2002 Vol. 15, No. 3
Display Method:
2002, 15(3): 251-255.
Abstract:
Seven pine species were inoculated by pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at Nanjing, in next year the samples were taken above the inoculate sites of alive pines which did not have any outer symptom and isolated nematodes. The result showed that the latent infection of PWN was more common. and it varied on different pine species. After inoculation the susceptible pines, Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora, died fast. When the inoculum dose was very small, the latent infection could happen. For resistant pines, P. taeda and P. elliiottii, the latent infection was more common and the PWN number in the samples was higher. For moderate resistant pines, P. rigida and P. massoniana, the universal level of latent infection and PWN number in the samples were mid. After inoculation P. echinata did not wilt and there were no any nematodes in the samples. The result of PWN transmission by Monochamus alternatus test showed that after maturition feeding of PWN free beetles on the pine branches inoculated by PWN, the beetles can carry PWN and transmit the nematodes to healthy pine branches.
Seven pine species were inoculated by pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at Nanjing, in next year the samples were taken above the inoculate sites of alive pines which did not have any outer symptom and isolated nematodes. The result showed that the latent infection of PWN was more common. and it varied on different pine species. After inoculation the susceptible pines, Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora, died fast. When the inoculum dose was very small, the latent infection could happen. For resistant pines, P. taeda and P. elliiottii, the latent infection was more common and the PWN number in the samples was higher. For moderate resistant pines, P. rigida and P. massoniana, the universal level of latent infection and PWN number in the samples were mid. After inoculation P. echinata did not wilt and there were no any nematodes in the samples. The result of PWN transmission by Monochamus alternatus test showed that after maturition feeding of PWN free beetles on the pine branches inoculated by PWN, the beetles can carry PWN and transmit the nematodes to healthy pine branches.
2002, 15(3): 256-260.
Abstract:
A pair of primers were designed according to the 1 aminocyclopropone 1 carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase gene of carnation and the primers were used to amplify the genomic DNA fragment of about 1.2 kb by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)by taking genome DNA from 'American' carnation leaves as template. The PCR product was cloned into T tailing pMD18 vector. Sequencing indicated that the ACC oxidase gene included three exons interrupted by 2 introns with identical positions as they are in tomato. ACC oxidase gene were respectively cloned into plant expression vector pMOGMON in sense and antisense orientation. Recombinant expression vectors were identified by restriction enzyme and PCR analysis. PCR indicated plant expression vectors were transferred into A. tumefaciens.
A pair of primers were designed according to the 1 aminocyclopropone 1 carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase gene of carnation and the primers were used to amplify the genomic DNA fragment of about 1.2 kb by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)by taking genome DNA from 'American' carnation leaves as template. The PCR product was cloned into T tailing pMD18 vector. Sequencing indicated that the ACC oxidase gene included three exons interrupted by 2 introns with identical positions as they are in tomato. ACC oxidase gene were respectively cloned into plant expression vector pMOGMON in sense and antisense orientation. Recombinant expression vectors were identified by restriction enzyme and PCR analysis. PCR indicated plant expression vectors were transferred into A. tumefaciens.
2002, 15(3): 261-268.
Abstract:
Several activation agents were used to treat various phosphate fertilizers and their biological effect and mechanism in soil under the eucalypt plantation on basalt latolol were studied. The results are as follows: (1) The growth of eucalypt increased markedly in soil under the eucalypt plantation on basalt latolol when potted plants were tested by a few activation matters to examine the phosphatic manure. The phosphorus powder treated by activation agent No. 2 can promote the increment of eucalypt trees significantly. The feasible concentration of organic activation agent is 5%. (2) The Fe and Mn elements in the plantation soil are closely correlated to the efficiency of P element, and the soil Mn has greater fixation effect on P under the condition of reduction. Si can benefit the release of P in soil, and proper Ca content can also increase the activity of P element. (3) The activation agents tested can not only promote the release of hard soluble P, but also control the release of water soluble P so as to stabilize the P supply from soil. (4) In the basalt latolol soil eucalypt system, the promotion and control mechanism of activation agents to P is to adjust the contents of Fe, Mn and Al in soil so as to realize the activation of P.
