2009 Vol. 22, No. 6
Display Method:
2009, 22(6): 753-757.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
Solid medium was using to study the effect of sugar, boron, calcium on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of Corylus heterophylla Farnch.×C.avellana L.. The results showed that: different concentrations of sucrose and boric acid had significant impact on pollen germination, but different concentrations of calcium had no significant impact on pollen germination. It was most appropriate for tube elongation when sugar 150 g·L-1 and boric acid 100 mg·L-1. Lack of sucrose would lead to the accumulation of callose in top of pollen tube and hold back its growth. The distribution of callose was regular in pollen tube when the medium lacked boric. The appropriate medium for pollen germination of C.heterophylla×C.avellana was sugar 150 g·L-1 + boric acid 100 mg·L-1 + CaCl2100 mg·L-1 + agar 10 g ·L-1.
Solid medium was using to study the effect of sugar, boron, calcium on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of Corylus heterophylla Farnch.×C.avellana L.. The results showed that: different concentrations of sucrose and boric acid had significant impact on pollen germination, but different concentrations of calcium had no significant impact on pollen germination. It was most appropriate for tube elongation when sugar 150 g·L-1 and boric acid 100 mg·L-1. Lack of sucrose would lead to the accumulation of callose in top of pollen tube and hold back its growth. The distribution of callose was regular in pollen tube when the medium lacked boric. The appropriate medium for pollen germination of C.heterophylla×C.avellana was sugar 150 g·L-1 + boric acid 100 mg·L-1 + CaCl2100 mg·L-1 + agar 10 g ·L-1.
2009, 22(6): 758-764.
Abstract:
Two Eucalyptus dunnii provenance-family trials that included 53 families representing 6 provenances at Guilin and Liuzhou in Guangxi, were used to study the genetic variation and genotype by environment interaction for diameter at breast height (DBH) at 8.5-years, and DBH, height, stem volume, wood density and bark thickness at 10.5-years. The 10.5 year results showed: the mean volumes of individual trees at Guilin and Liuzhou were 0.218 and 0.189 m3, the average wood basic densities were 521.0 and 483.7 kg·m-3 respectively; and, the average bark thicknesses at breast height were 1.15 and 1.26 cm respectively. For the 10.5-years growth traits and wood density, there were no significant differences among provenances (P＞0.10), but significant differences among families (within provenances) for 10.5-years wood density (PP＞0.10) at any level for bark thickness at breast height, including no significant genotype by environment interactions for this trait. There were no significant interaction between sites and provenances (P＞0.10) for all the traits except 8.5-years DBH,but significant interactions between sites and families (within provenance)(P<0.05)were found for all the traits studied except 10.5-years DBH. The heritabilities of DBH at 8.5-years and 10.5-years DBH and height were between 0.128 9-0.234 5, the heritability of wood basic density were 0.700 0-0.962 9, bark thickness were 0.105 3-0.335 7.
Two Eucalyptus dunnii provenance-family trials that included 53 families representing 6 provenances at Guilin and Liuzhou in Guangxi, were used to study the genetic variation and genotype by environment interaction for diameter at breast height (DBH) at 8.5-years, and DBH, height, stem volume, wood density and bark thickness at 10.5-years. The 10.5 year results showed: the mean volumes of individual trees at Guilin and Liuzhou were 0.218 and 0.189 m3, the average wood basic densities were 521.0 and 483.7 kg·m-3 respectively; and, the average bark thicknesses at breast height were 1.15 and 1.26 cm respectively. For the 10.5-years growth traits and wood density, there were no significant differences among provenances (P＞0.10), but significant differences among families (within provenances) for 10.5-years wood density (PP＞0.10) at any level for bark thickness at breast height, including no significant genotype by environment interactions for this trait. There were no significant interaction between sites and provenances (P＞0.10) for all the traits except 8.5-years DBH,but significant interactions between sites and families (within provenance)(P<0.05)were found for all the traits studied except 10.5-years DBH. The heritabilities of DBH at 8.5-years and 10.5-years DBH and height were between 0.128 9-0.234 5, the heritability of wood basic density were 0.700 0-0.962 9, bark thickness were 0.105 3-0.335 7.
2009, 22(6): 765-771.
Abstract:
Parabola, rectangular hyperbola, non-rectangular hyperbola, modified rectangular hyperbola and a subsection function were adopted to model the light-response curve for three different types of vegetations in the dry-hot river valley of Jinsha River, and a method was built to confirm the weak light region which related to apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis. Three main conclusions were gotten: (1)In five simulation methods, only subsection function and modified rectangular hyperbola had good simulation effect for three different types of light response curves; (2)The parameters Pmax,LCP, and Rd from rectangular hyperbola and non-rectangular hyperbola were near to the observations, but the estimates of LSP were always far lower than the observations, modified rectangular hyperbola was adapted to model the curves with phenomenon of light restrain and the estimation of photosynthetic parameters, but this method could not get the photosynthetic parameters for up-raising curve, the parameters estimated by subsection function for different types of curves were all near to the observations; (3) It was relatively theoretical to view the light range divided by the descending point of light-using efficiency on light response curve as the weak light range, the apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis was often lowly estimated when the weak light region could not be confirmed.
