2011 Vol. 24, No. 3
Display Method:
2011, 24(3): 277-284.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
The size structure, survival curve, dispersion coefficient, index of nearest neighbor and Ripley's K function were used to analyze the population structure and distribution pattern of dominant tree species in the ancient tea tree community in Ailao Mountains of Yunnan Province. The results showed that there were 2 894 free-standing individuals with DBH≥1.0 cm recorded in the 1.2 hm2 plot, belonging to 48 species, 38 genera and 22 families. Camellia sinensis var. assamica was ranked the first in terms of importance value with the highest abundance and Lithocarpus xylocarpus was ranked the second, although it had the largest relative dominancy. Then the community should be defined as mid-montane humid evergreen broad-leaved forest with Camellia sinensis var. assamica, L. xylocarpus, etc. being the dominant tree species. Now it is in the climax of succession series. Among 10 dominant tree species, L. xylocarpus, Manglietia insignis, Castanopsis wattii were of declining populations since their seedlings and saplings were scarce and the big trees were numerous. These three species tended to be in random distribution at most of scales, but clump intensity increased as population grew. Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Lithocarpus hancei and Myrsine semiserrata were of stable populations since theirs saplings, middle-sized trees were numerous and the big trees were scarce. Litsea honghoensis, Actinodaphne forrestii, Neolitsea polycarpa and Camellia pitardii were of growing populations since their seedlings and saplings were numerous and the big trees were scarce. These seven species tended to be in clumped distribution at most of scales, but clump intensity decreased as population grew. The spatiotemporal variations of population structure and distribution pattern reflected the competition between these species and the trends of succession of community.
The size structure, survival curve, dispersion coefficient, index of nearest neighbor and Ripley's K function were used to analyze the population structure and distribution pattern of dominant tree species in the ancient tea tree community in Ailao Mountains of Yunnan Province. The results showed that there were 2 894 free-standing individuals with DBH≥1.0 cm recorded in the 1.2 hm2 plot, belonging to 48 species, 38 genera and 22 families. Camellia sinensis var. assamica was ranked the first in terms of importance value with the highest abundance and Lithocarpus xylocarpus was ranked the second, although it had the largest relative dominancy. Then the community should be defined as mid-montane humid evergreen broad-leaved forest with Camellia sinensis var. assamica, L. xylocarpus, etc. being the dominant tree species. Now it is in the climax of succession series. Among 10 dominant tree species, L. xylocarpus, Manglietia insignis, Castanopsis wattii were of declining populations since their seedlings and saplings were scarce and the big trees were numerous. These three species tended to be in random distribution at most of scales, but clump intensity increased as population grew. Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Lithocarpus hancei and Myrsine semiserrata were of stable populations since theirs saplings, middle-sized trees were numerous and the big trees were scarce. Litsea honghoensis, Actinodaphne forrestii, Neolitsea polycarpa and Camellia pitardii were of growing populations since their seedlings and saplings were numerous and the big trees were scarce. These seven species tended to be in clumped distribution at most of scales, but clump intensity decreased as population grew. The spatiotemporal variations of population structure and distribution pattern reflected the competition between these species and the trends of succession of community.
2011, 24(3): 285-291.
Abstract:
Based on the above-ground biomass data of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana) plantations in Guizhou Province, the generalized single-tree biomass equations suitable for different species and regions (central region and other region) were established using linear mixed model and dummy variable model methods, which provided effective approaches to simplify the biomass modeling. The results show that the above-ground biomass estimates of individual trees with the same diameter are different in some extent among different tree species and geographic regions, and linear mixed model with random parameters and dummy model with specific (local) parameters are better than population average model; and linear mixed model and dummy variable model approaches are almost same effective and may be applied to develop other generalized models such as tree volume equations.
Based on the above-ground biomass data of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana) plantations in Guizhou Province, the generalized single-tree biomass equations suitable for different species and regions (central region and other region) were established using linear mixed model and dummy variable model methods, which provided effective approaches to simplify the biomass modeling. The results show that the above-ground biomass estimates of individual trees with the same diameter are different in some extent among different tree species and geographic regions, and linear mixed model with random parameters and dummy model with specific (local) parameters are better than population average model; and linear mixed model and dummy variable model approaches are almost same effective and may be applied to develop other generalized models such as tree volume equations.
2011, 24(3): 292-299.
Abstract:
Quercus aquifolioides is a representative broadleaf evergreen species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which has a extensive, continuous distribution in the southeast Tibet forest region. It plays an important role on soil and water conservation of the alpine-gorge areas. The population structure, quantitative dynamics, the relationships between height and environment were studied using composition of size classes, life table, survival curve, and rank correlation analysis. The result indicated that: (1) the whole Quercus aquifolioides population took on a growing trend and the distribution of tree ages differed among plots (PAnnual rainfull>Position>Slope aspect>Slope>Altitude, the soil moisture and annual precipitation had significant impacts on the population's canopy height differentiation. In addition, the population had a wide adaptation on altitude and a weak response to the slope. The spatial water pattern significantly affected the individual growing and population development.
Quercus aquifolioides is a representative broadleaf evergreen species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which has a extensive, continuous distribution in the southeast Tibet forest region. It plays an important role on soil and water conservation of the alpine-gorge areas. The population structure, quantitative dynamics, the relationships between height and environment were studied using composition of size classes, life table, survival curve, and rank correlation analysis. The result indicated that: (1) the whole Quercus aquifolioides population took on a growing trend and the distribution of tree ages differed among plots (PAnnual rainfull>Position>Slope aspect>Slope>Altitude, the soil moisture and annual precipitation had significant impacts on the population's canopy height differentiation. In addition, the population had a wide adaptation on altitude and a weak response to the slope. The spatial water pattern significantly affected the individual growing and population development.
2011, 24(3): 300-306.