Several activation agents were used to treat various phosphate fertilizers and their biological effect and mechanism in soil under the eucalypt plantation on basalt latolol were studied. The results are as follows: (1) The growth of eucalypt increased markedly in soil under the eucalypt plantation on basalt latolol when potted plants were tested by a few activation matters to examine the phosphatic manure. The phosphorus powder treated by activation agent No. 2 can promote the increment of eucalypt trees significantly. The feasible concentration of organic activation agent is 5%. (2) The Fe and Mn elements in the plantation soil are closely correlated to the efficiency of P element, and the soil Mn has greater fixation effect on P under the condition of reduction. Si can benefit the release of P in soil, and proper Ca content can also increase the activity of P element. (3) The activation agents tested can not only promote the release of hard soluble P, but also control the release of water soluble P so as to stabilize the P supply from soil. (4) In the basalt latolol soil eucalypt system, the promotion and control mechanism of activation agents to P is to adjust the contents of Fe, Mn and Al in soil so as to realize the activation of P.
2002, 15(3): 269-275.
Abstract:
The pine borer species, action duration of main pine borer, interspecific population density, vertical distribution rate of population density, change law of the population density of 5 pine borer in 2001, and egg breeding of female pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus in different trapped duration are described. The results showed that 14 species of pine borer are breeded in Huangshan Scenic Area, of which 5 species are important pine borer, i.e. Shirahoshizo patruelis, M. alternatus, Spondylis buprestoides, Arhopalus rusticus and Hylobius abietis haroldi, occupying 61.6%, 27.0%,5.5%,3.8% and 2.2% of the total species population density respectively. The Tianhai scenic spot (1 658 m above sea level) is the highest zone of the vertical distribution of M. alternatus adult, and the Baiting scenic spot (318 m above sea level) is the distribution zone of the highest population density, occupying 80.9% of the total number trapped. The mean amount of egg developed in ovary of the female M. alternatus trapped is 25.3.
The pine borer species, action duration of main pine borer, interspecific population density, vertical distribution rate of population density, change law of the population density of 5 pine borer in 2001, and egg breeding of female pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus in different trapped duration are described. The results showed that 14 species of pine borer are breeded in Huangshan Scenic Area, of which 5 species are important pine borer, i.e. Shirahoshizo patruelis, M. alternatus, Spondylis buprestoides, Arhopalus rusticus and Hylobius abietis haroldi, occupying 61.6%, 27.0%,5.5%,3.8% and 2.2% of the total species population density respectively. The Tianhai scenic spot (1 658 m above sea level) is the highest zone of the vertical distribution of M. alternatus adult, and the Baiting scenic spot (318 m above sea level) is the distribution zone of the highest population density, occupying 80.9% of the total number trapped. The mean amount of egg developed in ovary of the female M. alternatus trapped is 25.3.
2002, 15(3): 276-284.
Abstract:
With the minirhizotron technique, the new root dynamics of 19 year old loblolly pine plantation was studied in Louisiana of US. The results are as follows: the loblolly pine root count density increases in the growing season and reaches its climax in January or February, the end of the growing season. The root count density of the trees, on which drought has been imposed by excluding the throughfall, decreases from the depth of 9.3 cm with the soil depth, and that of the trees without imposed drought is considerable higher even though in the soil depth of 80 100 cm, ranging from 3.81 to 5.12 root count·m-1, and more than 10 times of that of those trees with imposed drought. The new roots of loblolly pine begin to initiate in March, and rapidly increase until June, when it reaches its climax, it begins to decrease slowly. The new root increment from May through July accounts for 41.8% of the total. Most of the new roots initiate in the soil depth of 0 30 cm. The 11 month long imposed drought significantly decreases the root count density and new root initiation of the loblolly pine, with the mean root count density and new root count being 3.27 root count·m-1 and 156 counts, respectively, for the trees without imposed drought, and 1.1 root count·m-1 and 57 counts, respectively, for the trees with imposed drought. The imposed drought also delays new root's initiation by 1 to 1.5 months. The fertilization applied 5 years ago seems not to have effects on new root initiation and growth.