Parabola, rectangular hyperbola, non-rectangular hyperbola, modified rectangular hyperbola and a subsection function were adopted to model the light-response curve for three different types of vegetations in the dry-hot river valley of Jinsha River, and a method was built to confirm the weak light region which related to apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis. Three main conclusions were gotten: (1)In five simulation methods, only subsection function and modified rectangular hyperbola had good simulation effect for three different types of light response curves; (2)The parameters Pmax,LCP, and Rd from rectangular hyperbola and non-rectangular hyperbola were near to the observations, but the estimates of LSP were always far lower than the observations, modified rectangular hyperbola was adapted to model the curves with phenomenon of light restrain and the estimation of photosynthetic parameters, but this method could not get the photosynthetic parameters for up-raising curve, the parameters estimated by subsection function for different types of curves were all near to the observations; (3) It was relatively theoretical to view the light range divided by the descending point of light-using efficiency on light response curve as the weak light range, the apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis was often lowly estimated when the weak light region could not be confirmed.
2009, 22(6): 772-778.
Abstract:
By using 12 selected ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat)markers, 78 first generation parents from different provenances of Pinus massoniana were assessed to detect their genetic differences. It was found that the percentage of population polymorphic loci, the Neis genetic diversity and the Shannons information diversity index were high, which indicated that the genetic variation of the first generation breeding population was at high level.The genetic distances ranged from 0.115 to 0.776 with an average genetic distance of 0.371. The genetic distance between parents with large latitudinal distance was greater than that with small latitudinal distance. The geographical latitudinal distance between parents of most superior cross combinations was large, and the genetic distance of most parents were greater than 0.430, indicating the parents with both large latitudinal distance and great genetic distance had the largest potential to exhibiting heterosis. It was proposed that elite trees with both large genetic distance and large geographical latitudinal distance should be preferentially considered in the selection of parents and construction of advanced generation breeding population, to maintain high level of genetic variability and improve the genetic gain of breeding.
By using 12 selected ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat)markers, 78 first generation parents from different provenances of Pinus massoniana were assessed to detect their genetic differences. It was found that the percentage of population polymorphic loci, the Neis genetic diversity and the Shannons information diversity index were high, which indicated that the genetic variation of the first generation breeding population was at high level.The genetic distances ranged from 0.115 to 0.776 with an average genetic distance of 0.371. The genetic distance between parents with large latitudinal distance was greater than that with small latitudinal distance. The geographical latitudinal distance between parents of most superior cross combinations was large, and the genetic distance of most parents were greater than 0.430, indicating the parents with both large latitudinal distance and great genetic distance had the largest potential to exhibiting heterosis. It was proposed that elite trees with both large genetic distance and large geographical latitudinal distance should be preferentially considered in the selection of parents and construction of advanced generation breeding population, to maintain high level of genetic variability and improve the genetic gain of breeding.
2009, 22(6): 779-783.
Abstract:
Nutritional composition and its genetic variance of Phyllostachys iridescens shoots were studied. The results showed that crude protein, soluble sugar and crude fat were 31.73%, 5.11％, 4.44%, respectively; total amino acids were 327.81 mg.g-1, among which 35.95% were essential amino acids; mineral elements were N 5 079.31 mg·kg-1 , P 6 037.40 mg·kg-1 , K 45 169.40 mg·kg-1 g, Fe 70.68 mg·kg-1 , Zn 78.60 mg·kg-1 , Ca 168.56 mg·kg-1 , Mg 1 443.76 mg·kg-1 , Cu 17.32 mg·kg-1 , Se 0.88 mg·kg-1 , respectively. Composition of crude protein, soluble sugar and crude fat were significantly different among geographical sites, all of their genetic variance were higher than environmental variance, crude protein had the lowest genetic variance coefficient, each with broad heritability of 88.69％,63.07％and 74.74%. As for the 17 amino acids detected in shoots, Glu was top with 37.92 mg·g-1, the second was Asp with 35.45 mg·g-1, and Met was the lowest with 3.29 mg·g-1. Only Se of 9 mineral elements had a high variance coefficient of 26.51％, others were no more than 13.11%. No evident correlation existed between shoots and local soil in the amount of mineral elements among different geographical sites. Some correlation existed among 3 organic nutrition and 9 mineral elements, for example, evident positive correlation existed between crude protein to K and Zn, soluble sugar to Fe, and K to Mg.
Nutritional composition and its genetic variance of Phyllostachys iridescens shoots were studied. The results showed that crude protein, soluble sugar and crude fat were 31.73%, 5.11％, 4.44%, respectively; total amino acids were 327.81 mg.g-1, among which 35.95% were essential amino acids; mineral elements were N 5 079.31 mg·kg-1 , P 6 037.40 mg·kg-1 , K 45 169.40 mg·kg-1 g, Fe 70.68 mg·kg-1 , Zn 78.60 mg·kg-1 , Ca 168.56 mg·kg-1 , Mg 1 443.76 mg·kg-1 , Cu 17.32 mg·kg-1 , Se 0.88 mg·kg-1 , respectively. Composition of crude protein, soluble sugar and crude fat were significantly different among geographical sites, all of their genetic variance were higher than environmental variance, crude protein had the lowest genetic variance coefficient, each with broad heritability of 88.69％,63.07％and 74.74%. As for the 17 amino acids detected in shoots, Glu was top with 37.92 mg·g-1, the second was Asp with 35.45 mg·g-1, and Met was the lowest with 3.29 mg·g-1. Only Se of 9 mineral elements had a high variance coefficient of 26.51％, others were no more than 13.11%. No evident correlation existed between shoots and local soil in the amount of mineral elements among different geographical sites. Some correlation existed among 3 organic nutrition and 9 mineral elements, for example, evident positive correlation existed between crude protein to K and Zn, soluble sugar to Fe, and K to Mg.
