2013 Vol. 26, No. 3
Display Method:
2013, 26(3): 269-273.
[Abstract]
[PDF 889KB]
Abstract:
The analytic hierarchy process was applied to assess comprehensive benefit of 15-year Eucalyptus plantation with four different densities including 600、900、1 200 and 1 415 trees per hechare in the hill area of southern Fujian Province. The economical, ecological, and soil fertility maintenance values for the Eucalyptus plantation with different density were categorized by integrating eight factors involving stand stock, timber output, water holding capacity, biodiversity of underlayer, soil density, total porosity, organic matter and available fertility. The model with best comprehensive value was the tree density of 1 200 trees per hectare for Eucalyptus Plantation according to the assessing, which provided a reference for sustainable management of Eucalyptus plantation.
The analytic hierarchy process was applied to assess comprehensive benefit of 15-year Eucalyptus plantation with four different densities including 600、900、1 200 and 1 415 trees per hechare in the hill area of southern Fujian Province. The economical, ecological, and soil fertility maintenance values for the Eucalyptus plantation with different density were categorized by integrating eight factors involving stand stock, timber output, water holding capacity, biodiversity of underlayer, soil density, total porosity, organic matter and available fertility. The model with best comprehensive value was the tree density of 1 200 trees per hectare for Eucalyptus Plantation according to the assessing, which provided a reference for sustainable management of Eucalyptus plantation.
2013, 26(3): 274-280.
Abstract:
The aim of the study was to understand the antennal sensilla type, distribution and shape of the Euzophera pyriella Yang. The sensilla of adult antennae were observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that six types of sensilla were found on male and female E. pyriella Yang, namely sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla cylindric, sensilla auricillica, sensilla coeloconica, and sensilla squamiformia, among which the sensilla trichodea was the most numerous and the sensilla cylindric was found only in male. The sensilla were not observed on the antennal scape and pedicel. The paper provides basic data for its further study about ecology, behavior and electrophysiology, at the same time, differences between antennae of E. pyriella Yang and other similar insects and physiological functions on some sensilla are to be analyzed.
The aim of the study was to understand the antennal sensilla type, distribution and shape of the Euzophera pyriella Yang. The sensilla of adult antennae were observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that six types of sensilla were found on male and female E. pyriella Yang, namely sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla cylindric, sensilla auricillica, sensilla coeloconica, and sensilla squamiformia, among which the sensilla trichodea was the most numerous and the sensilla cylindric was found only in male. The sensilla were not observed on the antennal scape and pedicel. The paper provides basic data for its further study about ecology, behavior and electrophysiology, at the same time, differences between antennae of E. pyriella Yang and other similar insects and physiological functions on some sensilla are to be analyzed.
2013, 26(3): 281-286.
Abstract:
CE-AFLP(Capillary electrophoresis-amplified fragment length polymorphism)was used to construct the fingerprint and analyze the genetic diversity of five new cultivars of Populus deltoides, including Populus deltoides CL. ‘Danhong’, P. deltoides CL. ‘Nan’, P. deltoides CL. ‘Zhonglin2025’, P. deltoides CL. ‘Zhonghong’, and P. deltoides CL. ‘Quanhong’. The primer combinations of EcoR I+3/Mse I+3 and Pst I+2/Mse I+3 were used in this study. The result indicated that 12 pairs of primers could be detected with many stable and clear amplified bands in all the 36 primer pairs. 877 bands were obtained, including 315 polymorphic bands, and the polymorphism frequency was 35.92%. UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the similarity coefficient ranged from 0.74 to 1.00. The difference between ‘Danhong’ and ‘Nan’ was large. The similarity coefficient of ‘Zhonghong’ and ‘Quanhong’ with ‘Zhonglin2025’ was 0.98. 11 stable and clear specific bands could be used to identify these cultivars. There were not detected stable and clear specific bands between ‘Zhonghong’ and ‘Quanhong’. It suggested that the variability of genomic between the two cultivars was not dramatic.
