2011 Vol. 24, No. 5
Display Method:
2011, 24(5): 549-553.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
The tephrosia witches’-broom phytoplasma collected from Hainan province was classified and identified by sequencing techniques and iPhyClassifer. The results of sequencing and homologuous comparison with other phytoplasmas showed that tephrosia witches’-broom phytoplasma shared 99.9% similarity with peanut witches’-broom phytoplasma in 16S rRNA gene and 99.9% in rp gene. Tephrosia witches’-broom phytoplasma are sorted into Peanut witches’-broom group(16SrⅡ), 16SrⅡ-A, according to the results of iPhyClassifer of 16S rDNA, phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and rp gene, which is related to Ca. Phytoplasma australasiae.
The tephrosia witches’-broom phytoplasma collected from Hainan province was classified and identified by sequencing techniques and iPhyClassifer. The results of sequencing and homologuous comparison with other phytoplasmas showed that tephrosia witches’-broom phytoplasma shared 99.9% similarity with peanut witches’-broom phytoplasma in 16S rRNA gene and 99.9% in rp gene. Tephrosia witches’-broom phytoplasma are sorted into Peanut witches’-broom group(16SrⅡ), 16SrⅡ-A, according to the results of iPhyClassifer of 16S rDNA, phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and rp gene, which is related to Ca. Phytoplasma australasiae.
2011, 24(5): 554-562.
Abstract:
Based on the location data for each timber from two broadleaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest plots which area is 1 hm2 at Jiaohe of Jilin province, the spatial distribution pattern and tree species spatial correlation of P. koraiensis and main dominate population in middle and upper vertical forest layer were chosen as study objects, the O-ring statistics based on RipleyK(d) function and Mark correlation function was used to analyze the spatial distribution and spatial correlation. The result showed that spatial distribution pattern of P. koraiensis and Fraxinus mandshurica were clumped at smaller scales in F. mandshurica-P. koraiensis forest, P. koraiensis was especially in middle vertical layer. P. koraiensis and Tilia amurensis spatial distribution pattern were clumped at multiple scales. At same vertical layer, P. koraiensis had no significant spatial association to F. mandshurica and T. amurensis, however, there had some association in different vertical layer of different population. P. koraiensis in upper layer has significant negative correlation with midstory layer at 0～19 m, this properties was not obviously in T. amurensis-P. koraiensis mixed forest. F. mandshurica and T. amurensis in upper vertical layer showed significant negative correlation with midstory layer at smaller scales. P. koraiensis in upper layer shower significant negative correlation with F. mandshurica and T. amurensis in middle vertical layer lager scale, but P. koraiensis in middle vertical layer had no correlation with F. mandshurica and T. amurensis in upper layer.
Based on the location data for each timber from two broadleaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest plots which area is 1 hm2 at Jiaohe of Jilin province, the spatial distribution pattern and tree species spatial correlation of P. koraiensis and main dominate population in middle and upper vertical forest layer were chosen as study objects, the O-ring statistics based on RipleyK(d) function and Mark correlation function was used to analyze the spatial distribution and spatial correlation. The result showed that spatial distribution pattern of P. koraiensis and Fraxinus mandshurica were clumped at smaller scales in F. mandshurica-P. koraiensis forest, P. koraiensis was especially in middle vertical layer. P. koraiensis and Tilia amurensis spatial distribution pattern were clumped at multiple scales. At same vertical layer, P. koraiensis had no significant spatial association to F. mandshurica and T. amurensis, however, there had some association in different vertical layer of different population. P. koraiensis in upper layer has significant negative correlation with midstory layer at 0～19 m, this properties was not obviously in T. amurensis-P. koraiensis mixed forest. F. mandshurica and T. amurensis in upper vertical layer showed significant negative correlation with midstory layer at smaller scales. P. koraiensis in upper layer shower significant negative correlation with F. mandshurica and T. amurensis in middle vertical layer lager scale, but P. koraiensis in middle vertical layer had no correlation with F. mandshurica and T. amurensis in upper layer.
2011, 24(5): 563-571.
Abstract:
In order to explore the photosynthetic characteristics of tropical montane rain forest tree species at different successional stages on Hainan Island, the diurnal variations of the seedling’s photosynthesis of three representative tree species (Endospermum chinense in the primary successional stage, Elaeocarpus dubius in the middle successional stage and Parakmeria lotungensis in the old growth stage) in four relative irradiance levels were studied by the pot experiments. Endospermum chinense had the strongest ability of leaf temperature controlling, which showed lower leaf temperature than Elaeocarpus dubius and P. lotungensis in the diurnal changes. Elaeocarpus dubius had the highest photosynthetic physiology plasticity. Elaeocarpus dubius was similar to Endospermum chinense on photosynthetic rate and lower than P. lotungensis on leaf temperature under sunny days, whereas it didn’t differ significantly with P. lotungensis on photosynthetic rate and leaf temperature under cloudy days. Endospermum chinense and P. lotungensis had higher water use ability than Elaeocarpus dubius, which showed lower stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and higher water use efficiency. Endospermum chinense had higher photosynthetic capacity, which showed higher photosynthetic rate than P. lotungensis. The differences of plant species on photosynthesis capacity, leaf temperature control ability, photosynthetic physiology plasticity and water use ability had important effects on succession of plant community.