2009, 22(6): 784-787.
Abstract:
Two species of Inonotus: Inonotus rickii and Inonotus plorans were newly recorded from China. Inonotus rickii was found on Hevea brasiliensis from Hainan Province, southern China. Inonotus plorans was recently found on Populus sp. from western Uygur Xinjiang Autonomous Region of northwestern China. The illustrated descriptions of the two species were given based on the materials collected from China.
Two species of Inonotus: Inonotus rickii and Inonotus plorans were newly recorded from China. Inonotus rickii was found on Hevea brasiliensis from Hainan Province, southern China. Inonotus plorans was recently found on Populus sp. from western Uygur Xinjiang Autonomous Region of northwestern China. The illustrated descriptions of the two species were given based on the materials collected from China.
2009, 22(6): 788-791.
Abstract:
Taking Larix gmelini as an example,the consociation equation set model method was used in creating duality standing tree volume model, the variance of constructing model and estimation precondition could be effectively solved to duality standing tree volume model. The usual nonlinear estimation and two steps estimations method were used to estimate the consociation equation set model method of duality standing tree volume model. As a result, the model could be estimated by two methods; two steps estimation method could reduce system error, and attain error limit than universal model, two steps estimation method was better than usual nonlinear estimation.
Taking Larix gmelini as an example,the consociation equation set model method was used in creating duality standing tree volume model, the variance of constructing model and estimation precondition could be effectively solved to duality standing tree volume model. The usual nonlinear estimation and two steps estimations method were used to estimate the consociation equation set model method of duality standing tree volume model. As a result, the model could be estimated by two methods; two steps estimation method could reduce system error, and attain error limit than universal model, two steps estimation method was better than usual nonlinear estimation.
2009, 22(6): 792-800.
Abstract:
The thermal effect of landscape patterns from 50 villages in northern plain of Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province was analyzed based on 2002 Quickbird and ETM images data. In the core area (build-up area) of villages, 45 landscape patterns indices (LPI) of 5 patches (land-use types including building, water, grass plot, woodland and green area mixed by grassplot, woodland) and whole landscape were calculated, and their correlation to environment brightness temperature (EBT) were discussed. The result showed that there was a sound linear relationship between the LPI and BET; the LPI studied here could be classified into 6 groups, i.e. density index, coverage index, shape index, core area size, indices of 100 m wide buffer ring and others, of which the indices type of density, coverage aggregation of dominant patch or of whole landscape have more significant correlation with BET; the indices about building patch and core area size (coverage, mean patch size and aggregation of building patches, area, perimeter and mean patch size of core area) and the shape indices of temperature-reducing patches had positive correlation with BET, others had negative correlation. So those villages, small size in built-up area, small size and even disperse in patches and narrow shape in buildings, were helpful for environment temperature reducing. 4 empirical models were established (R2>0.9) referring to 4 groups of LPI for predicting and adjusting the EBT being selected. However, the models fitted with single landscape quantity structure index had low performance. It means that the contribution of landscape patterns indices to environment temperature, up to about 25% of total, can not be ignored in village built-up area.
The thermal effect of landscape patterns from 50 villages in northern plain of Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province was analyzed based on 2002 Quickbird and ETM images data. In the core area (build-up area) of villages, 45 landscape patterns indices (LPI) of 5 patches (land-use types including building, water, grass plot, woodland and green area mixed by grassplot, woodland) and whole landscape were calculated, and their correlation to environment brightness temperature (EBT) were discussed. The result showed that there was a sound linear relationship between the LPI and BET; the LPI studied here could be classified into 6 groups, i.e. density index, coverage index, shape index, core area size, indices of 100 m wide buffer ring and others, of which the indices type of density, coverage aggregation of dominant patch or of whole landscape have more significant correlation with BET; the indices about building patch and core area size (coverage, mean patch size and aggregation of building patches, area, perimeter and mean patch size of core area) and the shape indices of temperature-reducing patches had positive correlation with BET, others had negative correlation. So those villages, small size in built-up area, small size and even disperse in patches and narrow shape in buildings, were helpful for environment temperature reducing. 4 empirical models were established (R2>0.9) referring to 4 groups of LPI for predicting and adjusting the EBT being selected. However, the models fitted with single landscape quantity structure index had low performance. It means that the contribution of landscape patterns indices to environment temperature, up to about 25% of total, can not be ignored in village built-up area.
2009, 22(6): 801-806.
Abstract:
Heavy metals in sediments of Xixi Wetland were researched. Effects of protection measures, sediment dredging and water types on heavy metal content were discussed. The results indicated that mean contents of Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg and As were lower than the second grade standard of Chinese environmental quality standards for soils (GB 15618-1995). Hg and As were lower than the background values of agriculture soils in Hangzhou City, while Zn, Cr, Pb and Cd were higher than that. The various correlations of heavy metals indicated a multi-source of sediment pollutants. Zn and Cd contents in sediments were higher than that in soils, which indicated different sources of heavy metals in sediment and soils. Spatially, the pollutant contents were lower in center wetland (first phase project) than that in outside. And the accumulation of heavy metals had been reduced in center wetland, while it was improved in outside areas which were being disturbed by human activities more frequently. Heavy metal contents were higher in sediment of closed pounds or big pools than that in general watercourses as water types had also effects on the heavy metal contents in sediment. The H kanson integrated potential ecological risk of Xixi was light as the mean integrated index was low (110.9). Cd and Hg were in medium levels, which had the heaviest contribution to integrated potential ecological risk, while other 5 metals had low levels of risk. And the results concluded from American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of Sediment Quality Guidelines for the sediment risk assessment was different comparing with the H kanson's.