CE-AFLP(Capillary electrophoresis-amplified fragment length polymorphism)was used to construct the fingerprint and analyze the genetic diversity of five new cultivars of Populus deltoides, including Populus deltoides CL. ‘Danhong’, P. deltoides CL. ‘Nan’, P. deltoides CL. ‘Zhonglin2025’, P. deltoides CL. ‘Zhonghong’, and P. deltoides CL. ‘Quanhong’. The primer combinations of EcoR I+3/Mse I+3 and Pst I+2/Mse I+3 were used in this study. The result indicated that 12 pairs of primers could be detected with many stable and clear amplified bands in all the 36 primer pairs. 877 bands were obtained, including 315 polymorphic bands, and the polymorphism frequency was 35.92%. UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the similarity coefficient ranged from 0.74 to 1.00. The difference between ‘Danhong’ and ‘Nan’ was large. The similarity coefficient of ‘Zhonghong’ and ‘Quanhong’ with ‘Zhonglin2025’ was 0.98. 11 stable and clear specific bands could be used to identify these cultivars. There were not detected stable and clear specific bands between ‘Zhonghong’ and ‘Quanhong’. It suggested that the variability of genomic between the two cultivars was not dramatic.
2013, 26(3): 287-291.
Abstract:
The water quality of rainfall, throughfall, stemflow and runoff in Betula platyphylla plantations at mountainous region in east Heilongjiang Province was studied. The water quality indexes, including pH, DO, TURB, TDS, COND, ORP, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe were analyzed. There was a gradual increase in TURB and TDS of rainfall after passing through the forest canopies. With the exception of Ca, there were different degrees of increase in other chemical elements in the throughfall. The content of chemical elements in throughfall followed the order of K>Ca>Na>Mg>Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu. The content of chemical elements in stemflow followed the order of K>Ca>Mg>Na>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu. The content of chemical elements in runoff followed the order of K>Ca>Na>Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu. The variance coefficient of elements in rainfall was higher except Na and Ca. The variance coefficient of Cu was higher than other elements in throughfall and stemflow. And the variance coefficient of Zn was the highest in runoff. The leaching coefficient of the elements in throughfall was observed to be in the following order: Mn>K>Mg>Fe>Cu>Zn>Na>Ca. The order for stemflow was K>Mn>Mg>Fe>Cu>Zn> Ca>Na. After leaching, K and Ca increased in throughfall and stemflow.
The water quality of rainfall, throughfall, stemflow and runoff in Betula platyphylla plantations at mountainous region in east Heilongjiang Province was studied. The water quality indexes, including pH, DO, TURB, TDS, COND, ORP, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe were analyzed. There was a gradual increase in TURB and TDS of rainfall after passing through the forest canopies. With the exception of Ca, there were different degrees of increase in other chemical elements in the throughfall. The content of chemical elements in throughfall followed the order of K>Ca>Na>Mg>Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu. The content of chemical elements in stemflow followed the order of K>Ca>Mg>Na>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu. The content of chemical elements in runoff followed the order of K>Ca>Na>Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu. The variance coefficient of elements in rainfall was higher except Na and Ca. The variance coefficient of Cu was higher than other elements in throughfall and stemflow. And the variance coefficient of Zn was the highest in runoff. The leaching coefficient of the elements in throughfall was observed to be in the following order: Mn>K>Mg>Fe>Cu>Zn>Na>Ca. The order for stemflow was K>Mn>Mg>Fe>Cu>Zn> Ca>Na. After leaching, K and Ca increased in throughfall and stemflow.
2013, 26(3): 292-298.