In order to explore the photosynthetic characteristics of tropical montane rain forest tree species at different successional stages on Hainan Island, the diurnal variations of the seedling’s photosynthesis of three representative tree species (Endospermum chinense in the primary successional stage, Elaeocarpus dubius in the middle successional stage and Parakmeria lotungensis in the old growth stage) in four relative irradiance levels were studied by the pot experiments. Endospermum chinense had the strongest ability of leaf temperature controlling, which showed lower leaf temperature than Elaeocarpus dubius and P. lotungensis in the diurnal changes. Elaeocarpus dubius had the highest photosynthetic physiology plasticity. Elaeocarpus dubius was similar to Endospermum chinense on photosynthetic rate and lower than P. lotungensis on leaf temperature under sunny days, whereas it didn’t differ significantly with P. lotungensis on photosynthetic rate and leaf temperature under cloudy days. Endospermum chinense and P. lotungensis had higher water use ability than Elaeocarpus dubius, which showed lower stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and higher water use efficiency. Endospermum chinense had higher photosynthetic capacity, which showed higher photosynthetic rate than P. lotungensis. The differences of plant species on photosynthesis capacity, leaf temperature control ability, photosynthetic physiology plasticity and water use ability had important effects on succession of plant community.
2011, 24(5): 572-578.
Abstract:
Using a space substitute for time approach, this paper investigates the dynamic characteristics of the seedling bank of Quercus spp. community at different restoration stages under the disturbance of ground fire in Baotianman National Nature Reserve. The results showed that there were 49 species of wood seedlings belonging to 37 genera of 25 families at different restoration stages after fire in Quercus spp. community, with the recovery of the vegetation in the burned area, the amount of the wood species seedling increased and the shrub species seedling decreased, but the Quercus spp. seedling always maintained prevalence at different stages; the density of the seedling bank under the forest became smaller as the restoration time prolonged, the density of the Quercus spp. seedling showed a high-low-high fluctuation. The density reached the highest amount of (9.34±4.71)plant/10 m2 1 year after fire; there were a significant differences between the seedling bank under the forest 1 year after fire and 10 years after fire, and between 15 years and the primeval forest, but no significant difference was found between 1 year after fire and 5 years after fire, and between 10 years after fire and the primeval forest.The density change of the Quercus spp. seedling showed a 2-stages process and there were a significant differences between 1 year after fire and 5 years after fire, and between 10 years and 15 years, but no significant difference was found between the seedling bank of Quercus spp. community at different restoration stages and the primeval forest; the Shannon-Wiener index of the seedling bank showed a great difference at different restoration stages. The adjacent recovery stages shared more seedling species and the similarity index was higher. Comparing every 2 Quercus spp. communities at different restoration stages, they shared 4 to 17 species. With the succession time prolonged, the percentage of the wood seedlings increased gradually while the percentage of the root sprout seedling declined; 5 years after the restoration of the vegetation, no root sprout seedlings existed under the Quercus spp. forest, while the shrub seedlings under forest also disappeared in the community of 10 years after the recovery. It showed that the disturbance of forest fire had a significant influence on the distribution of the height of seedlings of Quercus spp.Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ and the transformation efficiency of the nursery stock, but no significant influence was found on those of seedlings above Quercus spp.Ⅳ.
Using a space substitute for time approach, this paper investigates the dynamic characteristics of the seedling bank of Quercus spp. community at different restoration stages under the disturbance of ground fire in Baotianman National Nature Reserve. The results showed that there were 49 species of wood seedlings belonging to 37 genera of 25 families at different restoration stages after fire in Quercus spp. community, with the recovery of the vegetation in the burned area, the amount of the wood species seedling increased and the shrub species seedling decreased, but the Quercus spp. seedling always maintained prevalence at different stages; the density of the seedling bank under the forest became smaller as the restoration time prolonged, the density of the Quercus spp. seedling showed a high-low-high fluctuation. The density reached the highest amount of (9.34±4.71)plant/10 m2 1 year after fire; there were a significant differences between the seedling bank under the forest 1 year after fire and 10 years after fire, and between 15 years and the primeval forest, but no significant difference was found between 1 year after fire and 5 years after fire, and between 10 years after fire and the primeval forest.The density change of the Quercus spp. seedling showed a 2-stages process and there were a significant differences between 1 year after fire and 5 years after fire, and between 10 years and 15 years, but no significant difference was found between the seedling bank of Quercus spp. community at different restoration stages and the primeval forest; the Shannon-Wiener index of the seedling bank showed a great difference at different restoration stages. The adjacent recovery stages shared more seedling species and the similarity index was higher. Comparing every 2 Quercus spp. communities at different restoration stages, they shared 4 to 17 species. With the succession time prolonged, the percentage of the wood seedlings increased gradually while the percentage of the root sprout seedling declined; 5 years after the restoration of the vegetation, no root sprout seedlings existed under the Quercus spp. forest, while the shrub seedlings under forest also disappeared in the community of 10 years after the recovery. It showed that the disturbance of forest fire had a significant influence on the distribution of the height of seedlings of Quercus spp.Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ and the transformation efficiency of the nursery stock, but no significant influence was found on those of seedlings above Quercus spp.Ⅳ.