Heavy metals in sediments of Xixi Wetland were researched. Effects of protection measures, sediment dredging and water types on heavy metal content were discussed. The results indicated that mean contents of Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg and As were lower than the second grade standard of Chinese environmental quality standards for soils (GB 15618-1995). Hg and As were lower than the background values of agriculture soils in Hangzhou City, while Zn, Cr, Pb and Cd were higher than that. The various correlations of heavy metals indicated a multi-source of sediment pollutants. Zn and Cd contents in sediments were higher than that in soils, which indicated different sources of heavy metals in sediment and soils. Spatially, the pollutant contents were lower in center wetland (first phase project) than that in outside. And the accumulation of heavy metals had been reduced in center wetland, while it was improved in outside areas which were being disturbed by human activities more frequently. Heavy metal contents were higher in sediment of closed pounds or big pools than that in general watercourses as water types had also effects on the heavy metal contents in sediment. The H kanson integrated potential ecological risk of Xixi was light as the mean integrated index was low (110.9). Cd and Hg were in medium levels, which had the heaviest contribution to integrated potential ecological risk, while other 5 metals had low levels of risk. And the results concluded from American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of Sediment Quality Guidelines for the sediment risk assessment was different comparing with the H kanson's.
2009, 22(6): 807-812.
Abstract:
A case study with Eucommia ulmoides plantation in the mountainous region of North-China, predictability and fractal characteristics of temporal variation of trees transpiration were analyzed by using the method of reconstructing phase space when the lag time is 30 minutes. Transpiration measured with the technique of thermal dissipation probes in 2005 and 2006, The results showed that temporal variation of the plantation transpiration is a chaotic motion and characterized with fractal pattern and predictability during the main growth season. The fractal dimension (D), Renyi entropy (K2), embedding dimensions and the average predictability time scale of time series for the trees transpiration were 1.673, 0.002 49, 9 and 401.0 minutes in 2005,respectively, and 1.525, 0.002 53, 10 and 394.8 minutes in 2006. There existed significant difference in external appearance of temporal variation or in the amount of transpiration between the two years, but no difference about D and K2 at the same lag time. It is concluded that there were no differences in natural characteristics or internal patterns of time series in different years.
A case study with Eucommia ulmoides plantation in the mountainous region of North-China, predictability and fractal characteristics of temporal variation of trees transpiration were analyzed by using the method of reconstructing phase space when the lag time is 30 minutes. Transpiration measured with the technique of thermal dissipation probes in 2005 and 2006, The results showed that temporal variation of the plantation transpiration is a chaotic motion and characterized with fractal pattern and predictability during the main growth season. The fractal dimension (D), Renyi entropy (K2), embedding dimensions and the average predictability time scale of time series for the trees transpiration were 1.673, 0.002 49, 9 and 401.0 minutes in 2005,respectively, and 1.525, 0.002 53, 10 and 394.8 minutes in 2006. There existed significant difference in external appearance of temporal variation or in the amount of transpiration between the two years, but no difference about D and K2 at the same lag time. It is concluded that there were no differences in natural characteristics or internal patterns of time series in different years.
2009, 22(6): 813-818.
Abstract:
With the Chinese fir,Cunninghamia lanceolata,plantation in Huangfengqiao Forest Farm of Hunan Province, as the research object, and from the viewpoint of forest thinning, the principles and methods of forest management visualization were studied and a forest management-oriented virtual forest prototype was developed. The system used forest inventory data as data source and achieved the functions of virtual forest roaming, information query of subcompartment and forest stand thinning simulation, etc. so it was possible to offer a new platform for forest resource management and its visualization.
With the Chinese fir,Cunninghamia lanceolata,plantation in Huangfengqiao Forest Farm of Hunan Province, as the research object, and from the viewpoint of forest thinning, the principles and methods of forest management visualization were studied and a forest management-oriented virtual forest prototype was developed. The system used forest inventory data as data source and achieved the functions of virtual forest roaming, information query of subcompartment and forest stand thinning simulation, etc. so it was possible to offer a new platform for forest resource management and its visualization.
2009, 22(6): 819-823.
Abstract:
78 fungal isolates, identified as Trichoderma spp., Rhizomucor spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Nigrospora oryzae and Botryosphaeria rhodina, respectively, were isolated from stained bamboo samples from North, South and Centre of China. The represent isolates were selected to conduct the biological characteristics study. The nutrition N and C had close relation to the hyphae growth and pigment secretion. Most of the fungi grew well at 28 ℃, and grew very slowly but not died at 5 ℃, at 40 ℃ grew slowly and nearly not survive. Isolate Y-50 survived and grew at 50 ℃, which showed that it had ability of surviving in extreme environment. The majority of fungi could grow at the condition of pH value 4 - 11 and the proper pH value was 5 - 8. The light factor had no significant impact on the growth of the fungi.