Abstract:
In order to understand the predominant species dynamic and diversity of fungal endophytes in barks of Populus×euramericana cv. Robusta 94 and triploid of P. tomentosa,the fungal endophytes were isolated from barks of P.×euramericana cv. Robusta 94 and triploid of P. tomentosa by tissue isolation, and identified based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and morphological characterization by microscopic observations. A total of 1 175 fungal endophytes were isolated from 996 bark tissues. The fungal endophytes were classified into 35 fungal taxa belonging to 15 genera, including 1 species of Basidiomycota and 34 taxa of Ascomycota. And Alternaria alternata, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium spp., and Diaporthe conorum were the predominant species of fungal endophytes in barks of P.×euramericana cv. Robusta 94 and triploid of P. tomentosa, while A. alternata and B. dothidea were the most common predominant species in the barks of the two cultivars. The variation of predominant fungal endophytes of two poplar species in different seasons was detected.
In order to understand the predominant species dynamic and diversity of fungal endophytes in barks of Populus×euramericana cv. Robusta 94 and triploid of P. tomentosa,the fungal endophytes were isolated from barks of P.×euramericana cv. Robusta 94 and triploid of P. tomentosa by tissue isolation, and identified based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and morphological characterization by microscopic observations. A total of 1 175 fungal endophytes were isolated from 996 bark tissues. The fungal endophytes were classified into 35 fungal taxa belonging to 15 genera, including 1 species of Basidiomycota and 34 taxa of Ascomycota. And Alternaria alternata, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium spp., and Diaporthe conorum were the predominant species of fungal endophytes in barks of P.×euramericana cv. Robusta 94 and triploid of P. tomentosa, while A. alternata and B. dothidea were the most common predominant species in the barks of the two cultivars. The variation of predominant fungal endophytes of two poplar species in different seasons was detected.
2013, 26(3): 299-304.
Abstract:
Taking mature shoot sections of superior clones as test materials, an in vitro procedure for adventitious buds’ induction in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) was set up. In this research, some factors, such as the type of plant growth regulator, genotype of the explants and activated charcoal in the medium, especially the methods of buds’ inoculation, were studied for adventitious buds and proliferation. The results showed that when the concentration of 6-BA came to 1.5 mg·L-1, it could effectively improve the proliferation of adventitious buds. However, while the concentration of 6-BA was too high, it would inhibit the buds’ proliferation and they were easily vitrified. Removal of apical dominance could significantly increase the efficiency of buds’ induction. And the efficiency differed a lot according to different genotypes. Using BA, KT, and NAA in combination was better for elongation of buds than using individual plant growth regulator; and proper using of activated charcoal could improve buds’ elongation.
Taking mature shoot sections of superior clones as test materials, an in vitro procedure for adventitious buds’ induction in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) was set up. In this research, some factors, such as the type of plant growth regulator, genotype of the explants and activated charcoal in the medium, especially the methods of buds’ inoculation, were studied for adventitious buds and proliferation. The results showed that when the concentration of 6-BA came to 1.5 mg·L-1, it could effectively improve the proliferation of adventitious buds. However, while the concentration of 6-BA was too high, it would inhibit the buds’ proliferation and they were easily vitrified. Removal of apical dominance could significantly increase the efficiency of buds’ induction. And the efficiency differed a lot according to different genotypes. Using BA, KT, and NAA in combination was better for elongation of buds than using individual plant growth regulator; and proper using of activated charcoal could improve buds’ elongation.
2013, 26(3): 305-311.
Abstract:
According to the destruction of forest ecosystem caused by frozen rain and snow disaster in 2008, a simulation experiment of forest mechanical damage was carried out by trimming canopy layer of Castanopsis fissa natural forest at Xiaokeng Basin in northern Guangdong, and the change of understory vegetation was studied. The results are as follows: (1) 1.5 years after pretreatment, the family and species number of shrub, herb and the arbor seedling increased significantly (PP>0.05) in the treatment plot of TR (trimming canopy + removing canopy detritus); the family and species number of arbor seedlings, shrub and herb in the treatment plot of UD (untrimming + canopy detritus adding) decreased slightly. (2) The pioneer species such as Mallotus Lour., Sapium discolor, Litsea cubeba, Callicarpa rubella, Carex filicina, Setaria palmifolia and Ampelopsis cantoniensis became dominant species in the plots of TD and TR, and their coverage of understory vegetation increased significantly. (3) Forest canopy trimming can significantly increase the biodiversity of undergrowth in a short period whereas canopy detritus adding has no measurable impact on it.