2011, 24(5): 579-584.
Abstract:
The carbon content and its distribution in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell. Arg.) plantation in regeneration period were studied. The results showed that the carbon content in different organs of rubber trees ranged from 29.94% to 52.90% and decreased with the order of leaves > trunk > root >branch> bark > latex. The carbon content of dry samples from the same organ was higher than that of fresh samples. The carbon content in litter layer and understory plant layer were 51.90% and 46.09 %, respectively. The carbon content in the soil was 0.54% and decreased with soil depth, and no significant difference was found between the adjacent two soil layers. The total carbon storage in rubber plantation was 219.68 t·hm-2, of which 140.21 t·hm-2 in the aboveground arbor, about 63.82%, 3.99 t·hm-2 in the litter, about 1.82%, and 75.48 t·hm-2 in the soil layer (0～100 cm), accounted for 34.36 %. The carbon storages in different organs were positively related to the biomass of corresponding organs. The trunk accumulated the highest carbon storage and comprised 55.64% of carbon storage in aboveground arbor.
The carbon content and its distribution in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell. Arg.) plantation in regeneration period were studied. The results showed that the carbon content in different organs of rubber trees ranged from 29.94% to 52.90% and decreased with the order of leaves > trunk > root >branch> bark > latex. The carbon content of dry samples from the same organ was higher than that of fresh samples. The carbon content in litter layer and understory plant layer were 51.90% and 46.09 %, respectively. The carbon content in the soil was 0.54% and decreased with soil depth, and no significant difference was found between the adjacent two soil layers. The total carbon storage in rubber plantation was 219.68 t·hm-2, of which 140.21 t·hm-2 in the aboveground arbor, about 63.82%, 3.99 t·hm-2 in the litter, about 1.82%, and 75.48 t·hm-2 in the soil layer (0～100 cm), accounted for 34.36 %. The carbon storages in different organs were positively related to the biomass of corresponding organs. The trunk accumulated the highest carbon storage and comprised 55.64% of carbon storage in aboveground arbor.
2011, 24(5): 585-590.
Abstract:
The supercooling points (SCP) of Ericerus pela in different instars and geographic populations were determined. The results showed that true pupa stage of males of Kunming population had the lowest SCP (median: -15.81 ℃), which followed by a normal distribution. The overwintering stage of females had the lowest SCP (median: -20.41 ℃), which followed by a normal distribution. Analysis of SCP for different geographic populations of E. pela showed that, the overwintering individuals collected from Changchun in March had the lowest SCP (median: -23.19 ℃), but did not followed by a normal distribution. The results implied that the improvement of cold tolerance in E. pela through reducing SCP may enable this species to establish populations in severe cold area.
The supercooling points (SCP) of Ericerus pela in different instars and geographic populations were determined. The results showed that true pupa stage of males of Kunming population had the lowest SCP (median: -15.81 ℃), which followed by a normal distribution. The overwintering stage of females had the lowest SCP (median: -20.41 ℃), which followed by a normal distribution. Analysis of SCP for different geographic populations of E. pela showed that, the overwintering individuals collected from Changchun in March had the lowest SCP (median: -23.19 ℃), but did not followed by a normal distribution. The results implied that the improvement of cold tolerance in E. pela through reducing SCP may enable this species to establish populations in severe cold area.
2011, 24(5): 591-595.
Abstract:
The litter storage and hydrological function of broad-leaved forest attacked by a rare ice-snow storm in 2008 in Jiufeng Mountains of Guangdong province were investigated by measuring litter biomass and its water holding capacity using the soaking and weighing method. It was found that the total litter biomass was 25.34 t·hm-2, and the biomass of leaf, branch and trunk were 8.84, 6.01 and 10.49 t·hm-2, respectively. The litter biomass and the proportion of leaf, branch, and stem had close relationship with the extent of damage and damage proportion of sample plots. The water holding capacity of litter layer of leaf, branch and trunk were 27.8, 8.2 and 13.8 t·hm-2, respectively. The weight-based ratio of water holding capacity of leaf, branch and trunk were 314.2%, 136.4% and 131.7%, respectively. The litter soaking experiments showed that the water holding amount increased with soaking time, following a logarithmic curve, while the absorption rate decreased with time, following a power function curve.
The litter storage and hydrological function of broad-leaved forest attacked by a rare ice-snow storm in 2008 in Jiufeng Mountains of Guangdong province were investigated by measuring litter biomass and its water holding capacity using the soaking and weighing method. It was found that the total litter biomass was 25.34 t·hm-2, and the biomass of leaf, branch and trunk were 8.84, 6.01 and 10.49 t·hm-2, respectively. The litter biomass and the proportion of leaf, branch, and stem had close relationship with the extent of damage and damage proportion of sample plots. The water holding capacity of litter layer of leaf, branch and trunk were 27.8, 8.2 and 13.8 t·hm-2, respectively. The weight-based ratio of water holding capacity of leaf, branch and trunk were 314.2%, 136.4% and 131.7%, respectively. The litter soaking experiments showed that the water holding amount increased with soaking time, following a logarithmic curve, while the absorption rate decreased with time, following a power function curve.