Abstract:
Based on Gram-Schmidt transformation and fusion method,the paper provides a improved method of extracting wetland vegetation information in Long Baotan area in Qinghai Province from the hyperspectral fusion image. Firstly to caculate the NDVI of-36° image, and to fuse with 0° image. Then, the Spectral Angle Mapper,SAM, a supervised classification method was carried out on the new fusion image.The result showed that the extraction accuracy of the vegetaion information approach to 92.23%, while it was only 66% if the SAM was used directly to the 0° CHRIS image. The result also indicated that multi-angle and hyperspectral remotely sensed data had important application potentiality in extraction of wetland vegetation information.
Based on Gram-Schmidt transformation and fusion method,the paper provides a improved method of extracting wetland vegetation information in Long Baotan area in Qinghai Province from the hyperspectral fusion image. Firstly to caculate the NDVI of-36° image, and to fuse with 0° image. Then, the Spectral Angle Mapper,SAM, a supervised classification method was carried out on the new fusion image.The result showed that the extraction accuracy of the vegetaion information approach to 92.23%, while it was only 66% if the SAM was used directly to the 0° CHRIS image. The result also indicated that multi-angle and hyperspectral remotely sensed data had important application potentiality in extraction of wetland vegetation information.
2011, 24(3): 307-313.
Abstract:
The provenance test including 33 seed sources of Schima superba at age seven was conducted at Jian'ou of Fujian to study the provenance differences and geographic variation pattern for growth traits and wood basic density. Based on cluster analysis results, the provenances with superior growth and wood properties were selected. Significant variations in DBH, height, clear bole height, volume index and wood basic density among provenances were demonstrated, of which the variation in volume index was the largest. A typical latitude variation pattern was found for growth traits and wood basic density of S. superba, and the local temperature was the main climatic factor which led to the variation. The provenances from lower latitudes and higher temperature region were higher in height, diameter and volume index, with lower wood basic density. Also, there existed correlations among various traits, as the wood basic density was negatively correlated with growth traits. Besides the provenance effect, the effect of micro-environment of different repetition was also very significant, the increment of S. superba provenances was smaller under poorer site condition, but the wood basic density showed an increasing tendency. Based on clustering of growth and wood basic density, the S. superba provenances could be approximately divided into three provenance regions, i.e. central, middle and northern regions. Meanwhile, seventeen provenances with superior growth and eleven provenances with both superior growth and wood properties were preliminarily selected, which were above provenance mean of volume index and wood basic density, and most of which originated from central provenance region of the Nanling-Wuyi Mountains.
The provenance test including 33 seed sources of Schima superba at age seven was conducted at Jian'ou of Fujian to study the provenance differences and geographic variation pattern for growth traits and wood basic density. Based on cluster analysis results, the provenances with superior growth and wood properties were selected. Significant variations in DBH, height, clear bole height, volume index and wood basic density among provenances were demonstrated, of which the variation in volume index was the largest. A typical latitude variation pattern was found for growth traits and wood basic density of S. superba, and the local temperature was the main climatic factor which led to the variation. The provenances from lower latitudes and higher temperature region were higher in height, diameter and volume index, with lower wood basic density. Also, there existed correlations among various traits, as the wood basic density was negatively correlated with growth traits. Besides the provenance effect, the effect of micro-environment of different repetition was also very significant, the increment of S. superba provenances was smaller under poorer site condition, but the wood basic density showed an increasing tendency. Based on clustering of growth and wood basic density, the S. superba provenances could be approximately divided into three provenance regions, i.e. central, middle and northern regions. Meanwhile, seventeen provenances with superior growth and eleven provenances with both superior growth and wood properties were preliminarily selected, which were above provenance mean of volume index and wood basic density, and most of which originated from central provenance region of the Nanling-Wuyi Mountains.
2011, 24(3): 314-320.
Abstract:
Sympodial bamboo is an important bamboo resource in China. Three sympodial bamboo plantations (Dendrocalamus farinosus, Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis daii, and Bambusa rigida) planted in Southern Sichuan province were studied. Four pairs bamboo buds which located at stem basal were named at first bud, second bud, third bud and fourth bud from bottom to top in sequence, bamboo shooting and growth of four pairs bamboo buds were surveyed. The survival rate of bamboo shoots, shooting rate and relative growth rate of mother bamboos with different ages and buds location were calculated respectively. The result showed that the reproductive capacity decreased rapidly with increasing age, one-year-old mother bamboo had the best reproductive capability, but decreased quickly in the second year, and the mother bamboo almost lost reproductive capacity in the third year. For different bamboo buds locations, the shooting rate and survival rate of bamboo shoots were in the order of second bud＞first bud＞third bud＞fourth bud, the first and the second buds were significantly higher than the third and the fourth buds. The result of analyzing the effect of age of mother bamboo and bud location on the ability of bamboo shooting showed the germination ability of the first and the second buds at one-year-old mother bamboo were the optimal. By sequential sample cluster analysis, the shooting period was divided into three stages: initial, abundant and final stage. The number of shoots at the initial shooting stage was few, but the survival rate of bamboo shoots was very high, the abundant and final stage showed the opposite situation. Germination age and shooting time of bamboo buds were related with the buds locations, the germination age and shooting time of the first and the second bamboo buds located in middle and lower location were earlier than that of the third and the fourth bamboo buds. Based on their study, the authors proposed some suggestions for tending, intermediate cutting, fertilization and shooting control.