According to the destruction of forest ecosystem caused by frozen rain and snow disaster in 2008, a simulation experiment of forest mechanical damage was carried out by trimming canopy layer of Castanopsis fissa natural forest at Xiaokeng Basin in northern Guangdong, and the change of understory vegetation was studied. The results are as follows: (1) 1.5 years after pretreatment, the family and species number of shrub, herb and the arbor seedling increased significantly (PP>0.05) in the treatment plot of TR (trimming canopy + removing canopy detritus); the family and species number of arbor seedlings, shrub and herb in the treatment plot of UD (untrimming + canopy detritus adding) decreased slightly. (2) The pioneer species such as Mallotus Lour., Sapium discolor, Litsea cubeba, Callicarpa rubella, Carex filicina, Setaria palmifolia and Ampelopsis cantoniensis became dominant species in the plots of TD and TR, and their coverage of understory vegetation increased significantly. (3) Forest canopy trimming can significantly increase the biodiversity of undergrowth in a short period whereas canopy detritus adding has no measurable impact on it.
2013, 26(3): 312-319.
Abstract:
Sclerodermus sp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is one of the few known natural enemies of pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). An experiment was carried out on controlling the larva of M. alternatus by using a parasitoid, Sclerodermus sp. The results are as follows. Laboratory experiment indicated that the parasitoid could kill 95.66% of the 1st instar larvae, 85.91% of the 2nd instar larvae, and 57.88% of the 3rd instar larva of pine sawyer by stinging and host-feeding (by predation). In addition, the bethylid could parasitize its host and complete a generation on the 2nd-3rd instar of its host larvae (by parasitism); the response of this parasitoid to its host, in field and indoor mesh, showed to be highly variable and unpredictable and between 2.3% and 14.9% of all parasitoids released and entered a target pine sawyer-infested cutlog. The parasitoid did not respond differently to aggregations of 1, 3, or 6 pine sawyer-infested cutlogs. However, the efficiency of Sclerodermus sp. released as carrying immature eggs of parasitized hosts was up to approximately five times higher than that when the parasitoid was released as carrying mature eggs. An individual parasitoid killed 2.1 to 7.7 pine sawyer larva by a combination of predation and parasitism on the average. The host-feeding characteristics of Sclerodermus sp. offer an important impact in the biological control for the use of this parasitoid.
Sclerodermus sp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is one of the few known natural enemies of pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). An experiment was carried out on controlling the larva of M. alternatus by using a parasitoid, Sclerodermus sp. The results are as follows. Laboratory experiment indicated that the parasitoid could kill 95.66% of the 1st instar larvae, 85.91% of the 2nd instar larvae, and 57.88% of the 3rd instar larva of pine sawyer by stinging and host-feeding (by predation). In addition, the bethylid could parasitize its host and complete a generation on the 2nd-3rd instar of its host larvae (by parasitism); the response of this parasitoid to its host, in field and indoor mesh, showed to be highly variable and unpredictable and between 2.3% and 14.9% of all parasitoids released and entered a target pine sawyer-infested cutlog. The parasitoid did not respond differently to aggregations of 1, 3, or 6 pine sawyer-infested cutlogs. However, the efficiency of Sclerodermus sp. released as carrying immature eggs of parasitized hosts was up to approximately five times higher than that when the parasitoid was released as carrying mature eggs. An individual parasitoid killed 2.1 to 7.7 pine sawyer larva by a combination of predation and parasitism on the average. The host-feeding characteristics of Sclerodermus sp. offer an important impact in the biological control for the use of this parasitoid.
2013, 26(3): 320-325.