2011, 24(5): 596-601.
Abstract:
TA.XT plus texture analyser was used to perform the puncture test with the whole fruit of Dongzao (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. 'Dongzao’). The Dongzao fruits coming from different growing orchards, different advanced selections, different ripeness phase and different storage period were used as test materials. The texture parameters of Dongzao by puncture test are: pericarp break force 69.28 g, pericarp break distance 0.18 mm, pericarp brittleness 386.71 g·s-1, pericarp toughness 7.04 g·s, maximal flesh firmness 309.40 g and mean flesh firmness 159.32 g. The results showed that the fruit puncturing texture of Dongzao changed significantly with the growing orchard, and had distinct correlation with the weight and nutritional quality of the fruit. Affected by the genetic background, the textural quality of Dongzao in the same orchard varied among trees, and the changes of the pericarp texture were greater than the flesh texture. And also, the puncturing texture of Dongzao changed with the fruit ripeness phase and the storage period. Aiming at those influencing factors above, the authors discussed the methods to improve the textural quality of Dongzao.
TA.XT plus texture analyser was used to perform the puncture test with the whole fruit of Dongzao (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. 'Dongzao’). The Dongzao fruits coming from different growing orchards, different advanced selections, different ripeness phase and different storage period were used as test materials. The texture parameters of Dongzao by puncture test are: pericarp break force 69.28 g, pericarp break distance 0.18 mm, pericarp brittleness 386.71 g·s-1, pericarp toughness 7.04 g·s, maximal flesh firmness 309.40 g and mean flesh firmness 159.32 g. The results showed that the fruit puncturing texture of Dongzao changed significantly with the growing orchard, and had distinct correlation with the weight and nutritional quality of the fruit. Affected by the genetic background, the textural quality of Dongzao in the same orchard varied among trees, and the changes of the pericarp texture were greater than the flesh texture. And also, the puncturing texture of Dongzao changed with the fruit ripeness phase and the storage period. Aiming at those influencing factors above, the authors discussed the methods to improve the textural quality of Dongzao.
2011, 24(5): 602-608.
Abstract:
The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, the contents of total chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity and chloroplast ultrastructure of one-year-old Sorbus pohuashanensis seedlings stressed by high temperature (40 ℃) in growth chamber were determined to elucidate its physiological response to heat stress. The results indicated that the contents of total chlorophyll decreased, electrolytic leakage and MDA increased,the activity of SOD and APX increased at first and then decreased with the increasing time of heat stress. The parameters of the largest quantum yield(Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSⅡ), and photochemical quenching coefficient(qP)decreased except for an increase of non-photochemical quenching coefficient(NPQ). Chloroplast ultra-structure was serious damaged by 8 h heat stress, displaying collapsed chloroplast envelopes,blurred grana lamellae and disordered stroma lamellar. It is concluded that the seedlings of Sorbus pohuashanensis are sensitive to high temperature. It is proposed that the seedlings should be cultivated under partial shading at lower altitudes.
The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, the contents of total chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity and chloroplast ultrastructure of one-year-old Sorbus pohuashanensis seedlings stressed by high temperature (40 ℃) in growth chamber were determined to elucidate its physiological response to heat stress. The results indicated that the contents of total chlorophyll decreased, electrolytic leakage and MDA increased,the activity of SOD and APX increased at first and then decreased with the increasing time of heat stress. The parameters of the largest quantum yield(Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSⅡ), and photochemical quenching coefficient(qP)decreased except for an increase of non-photochemical quenching coefficient(NPQ). Chloroplast ultra-structure was serious damaged by 8 h heat stress, displaying collapsed chloroplast envelopes,blurred grana lamellae and disordered stroma lamellar. It is concluded that the seedlings of Sorbus pohuashanensis are sensitive to high temperature. It is proposed that the seedlings should be cultivated under partial shading at lower altitudes.
2011, 24(5): 609-612.
Abstract:
The enboryogenensis and changes of the structure in their surface layer of peony petal calli were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that there was a correlation between styles of calli and structure in their surface. Different developmental stages exist on one callus, the structure of the callus changed following different generation time, the callus organizational structure changed quickly after 15-20 days of substructure.
The enboryogenensis and changes of the structure in their surface layer of peony petal calli were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that there was a correlation between styles of calli and structure in their surface. Different developmental stages exist on one callus, the structure of the callus changed following different generation time, the callus organizational structure changed quickly after 15-20 days of substructure.
2011, 24(5): 613-618.
Abstract:
The structure and diversity are the important indexes of forestry ecosystem stability. During a systematic investigation in bamboo forest ecosystem from 2005 to 2007, 42～439 arthropod samples were obtained, which includes 511 species from 126 families of 17 orders. Lepidoptera insects occupied the largest number of species in the community, followed by Coleoptera and Diptera. The result indicated that, the community diversity of arthropod followed a obvious seasonal change pattern. The parameters of community composition, diversity and dominant concentration decreased in winter and summer when temperature was not suitable, representing double peaks with the season change. The peaks were in June and September separately. Based on the analysis of the functional groups, phytophagous group was predominant with species and population, followed by the natural enemy group, and neutral group was the least. In phytophagous group, the predominant species were not clear, and mosquitoes, Anopheles sinensis and Aedes spp. were predominant significantly in neutral group. In the group of natural enemies, predators including spiders and predacious insects were dominant.