Sympodial bamboo is an important bamboo resource in China. Three sympodial bamboo plantations (Dendrocalamus farinosus, Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis daii, and Bambusa rigida) planted in Southern Sichuan province were studied. Four pairs bamboo buds which located at stem basal were named at first bud, second bud, third bud and fourth bud from bottom to top in sequence, bamboo shooting and growth of four pairs bamboo buds were surveyed. The survival rate of bamboo shoots, shooting rate and relative growth rate of mother bamboos with different ages and buds location were calculated respectively. The result showed that the reproductive capacity decreased rapidly with increasing age, one-year-old mother bamboo had the best reproductive capability, but decreased quickly in the second year, and the mother bamboo almost lost reproductive capacity in the third year. For different bamboo buds locations, the shooting rate and survival rate of bamboo shoots were in the order of second bud＞first bud＞third bud＞fourth bud, the first and the second buds were significantly higher than the third and the fourth buds. The result of analyzing the effect of age of mother bamboo and bud location on the ability of bamboo shooting showed the germination ability of the first and the second buds at one-year-old mother bamboo were the optimal. By sequential sample cluster analysis, the shooting period was divided into three stages: initial, abundant and final stage. The number of shoots at the initial shooting stage was few, but the survival rate of bamboo shoots was very high, the abundant and final stage showed the opposite situation. Germination age and shooting time of bamboo buds were related with the buds locations, the germination age and shooting time of the first and the second bamboo buds located in middle and lower location were earlier than that of the third and the fourth bamboo buds. Based on their study, the authors proposed some suggestions for tending, intermediate cutting, fertilization and shooting control.
2011, 24(3): 321-326.
Abstract:
Fourteen insect cell lines from three orders were used to be infected with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) and Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV). The result showed that the susceptibility for two viruses were different among different insect cell lines. The cell lines which come from Diptera and Orthoptera could not be infected with AcNPV and BmNPV. The five cell lines, Sf21, Sf9, HighFive, RIRI-PX and HZ, which come from Lepidoptera, could be infected with AcNPV. The BmN cell line could be infected only with BmNPV. The infection rate of AcNPV to Sf9 was the highest, reached 84.0% after 10 days infection. RIRI-PX infected with AcNPV could produce the highest yield of polyhedral inclusion bodies which reached 43.9 PIBs/cell at 10 day post infection. The infection rate of BmNPV to BmN was 72.2% after 10 days infection, and the yield of polyhedral inclusion bodies was 23.1PIBs/cell.
Fourteen insect cell lines from three orders were used to be infected with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) and Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV). The result showed that the susceptibility for two viruses were different among different insect cell lines. The cell lines which come from Diptera and Orthoptera could not be infected with AcNPV and BmNPV. The five cell lines, Sf21, Sf9, HighFive, RIRI-PX and HZ, which come from Lepidoptera, could be infected with AcNPV. The BmN cell line could be infected only with BmNPV. The infection rate of AcNPV to Sf9 was the highest, reached 84.0% after 10 days infection. RIRI-PX infected with AcNPV could produce the highest yield of polyhedral inclusion bodies which reached 43.9 PIBs/cell at 10 day post infection. The infection rate of BmNPV to BmN was 72.2% after 10 days infection, and the yield of polyhedral inclusion bodies was 23.1PIBs/cell.
2011, 24(3): 327-333.
Abstract:
Five physiological indexes(leaf proline content, K+/Na+, Cl- content, SOD activity, and MDA content) were chosen to evaluate the comprehensive salt tolerance of Populus euphratica and Tamarix spp. in natural riparian forest by subordinate function in Yuli County. With the increase of soil salinity, the leaf proline content of P. euphratica increased, its K+/Na+ did not change, the Cl- content and SOD activity increased then decreased, MDA content decreased. However, the leaf proline content, K+/Na+, SOD activity and MDA content of Tamarix spp. increased and its Cl- content decreased. The leaf proline content of P. euphratica was significantly higher than Tamarix spp. in three plots (pP. euphratica and Tamarix spp. were 902.70 and 732.99 μg·g-1. The leaf K+/Na+ and MDA content of Tamarix spp. were significantly higher than that of P. euphratica in plots 1 and 2 with higher soil salt content in 0-10 cm depth (p+/Na+ of P. euphratica and Tamarix spp. were 0.060 and 0.095 and the leaf MDA content of P. euphratica and Tamarix spp. were 8.23 and 13.96 μmol·g-1. The leaf Cl- content of P. euphratica was significantly higher than that of Tamarix spp. in plot 1 and 2 (p- content of P. euphratica and Tamarix spp. were 2.59 and 1.49 μg·mg-1 in plot 2. The leaf SOD activity of Tamarix spp. (0.43 U·mg-1·min-1) was significantly higher than that of P. euphratica (0.37 U·mg-1·min-1) in plots 1 (pP. euphratica is higher than that of Tamarix spp., according to the results of subordinate function. The salt tolerance mechanism is different in two plants: P. euphratica tolerates salt by increasing leaf proline and decreasing leaf Cl- content, whereas Tamarix spp. tolerates salt by increasing leaf proline content, improving leaf K+/Na+ and enhancing SOD activity under higher soil salinity condition.
Five physiological indexes(leaf proline content, K+/Na+, Cl- content, SOD activity, and MDA content) were chosen to evaluate the comprehensive salt tolerance of Populus euphratica and Tamarix spp. in natural riparian forest by subordinate function in Yuli County. With the increase of soil salinity, the leaf proline content of P. euphratica increased, its K+/Na+ did not change, the Cl- content and SOD activity increased then decreased, MDA content decreased. However, the leaf proline content, K+/Na+, SOD activity and MDA content of Tamarix spp. increased and its Cl- content decreased. The leaf proline content of P. euphratica was significantly higher than Tamarix spp. in three plots (pP. euphratica and Tamarix spp. were 902.70 and 732.99 μg·g-1. The leaf K+/Na+ and MDA content of Tamarix spp. were significantly higher than that of P. euphratica in plots 1 and 2 with higher soil salt content in 0-10 cm depth (p+/Na+ of P. euphratica and Tamarix spp. were 0.060 and 0.095 and the leaf MDA content of P. euphratica and Tamarix spp. were 8.23 and 13.96 μmol·g-1. The leaf Cl- content of P. euphratica was significantly higher than that of Tamarix spp. in plot 1 and 2 (p- content of P. euphratica and Tamarix spp. were 2.59 and 1.49 μg·mg-1 in plot 2. The leaf SOD activity of Tamarix spp. (0.43 U·mg-1·min-1) was significantly higher than that of P. euphratica (0.37 U·mg-1·min-1) in plots 1 (pP. euphratica is higher than that of Tamarix spp., according to the results of subordinate function. The salt tolerance mechanism is different in two plants: P. euphratica tolerates salt by increasing leaf proline and decreasing leaf Cl- content, whereas Tamarix spp. tolerates salt by increasing leaf proline content, improving leaf K+/Na+ and enhancing SOD activity under higher soil salinity condition.