With the minirhizotron technique, the new root dynamics of 19 year old loblolly pine plantation was studied in Louisiana of US. The results are as follows: the loblolly pine root count density increases in the growing season and reaches its climax in January or February, the end of the growing season. The root count density of the trees, on which drought has been imposed by excluding the throughfall, decreases from the depth of 9.3 cm with the soil depth, and that of the trees without imposed drought is considerable higher even though in the soil depth of 80 100 cm, ranging from 3.81 to 5.12 root count·m-1, and more than 10 times of that of those trees with imposed drought. The new roots of loblolly pine begin to initiate in March, and rapidly increase until June, when it reaches its climax, it begins to decrease slowly. The new root increment from May through July accounts for 41.8% of the total. Most of the new roots initiate in the soil depth of 0 30 cm. The 11 month long imposed drought significantly decreases the root count density and new root initiation of the loblolly pine, with the mean root count density and new root count being 3.27 root count·m-1 and 156 counts, respectively, for the trees without imposed drought, and 1.1 root count·m-1 and 57 counts, respectively, for the trees with imposed drought. The imposed drought also delays new root's initiation by 1 to 1.5 months. The fertilization applied 5 years ago seems not to have effects on new root initiation and growth.
2002, 15(3): 285-290.
Abstract:
The paper introduced a new method for comparing the biodiversity among communities: community intrinsic diversity ordering. Communities can be compared using right tail sum or Δβ profiles that can avoid shortcomings of inconsistent ordering among different diversity indices. As an index free method, it shows that the biodiversity is partial, and communities are not always intrinsically comparable in the biodiversity. One community with intrinsically high diversity has real high diversity. Tree size diversity of thinning and control plots was studied by the method. Community intrinsic diversity ordering is a useful method for comparing community diversity in space and time, and forest management planning.
The paper introduced a new method for comparing the biodiversity among communities: community intrinsic diversity ordering. Communities can be compared using right tail sum or Δβ profiles that can avoid shortcomings of inconsistent ordering among different diversity indices. As an index free method, it shows that the biodiversity is partial, and communities are not always intrinsically comparable in the biodiversity. One community with intrinsically high diversity has real high diversity. Tree size diversity of thinning and control plots was studied by the method. Community intrinsic diversity ordering is a useful method for comparing community diversity in space and time, and forest management planning.
2002, 15(3): 291-296.
Abstract:
Gas exchange parameters in leaves of eight 2 to 3 year old garden tree species growing in the institute nursery were measured during the summer in 1999, by using LCA 4 portable photosynthesis and transpiration system. The results are as follows: (1) the daily variation of the net photosynthesis rate( Pn, μmol·m-2 ·s-1), stomatal conductance(gs, mol·m-2 ·s-1), transpiration rate( E, mmol·m-2 ·s-1), and instantaneous water use efficiency(Pn/E, μmol CO2·mmol-1O H2O) are remarkable and differ among species. (2) the daily average P n are 11.2, 9.7, 8.6, 8.5, 6.3, 5.8, 5.6 and 3.4 μmol·m-2 ·s-1 for Erythrina crista galli, Cleistocalyx operculata, Pterocarpus indicus, Ficus celebensis, Sterculia lanceolata, Pachira aquatica, Jatropha pandurifolia, Saraca dives pierre,respectively, showing that the first four species have relatively higher capacity for CO 2 assimilation. (3) the daily mean values of transpiration rate are 3.40, 2.79, 2.55, 2.32, 2.32, 2.25, 2.25 and 1.57 mmol·m-2 ·s-1 for Erythrina crista galli, Ficus celebensis, Cleistocalyx operculata, Sterculia lanceolata, Pachira aquatica, Saraca dives pierre, Pterocarpus indicus, Jatropha pandurifolia, respectively, indicating that the former 3 species consume greater amount of water than other species. (4) The daily average WUE are 3.97, 3.73, 3.68, 3.48, 3.84, 3.03, 2.79, 2.64 and 2.50 μmol CO2·mmol-1O H2O for Pterocarpus indicus, Cleistocalyx operculata, Jatropha pandurifolia, Erythrina crista galli, Ficus celebensis, Sterculia lanceolata, Pachira aquatica, Saraca dives pierre, respectively,suggesting that the first four species have relatively higher water use efficiency than the others. Information presented here is helpful for understanding the differences among species in aspects of growing and productivity. It might also be useful to guide garden practices in water management.