Abstract:
In order to select the high-efficient in vitro regeneration approaches for transgenic receptor system, the floral organs of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis ‘Jinzhanyintai’ variety was served as explants and cultured in the MS basic medium. The influence of plant growth regulators on explants type, such as anther, peduncle, ovary and pedicle were studied. The effects of different concentrations of 6-BA, Ad, NAA, 2,4-D and their combinations on callus induction and shoots regeneration from anthers and peduncles were tested by in vitro culture. The results showed that the suitable media for callus induction and shoots regeneration from peduncles were MS + 30 g·L-1 sucrose with 1 g·L-1 NaH2PO4+0.003 g·L-1 6-BA+0.001 g·L-1 NAA+0.2 g·L-1 Ad, and that from anthers were MS+30 g·L-1 with 0.002 g·L-1 6-BA+0.001 g·L-1 NAA. The process of callus from peduncles and differentiation lasted for 30 35 days and the process of callus from anthers and differentiation lasted for 80 90 days. Shoots were regenerated by peduncles callus for histological examination in the process of callus from peduncles and differentiation.
In order to select the high-efficient in vitro regeneration approaches for transgenic receptor system, the floral organs of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis ‘Jinzhanyintai’ variety was served as explants and cultured in the MS basic medium. The influence of plant growth regulators on explants type, such as anther, peduncle, ovary and pedicle were studied. The effects of different concentrations of 6-BA, Ad, NAA, 2,4-D and their combinations on callus induction and shoots regeneration from anthers and peduncles were tested by in vitro culture. The results showed that the suitable media for callus induction and shoots regeneration from peduncles were MS + 30 g·L-1 sucrose with 1 g·L-1 NaH2PO4+0.003 g·L-1 6-BA+0.001 g·L-1 NAA+0.2 g·L-1 Ad, and that from anthers were MS+30 g·L-1 with 0.002 g·L-1 6-BA+0.001 g·L-1 NAA. The process of callus from peduncles and differentiation lasted for 30 35 days and the process of callus from anthers and differentiation lasted for 80 90 days. Shoots were regenerated by peduncles callus for histological examination in the process of callus from peduncles and differentiation.
2013, 26(3): 326-331.
Abstract:
The characteristics and species composition of three Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest with different management measures were investigated by using fixed plots and sampling methods in Baihua Forest Farm at Xiaolongshan. Four forest species diversity indexes were introduced to compare the species diversity of tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. The results showed that both the species composition and species diversity of shrub layer of all the three Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest were rich and higher than that of tree layer and herb layer. In long-time closed Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest, the species composition was abundance and the values of Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index and Margalef index were the highest. The species composition and species diversity of different forest layer of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest with tending operation by near natural management were lower, however, the retained individual trees were larger in stand. The species composition and diversity of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest with tending operation by structural optimization management were moderate compared with other kind of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest.
The characteristics and species composition of three Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest with different management measures were investigated by using fixed plots and sampling methods in Baihua Forest Farm at Xiaolongshan. Four forest species diversity indexes were introduced to compare the species diversity of tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. The results showed that both the species composition and species diversity of shrub layer of all the three Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest were rich and higher than that of tree layer and herb layer. In long-time closed Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest, the species composition was abundance and the values of Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index and Margalef index were the highest. The species composition and species diversity of different forest layer of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest with tending operation by near natural management were lower, however, the retained individual trees were larger in stand. The species composition and diversity of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest with tending operation by structural optimization management were moderate compared with other kind of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata natural forest.
2013, 26(3): 332-336.