2011, 24(3): 334-339.
Abstract:
In order to establish a multiplex PCR detection method of genetically modified ingredient in Populus nigra, primers were designed according to CaMV 35s promoter, NOS terminator, NPTⅡ marker gene and Bt target gene sequences of insect-resistant transgenic P. nigra. The promoter, terminator, marker gene and target gene were detected by simplex PCR and multiplex PCR. The PCR system such as annealing temperature and content of primers were optimized. The results showed that the high efficiency PCR system was obtained when the final ratio of the primer is 1.0∶ 0.5∶ 0.5 for Bt, NPTⅡ and NOS respectively, and the annealing temperature is 59 ℃. Base on these, a technical system was set up to detect the Bt, NPTⅡ, NOS gene of insect-resistant transgenic P.nigra with triple PCR, and the quick, efficient and accurate identification way of insect-resistant transgenic P.nigra was achieved.
In order to establish a multiplex PCR detection method of genetically modified ingredient in Populus nigra, primers were designed according to CaMV 35s promoter, NOS terminator, NPTⅡ marker gene and Bt target gene sequences of insect-resistant transgenic P. nigra. The promoter, terminator, marker gene and target gene were detected by simplex PCR and multiplex PCR. The PCR system such as annealing temperature and content of primers were optimized. The results showed that the high efficiency PCR system was obtained when the final ratio of the primer is 1.0∶ 0.5∶ 0.5 for Bt, NPTⅡ and NOS respectively, and the annealing temperature is 59 ℃. Base on these, a technical system was set up to detect the Bt, NPTⅡ, NOS gene of insect-resistant transgenic P.nigra with triple PCR, and the quick, efficient and accurate identification way of insect-resistant transgenic P.nigra was achieved.
2011, 24(3): 340-344.
Abstract:
PCR amplification was employed to detect the infection of Wolbachia on Aprostocetus sp., a new species of parasitic wasps on Ericerus pela, by using the universal primers and specific primers for wsp gene of A and B supergroup. The sequences obtained, were named as wApr, wAprA and wAprB, which sizes were 620, 566 and 463 bp respectively. Sequence analysis found that 4 variable basepairs occurred among the sequences. The phylogenetic analysis of wsp gene showed that Wolbachia in Aprostocetus sp. were classified as Dig group of B-Wolbachia. The sequences of wApr and wAprB were submitted to GenBank and the accession numbers assigned were HQ121415 and HQ121417.
PCR amplification was employed to detect the infection of Wolbachia on Aprostocetus sp., a new species of parasitic wasps on Ericerus pela, by using the universal primers and specific primers for wsp gene of A and B supergroup. The sequences obtained, were named as wApr, wAprA and wAprB, which sizes were 620, 566 and 463 bp respectively. Sequence analysis found that 4 variable basepairs occurred among the sequences. The phylogenetic analysis of wsp gene showed that Wolbachia in Aprostocetus sp. were classified as Dig group of B-Wolbachia. The sequences of wApr and wAprB were submitted to GenBank and the accession numbers assigned were HQ121415 and HQ121417.
2011, 24(3): 345-349.
Abstract:
The effects of sublethal dose of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on food utilization of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, as well as CPF toxicity and enzyme activities of carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were evaluated in the 3rd-instar gypsy moth larvae using gravimetric method and measuring enzyme activities. Relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of the conversion of ingested food (ECI) and efficiency of the conversion of digested food (ECD) of 3rd-instar larvae fed on poplar leaves treated by sublethal concentration of CPF were significantly lower than those fed on normal polar leaves. However, approximate digestibility (AD) of the treatment was significantly higher than that of control. The relative consumption rate (RCR) of the treatment and control groups were not significantly different. The 24 h LC50 of CPF to the gypsy moth 3rd-instar larvae was 5.86 mg·L-1, which was higher than that of omethoate but lower than that of cyhalothrin. In vitro inhibition assay indicated that the activities of AChE, CarE and GSTs were inhibited by CPF depended on concentrations. The enzyme activity inhibition percent is CarE＞AChE＞GSTs. The results suggest CPF is a kind of effective organophosphorous insecticide for controlling gypsy moth.
The effects of sublethal dose of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on food utilization of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, as well as CPF toxicity and enzyme activities of carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were evaluated in the 3rd-instar gypsy moth larvae using gravimetric method and measuring enzyme activities. Relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of the conversion of ingested food (ECI) and efficiency of the conversion of digested food (ECD) of 3rd-instar larvae fed on poplar leaves treated by sublethal concentration of CPF were significantly lower than those fed on normal polar leaves. However, approximate digestibility (AD) of the treatment was significantly higher than that of control. The relative consumption rate (RCR) of the treatment and control groups were not significantly different. The 24 h LC50 of CPF to the gypsy moth 3rd-instar larvae was 5.86 mg·L-1, which was higher than that of omethoate but lower than that of cyhalothrin. In vitro inhibition assay indicated that the activities of AChE, CarE and GSTs were inhibited by CPF depended on concentrations. The enzyme activity inhibition percent is CarE＞AChE＞GSTs. The results suggest CPF is a kind of effective organophosphorous insecticide for controlling gypsy moth.
2011, 24(3): 350-356.