The structure and diversity are the important indexes of forestry ecosystem stability. During a systematic investigation in bamboo forest ecosystem from 2005 to 2007, 42～439 arthropod samples were obtained, which includes 511 species from 126 families of 17 orders. Lepidoptera insects occupied the largest number of species in the community, followed by Coleoptera and Diptera. The result indicated that, the community diversity of arthropod followed a obvious seasonal change pattern. The parameters of community composition, diversity and dominant concentration decreased in winter and summer when temperature was not suitable, representing double peaks with the season change. The peaks were in June and September separately. Based on the analysis of the functional groups, phytophagous group was predominant with species and population, followed by the natural enemy group, and neutral group was the least. In phytophagous group, the predominant species were not clear, and mosquitoes, Anopheles sinensis and Aedes spp. were predominant significantly in neutral group. In the group of natural enemies, predators including spiders and predacious insects were dominant.
2011, 24(5): 619-626.
Abstract:
Ultra-dry storage of Dodonaea viscose seeds was studied by orthogonal design including four factors (seed moisture content, packing method, storage temperature and pre-humidification method). Seeds were dried to the moisture contents ranging from 1.12% to 6.13% with silica gel, then stored in hermetic condition combined with different treatments for a year. The germination percentage, electrical conductivity (RC), proline (Pro), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), total soluble sugar content and fatty acid composition of the stored seeds were tested. The results showed that the seed moisture content had significant effect on germination percentage. The feasible moisture content ranged from 4.28% to 5.25%.The Germination percentage had a significantly negative correlation with the electrical conductivity and proline content, and had significantly positive correlation with the proline content and activity of three antioxidant enzymes. The content of oleic acid and α-Linolenic acid in ultra-dried seeds were higher compared to the control seeds. It is speculated that the seed deterioration of D. viscose during storage was the result of membrane injury and lipid peroxidation. Suitable ultra-dried treatment, especially in seed moisture content, can increase the activity of antioxidant enzyme and the content of unsaturated fatty acid, which alleviate the seed deterioration.
Ultra-dry storage of Dodonaea viscose seeds was studied by orthogonal design including four factors (seed moisture content, packing method, storage temperature and pre-humidification method). Seeds were dried to the moisture contents ranging from 1.12% to 6.13% with silica gel, then stored in hermetic condition combined with different treatments for a year. The germination percentage, electrical conductivity (RC), proline (Pro), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), total soluble sugar content and fatty acid composition of the stored seeds were tested. The results showed that the seed moisture content had significant effect on germination percentage. The feasible moisture content ranged from 4.28% to 5.25%.The Germination percentage had a significantly negative correlation with the electrical conductivity and proline content, and had significantly positive correlation with the proline content and activity of three antioxidant enzymes. The content of oleic acid and α-Linolenic acid in ultra-dried seeds were higher compared to the control seeds. It is speculated that the seed deterioration of D. viscose during storage was the result of membrane injury and lipid peroxidation. Suitable ultra-dried treatment, especially in seed moisture content, can increase the activity of antioxidant enzyme and the content of unsaturated fatty acid, which alleviate the seed deterioration.
2011, 24(5): 627-633.
Abstract:
Based on natural distributions and the minimum temperature ranges in January of the original and introduced bamboos in China, 865 taxa of Bambusoideae, including 711 species, 52 varieties, 98 forma and 4 hybrids, were grouped into seven temperature zones according to their natural distribution and temperature ecological amplitude. Meanwhile, the maps of the cold hardiness location of Bambusoideae in China were compiled to visualize the minimum temperatures that bamboo species can adapt to. This work is of important significance for introduction and cultivation of bamboos in China.
Based on natural distributions and the minimum temperature ranges in January of the original and introduced bamboos in China, 865 taxa of Bambusoideae, including 711 species, 52 varieties, 98 forma and 4 hybrids, were grouped into seven temperature zones according to their natural distribution and temperature ecological amplitude. Meanwhile, the maps of the cold hardiness location of Bambusoideae in China were compiled to visualize the minimum temperatures that bamboo species can adapt to. This work is of important significance for introduction and cultivation of bamboos in China.
2011, 24(5): 634-640.