Gas exchange parameters in leaves of eight 2 to 3 year old garden tree species growing in the institute nursery were measured during the summer in 1999, by using LCA 4 portable photosynthesis and transpiration system. The results are as follows: (1) the daily variation of the net photosynthesis rate( Pn, μmol·m-2 ·s-1), stomatal conductance(gs, mol·m-2 ·s-1), transpiration rate( E, mmol·m-2 ·s-1), and instantaneous water use efficiency(Pn/E, μmol CO2·mmol-1O H2O) are remarkable and differ among species. (2) the daily average P n are 11.2, 9.7, 8.6, 8.5, 6.3, 5.8, 5.6 and 3.4 μmol·m-2 ·s-1 for Erythrina crista galli, Cleistocalyx operculata, Pterocarpus indicus, Ficus celebensis, Sterculia lanceolata, Pachira aquatica, Jatropha pandurifolia, Saraca dives pierre,respectively, showing that the first four species have relatively higher capacity for CO 2 assimilation. (3) the daily mean values of transpiration rate are 3.40, 2.79, 2.55, 2.32, 2.32, 2.25, 2.25 and 1.57 mmol·m-2 ·s-1 for Erythrina crista galli, Ficus celebensis, Cleistocalyx operculata, Sterculia lanceolata, Pachira aquatica, Saraca dives pierre, Pterocarpus indicus, Jatropha pandurifolia, respectively, indicating that the former 3 species consume greater amount of water than other species. (4) The daily average WUE are 3.97, 3.73, 3.68, 3.48, 3.84, 3.03, 2.79, 2.64 and 2.50 μmol CO2·mmol-1O H2O for Pterocarpus indicus, Cleistocalyx operculata, Jatropha pandurifolia, Erythrina crista galli, Ficus celebensis, Sterculia lanceolata, Pachira aquatica, Saraca dives pierre, respectively,suggesting that the first four species have relatively higher water use efficiency than the others. Information presented here is helpful for understanding the differences among species in aspects of growing and productivity. It might also be useful to guide garden practices in water management.
2002, 15(3): 297-303.
Abstract:
Wood properties of 19 years old slash pine from four plots subjected different thinning intensity(0%-18.6%-35.7%-52.9%)were determined and analyzed. Results show that thinning intensity had significant or highly significant effects on air dry specific gravity, oven dry specific gravity, radial and volume total shrinkage, shrinkage ratio (tangential to radial direction), compression strength parallel to grain, bending strength, modules of elasticity, radial shearing strength, and the cross section hardness after thinning for 8 years; with the increase of thinning intensity, the width of growth ring and the shrinkage ratio increased, whereas the air dry specific gravity and oven dry specific gravity decreased to certain degree, and the compression strength parallel to grain, bending strength, modules of elasticity, and hardness increased at first and then decreased.
Wood properties of 19 years old slash pine from four plots subjected different thinning intensity(0%-18.6%-35.7%-52.9%)were determined and analyzed. Results show that thinning intensity had significant or highly significant effects on air dry specific gravity, oven dry specific gravity, radial and volume total shrinkage, shrinkage ratio (tangential to radial direction), compression strength parallel to grain, bending strength, modules of elasticity, radial shearing strength, and the cross section hardness after thinning for 8 years; with the increase of thinning intensity, the width of growth ring and the shrinkage ratio increased, whereas the air dry specific gravity and oven dry specific gravity decreased to certain degree, and the compression strength parallel to grain, bending strength, modules of elasticity, and hardness increased at first and then decreased.