Abstract:
The slow-release attractant for Monochamus alternatus were prepared by the attractive active agent and the slow releasing matrix with high absorbability, which was mainly composed of 2 monoterpene, acetaldehyde, acetone, alcohol, microcrystalline carbon, bentonite and the rate was 0.20∶ 0.06∶ 0.06∶ 0.08∶ 0.47∶ 0.13. The weight of attractive active agent and slow releasing matrix accounted for 40% and 60% of the total weight of the slow-release attractant, respectively. The slow-release attractant can control the release rates of the active composition, and made the attractive effects steadily and sustainable. The daily mean volatilization rate of the attractive active composition of the slow-release attractant was 0.9 g, which was only 25.0% of the prototype attractant, and could attract 29 species notorious trunk borer, and was a broad-spectrum slow-release attractant. The attractive activity of this attractant to M. alternates was similar with prototype attractant and the effective attractive radius and trap ratio was 70 m and 43.8% in forest, respectively. This slow-release attractant could monitor accurately the adult population dynamics of the main pine stem-borers such as M. alternatus, and trapped and killed effectively the insects, which carried the Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.
The slow-release attractant for Monochamus alternatus were prepared by the attractive active agent and the slow releasing matrix with high absorbability, which was mainly composed of 2 monoterpene, acetaldehyde, acetone, alcohol, microcrystalline carbon, bentonite and the rate was 0.20∶ 0.06∶ 0.06∶ 0.08∶ 0.47∶ 0.13. The weight of attractive active agent and slow releasing matrix accounted for 40% and 60% of the total weight of the slow-release attractant, respectively. The slow-release attractant can control the release rates of the active composition, and made the attractive effects steadily and sustainable. The daily mean volatilization rate of the attractive active composition of the slow-release attractant was 0.9 g, which was only 25.0% of the prototype attractant, and could attract 29 species notorious trunk borer, and was a broad-spectrum slow-release attractant. The attractive activity of this attractant to M. alternates was similar with prototype attractant and the effective attractive radius and trap ratio was 70 m and 43.8% in forest, respectively. This slow-release attractant could monitor accurately the adult population dynamics of the main pine stem-borers such as M. alternatus, and trapped and killed effectively the insects, which carried the Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.
2011, 24(3): 357-362.
Abstract:
The changes of soil fertilities on young and half-mature Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantations with different generations were studied through the pair method with different generations (1, 2) and ages (8, 15, 18, and 20 a). The results as follows: after successive rotation,regardless of being the young growth or the half-mature forest,the soil density decreased,soil total porosity and soil moisture were on the rise, the soil physical properties was got improvement. The differences of soil density and soil total porosity in 20-40 cm half-mature forest between first and second generation were significant level. After successive rotation, the total K, total Mg and pH were declining, while the organic matter, total N, total P, total Ca and alkaline hydrolysis N, available P, available K were on the rise, and the differences of available P in 0-20 cm young forest and pH, the differences of alkaline hydrolysis N in 0-20 cm half-mature forest and total N, available P, available K,total K between first and second generation were significant or most significant level. The soil total Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, and Mn contents in young and half-mature forest were declining, and the differences of total Mn contents in young and half-mature forest between first and second generation reached significant level.
The changes of soil fertilities on young and half-mature Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantations with different generations were studied through the pair method with different generations (1, 2) and ages (8, 15, 18, and 20 a). The results as follows: after successive rotation,regardless of being the young growth or the half-mature forest,the soil density decreased,soil total porosity and soil moisture were on the rise, the soil physical properties was got improvement. The differences of soil density and soil total porosity in 20-40 cm half-mature forest between first and second generation were significant level. After successive rotation, the total K, total Mg and pH were declining, while the organic matter, total N, total P, total Ca and alkaline hydrolysis N, available P, available K were on the rise, and the differences of available P in 0-20 cm young forest and pH, the differences of alkaline hydrolysis N in 0-20 cm half-mature forest and total N, available P, available K,total K between first and second generation were significant or most significant level. The soil total Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, and Mn contents in young and half-mature forest were declining, and the differences of total Mn contents in young and half-mature forest between first and second generation reached significant level.
2011, 24(3): 363-369.
Abstract:
Pine community is one of the most important community types in Wula Mountain which is a large water conservation area in western Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. There is great significance to master the pine population structure and distribution patterns for the health assessment and management of mountain forest ecosystem in arid and semi-arid areas. By studying the distribution characteristics of natural pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) population in Wula Mountain Nature Reserve, three representative samples were set up and the age structure and spatial distribution patterns of the pine populations were studied by using the population diameter instead of the age class structure and point pattern analysis (Ripley's K-Function) methods. The results showed that the age structure of pine population was at different developmental stages due to pine's own biological characteristics, environmental factors and human interference. Overall, the age structure of pine population was at the stable type in Wula Mountain. The survival curve of natural pine populations was close to DeeveyⅡ type. In addition, the natural pine populations showed different distribution patterns under different age structure and habitat conditions. Under suitable growth environment (shady slope and semi-shady slope at altitude 1 400-1 800 m) and population were dominated by middle-aged and young trees, the population showed a cluster distribution. The population distributed at high altitude (1 800 m and above) and sunny stony slope were usually older and with lower density and the population spatial pattern was characterized by a random distribution.
Pine community is one of the most important community types in Wula Mountain which is a large water conservation area in western Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. There is great significance to master the pine population structure and distribution patterns for the health assessment and management of mountain forest ecosystem in arid and semi-arid areas. By studying the distribution characteristics of natural pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) population in Wula Mountain Nature Reserve, three representative samples were set up and the age structure and spatial distribution patterns of the pine populations were studied by using the population diameter instead of the age class structure and point pattern analysis (Ripley's K-Function) methods. The results showed that the age structure of pine population was at different developmental stages due to pine's own biological characteristics, environmental factors and human interference. Overall, the age structure of pine population was at the stable type in Wula Mountain. The survival curve of natural pine populations was close to DeeveyⅡ type. In addition, the natural pine populations showed different distribution patterns under different age structure and habitat conditions. Under suitable growth environment (shady slope and semi-shady slope at altitude 1 400-1 800 m) and population were dominated by middle-aged and young trees, the population showed a cluster distribution. The population distributed at high altitude (1 800 m and above) and sunny stony slope were usually older and with lower density and the population spatial pattern was characterized by a random distribution.
