetically controlled intensely.The heritabilities of the seed sources of various characters are from to 0.7585～0.9465.Geographic variation of various characters is in dual directions,longitudinal and latitudinal,with longitudinal variations being dominant.
Concentrations of magnolol and honokiol contained in 39 bark samples of 13 seed sources from a five-year-old provenance test plantation were determined by means of HPLC.It’s concluned that such quality characteristics as concentrations of magnolol and honokiol,the total concentration of phenolic compounds in Magnolia officinalis,and the proportion of magnolol to honokiol differ significantly or most significantly among various seed sources.Phenolic compounds from the seed source of west of Hubei,the leaf of which has a tip,are the highest in concentrations,with those from the seed source of Mt.Lushan,the leaf of which is concave in the tip,being the lowest.The total concentration of the former is 10.34 times as high as that of the latter.The four quality characteristics are all genetically controlled intensely.The heritabilities of the seed sources of various characters are from to 0.7585～0.9465.Geographic variation of various characters is in dual directions,longitudinal and latitudinal,with longitudinal variations being dominant.
2000, 13(3): 262-267.
Abstract:
Studies on selecting Monochamus alternatus attractant were made from 1998 to 1999.The results showed that the attract ability of the attra tant M99-1 to the pine sawyer adult is the strongest.Main componentes of the attractant M99-1 were terpent,acetaldehyde and acetone.Each trap can catch 151.5 pine sawyers in average,and the amount of egg declined by 1204.4.It is concluded that this attractant played an important role in monitoring the population density of M.alternatus,the amount of adult carring Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and controling the pine sawyer.
Studies on selecting Monochamus alternatus attractant were made from 1998 to 1999.The results showed that the attract ability of the attra tant M99-1 to the pine sawyer adult is the strongest.Main componentes of the attractant M99-1 were terpent,acetaldehyde and acetone.Each trap can catch 151.5 pine sawyers in average,and the amount of egg declined by 1204.4.It is concluded that this attractant played an important role in monitoring the population density of M.alternatus,the amount of adult carring Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and controling the pine sawyer.
2000, 13(3): 268-273.
Abstract:
Preliminary results showed that the seedlings of Acacia mangium and A. crassicarpa were capable of forming ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) associations. The average infective rates of both mycorrhizal associations varied from 49.5% to 73.33%. Five months after inoculation,the average heights of A.mangium and A.crassicarpa were increased by 53.9%～148.99% and 31.7%～95.39% respectively compared to those of controls. The biomass was accordingly increased by 208%～396% and 294%～441.5% respectively.Seedilings of both tree species indicated strong mycorrhizal dependency (MD) on inoculant fungi,except relatively weak MD for A.mangium on either VAM fungus isolate B9302 or ECM fungus 99215 and 94070.The highest MD were 542 of A. crassicarpa on ECM isolate 9439. Another experiment with various inoculum products showed that American inoculum No.2 posed the best effectiveness on the growth of seedlings. Among these fungal isolates,more compatible isolates for the two Acacia species were screened and can be further tested in field trials. Experimental results also indicated that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi could enhance nodule formation by rhizobia.
Preliminary results showed that the seedlings of Acacia mangium and A. crassicarpa were capable of forming ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) associations. The average infective rates of both mycorrhizal associations varied from 49.5% to 73.33%. Five months after inoculation,the average heights of A.mangium and A.crassicarpa were increased by 53.9%～148.99% and 31.7%～95.39% respectively compared to those of controls. The biomass was accordingly increased by 208%～396% and 294%～441.5% respectively.Seedilings of both tree species indicated strong mycorrhizal dependency (MD) on inoculant fungi,except relatively weak MD for A.mangium on either VAM fungus isolate B9302 or ECM fungus 99215 and 94070.The highest MD were 542 of A. crassicarpa on ECM isolate 9439. Another experiment with various inoculum products showed that American inoculum No.2 posed the best effectiveness on the growth of seedlings. Among these fungal isolates,more compatible isolates for the two Acacia species were screened and can be further tested in field trials. Experimental results also indicated that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi could enhance nodule formation by rhizobia.