2002, 15(3): 304-309.
Abstract:
The biomasses and productivities of three typical shrubs,such as Corylus hrterophylla,Ostryopsis davidiana and Rosa xanthina in Taiyue mountain,Shanxi Province,were investigated with harvest method.The results show that the total biomasses of the three shrubs were 54.3,43.4 and 35.7 t·hm-2,and the shrub layer aboveground mean productivities of the three shrubs were 4.0,4.7 and 4.1 t·hm-2 ·a-1,respectively.The biomasses of shrub layer,herb layer and litter layer accounted for 75.7%,9.9% and 14.4% in Corylus hrterophylla community,80.3%,8.7% and 11.0% in Ostryopsis davidiana community,and 76.7%,11.0% and 12.3% in Rosa xanthina community. In the three shrub communities,the aboveground were accounted for 32.7%,30.6% and 34.7% of the living biomass,and 67.3%,69.4% and 65.3% were contributed by the roots.The components of biomass were much different to the arbor forest in the same area.The results of the shrub relative growth study show that the total,stem and leaf biomass are closely correlated with the basic diameter and the height (D 2H),and the equation W=a(D 2H) b is also very suitable for all the investigated shrub species.
The biomasses and productivities of three typical shrubs,such as Corylus hrterophylla,Ostryopsis davidiana and Rosa xanthina in Taiyue mountain,Shanxi Province,were investigated with harvest method.The results show that the total biomasses of the three shrubs were 54.3,43.4 and 35.7 t·hm-2,and the shrub layer aboveground mean productivities of the three shrubs were 4.0,4.7 and 4.1 t·hm-2 ·a-1,respectively.The biomasses of shrub layer,herb layer and litter layer accounted for 75.7%,9.9% and 14.4% in Corylus hrterophylla community,80.3%,8.7% and 11.0% in Ostryopsis davidiana community,and 76.7%,11.0% and 12.3% in Rosa xanthina community. In the three shrub communities,the aboveground were accounted for 32.7%,30.6% and 34.7% of the living biomass,and 67.3%,69.4% and 65.3% were contributed by the roots.The components of biomass were much different to the arbor forest in the same area.The results of the shrub relative growth study show that the total,stem and leaf biomass are closely correlated with the basic diameter and the height (D 2H),and the equation W=a(D 2H) b is also very suitable for all the investigated shrub species.
2002, 15(3): 310-316.
Abstract:
The general pattern of urban forests in Zhuhai City and the composition and collocation of plant species are introduced. There are three main forest areas in Zhuhai: the downtown forest area, the western development zone forest area and the eastern islands forest area. The authors analyzed the characteristics of plant species composition and collocation pattern of the following five types of green lands:road site plantings, coastal green lands, islands forests, eco afforestation area on barren yellow soils, and reconstructing secondary forest areas.
The general pattern of urban forests in Zhuhai City and the composition and collocation of plant species are introduced. There are three main forest areas in Zhuhai: the downtown forest area, the western development zone forest area and the eastern islands forest area. The authors analyzed the characteristics of plant species composition and collocation pattern of the following five types of green lands:road site plantings, coastal green lands, islands forests, eco afforestation area on barren yellow soils, and reconstructing secondary forest areas.
2002, 15(3): 317-322.
Abstract:
The effects of the afforestation models along the Beijing Jiulong railway on aerodynamics were studied with the case of eco economical shelterbelt. The trials were conducted in Daxing district of Beijing. The results showed that: the mean wind speed in the farmland protected by the eco economical shelterbelt (protected farmland) decreased by about 18.9% comparing with that in the open wide farmland(CK),and decreased by 30.0% as much at the spot which was 0.5H from the shelterbelt row(H: the tree height), but only 1.8% 7.1% in the range from 4H spot to the center of the protected farmland center; The efficient protective distance was 4H at least; The mean value of Richardson and turbulent coefficient in the protected farmland was 4.6% more and 14.7% less than that in CK respectively.