2011, 24(3): 370-378.
Abstract:
The photosynthetic characteristics of 30 Populus tomentosa clones were measured with lico-6400 photosynthetic instrument, and the relationship between the environmental factors and physiological indicators was studied by correlation analysis and stepwise regression equation. The results showed that the diurnal net photosynthesis rate (Pn) variation of P.tomentosa clones presented a typical double-peak curve, and that stomatal limitation was a major regulatory factor of decreased photosynthesis. The Pn-Par (photosynthetically active radiation) and Pn-Ca (CO2-response) curves of five P.tomentosa clones shaped like "S", and also accorded with quadratic equation. Under saturated conditions of the Ca and luminous intensity, the Pn, light compensation point (lcp), and CO2 compensation point (ccp) of five selected clones showed significant differences. In addition, with the luminous intensity saturated, the Pn rankings of the 5 clones were: BL204(24.64)＞BL206(23.76)＞BL30(21.50)＞BL207(19.54)＞BL63(18.64 μmol·m-2·s-1). Whereas with the Ca saturated, BL206 had the maximum value (30.15 μmol·m-2·s-1), and BL63 had the minimum value (0.34 μmol·m-2·s-1). Meanwhile, for the five clones, the lcp ranged from 33.08 μmol·m-2·s-1 to 81.17 μmol·m-2·s-1, and ccp ranged from 74.03 μmol·mol-1 to 93.35 μmol·mol-1. The values of Pn, stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) of 30 poplar clones were significantly different (Sig＜0.000). The results also presented that the phenotype variation coefficients of photosynthetic factors changed between 8.94%-23.22%, and genetic variation coefficients of photosynthetic factors were between 8.78%-22.79%. And the high repeatability revealed that genetic factors played a major role in phenotypic variation. Furthermore, there existed extremely significant correlations among the photosynthetic factors of the poplar clones, the highest correlation coefficient being 0.731. It is concluded that the photosynthetic indices could be used to evaluate poplar clones.
The photosynthetic characteristics of 30 Populus tomentosa clones were measured with lico-6400 photosynthetic instrument, and the relationship between the environmental factors and physiological indicators was studied by correlation analysis and stepwise regression equation. The results showed that the diurnal net photosynthesis rate (Pn) variation of P.tomentosa clones presented a typical double-peak curve, and that stomatal limitation was a major regulatory factor of decreased photosynthesis. The Pn-Par (photosynthetically active radiation) and Pn-Ca (CO2-response) curves of five P.tomentosa clones shaped like "S", and also accorded with quadratic equation. Under saturated conditions of the Ca and luminous intensity, the Pn, light compensation point (lcp), and CO2 compensation point (ccp) of five selected clones showed significant differences. In addition, with the luminous intensity saturated, the Pn rankings of the 5 clones were: BL204(24.64)＞BL206(23.76)＞BL30(21.50)＞BL207(19.54)＞BL63(18.64 μmol·m-2·s-1). Whereas with the Ca saturated, BL206 had the maximum value (30.15 μmol·m-2·s-1), and BL63 had the minimum value (0.34 μmol·m-2·s-1). Meanwhile, for the five clones, the lcp ranged from 33.08 μmol·m-2·s-1 to 81.17 μmol·m-2·s-1, and ccp ranged from 74.03 μmol·mol-1 to 93.35 μmol·mol-1. The values of Pn, stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) of 30 poplar clones were significantly different (Sig＜0.000). The results also presented that the phenotype variation coefficients of photosynthetic factors changed between 8.94%-23.22%, and genetic variation coefficients of photosynthetic factors were between 8.78%-22.79%. And the high repeatability revealed that genetic factors played a major role in phenotypic variation. Furthermore, there existed extremely significant correlations among the photosynthetic factors of the poplar clones, the highest correlation coefficient being 0.731. It is concluded that the photosynthetic indices could be used to evaluate poplar clones.
2011, 24(3): 379-384.
Abstract:
The underground buds of Paeonia lactiflora ‘Zhong Sheng Fen’ were used to study various concentration of IAA and sampling time on initiation culture, various concentration of 6-BA on axillary shoots inducing, and different auxin on axillary shoots proliferation and rejuvenation of hyperhydric plantlets. The results showed that: the best initial medium of ‘Zhong Sheng Fen’ is 1/2 MS(double Ca2+)+ 6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1 + GA3 0.5 mg·L-1+IAA 0.1 mg·L-1. The highest germination percentage (92.80%), number of lateral shoots (2.13) and height (4.22 cm) were observed in the treatment. It was better to sample underground buds in spring than in winter. The germination percentage was 100.00% in spring and 96.70% in winter. Leaf expansion percentage was 92.60% in spring and 61.5% in winter. 2.0 mg·L-1 6-BA was good for axillary shoots inducing. 5.67 axillary shoots were induced from the main buds. In addition, the lowest death percentage (6.67%) was gained. Auxin was not good for axillary shoots proliferation. Adding AC and removal ammonium nitrate in the medium, using triangular flask as culture vessel and joint filling material, increasing calcium (double Ca2+) in the medium and not using 6-BA were helpful to the rejuvenation of hyperhydric plantlets. The percentage of normal shoots can reach 20.06%-34.37%.