2000, 13(3): 274-279.
Abstract:
The fertilization experiment for young Casuarina equisetifolia plantation inoculated with Frankia was conducted. The results showed that the effect of fertilization of C. equisetifolia young trees inoculated with Frankia were significant on trees growth,the mean tree height,DBH and volume for the application fertilizer were 0.8%～57.1%,10.1%～55.3% and 0.88014～2.81704 m3·hm-2 ·a-1 than that of the control treatment (no fertilizer treatment). The optimum recipe were the N100P250K37.5 treatment. P fertilizer was a primary factor for growth at the first and second year,N fertilizer was a primary factor for growth at the third and fourth year. The N contents in foliage were also obviously different among the treatments.
The fertilization experiment for young Casuarina equisetifolia plantation inoculated with Frankia was conducted. The results showed that the effect of fertilization of C. equisetifolia young trees inoculated with Frankia were significant on trees growth,the mean tree height,DBH and volume for the application fertilizer were 0.8%～57.1%,10.1%～55.3% and 0.88014～2.81704 m3·hm-2 ·a-1 than that of the control treatment (no fertilizer treatment). The optimum recipe were the N100P250K37.5 treatment. P fertilizer was a primary factor for growth at the first and second year,N fertilizer was a primary factor for growth at the third and fourth year. The N contents in foliage were also obviously different among the treatments.
2000, 13(3): 280-285.
Abstract:
Seed germination biology of Taxus mairei from Lianzhou,north Guangdong Province was studied. The main results showed:(1)The weight of per thousand freshly harvested mature fruits was 479.5±14.2 g,the dry weight of per thousand seeds was 73.785±1.249 g,and the average size of embryo was 2.66±0.36 mm in length and 0.86±0.13 mm in breadth. (2)The germination experiment revealed that the freshly harvested seeds was shown deep dormancy characteristics because they seriously delay their germination under moisture and at 25℃ conditions and only appeared little rupture of seed coat through 52 weeks. (3)The seeds were easy to loss water and to imbibe water. The water contents of washed seeds respectively came down to 26.93% and 12.52% under shady condition for 24 h and a week,but the absorbing water of seeds can went up 44.39% at 25℃ for 24 h. It seemed that the seed coat was quite permeable. (4)The water extract from seeds could inhibit the germination of Brassica parachinensis. Comparison with germination in distilled water,the reduction of germination percentage of B. parachinensis by commensurate extract with 100 mg dry weight of seeds of per milliliter was called “relative germination inhibiting rate (R100)” in present study. The R100 of water extract of freshly harvested seeds of T. mairei was 64.52%. (5)The seeds were exposed in “warm temperature (25℃) stratification-low temperature (5℃) stratification” for different corresponding duration:12-36 weeks,24-24 weeks,and 36-12 weeks,respectively. The results showed that 36-12 weeks was most effective to break the dormancy of seeds of T. mairei. Ending off this stratification,the germination rate counted up to 74.9% (range from 64.0% to 82.2%) in 28 days. But (6) if above seeds were imbibed for 24 h in (A) mixed solution of 1000 mg·L-1 gibberellin (GA) and 100 mg·L-1 indoleacetic acid (IAA) and (B) distilled water,the significant difference about seed germination still weren’t observed between seeds by pretreatment of mixed solution and by distilled water.