78 fungal isolates, identified as Trichoderma spp., Rhizomucor spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Nigrospora oryzae and Botryosphaeria rhodina, respectively, were isolated from stained bamboo samples from North, South and Centre of China. The represent isolates were selected to conduct the biological characteristics study. The nutrition N and C had close relation to the hyphae growth and pigment secretion. Most of the fungi grew well at 28 ℃, and grew very slowly but not died at 5 ℃, at 40 ℃ grew slowly and nearly not survive. Isolate Y-50 survived and grew at 50 ℃, which showed that it had ability of surviving in extreme environment. The majority of fungi could grow at the condition of pH value 4 - 11 and the proper pH value was 5 - 8. The light factor had no significant impact on the growth of the fungi.
2009, 22(6): 824-828.
Abstract:
The inventory data of the Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) in Beijing Mountains were used to establish and compare individual tree diameter growth and survival models with constant rate method and variable rate method. Results showed that in the individual-tree diameter growth model, MD was -0.005 9, MAD 0.779 1, RMSE 1.198 3 and R2 0.949 3 based on the variable rate method. But with the constant rate method, they were 0.097 5, 0.917 8, 1.198 3 and 0.917 8 respectively. In the survival model, MD was 8.59E-7, MAD 0.088 4, RMSE 0.211 7, and LogL-4 137.240 0 using the variable rate method. But with the constant rate method, they were 0.002 7, 0.091 1, 0.212 1, and -4 230.320 0 respectively. The variable rate method out-performed the constant rate method in predicting future individual tree survival and diameter growth because the former accounted for the variable rate of annual diameter growth and tree survival probability, which were caused by changes of stand (basal area, dominant height) and tree attributes.
The inventory data of the Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) in Beijing Mountains were used to establish and compare individual tree diameter growth and survival models with constant rate method and variable rate method. Results showed that in the individual-tree diameter growth model, MD was -0.005 9, MAD 0.779 1, RMSE 1.198 3 and R2 0.949 3 based on the variable rate method. But with the constant rate method, they were 0.097 5, 0.917 8, 1.198 3 and 0.917 8 respectively. In the survival model, MD was 8.59E-7, MAD 0.088 4, RMSE 0.211 7, and LogL-4 137.240 0 using the variable rate method. But with the constant rate method, they were 0.002 7, 0.091 1, 0.212 1, and -4 230.320 0 respectively. The variable rate method out-performed the constant rate method in predicting future individual tree survival and diameter growth because the former accounted for the variable rate of annual diameter growth and tree survival probability, which were caused by changes of stand (basal area, dominant height) and tree attributes.
2009, 22(6): 829-834.
Abstract:
Through pot-cultivating seven Sedums species under drought stress, their drought tolerance to learned indexes, including the relative water content of leaves, the penetration of membrane and so on, were comprehensively evaluated and compared. The results showed, under the stress of continuous drought, the penetration of membranes and MDA had a increasing trend, superoxide dismutase activities increased with light drought stress and declined with severe drought stress. According to multiple analysis, the drought resistance of seven species were in the order of Sedum spurium 'Coccineum'> S.kamtschaticum Fisch > S. linear Thunb> S. reflexum Tripmadam > S. sarmentosum Bunge > S.spectabile Boreau> S. sexangulare L.
Through pot-cultivating seven Sedums species under drought stress, their drought tolerance to learned indexes, including the relative water content of leaves, the penetration of membrane and so on, were comprehensively evaluated and compared. The results showed, under the stress of continuous drought, the penetration of membranes and MDA had a increasing trend, superoxide dismutase activities increased with light drought stress and declined with severe drought stress. According to multiple analysis, the drought resistance of seven species were in the order of Sedum spurium 'Coccineum'> S.kamtschaticum Fisch > S. linear Thunb> S. reflexum Tripmadam > S. sarmentosum Bunge > S.spectabile Boreau> S. sexangulare L.
2009, 22(6): 835-839.
Abstract:
With the data of 79 sample plots collected from the plantation aged from 20—25 years in Daqingshan, south-west Guangxi province, China, an analysis on the relationship between growth and site conditions, including altitude, soil type, slope position, form and direction of slope, and site type, was conducted by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result showed that the perfect site conditions for afforestation of Mytilaria laosensis would be the site: (1)with the altitude between 300—500 m in high hills or low mountains;(2)with the kraznozem which evolved from such magmatic rocks as granite and rhyolite;(3)at middle or lower part in a concave slope. If these could be met for site selection, the annual increment of height for dominant trees in stand would be 1.1—1.3 m and DBH would be 1.3—1.5 cm, and after 20 years of planting it would grow into a big-diameter timber forest.
With the data of 79 sample plots collected from the plantation aged from 20—25 years in Daqingshan, south-west Guangxi province, China, an analysis on the relationship between growth and site conditions, including altitude, soil type, slope position, form and direction of slope, and site type, was conducted by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result showed that the perfect site conditions for afforestation of Mytilaria laosensis would be the site: (1)with the altitude between 300—500 m in high hills or low mountains;(2)with the kraznozem which evolved from such magmatic rocks as granite and rhyolite;(3)at middle or lower part in a concave slope. If these could be met for site selection, the annual increment of height for dominant trees in stand would be 1.1—1.3 m and DBH would be 1.3—1.5 cm, and after 20 years of planting it would grow into a big-diameter timber forest.
2009, 22(6): 840-845.