Abstract:
By onsite forest litter survey and buried decomposition bags, investigation and study were conducted on the seasonal litter amount dynamics and decomposing processes of forest litter in different environments in cold temperate mixed forests of riparian zones upstream Wenyu River in motane area. The annual litter production of motane riparian forests to the riparian zone and the river were 3.46 and 4.09 t·hm-2·a-1 respectively. Of the litter in both environments, the litter from broadleaves was dominant, accounting for 40.55% and 40.19% respectively, while the leaves from conifer and broadleaves accounted for 62.00% and 59.64% of total litter respectively and the branches and leaves accounted for 81.09% and 77.92% respectively. In the composition of litter, the highest litter amount was from broad leaves, then from needle leaves, branches, miscellany, flowers and fruits, barks and herbs subsequently. The annual litter dynamic curves of both environments had two peaks, with the highest amounts occurred from mid-September to mid-October, accounting for 73.46% and 76.92% of annual litter amounts respectively, and from April to June, accounting for 23.3% and 30.3% of annual amounts respectively. In the study area, the decomposition rate of leaf litter in waterbody was lower than those in subtropical forests, but higher than that in many temperate forests. The decomposition rate of leaf litter in waterbody, which was 0.712 9 with a half life of 0.97a, was faster than that in humus layer under riparian forests. Under riparian forests where are close to river banks, the decomposition rates on sun slopes were faster than that on shade slopes, while the decomposition rate and a half life were 0.531 9 and 1.30a for sun slopes and 0.433 7 and 1.60a for shade ones. At where far to river banks, the decomposition rates on sun slopes were slower than that on shade slopes, while the decomposition rate and a half life were 0.604 2 and 1.15a for shade slopes and 0.440 1 and 1.58a for sun ones.
By onsite forest litter survey and buried decomposition bags, investigation and study were conducted on the seasonal litter amount dynamics and decomposing processes of forest litter in different environments in cold temperate mixed forests of riparian zones upstream Wenyu River in motane area. The annual litter production of motane riparian forests to the riparian zone and the river were 3.46 and 4.09 t·hm-2·a-1 respectively. Of the litter in both environments, the litter from broadleaves was dominant, accounting for 40.55% and 40.19% respectively, while the leaves from conifer and broadleaves accounted for 62.00% and 59.64% of total litter respectively and the branches and leaves accounted for 81.09% and 77.92% respectively. In the composition of litter, the highest litter amount was from broad leaves, then from needle leaves, branches, miscellany, flowers and fruits, barks and herbs subsequently. The annual litter dynamic curves of both environments had two peaks, with the highest amounts occurred from mid-September to mid-October, accounting for 73.46% and 76.92% of annual litter amounts respectively, and from April to June, accounting for 23.3% and 30.3% of annual amounts respectively. In the study area, the decomposition rate of leaf litter in waterbody was lower than those in subtropical forests, but higher than that in many temperate forests. The decomposition rate of leaf litter in waterbody, which was 0.712 9 with a half life of 0.97a, was faster than that in humus layer under riparian forests. Under riparian forests where are close to river banks, the decomposition rates on sun slopes were faster than that on shade slopes, while the decomposition rate and a half life were 0.531 9 and 1.30a for sun slopes and 0.433 7 and 1.60a for shade ones. At where far to river banks, the decomposition rates on sun slopes were slower than that on shade slopes, while the decomposition rate and a half life were 0.604 2 and 1.15a for shade slopes and 0.440 1 and 1.58a for sun ones.
2011, 24(5): 641-645.
Abstract:
Poplar I-69 wood was chosen as the sample, the data of the components of tree-ring width and density were accessed by Tree-Ring Image Analysis System and Tree-Ring Analysis System and the radial and axial variations of the components were analyzed. The results showed that: the radial variation of the density of poplar I-69 increased along with the tree age. The maximum density fluctuated heavy, the minimum density decreased along with increase of the tree age on the whole. The density of earlywood and latewood increased along with the tree age. The radial variation of the tree-ring components was significant within individual trunk, but no difference among trunks. The components of the tree-ring density increased along with the tree height, there into, the tree-ring average density, earlywood density and minimum density increased less, while the tree-ring maximum density and latewood density increased more. Comparatively, the radial variation of the density of poplar I-69 was larger than that of the axial variation.
Poplar I-69 wood was chosen as the sample, the data of the components of tree-ring width and density were accessed by Tree-Ring Image Analysis System and Tree-Ring Analysis System and the radial and axial variations of the components were analyzed. The results showed that: the radial variation of the density of poplar I-69 increased along with the tree age. The maximum density fluctuated heavy, the minimum density decreased along with increase of the tree age on the whole. The density of earlywood and latewood increased along with the tree age. The radial variation of the tree-ring components was significant within individual trunk, but no difference among trunks. The components of the tree-ring density increased along with the tree height, there into, the tree-ring average density, earlywood density and minimum density increased less, while the tree-ring maximum density and latewood density increased more. Comparatively, the radial variation of the density of poplar I-69 was larger than that of the axial variation.
2011, 24(5): 646-650.
Abstract:
Paulownia fortunei superior trees "Baiyou 2" were used as trial materials to explore the rejuvenation technology of P. fortunei superior tree by tissue culture and in vitro grafting. The results are as follows: (1) The sprouting of explant is the most suitable scion; (2) The Paulownia variety "Jianshi 3" is a good rootstock; (3) Split grafting is a suitable; (4) 1/2 MS+6-BA 4.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.3 mg·L-1 is the most appropriate medium for in vitro grafting, 1/2 MS+6-BA 6.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.3 mg·L-1+Sucrose 20 g·L-1 is the most appropriate for multiplication and 1/2 MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1 is the most appropriate for rooting. The old Paulownia superior tree material was rejuvenated successfully and the rapid propagation was realized.