The effects of the afforestation models along the Beijing Jiulong railway on aerodynamics were studied with the case of eco economical shelterbelt. The trials were conducted in Daxing district of Beijing. The results showed that: the mean wind speed in the farmland protected by the eco economical shelterbelt (protected farmland) decreased by about 18.9% comparing with that in the open wide farmland(CK),and decreased by 30.0% as much at the spot which was 0.5H from the shelterbelt row(H: the tree height), but only 1.8% 7.1% in the range from 4H spot to the center of the protected farmland center; The efficient protective distance was 4H at least; The mean value of Richardson and turbulent coefficient in the protected farmland was 4.6% more and 14.7% less than that in CK respectively.
2002, 15(3): 323-331.
Abstract:
Based on the vegetation survey in Beijing Jiulong Mountain, the main vegetation types and their variation are described in detail through the contrast analysis The vegetation succession law and trend are also indicated The vegetation community's variations were found clearly through many years' hillclosing afforestation The bush communities have been formed The timber volume and coverage of the artificial forest were increased clearly The thickness and coverage of the withered leaves and twig dropped to the earth were also increased clearly The succession trend of the vegetation communities both in the sunfaced and shade slopes are clear It is showed that the hillclosing afforestation is an important measure It can restore the forest vegetation, and make them to form the forest ecological network system.
Based on the vegetation survey in Beijing Jiulong Mountain, the main vegetation types and their variation are described in detail through the contrast analysis The vegetation succession law and trend are also indicated The vegetation community's variations were found clearly through many years' hillclosing afforestation The bush communities have been formed The timber volume and coverage of the artificial forest were increased clearly The thickness and coverage of the withered leaves and twig dropped to the earth were also increased clearly The succession trend of the vegetation communities both in the sunfaced and shade slopes are clear It is showed that the hillclosing afforestation is an important measure It can restore the forest vegetation, and make them to form the forest ecological network system.
2002, 15(3): 332-337.
Abstract:
The history of introducing flame tree ( Delonix regia) in Xiamen is summarized. A investigation is made on the present situations of its application in Xiamen islands,as well as the growth situation The best model of height ( H) to age( Y) is: H =(-35.652+9.003 Y)/ Y;The best model of diameter ( D1,3)to age( Y)is: D 1,3 =(-316.647+48.462Y)/ Y Another investigation is made on the resistance of flame tree to windbum,plant diseases and insect pests,and planting flame trees is suggested.
The history of introducing flame tree ( Delonix regia) in Xiamen is summarized. A investigation is made on the present situations of its application in Xiamen islands,as well as the growth situation The best model of height ( H) to age( Y) is: H =(-35.652+9.003 Y)/ Y;The best model of diameter ( D1,3)to age( Y)is: D 1,3 =(-316.647+48.462Y)/ Y Another investigation is made on the resistance of flame tree to windbum,plant diseases and insect pests,and planting flame trees is suggested.
2002, 15(3): 338-342.
Abstract:
Leptographium yunnanense is a blue stain phytopathogenic fungus associated with Tomicus piniperda, which can assist the beetles in overcoming the resistance of their host trees The length of phloem reaction zone induced by inoculation of blue stain fungus is often used as a measure of fungal virulence or level of tree resistance, with longer reaction zone length implying a more virulent fungus or a physiologically weaker host tree This paper reports the influence of temperature on the growth of the fungus and the resistance of its host trees( Pinus yunnanensis) The growth length of L yunnanense increases with temperature from 5 ℃ to 20 ℃, and the phloem reaction zone length also gradually increases; with temperature from 20 ℃ to 35 ℃, the growth length of the fungus gradually decreases, and the phloem reaction zone length also gradually decreases But these couldn't reflect the variation of the host trees' resistance or the fungus' virulence,they only mean that the variation of temperature has changed the competence abilities between the virulence of the fungus and the resistance of the host trees, and thus results in the variations between fungus growth length and the phloem reaction zone length.