Abstract:
The dose-effect of limestone powder on fine roots of Masson pine(Pinus massoniana) forest growing on acidified soil was studied at Tieshanping, Chongqing in Southwest China. Ten dominant trees of P. massoniana were selected in a 28-years-old stand for this study, and five treatments or application doses (134,261,388,515 and 642 g·m-3) of limestone powder were designed to be mixed in soil columns around the sampled trees. The invertigations were conducted before and 2 years after treatment. The results showed that the fine root characters of P.msaaoniana were significantly different after applying different doses of limestone power. With the increase of does, all the five character values showed a trend of decrease after increase. The character value after applying 388 g·m-3 of limestone powder was the maximum,indicating its best effect to promote the growth of root system,i.e. the length,surface area, root tip amount,volume and dry mass of fine roots were 600 m·m-3,130 dm2·m-3,150 000 tips. m-3,220 cm3·m-3, and 39 g·m-3,respectively.
The dose-effect of limestone powder on fine roots of Masson pine(Pinus massoniana) forest growing on acidified soil was studied at Tieshanping, Chongqing in Southwest China. Ten dominant trees of P. massoniana were selected in a 28-years-old stand for this study, and five treatments or application doses (134,261,388,515 and 642 g·m-3) of limestone powder were designed to be mixed in soil columns around the sampled trees. The invertigations were conducted before and 2 years after treatment. The results showed that the fine root characters of P.msaaoniana were significantly different after applying different doses of limestone power. With the increase of does, all the five character values showed a trend of decrease after increase. The character value after applying 388 g·m-3 of limestone powder was the maximum,indicating its best effect to promote the growth of root system,i.e. the length,surface area, root tip amount,volume and dry mass of fine roots were 600 m·m-3,130 dm2·m-3,150 000 tips. m-3,220 cm3·m-3, and 39 g·m-3,respectively.
2009, 22(6): 846-850.
Abstract:
The invasion of Eupatorium adenophorum in Pinus yunnanensis stand damaged by Tomicus spp. was examined. The community structure, biodiversity index and invasion extent of three P. yunnanensis stands were determined and studied, and the correlation between Tomicus spp. damage and E. adenophorum invasion was analyzed. The results indicated that the Tomicus spp. damage could cause the change of habitat through affecting the structure of P. yunnanensis community, the existence of Tomicus spp. made the plant community more susceptive to the invasion of E. adenophorum. The probability of E. adenophorum invasion enhanced under simpler community structure, lower biodiversity and less sufficient use on habitat resources. The damage of Tomicus spp. caused the stand of P. yunnanensis degraded; the invasion of E. adenophorum further speeded up the degradation of ecological system. E. adenophorum invasion has become a critical ecological process which closely related to the healthy of forest ecological system.
The invasion of Eupatorium adenophorum in Pinus yunnanensis stand damaged by Tomicus spp. was examined. The community structure, biodiversity index and invasion extent of three P. yunnanensis stands were determined and studied, and the correlation between Tomicus spp. damage and E. adenophorum invasion was analyzed. The results indicated that the Tomicus spp. damage could cause the change of habitat through affecting the structure of P. yunnanensis community, the existence of Tomicus spp. made the plant community more susceptive to the invasion of E. adenophorum. The probability of E. adenophorum invasion enhanced under simpler community structure, lower biodiversity and less sufficient use on habitat resources. The damage of Tomicus spp. caused the stand of P. yunnanensis degraded; the invasion of E. adenophorum further speeded up the degradation of ecological system. E. adenophorum invasion has become a critical ecological process which closely related to the healthy of forest ecological system.
2009, 22(6): 851-854.
Abstract:
Effects of different treatments,including mulching film, grass cover, block cover, water retaining agent, rooting powder and open field (control), on direct seeding of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. were studied. The results showed that mulching film increased daily average temperature and the effect order was sunlight ＞ after-rain ＞ cloud. The soil temperature of grass cover and block cover were lower than that of open field. After 6-day sunlight, soil moisture content of mulching film, grass cover and water retaining agent were higher than that of open field, with increased by 24.4,21.4,2.5 and 1.0 g·kg-1, respectively. 30 days after seeding, the germination rates with the methods of mulching film, rooting powder block cover, water retaining agent were higher than that of the control, with increases of 12.11%, 4.20%, 3.10%, and 2.10%, respectivey. While the germination rate of grass covering was lower than that of the control.
Effects of different treatments,including mulching film, grass cover, block cover, water retaining agent, rooting powder and open field (control), on direct seeding of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. were studied. The results showed that mulching film increased daily average temperature and the effect order was sunlight ＞ after-rain ＞ cloud. The soil temperature of grass cover and block cover were lower than that of open field. After 6-day sunlight, soil moisture content of mulching film, grass cover and water retaining agent were higher than that of open field, with increased by 24.4,21.4,2.5 and 1.0 g·kg-1, respectively. 30 days after seeding, the germination rates with the methods of mulching film, rooting powder block cover, water retaining agent were higher than that of the control, with increases of 12.11%, 4.20%, 3.10%, and 2.10%, respectivey. While the germination rate of grass covering was lower than that of the control.
2009, 22(6): 855-859.
Abstract:
The combination of static and dynamic analysis methods were used to estimate the economic benefit of Acacia mangium plantation. The results showed that: at the cutting age of 6 years, the average annual investment profit margin was 11.5%, the financial internal rate of return was 22.4%, the net present value of the plantation was 2 375.3 yuan·hm-2 ,dynamic investment recovery period was 5.7 years, the price factor was the most sensitive factor affecting the income.