Seed germination biology of Taxus mairei from Lianzhou,north Guangdong Province was studied. The main results showed:(1)The weight of per thousand freshly harvested mature fruits was 479.5±14.2 g,the dry weight of per thousand seeds was 73.785±1.249 g,and the average size of embryo was 2.66±0.36 mm in length and 0.86±0.13 mm in breadth. (2)The germination experiment revealed that the freshly harvested seeds was shown deep dormancy characteristics because they seriously delay their germination under moisture and at 25℃ conditions and only appeared little rupture of seed coat through 52 weeks. (3)The seeds were easy to loss water and to imbibe water. The water contents of washed seeds respectively came down to 26.93% and 12.52% under shady condition for 24 h and a week,but the absorbing water of seeds can went up 44.39% at 25℃ for 24 h. It seemed that the seed coat was quite permeable. (4)The water extract from seeds could inhibit the germination of Brassica parachinensis. Comparison with germination in distilled water,the reduction of germination percentage of B. parachinensis by commensurate extract with 100 mg dry weight of seeds of per milliliter was called “relative germination inhibiting rate (R100)” in present study. The R100 of water extract of freshly harvested seeds of T. mairei was 64.52%. (5)The seeds were exposed in “warm temperature (25℃) stratification-low temperature (5℃) stratification” for different corresponding duration:12-36 weeks,24-24 weeks,and 36-12 weeks,respectively. The results showed that 36-12 weeks was most effective to break the dormancy of seeds of T. mairei. Ending off this stratification,the germination rate counted up to 74.9% (range from 64.0% to 82.2%) in 28 days. But (6) if above seeds were imbibed for 24 h in (A) mixed solution of 1000 mg·L-1 gibberellin (GA) and 100 mg·L-1 indoleacetic acid (IAA) and (B) distilled water,the significant difference about seed germination still weren’t observed between seeds by pretreatment of mixed solution and by distilled water.
2000, 13(3): 286-289.
Abstract:
The research into consecutive 8 year effect of fertilizer to juvenile masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantation was conducted in hilly red soil derived from granite at Shaowu City of Fujian Province from 1992 to 1999. The results show that there is no significant effect both for P (calsium magnesium phosphate) and other fertilizers to total growth or average annual growth in young masson pine plantation at the eighth year after treatment. The effect of P lonely or its mixture with N (urea) and K (potassium chloride) could be observed at least until the sixth year and the seventh year to some extent.And single urea treatment or potassium chloride did not significantly influence the growth.
The research into consecutive 8 year effect of fertilizer to juvenile masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantation was conducted in hilly red soil derived from granite at Shaowu City of Fujian Province from 1992 to 1999. The results show that there is no significant effect both for P (calsium magnesium phosphate) and other fertilizers to total growth or average annual growth in young masson pine plantation at the eighth year after treatment. The effect of P lonely or its mixture with N (urea) and K (potassium chloride) could be observed at least until the sixth year and the seventh year to some extent.And single urea treatment or potassium chloride did not significantly influence the growth.
2000, 13(3): 290-294.
Abstract:
Thirteen floral and fruit quantitative traits of Liriodendron interspecific hybrids (L. chinense×L. tulipifera) and its parent species were studied. The results showed that great differences among groups were found for the length of perianth segment (LP) and 8 other traits, which could be used in group discrimination. The length of anther (LA) and 10 other traits are different significantly among individuals in groups. This indicates that there has higher level polymorphism in groups. Compared with L. tulipifera, the hybrids are more like L. chinense in the number of stamen (NS) and 7 other traits, while the width of perianth segment (WP) and 3 other characters showed patroclinal inheritance or patroclinal transgressive inheritance. By means of the methods of cluster analysis and principal components analysis the specimens were grouped successfully.
Thirteen floral and fruit quantitative traits of Liriodendron interspecific hybrids (L. chinense×L. tulipifera) and its parent species were studied. The results showed that great differences among groups were found for the length of perianth segment (LP) and 8 other traits, which could be used in group discrimination. The length of anther (LA) and 10 other traits are different significantly among individuals in groups. This indicates that there has higher level polymorphism in groups. Compared with L. tulipifera, the hybrids are more like L. chinense in the number of stamen (NS) and 7 other traits, while the width of perianth segment (WP) and 3 other characters showed patroclinal inheritance or patroclinal transgressive inheritance. By means of the methods of cluster analysis and principal components analysis the specimens were grouped successfully.
2000, 13(3): 295-300.