Leptographium yunnanense is a blue stain phytopathogenic fungus associated with Tomicus piniperda, which can assist the beetles in overcoming the resistance of their host trees The length of phloem reaction zone induced by inoculation of blue stain fungus is often used as a measure of fungal virulence or level of tree resistance, with longer reaction zone length implying a more virulent fungus or a physiologically weaker host tree This paper reports the influence of temperature on the growth of the fungus and the resistance of its host trees( Pinus yunnanensis) The growth length of L yunnanense increases with temperature from 5 ℃ to 20 ℃, and the phloem reaction zone length also gradually increases; with temperature from 20 ℃ to 35 ℃, the growth length of the fungus gradually decreases, and the phloem reaction zone length also gradually decreases But these couldn't reflect the variation of the host trees' resistance or the fungus' virulence,they only mean that the variation of temperature has changed the competence abilities between the virulence of the fungus and the resistance of the host trees, and thus results in the variations between fungus growth length and the phloem reaction zone length.
2002, 15(3): 343-348.
Abstract:
Composition of groups, distribution of individuals and diversity of soil arthropod communities in the tropical montane rainforest and tropical monsoon rainforest of Xishuangbanna were studied in September and December 1999. The results show that the total number of arthropods collected are 6 606 which consist of 23 orders. Acari, Collembola, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera were dominant groups in each habitat, but their proportion in different habitats were difference. There are great differences in the ingredient and common groups of soil arthropod communities among each habitat. There are more tropical characteristics for soil arthropod communities in the tropical monsoon rainforest than that in the tropical montane rainforest. The distribution of groups, individuals and important genera (the density1 000·m-2)of soil arthropods in the tropical montane rainforest (22 order, 4 974 individuals) are higher than those in the tropical monsoon rainforest (19 order, 1 632 individuals). The character of vertical distribution is that the individuals and groups of soil arthropods on the ground are more than those in the soil. There are difference between the Shannon Wienner diversity indexes and DG index of soil arthropod communities structure in two different tropical rain forests. Because of dominant group (Acari)individuals is larger in the tropical montane rainforest, it has the J, H' indexes of soil arthropod community in the tropical montane rainforest decreased, and it is less than that in tropical monsoon rainforest. The DG index are proposed on the base of the hypothesis that every species has equal independence and importance in the community, and can be compared with in community. So it is good to use DG index to measure the complicated soil arthropod community diversity. The results show that the richness and DG indexes in the tropical montane rainforest are much higher than those in tropical monsoon rainforest. It is positively related with the contents of soil organic matter and total N.
Composition of groups, distribution of individuals and diversity of soil arthropod communities in the tropical montane rainforest and tropical monsoon rainforest of Xishuangbanna were studied in September and December 1999. The results show that the total number of arthropods collected are 6 606 which consist of 23 orders. Acari, Collembola, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera were dominant groups in each habitat, but their proportion in different habitats were difference. There are great differences in the ingredient and common groups of soil arthropod communities among each habitat. There are more tropical characteristics for soil arthropod communities in the tropical monsoon rainforest than that in the tropical montane rainforest. The distribution of groups, individuals and important genera (the density1 000·m-2)of soil arthropods in the tropical montane rainforest (22 order, 4 974 individuals) are higher than those in the tropical monsoon rainforest (19 order, 1 632 individuals). The character of vertical distribution is that the individuals and groups of soil arthropods on the ground are more than those in the soil. There are difference between the Shannon Wienner diversity indexes and DG index of soil arthropod communities structure in two different tropical rain forests. Because of dominant group (Acari)individuals is larger in the tropical montane rainforest, it has the J, H' indexes of soil arthropod community in the tropical montane rainforest decreased, and it is less than that in tropical monsoon rainforest. The DG index are proposed on the base of the hypothesis that every species has equal independence and importance in the community, and can be compared with in community. So it is good to use DG index to measure the complicated soil arthropod community diversity. The results show that the richness and DG indexes in the tropical montane rainforest are much higher than those in tropical monsoon rainforest. It is positively related with the contents of soil organic matter and total N.