The combination of static and dynamic analysis methods were used to estimate the economic benefit of Acacia mangium plantation. The results showed that: at the cutting age of 6 years, the average annual investment profit margin was 11.5%, the financial internal rate of return was 22.4%, the net present value of the plantation was 2 375.3 yuan·hm-2 ,dynamic investment recovery period was 5.7 years, the price factor was the most sensitive factor affecting the income.
2009, 22(6): 860-864.
Abstract:
Based on the data of 8 analytical trees originated from 3 types tree source collected from Xishan and Dayanshang area of Beijing, the growth process of DBH, height and volume and the relationship between DBH and height were analyzed respectively; 4 theoretical equations were applied to fit the growth process. The results showed that the 3 types of sample trees were all in the fast growing stage which was far from quantity mature stage; the comparison of growth process among the 3 types of sample trees showed that the growth of trees originated from seedling sprouts were the fastest, followed by trees originated from natural regeneration and trees originated from planted seedlings, however, the trees originated from seedlings showed larger growth potential than those originated from seedlings sprouts; the results of DBH-height relationship showed a positive correlation trend; but the height growth of trees originated from seedling sprouts became slower when the DBH larger than 7 cm; the results of 4 fitted theoretical equations showed that Richards,Mitscherlich and Gompertz equations well fitted the growth processes of DBH, height and volume of the sample trees, while the fitting precision of Logistic equation was relatively lower. This study can provide reference for the management of Quercus variabilis forest in Beijing.
Based on the data of 8 analytical trees originated from 3 types tree source collected from Xishan and Dayanshang area of Beijing, the growth process of DBH, height and volume and the relationship between DBH and height were analyzed respectively; 4 theoretical equations were applied to fit the growth process. The results showed that the 3 types of sample trees were all in the fast growing stage which was far from quantity mature stage; the comparison of growth process among the 3 types of sample trees showed that the growth of trees originated from seedling sprouts were the fastest, followed by trees originated from natural regeneration and trees originated from planted seedlings, however, the trees originated from seedlings showed larger growth potential than those originated from seedlings sprouts; the results of DBH-height relationship showed a positive correlation trend; but the height growth of trees originated from seedling sprouts became slower when the DBH larger than 7 cm; the results of 4 fitted theoretical equations showed that Richards,Mitscherlich and Gompertz equations well fitted the growth processes of DBH, height and volume of the sample trees, while the fitting precision of Logistic equation was relatively lower. This study can provide reference for the management of Quercus variabilis forest in Beijing.
2009, 22(6): 865-871.
Abstract:
Soil properties of healthy, sub-healthy and unhealthy Pinus yunnanensis secondary forest were measured and their correlation with the health conditions of Pinus yunnanensis forest were analyzed. The results revealed that, the soil water content,bulk density, porosity, sand content, cosmid content, CEC and radily available K content changed regularly with the health condition changes of Pinus yunnanensis forest. Correlation analysis revealed that, there were positive correlation between soil water content, porosity, cosmid content, CEC, radily available K content and health conditions of Pinus yunnanensis forest; and negative correlation between bulk density, sand content, meal content and health conditions of Pinus yunnanensis forest. By stepwise regression analysis, the regression models about health conditions of Pinus yunnanensis forest and soil properties were established.
Soil properties of healthy, sub-healthy and unhealthy Pinus yunnanensis secondary forest were measured and their correlation with the health conditions of Pinus yunnanensis forest were analyzed. The results revealed that, the soil water content,bulk density, porosity, sand content, cosmid content, CEC and radily available K content changed regularly with the health condition changes of Pinus yunnanensis forest. Correlation analysis revealed that, there were positive correlation between soil water content, porosity, cosmid content, CEC, radily available K content and health conditions of Pinus yunnanensis forest; and negative correlation between bulk density, sand content, meal content and health conditions of Pinus yunnanensis forest. By stepwise regression analysis, the regression models about health conditions of Pinus yunnanensis forest and soil properties were established.
2009, 22(6): 872-877.
Abstract:
The seasonal photosynthetic response of Phyllostachys edulis 'Pachyloen' to light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature and humidity were measured with Li-6400P. The main study results were as follows:The seasonal photosynthetic variation tendency of Ph. edulis 'Pachyloen' to light intensity was summer>autumn>winter>spring for Pmax, spring>autumn>winter>summer for LCP, autumn>summer>winter>spring for LSP, and summer> autumn>winter>spring for AQY. The seasonal photosynthetic variation tendency of Ph. edulis 'Pachyloen' to CO2 concentration was spring>autumn>summer> winter for LCP and CCP, and summer>autumn> winter>spring for CE. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis of Ph. edulis 'Pachyloen' ranged from 20 to 30 ℃, equivalent in spring and autumn, higher in summer and lowest in winter. The optimal humidity for photosynthesis of Ph. edulis 'Pachyloen' ranged from 40% to 65%, its seasonal variation tendency was autumn>summer>winter>spring. As a cultivar of Ph. edulis, the characteristics of photosynthetic responses of Ph. edulis 'Pachyloen' to environmental factors were similar with Ph. edulis. It indicated their close phylogenetic relationships.