Abstract:
Global climate change is an undoubtedly fact. It is very important to evaluate and predict impact of climate warming on tree growth. This study is attempted to determine the impact of global warming on growth of forest tree using data from provenance tests of masson pine (Pinus massoniana) as an example. It was found that Schmidtling’s regression model predicts a loss of about 8% in height growth if the average yearly temperature increases by 2℃. The author believes that Schmidtling’s regression method couldn’t be used to precisely evaluate the effect of climate warming because of its inherently shortcoming. Based on Matyas’s growth response model and author’s research foundation,therefore,the author tries to model response functions of various provenances at average yearly temperature gradient,calculate height changes at different geographic areas after climate warming and establish response model of height change with average yearly temperatures or latitudes of seed sources. The results indicated that impacts of climate warming on masson pine height growth at different geographic zones could be predicted with response model of height change. An increase in average yearly temperature by 2℃ will result in accelerated growth at the northern part of masson pine distribution area if precipitation is sufficient,and at the southern of distribution area,the growth will decline.
Global climate change is an undoubtedly fact. It is very important to evaluate and predict impact of climate warming on tree growth. This study is attempted to determine the impact of global warming on growth of forest tree using data from provenance tests of masson pine (Pinus massoniana) as an example. It was found that Schmidtling’s regression model predicts a loss of about 8% in height growth if the average yearly temperature increases by 2℃. The author believes that Schmidtling’s regression method couldn’t be used to precisely evaluate the effect of climate warming because of its inherently shortcoming. Based on Matyas’s growth response model and author’s research foundation,therefore,the author tries to model response functions of various provenances at average yearly temperature gradient,calculate height changes at different geographic areas after climate warming and establish response model of height change with average yearly temperatures or latitudes of seed sources. The results indicated that impacts of climate warming on masson pine height growth at different geographic zones could be predicted with response model of height change. An increase in average yearly temperature by 2℃ will result in accelerated growth at the northern part of masson pine distribution area if precipitation is sufficient,and at the southern of distribution area,the growth will decline.
2000, 13(3): 301-307.
Abstract:
Sustainable management of forestry has been becoming a central issue in recent years,while sustainable management of genetic resources is an important part. Information on population genetic variation plays a critical role in guiding sustainable management of genetic resources of tree species. Some relvant theories and their association with sustainable management were discussed in detail in this paper,including mating system,origination and formation of populations,spatial variation,population genetic structure,and the interaction between genotype and environment. Detection of these kinds of information was carried out by using selectively neutral molecular markers and adaptive quantitative traits. Comprehensive use of the information detected by both types of genetic markers can contribute to decision-making on conservation of genetic resources,on ideal size of population maintained and on appropriate management for utility in the future.
Sustainable management of forestry has been becoming a central issue in recent years,while sustainable management of genetic resources is an important part. Information on population genetic variation plays a critical role in guiding sustainable management of genetic resources of tree species. Some relvant theories and their association with sustainable management were discussed in detail in this paper,including mating system,origination and formation of populations,spatial variation,population genetic structure,and the interaction between genotype and environment. Detection of these kinds of information was carried out by using selectively neutral molecular markers and adaptive quantitative traits. Comprehensive use of the information detected by both types of genetic markers can contribute to decision-making on conservation of genetic resources,on ideal size of population maintained and on appropriate management for utility in the future.
2000, 13(3): 308-315.
Abstract:
Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.,introduced from Japan,has become one of the important tree species for plantations in subtropical zones in China. In this paper,the geographical distribution,biology,ecology,genetics,and silvics were studied and reviewed for the species. The results showed that:(1)it is a fast-growing tree with shallow roots,the annual increment is 50 cm for tree height and 0.6 cm for DBH;(2) it can be planted in a variety of ecozones,but best planted in warm and humid sites although it can tolerate a minimum air temperature of -25℃,with soil pH 5.0～7.2;(3) the slope and altitude have significant influence on its growth rate;(4) it releases dormancy and begins to grow in Spring when the air temperature reaches 10℃ and 15℃ respectively;(5) it can be propagated by seeds or by cuttings,the germination percentage is 30%～40%;(6) the initial planting space is from 1.5 m×1.5 m to 2.0 m× 2.0 m,but less than 3000 trees per hectare is preferred. Finally,it is pointed out that for Japanese cedar in China,the major problems are the narrow genetic base for plantations,and only pure stands have been established,which is apt to lead to site decline.
Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.,introduced from Japan,has become one of the important tree species for plantations in subtropical zones in China. In this paper,the geographical distribution,biology,ecology,genetics,and silvics were studied and reviewed for the species. The results showed that:(1)it is a fast-growing tree with shallow roots,the annual increment is 50 cm for tree height and 0.6 cm for DBH;(2) it can be planted in a variety of ecozones,but best planted in warm and humid sites although it can tolerate a minimum air temperature of -25℃,with soil pH 5.0～7.2;(3) the slope and altitude have significant influence on its growth rate;(4) it releases dormancy and begins to grow in Spring when the air temperature reaches 10℃ and 15℃ respectively;(5) it can be propagated by seeds or by cuttings,the germination percentage is 30%～40%;(6) the initial planting space is from 1.5 m×1.5 m to 2.0 m× 2.0 m,but less than 3000 trees per hectare is preferred. Finally,it is pointed out that for Japanese cedar in China,the major problems are the narrow genetic base for plantations,and only pure stands have been established,which is apt to lead to site decline.
2000, 13(3): 316-322.
Abstract:
Toxins are believed to be determinants of pathogenicity or virulene in tree pathogen interaction. This paper summarized the recent studies on chemistry, mechanisms of action, genetics, and applications of the toxins produced by tree pathogens. It also points out the feasibility and prospects of using toxins to control tree diseascs.
Toxins are believed to be determinants of pathogenicity or virulene in tree pathogen interaction. This paper summarized the recent studies on chemistry, mechanisms of action, genetics, and applications of the toxins produced by tree pathogens. It also points out the feasibility and prospects of using toxins to control tree diseascs.
2000, 13(3): 323-327.
Abstract:
The annual mean temperature and other 10 climatic factors were selected as the main factors for comparison by using the method of Euclidean fuzzy distance similitude priority ratio. The sequence of similarity degree of climatic and ecological conditions of 126 cities or stations in China and of the main persimmon production region in Japan were analyzed by QBASIC programme. And the China’s suitable climatic and ecological region for introducing Japanese sweet persimmon (Diospyros kaki) were divided in the light of practical introduction and cultivation experiments. The authors divided China into 3 climatic and ecological regions according to their suitability for cultivating Japanese sweet persimmon.
The annual mean temperature and other 10 climatic factors were selected as the main factors for comparison by using the method of Euclidean fuzzy distance similitude priority ratio. The sequence of similarity degree of climatic and ecological conditions of 126 cities or stations in China and of the main persimmon production region in Japan were analyzed by QBASIC programme. And the China’s suitable climatic and ecological region for introducing Japanese sweet persimmon (Diospyros kaki) were divided in the light of practical introduction and cultivation experiments. The authors divided China into 3 climatic and ecological regions according to their suitability for cultivating Japanese sweet persimmon.
2000, 13(3): 328-332.
Abstract:
The thickness of snow accumulated near different kinds of protection forest, i.e. shelterbelt (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) with ventilation structure, grouped protection forest (P. sylvestris var. mongolica) with closed structure, and the protection forest (Lespedeza bicolor) with loose structure, at Baiyinhua Sand in Fuxin of Liaoning Province were measured. The shape of snow drift on the windward side and leeward side near shelterbelt was long and thin, and distributed evenly. The farther the snow drift away from the shelterbelt, the more even it distributed. The grouped protection forest had the thickest snow accumulated (30.5 cm) on the forest edge on the windward side, but distributed unevenly. The snow accumulated on the edge of leeward side of protection forest with loose structure was 15.8 cm in thickness, and the snow in the forest was thicker than the average. Grouped protection had the greatest influence on the thickness of snow accumulated, followed by the forest with loose structure, and the shelterbelt the least. The effective distance of snow accumulation on lee side was longer (84 m at its maximum) than on windward side (42 m at its maximum). Mathematical equations were established by regression analysis to forecast the thickness of snow at different distances away from the forests.