Paulownia fortunei superior trees "Baiyou 2" were used as trial materials to explore the rejuvenation technology of P. fortunei superior tree by tissue culture and in vitro grafting. The results are as follows: (1) The sprouting of explant is the most suitable scion; (2) The Paulownia variety "Jianshi 3" is a good rootstock; (3) Split grafting is a suitable; (4) 1/2 MS+6-BA 4.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.3 mg·L-1 is the most appropriate medium for in vitro grafting, 1/2 MS+6-BA 6.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.3 mg·L-1+Sucrose 20 g·L-1 is the most appropriate for multiplication and 1/2 MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1 is the most appropriate for rooting. The old Paulownia superior tree material was rejuvenated successfully and the rapid propagation was realized.
2011, 24(5): 651-658.
Abstract:
The Dahurian larch, Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr., forests with different origins (natural forests,man-made forests and burned forests) in A’ershan area were divided into six resource gradients using Resource Gradient Index (RGI). The index is composed by stand age (AG), stand altitude (AL), and species individual (SI). After community investigation, the niche breadth (B(sw)i and B(L)i), niche overlap (Lih and Lhi) and niche similarity of dominant understory populations (Cih) were derived by quantitative analysis. The sum of importance values of Carex chinganensis Litw. and Lolium perenne L. were the highest, 114.924 8% and 70.911 1%, respectively. Geranium dahuricum DC.,Galium boreale L.,C. chinganensis Litw. and L. perenne L. had the largest niche breadth. These species had high adaptability, broad habitats, and inclined to be generalist species. The studies showed that the populations with larger niche breadth had relatively larger niche overlap and similarity in resource utilization. However,some species such as Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb., Potentilla chrysantha Trev. and Rumex patientia L. had smaller importance value and niche breadth, but relatively higher niche overlap and similarity. Therefore, niche breadth is not the only determinant of niche overlap and similarity. In addition, both the competition in sharing resources and the mutual promotion in utilizing resources of two populations could be reflected by the niche overlap. The species with large niche breadth can function as the pioneer species in artificial vegetation recovery, while the species with high niche overlap can function as accompanying species to fully utilize environmental resources, so that the forest vegetation that had been damaged could be gradually recovered.
The Dahurian larch, Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr., forests with different origins (natural forests,man-made forests and burned forests) in A’ershan area were divided into six resource gradients using Resource Gradient Index (RGI). The index is composed by stand age (AG), stand altitude (AL), and species individual (SI). After community investigation, the niche breadth (B(sw)i and B(L)i), niche overlap (Lih and Lhi) and niche similarity of dominant understory populations (Cih) were derived by quantitative analysis. The sum of importance values of Carex chinganensis Litw. and Lolium perenne L. were the highest, 114.924 8% and 70.911 1%, respectively. Geranium dahuricum DC.,Galium boreale L.,C. chinganensis Litw. and L. perenne L. had the largest niche breadth. These species had high adaptability, broad habitats, and inclined to be generalist species. The studies showed that the populations with larger niche breadth had relatively larger niche overlap and similarity in resource utilization. However,some species such as Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb., Potentilla chrysantha Trev. and Rumex patientia L. had smaller importance value and niche breadth, but relatively higher niche overlap and similarity. Therefore, niche breadth is not the only determinant of niche overlap and similarity. In addition, both the competition in sharing resources and the mutual promotion in utilizing resources of two populations could be reflected by the niche overlap. The species with large niche breadth can function as the pioneer species in artificial vegetation recovery, while the species with high niche overlap can function as accompanying species to fully utilize environmental resources, so that the forest vegetation that had been damaged could be gradually recovered.
2011, 24(5): 659-662.
Abstract:
In this study, Picea schrenkiana var. tianshanica forests in five different longitudinal sites (Zhaosu, Gongliu, Wusu, Urumqi and Hami) in Tianshan Mountains were investigated by using vertical transects. The percentage of trees in different sizes, the diameter classes distribution, and the fitted equations for accumulated stem percentage of P. schrenkiana var.tianshanica were analyzed in order to study the population diameter classes structure. The results showed that the decreasing order for percentage of seedling,sapling and the small trees is Hami, Urumqi, Gongliu, Zhaosu and Wusu.The distribution of stem abundance along the diameter classes in Zhaosu, Gongliu, Wusu, Urumqi and Hami all had an inversed "J" shape. The best fitted equation in Zhaosu and Urumqi for accumulated stem percentage of P. schrenkiana var.tianshanica was exponential,while the best one for another three sites was logarithmic.Gongliu preserves the best natural populations of P. schrenkiana var. tianshanica in terms of various size class analysis indexes.
In this study, Picea schrenkiana var. tianshanica forests in five different longitudinal sites (Zhaosu, Gongliu, Wusu, Urumqi and Hami) in Tianshan Mountains were investigated by using vertical transects. The percentage of trees in different sizes, the diameter classes distribution, and the fitted equations for accumulated stem percentage of P. schrenkiana var.tianshanica were analyzed in order to study the population diameter classes structure. The results showed that the decreasing order for percentage of seedling,sapling and the small trees is Hami, Urumqi, Gongliu, Zhaosu and Wusu.The distribution of stem abundance along the diameter classes in Zhaosu, Gongliu, Wusu, Urumqi and Hami all had an inversed "J" shape. The best fitted equation in Zhaosu and Urumqi for accumulated stem percentage of P. schrenkiana var.tianshanica was exponential,while the best one for another three sites was logarithmic.Gongliu preserves the best natural populations of P. schrenkiana var. tianshanica in terms of various size class analysis indexes.