2002, 15(3): 349-355.
Abstract:
As results of adapting shaded environment, there are large variations or specialization in morphological characteristics, structure of the photosynthetic organ, chloroplast movements, pigment content, photon yield, photosynthetic unit (PSU) size, electron transmission to pledge to fully utilize photons at low light conditions, and to maintain its energy equilibrium.
As results of adapting shaded environment, there are large variations or specialization in morphological characteristics, structure of the photosynthetic organ, chloroplast movements, pigment content, photon yield, photosynthetic unit (PSU) size, electron transmission to pledge to fully utilize photons at low light conditions, and to maintain its energy equilibrium.
2002, 15(3): 356-360.
Abstract:
The chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, a thelytokous cynipid, is one of the most serious pests of chestnut trees. Natural enemies, especially species of Torymidae, are considered as efficient biological control agents. In this article two similar parasitoids of D. kuriphilus, Torymus (Syntomaspis) beneficus and Torymus (Syntomaspis) sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), and the hybridization between them are described briefly. In addition, a delayed increase in the population of T. sinensis is also discovered. According to current study, two factors might play important roles: the low female sex ratio during several years after their releasing, and high mortality associated with the active facultative hyperparasism.
The chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, a thelytokous cynipid, is one of the most serious pests of chestnut trees. Natural enemies, especially species of Torymidae, are considered as efficient biological control agents. In this article two similar parasitoids of D. kuriphilus, Torymus (Syntomaspis) beneficus and Torymus (Syntomaspis) sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), and the hybridization between them are described briefly. In addition, a delayed increase in the population of T. sinensis is also discovered. According to current study, two factors might play important roles: the low female sex ratio during several years after their releasing, and high mortality associated with the active facultative hyperparasism.
2002, 15(3): 361-363.
Abstract:
The effects of different kinds of bacterial fertilizer on the growth of pinus massoniana were studied.The results showed that as a fast growing tree species,1 year old P.massoniana could growth faster by using bacterial fertilizer,especially by using Bacillus and Pseudomonas. Ten months after fertilizing Bacillus and Pseudomonas, the average increment of height reached 30.34% and 21.29%,the average basal area increased by 36.40%and 22.56%,and the crown breadth increased by 46.21%and 31.84% respctively.
The effects of different kinds of bacterial fertilizer on the growth of pinus massoniana were studied.The results showed that as a fast growing tree species,1 year old P.massoniana could growth faster by using bacterial fertilizer,especially by using Bacillus and Pseudomonas. Ten months after fertilizing Bacillus and Pseudomonas, the average increment of height reached 30.34% and 21.29%,the average basal area increased by 36.40%and 22.56%,and the crown breadth increased by 46.21%and 31.84% respctively.
2002, 15(3): 364-368.
Abstract:
Pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp) with different coat color from 8 counties of Yunnan and 2 check varieties from India were soaked in different methods The stiff seed ration was determined, and the variance analysis was used The results show that a)the stiff seed ration is markedly related to coat color, growing fields, soak time and so on; b) pigeonpea seeds with light coat color has lower stiff seed ration; c) the stiff seed ration treated by boiling water and cold water has no marked difference; d) the stiff seed ration of the pigeonpea landrace from Donchuan was the lowest.
Pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp) with different coat color from 8 counties of Yunnan and 2 check varieties from India were soaked in different methods The stiff seed ration was determined, and the variance analysis was used The results show that a)the stiff seed ration is markedly related to coat color, growing fields, soak time and so on; b) pigeonpea seeds with light coat color has lower stiff seed ration; c) the stiff seed ration treated by boiling water and cold water has no marked difference; d) the stiff seed ration of the pigeonpea landrace from Donchuan was the lowest.