The underground buds of Paeonia lactiflora ‘Zhong Sheng Fen’ were used to study various concentration of IAA and sampling time on initiation culture, various concentration of 6-BA on axillary shoots inducing, and different auxin on axillary shoots proliferation and rejuvenation of hyperhydric plantlets. The results showed that: the best initial medium of ‘Zhong Sheng Fen’ is 1/2 MS(double Ca2+)+ 6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1 + GA3 0.5 mg·L-1+IAA 0.1 mg·L-1. The highest germination percentage (92.80%), number of lateral shoots (2.13) and height (4.22 cm) were observed in the treatment. It was better to sample underground buds in spring than in winter. The germination percentage was 100.00% in spring and 96.70% in winter. Leaf expansion percentage was 92.60% in spring and 61.5% in winter. 2.0 mg·L-1 6-BA was good for axillary shoots inducing. 5.67 axillary shoots were induced from the main buds. In addition, the lowest death percentage (6.67%) was gained. Auxin was not good for axillary shoots proliferation. Adding AC and removal ammonium nitrate in the medium, using triangular flask as culture vessel and joint filling material, increasing calcium (double Ca2+) in the medium and not using 6-BA were helpful to the rejuvenation of hyperhydric plantlets. The percentage of normal shoots can reach 20.06%-34.37%.
2011, 24(3): 385-389.
Abstract:
Flowering phenology of Betula alnoides under different site conditions was observed and compared at inflorescence, individual and stand levels in an ecotone of two types of soils originated from limestone (site L) and granite (site G), respectively, at Jingxi County, Guangxi. The flowering of both male and female inflorescences lasted two to three days, and male inflorescences normally bloomed approximately fourteen days earlier than female ones at the same positions on a tree. At individual level, flowering lasted four to twenty eight days with flowering synchrony index of Augspurger (1983) ranging from 0.160 to 0.259 in each plot, and majority of trees flowered initially upper canopy, followed by middle and lower parts. There existed no significant difference of flowering duration and synchrony between individuals of site G and L (P＞0.05). And flowering lasted forty to fifty eight days without significant difference of flowering duration between both sites at stand level.
Flowering phenology of Betula alnoides under different site conditions was observed and compared at inflorescence, individual and stand levels in an ecotone of two types of soils originated from limestone (site L) and granite (site G), respectively, at Jingxi County, Guangxi. The flowering of both male and female inflorescences lasted two to three days, and male inflorescences normally bloomed approximately fourteen days earlier than female ones at the same positions on a tree. At individual level, flowering lasted four to twenty eight days with flowering synchrony index of Augspurger (1983) ranging from 0.160 to 0.259 in each plot, and majority of trees flowered initially upper canopy, followed by middle and lower parts. There existed no significant difference of flowering duration and synchrony between individuals of site G and L (P＞0.05). And flowering lasted forty to fifty eight days without significant difference of flowering duration between both sites at stand level.
2011, 24(3): 390-394.
Abstract:
This research analyzed the data of forest stand, sample trees and meteorological condition for plantation of Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus tabulaeformis in Fangshan County and Ji County of Shanxi Province, to investigate the water-consumption. The results showed: (1) The water-consuming quantity of plantation increases with increasing forest age. The water-consumption will exceed the precipitation when the stand reaches a certain age. It is 15 years for the plantation of sunny slope Robinia pseudoacacia in Fangshan County; 5 years for the half-sunny slope Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and 23 years for the plantation of half-sunny slope Pinus tabulaeformis in Ji County. (2) Under the current precipitation condition, the water-consumption can't reach its required level, there is insufficient water stress. The order of water-consumption quantity in growing season from high to low is Jul, Jun, Aug, May, Sep and Oct. The precipitation condition limits the plantation's demand on water and its rational distribution during growing season. Therefore, it is necessary to control or regulate the stand density in different growth stages with a consideration of the management objectives and the precipitation input.
This research analyzed the data of forest stand, sample trees and meteorological condition for plantation of Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus tabulaeformis in Fangshan County and Ji County of Shanxi Province, to investigate the water-consumption. The results showed: (1) The water-consuming quantity of plantation increases with increasing forest age. The water-consumption will exceed the precipitation when the stand reaches a certain age. It is 15 years for the plantation of sunny slope Robinia pseudoacacia in Fangshan County; 5 years for the half-sunny slope Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and 23 years for the plantation of half-sunny slope Pinus tabulaeformis in Ji County. (2) Under the current precipitation condition, the water-consumption can't reach its required level, there is insufficient water stress. The order of water-consumption quantity in growing season from high to low is Jul, Jun, Aug, May, Sep and Oct. The precipitation condition limits the plantation's demand on water and its rational distribution during growing season. Therefore, it is necessary to control or regulate the stand density in different growth stages with a consideration of the management objectives and the precipitation input.
2011, 24(3): 395-398.
Abstract:
Xanthoceras sorbifolia provenances were obtained in their main districts, and some cone characters were tested which includes cone diameter(A), cone length(B), pericarp thickness(C), fruitstalk diameter(D), single cone weight(E), pericarp weight(F), seed weight(G), number of seed room(H), seed number(J), rate of seed of cone(K). From the analysis of those characters, it was found that the indexes of characters of single cone weight(E), seed weight(G), pericarp weight(F) had large disparities, and the indexes of characters of cone diameter(A), cone length(B), pericarp thickness(C), fruitstalk diameter(D) had small disparities. There were linearly positive correlations between indexes of characters, the relative coefficient of factors with A is E＞B＞F＞G＞D＞J＞C; the relative coefficient of factors with B is E>G>F>A>J>D>C;the relative coefficient of factors with C is J＞G＞E＞B＞F＞A;the relative coefficient of factors with D is E＞G＞F＞A＞B＞J;the relative coefficient of factors with E is F＞G＞A＞B＞J＞D＞C; the relative coefficient of factors with F is E＞G＞A＞B＞J＞D＞C;the relative coefficient of factors with G is E＞F＞B＞A＞J＞D＞C.