2011, 24(5): 663-667.
Abstract:
Combining ability of seedling height and shoot elongation parameters for the third generation germplasm of Pinus massoniana were investigated with a 6×6 half diallel cross design, and the parents were selected from the second generation breeding population. The result showed that the net increment of initiation phase, linear phase and later phase of seedling height took 22.82%, 59.05% and 18.13% of the total increment respectively, the increment at linear growth stage played a decisive role in the total increment of seedling height. The result of combining ability showed that, except for total linear growth (TLG), there were not significant differences in general combining ability (GCA) of seedling height, maximum growth rate (MGR), linear growth day (LGD) and linear growth rate (LGR), but for specific combining ability (SCA), except for LGD, there existed significant differences in seedling height, MGR, TLG and LGR, and the dominant gene effect was predominant over the additive gene effect. The reason for this seemed to be that the indirect selection of GCA had been made on mating parents. Compared to the second generation germplasm, which the mating parents had been indirect selected on GCA, the change was little for genetic control model of this trait in the third generation germplasm, and only the variance component of SCA increased to a certain extent.
Combining ability of seedling height and shoot elongation parameters for the third generation germplasm of Pinus massoniana were investigated with a 6×6 half diallel cross design, and the parents were selected from the second generation breeding population. The result showed that the net increment of initiation phase, linear phase and later phase of seedling height took 22.82%, 59.05% and 18.13% of the total increment respectively, the increment at linear growth stage played a decisive role in the total increment of seedling height. The result of combining ability showed that, except for total linear growth (TLG), there were not significant differences in general combining ability (GCA) of seedling height, maximum growth rate (MGR), linear growth day (LGD) and linear growth rate (LGR), but for specific combining ability (SCA), except for LGD, there existed significant differences in seedling height, MGR, TLG and LGR, and the dominant gene effect was predominant over the additive gene effect. The reason for this seemed to be that the indirect selection of GCA had been made on mating parents. Compared to the second generation germplasm, which the mating parents had been indirect selected on GCA, the change was little for genetic control model of this trait in the third generation germplasm, and only the variance component of SCA increased to a certain extent.
2011, 24(5): 668-673.
Abstract:
To identify the physiological function of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) coding gene in the process of tung oil biosynthesis, DGAT2 was cloned from cDNA of tung tree kernel and then linked with pMD18-T vector for sequencing. The 969bp fragment containing Open Reading Frame was acquired. Subsequently, RNAi binary expression vector pD35-DGAT2 was constructed, which expressed DGAT2 in two opposite ways. The studies provide the possibilities to further identify the function of DGAT2 in tung oil biosynthesis by RNAi technology and hold promise for genetic engineering of Venicia fordii.
To identify the physiological function of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) coding gene in the process of tung oil biosynthesis, DGAT2 was cloned from cDNA of tung tree kernel and then linked with pMD18-T vector for sequencing. The 969bp fragment containing Open Reading Frame was acquired. Subsequently, RNAi binary expression vector pD35-DGAT2 was constructed, which expressed DGAT2 in two opposite ways. The studies provide the possibilities to further identify the function of DGAT2 in tung oil biosynthesis by RNAi technology and hold promise for genetic engineering of Venicia fordii.
2011, 24(5): 674-676,封三.
Abstract:
Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen is one of the two most precious tree species naturally distributed in China. The grafting techniques of D. odorifera were studied through comparing grafting methods, grafting seasons, rootstock grades as well as scion buds. The results showed that both "scarf joint grafting" and traditional cleft grafting were feasible for stem grafting. The two-bud "scarf joint grafting" got the best survival rate, while the cleft grafting was easy to operate. The best grafting seasons varied in the light of climate. In the warm southwest of Hainan island, the best grafting season was winter when the survival rate could achieve as high as 99.1%. While in Guangzhou, the best grafting season was the end of fall, and the corresponding survival rate was 94.6%. The quality of rootstock as well as scion bud affected the growth of scion bud directly. The growth of grade I buds/grade I rootstocks were 17 times that of grade III buds/grade III rootstocks. The study was beneficial for the preservation of high quality germplasm resources as well as for clone grafting of D. odorifera.
Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen is one of the two most precious tree species naturally distributed in China. The grafting techniques of D. odorifera were studied through comparing grafting methods, grafting seasons, rootstock grades as well as scion buds. The results showed that both "scarf joint grafting" and traditional cleft grafting were feasible for stem grafting. The two-bud "scarf joint grafting" got the best survival rate, while the cleft grafting was easy to operate. The best grafting seasons varied in the light of climate. In the warm southwest of Hainan island, the best grafting season was winter when the survival rate could achieve as high as 99.1%. While in Guangzhou, the best grafting season was the end of fall, and the corresponding survival rate was 94.6%. The quality of rootstock as well as scion bud affected the growth of scion bud directly. The growth of grade I buds/grade I rootstocks were 17 times that of grade III buds/grade III rootstocks. The study was beneficial for the preservation of high quality germplasm resources as well as for clone grafting of D. odorifera.
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