The thickness of snow accumulated near different kinds of protection forest, i.e. shelterbelt (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) with ventilation structure, grouped protection forest (P. sylvestris var. mongolica) with closed structure, and the protection forest (Lespedeza bicolor) with loose structure, at Baiyinhua Sand in Fuxin of Liaoning Province were measured. The shape of snow drift on the windward side and leeward side near shelterbelt was long and thin, and distributed evenly. The farther the snow drift away from the shelterbelt, the more even it distributed. The grouped protection forest had the thickest snow accumulated (30.5 cm) on the forest edge on the windward side, but distributed unevenly. The snow accumulated on the edge of leeward side of protection forest with loose structure was 15.8 cm in thickness, and the snow in the forest was thicker than the average. Grouped protection had the greatest influence on the thickness of snow accumulated, followed by the forest with loose structure, and the shelterbelt the least. The effective distance of snow accumulation on lee side was longer (84 m at its maximum) than on windward side (42 m at its maximum). Mathematical equations were established by regression analysis to forecast the thickness of snow at different distances away from the forests.
2000, 13(3): 333-341.
Abstract:
Located in the south of Hainan Island,Yalongwan is a famous scenic spot and vacation land. There is abundant butterfly fauna in natural secondary forests of Yalongwan due to the special geographical location. Up to now, 181 butterfly species belonging to 114 genera, 11 families have been collected. 1 new subspecies, 9 species endemic to Hainan Island, 5 rare species, 26 species of higher ornamental valus, and 29 dominance species were founded. 149 butterfly species in Yalongwan belong to Orient Region, accounting for 82.32% of total species. A butterfly exhibition garden has been established in Yalongwan. The garden contains a butterfly exhibition hall, a natural and net closed yard for exhibiting live butterfly, butterfly raising hall and other relative facilities with characteristics of reasonable layout, good viewing and high value for popularizing the knowledge about butterfly. The ecological benefits in natural and net closed yard are increased by combining natural tropical plants and brook. The close combination of artificial and natural butterfly yard will benefit to the sustainable utilization of butterfly resources. After one year of opening to the outsides, totaling 205020 persons visit the garden which brings $2665272 (RMB) ticket incomes and $666229.9 incomes of selling butterfly artwares. Cosponsored by Butterfly Branch of China Insect Academy and Yalongwan Limited Co., the first national butterfly workshop was held in the Yalongwan in 1998. In shot, great ecological, economic and social benefits have been made in Yalongwan.
Located in the south of Hainan Island,Yalongwan is a famous scenic spot and vacation land. There is abundant butterfly fauna in natural secondary forests of Yalongwan due to the special geographical location. Up to now, 181 butterfly species belonging to 114 genera, 11 families have been collected. 1 new subspecies, 9 species endemic to Hainan Island, 5 rare species, 26 species of higher ornamental valus, and 29 dominance species were founded. 149 butterfly species in Yalongwan belong to Orient Region, accounting for 82.32% of total species. A butterfly exhibition garden has been established in Yalongwan. The garden contains a butterfly exhibition hall, a natural and net closed yard for exhibiting live butterfly, butterfly raising hall and other relative facilities with characteristics of reasonable layout, good viewing and high value for popularizing the knowledge about butterfly. The ecological benefits in natural and net closed yard are increased by combining natural tropical plants and brook. The close combination of artificial and natural butterfly yard will benefit to the sustainable utilization of butterfly resources. After one year of opening to the outsides, totaling 205020 persons visit the garden which brings $2665272 (RMB) ticket incomes and $666229.9 incomes of selling butterfly artwares. Cosponsored by Butterfly Branch of China Insect Academy and Yalongwan Limited Co., the first national butterfly workshop was held in the Yalongwan in 1998. In shot, great ecological, economic and social benefits have been made in Yalongwan.
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