Xanthoceras sorbifolia provenances were obtained in their main districts, and some cone characters were tested which includes cone diameter(A), cone length(B), pericarp thickness(C), fruitstalk diameter(D), single cone weight(E), pericarp weight(F), seed weight(G), number of seed room(H), seed number(J), rate of seed of cone(K). From the analysis of those characters, it was found that the indexes of characters of single cone weight(E), seed weight(G), pericarp weight(F) had large disparities, and the indexes of characters of cone diameter(A), cone length(B), pericarp thickness(C), fruitstalk diameter(D) had small disparities. There were linearly positive correlations between indexes of characters, the relative coefficient of factors with A is E＞B＞F＞G＞D＞J＞C; the relative coefficient of factors with B is E>G>F>A>J>D>C;the relative coefficient of factors with C is J＞G＞E＞B＞F＞A;the relative coefficient of factors with D is E＞G＞F＞A＞B＞J;the relative coefficient of factors with E is F＞G＞A＞B＞J＞D＞C; the relative coefficient of factors with F is E＞G＞A＞B＞J＞D＞C;the relative coefficient of factors with G is E＞F＞B＞A＞J＞D＞C.
2011, 24(3): 399-403.
Abstract:
The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution pattern of organic carbon and black carbon in soils of Wuyi Mountains. The results indicated that the contents of organic carbon in 2000-250 μm fraction, 250-50 μm fraction and -1, 1.48 to 10.30 g·kg-1 and 0.58 to 3.86 g·kg-1 respectively. The contents of black carbon in corresponding fraction varied from 0.58 to 22.19 g·kg-1, 0.11 to 3.57 g·kg-1 and 0.07 to 0.87 g·kg-1, which indicated that the organic carbon and black carbon were mainly presented in 2000-250 μm fraction. The regression analysis showed that there was a significant linear or logarithmic relationship between soil organic carbon and black carbon in corresponding fractions and whole soil, and the proportion of black carbon to organic carbon was 6%-35% in different soils. The data also suggested that the black carbon had a high relative content in <50 μm fraction of red soil, yellowish red and yellow soil, but in 250-50 μm fraction of meadow soil.
The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution pattern of organic carbon and black carbon in soils of Wuyi Mountains. The results indicated that the contents of organic carbon in 2000-250 μm fraction, 250-50 μm fraction and -1, 1.48 to 10.30 g·kg-1 and 0.58 to 3.86 g·kg-1 respectively. The contents of black carbon in corresponding fraction varied from 0.58 to 22.19 g·kg-1, 0.11 to 3.57 g·kg-1 and 0.07 to 0.87 g·kg-1, which indicated that the organic carbon and black carbon were mainly presented in 2000-250 μm fraction. The regression analysis showed that there was a significant linear or logarithmic relationship between soil organic carbon and black carbon in corresponding fractions and whole soil, and the proportion of black carbon to organic carbon was 6%-35% in different soils. The data also suggested that the black carbon had a high relative content in <50 μm fraction of red soil, yellowish red and yellow soil, but in 250-50 μm fraction of meadow soil.
2011, 24(3): 404-409.
Abstract:
Based on the data collected from 2008 to 2010 in Eucalyptus plantation of Gaoyao city, Guangdong Province, the annual variation, seasonal variation and daily variation of soil temperature before and after rotation were analyzed. The result showed that the soil temperatures of various layers had a significantly positive correlation with the surface temperature. The annual variation of soil temperature showed a unimodal distribution and the annual amplitude became smaller in deeper layer. The daily variation followed a sinusoid and the daily amplitude became smaller in deeper layer. The peak value appeared later with the increasing of soil depth. The annual amplitude of the soil temperature in 2009 after the rotation (13.58 ℃) was smaller than in 2008 before the rotation (15.37 ℃). The peak value time appeared 1 hour ahead and the daily amplitude increased.
Based on the data collected from 2008 to 2010 in Eucalyptus plantation of Gaoyao city, Guangdong Province, the annual variation, seasonal variation and daily variation of soil temperature before and after rotation were analyzed. The result showed that the soil temperatures of various layers had a significantly positive correlation with the surface temperature. The annual variation of soil temperature showed a unimodal distribution and the annual amplitude became smaller in deeper layer. The daily variation followed a sinusoid and the daily amplitude became smaller in deeper layer. The peak value appeared later with the increasing of soil depth. The annual amplitude of the soil temperature in 2009 after the rotation (13.58 ℃) was smaller than in 2008 before the rotation (15.37 ℃). The peak value time appeared 1 hour ahead and the daily amplitude increased.
2011, 24(3): 410-414.
Abstract:
Primers were designed according to sequence of polyhedron envelope protein gene(pep) of BusuNPV, then the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) technology was used to detect Buzura suppressaria nucleopolyhedrovirus DNA sequences from viral polyhedral inclusion bodies(PIB), and the DNA sequences was detected from the egg and offspring.The level of sensitivity by the technology was as low as 1 fg·mL-1 DNA.Morphology and biological activity studies of BusuNPV showed that,the BusuNPV saved by laboratory was single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SNPV).An infectivity test of BusuNPV against the second instar larvae of Buzura suppressaria was carried out in out laboratory,and LC50 of BusuNPV was determined as 6.65×104 PIB·mL-1, and LT50 of BusuNPV was 5.69 d.
Primers were designed according to sequence of polyhedron envelope protein gene(pep) of BusuNPV, then the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) technology was used to detect Buzura suppressaria nucleopolyhedrovirus DNA sequences from viral polyhedral inclusion bodies(PIB), and the DNA sequences was detected from the egg and offspring.The level of sensitivity by the technology was as low as 1 fg·mL-1 DNA.Morphology and biological activity studies of BusuNPV showed that,the BusuNPV saved by laboratory was single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SNPV).An infectivity test of BusuNPV against the second instar larvae of Buzura suppressaria was carried out in out laboratory,and LC50 of BusuNPV was determined as 6.65×104 PIB·mL-1, and LT50 of BusuNPV was 5.69 d.
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