The seasonal photosynthetic response of Phyllostachys edulis 'Pachyloen' to light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature and humidity were measured with Li-6400P. The main study results were as follows:The seasonal photosynthetic variation tendency of Ph. edulis 'Pachyloen' to light intensity was summer>autumn>winter>spring for Pmax, spring>autumn>winter>summer for LCP, autumn>summer>winter>spring for LSP, and summer> autumn>winter>spring for AQY. The seasonal photosynthetic variation tendency of Ph. edulis 'Pachyloen' to CO2 concentration was spring>autumn>summer> winter for LCP and CCP, and summer>autumn> winter>spring for CE. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis of Ph. edulis 'Pachyloen' ranged from 20 to 30 ℃, equivalent in spring and autumn, higher in summer and lowest in winter. The optimal humidity for photosynthesis of Ph. edulis 'Pachyloen' ranged from 40% to 65%, its seasonal variation tendency was autumn>summer>winter>spring. As a cultivar of Ph. edulis, the characteristics of photosynthetic responses of Ph. edulis 'Pachyloen' to environmental factors were similar with Ph. edulis. It indicated their close phylogenetic relationships.
2009, 22(6): 878-882.
Abstract:
Bioassay of PoNPV+1%VBL, PoNPV+12.5 μL·L-1 Chlorbenzuron, PoNPV+15 μL·L-1 Trichlorphon was conducted on 2-instar larvae of Parocneria orientia in lab. The results showed that 1%VBL, 12.5 μL·L-1 Chlorbenzuron, 15 μL·L-1 Trichlorphon had better synergistic effect. Spraying of PoNPV+1%VBL, PoNPV+12.5 μL·L-1 Chlorbenzuron, PoNPV+15 μL·L-1 Trichlorphon and PoNPV to control 2 - 3 instar larvae of second generation in field, the concentrations of PoNPV were 8×106 PIB·mL-1, 4×106 PIB·mL-1, 2×106 PIB·mL -1, 1×106 PIB·mL -1, 5×105 PIB·mL -1, there were 20 treatments. It was indicated that when the concentration was the same, the effect of PoNPV added synergists was better than that without synergists.
Bioassay of PoNPV+1%VBL, PoNPV+12.5 μL·L-1 Chlorbenzuron, PoNPV+15 μL·L-1 Trichlorphon was conducted on 2-instar larvae of Parocneria orientia in lab. The results showed that 1%VBL, 12.5 μL·L-1 Chlorbenzuron, 15 μL·L-1 Trichlorphon had better synergistic effect. Spraying of PoNPV+1%VBL, PoNPV+12.5 μL·L-1 Chlorbenzuron, PoNPV+15 μL·L-1 Trichlorphon and PoNPV to control 2 - 3 instar larvae of second generation in field, the concentrations of PoNPV were 8×106 PIB·mL-1, 4×106 PIB·mL-1, 2×106 PIB·mL -1, 1×106 PIB·mL -1, 5×105 PIB·mL -1, there were 20 treatments. It was indicated that when the concentration was the same, the effect of PoNPV added synergists was better than that without synergists.
2009, 22(6): 883-887.
Abstract:
Macrofungi in the Daliangzihe National Forest Park of Heilongjiang Province were investigated, and 170 species of macrofungi were identified. These fungi belong to 9 orders, 31 families and 90 genera. Among them, 50 species were edible mushrooms, 31 species were medicinal fungi, 13 species were poisonous mushrooms, 42 species were mycorrhizal fungi and 56 species were wood decaying fungi. The distribution of these fungi in the korean pine and broad-leaved mixed forest, korean pine and spruce mixed forest followed certain patterns, the population structures and abundance of these fungi were closely related to some forest factors including the structure of stands, soil, altitude and slope etc.
Macrofungi in the Daliangzihe National Forest Park of Heilongjiang Province were investigated, and 170 species of macrofungi were identified. These fungi belong to 9 orders, 31 families and 90 genera. Among them, 50 species were edible mushrooms, 31 species were medicinal fungi, 13 species were poisonous mushrooms, 42 species were mycorrhizal fungi and 56 species were wood decaying fungi. The distribution of these fungi in the korean pine and broad-leaved mixed forest, korean pine and spruce mixed forest followed certain patterns, the population structures and abundance of these fungi were closely related to some forest factors including the structure of stands, soil, altitude and slope etc.
2009, 22(6): 888-892.
Abstract:
The tender stems of Malus komarovii were used as explant and the suitable medium compositions were screened through uniform design experiments. The results showed that tissue culture of M. komarovii required different kinds of culture medium in different phases. SH+TDZ 2.45 mg·L-1+NAA 0.06 mg·L-1 for shoots regeneration immediately at base of tender stem, the rate of induction was 98.8%; 1/4 SH+KT 0.35 mg·L-1+NAA 0.05 mg·L-1 for rooting, the rate of rooting was more than 97%; 1/8 SH+ABA 2.05 mg·L-1+KT 0.50 mg·L-1 for germplasm preservation in vitro, the rate of dormancy was 95.5%. These plant materials could be maintained for 39 months by the methods of promoting dormancy and low nutrients at normal temperature.
The tender stems of Malus komarovii were used as explant and the suitable medium compositions were screened through uniform design experiments. The results showed that tissue culture of M. komarovii required different kinds of culture medium in different phases. SH+TDZ 2.45 mg·L-1+NAA 0.06 mg·L-1 for shoots regeneration immediately at base of tender stem, the rate of induction was 98.8%; 1/4 SH+KT 0.35 mg·L-1+NAA 0.05 mg·L-1 for rooting, the rate of rooting was more than 97%; 1/8 SH+ABA 2.05 mg·L-1+KT 0.50 mg·L-1 for germplasm preservation in vitro, the rate of dormancy was 95.5%. These plant materials could be maintained for 39 months by the methods of promoting dormancy and low nutrients at normal temperature.
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