Abstract:
Endogenous hormone contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin A3 (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA) and zeatin riboside(ZR)were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)in leaves, inflorescence, branches, stems and rhizomes of flowering and non-flowering moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis), for discussing the differences and understanding the relation between endogenous hormones distribution and contents and flower’s morphological differentiation. The results showed that: in comparison with non-flowering moso bamboo, the content of IAA in the leaves, branches and stems of flowering bamboo in Heading stage(mid-June)reduced significantly, and the content of ABA in the branches brought down significantly too, but the content of ZR in stems increased significantly. The content of IAA in the branches of flowering bamboo in flowering period(mid-July)was lower significantly and the content of GA3 rose significantly. The distribution characters of hormone in different organs were found different, while that of IAA was stem>rhizome>branch>inflorescence, that of GA3 was inflorescence>rhizome>branch>stem, that of ZR was inflorescence>branch>stem>rhizome and that of ABA was stem>branch>inflorescence>rhizome. The content of IAA in secondary side branches was significantly lower than that in primary side branches, but the contents of GA3 and ZR were higher than that in the primary side branches. The contents of IAA, GA3 and ABA in bamboo stem increased basipetally, while that of ZR in stem decreased basipetally. High rates of ABA, ZR and GA3 and low proportion of IAA may be helpful to the flower development during flower development, because ABA, ZR and GA3 had higher proportion in Heading stage and flowering period.
Endogenous hormone contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin A3 (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA) and zeatin riboside(ZR)were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)in leaves, inflorescence, branches, stems and rhizomes of flowering and non-flowering moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis), for discussing the differences and understanding the relation between endogenous hormones distribution and contents and flower’s morphological differentiation. The results showed that: in comparison with non-flowering moso bamboo, the content of IAA in the leaves, branches and stems of flowering bamboo in Heading stage(mid-June)reduced significantly, and the content of ABA in the branches brought down significantly too, but the content of ZR in stems increased significantly. The content of IAA in the branches of flowering bamboo in flowering period(mid-July)was lower significantly and the content of GA3 rose significantly. The distribution characters of hormone in different organs were found different, while that of IAA was stem>rhizome>branch>inflorescence, that of GA3 was inflorescence>rhizome>branch>stem, that of ZR was inflorescence>branch>stem>rhizome and that of ABA was stem>branch>inflorescence>rhizome. The content of IAA in secondary side branches was significantly lower than that in primary side branches, but the contents of GA3 and ZR were higher than that in the primary side branches. The contents of IAA, GA3 and ABA in bamboo stem increased basipetally, while that of ZR in stem decreased basipetally. High rates of ABA, ZR and GA3 and low proportion of IAA may be helpful to the flower development during flower development, because ABA, ZR and GA3 had higher proportion in Heading stage and flowering period.
2013, 26(3): 337-343.
Abstract:
Taking virgin tropical montane rain forest in Bawangling of Hainan Island as study object, four selective cutting experiments of 0.0% (no cutting), 30.7% (low selective cutting intensity), 45.3% (middle selective cutting intensity) and 53.5% (high selective cutting intensity) was implemented. The change tendency of carbon storage of forest stand, dead trees, remained trees, ingrowth trees, tree species group and diameter class thirteen year after cutting was observed and analyzed. The results show that the carbon storage rate of dead trees in forest stand with high selective cutting intensity is the biggest, the carbon storage rate of dead trees in forest stand with middle selective cutting intensity is the least; the growth rates of carbon storage of remained trees and forest stand with low selective cutting intensity and no cutting are higher than that of the others; the carbon storage rate of ingrowth trees increases along with the selective cutting intensity increase; cutting intensity of 45.0% is an ideal to improve carbon storage increasing of trees group; growth rate of carbon storage of remained trees under diameter class of 45 cm increases along with selective cutting intensity increase, the growth rate of carbon storage of remained trees over diameter class of 45 cm isn’t related with selective cutting intensity.
Taking virgin tropical montane rain forest in Bawangling of Hainan Island as study object, four selective cutting experiments of 0.0% (no cutting), 30.7% (low selective cutting intensity), 45.3% (middle selective cutting intensity) and 53.5% (high selective cutting intensity) was implemented. The change tendency of carbon storage of forest stand, dead trees, remained trees, ingrowth trees, tree species group and diameter class thirteen year after cutting was observed and analyzed. The results show that the carbon storage rate of dead trees in forest stand with high selective cutting intensity is the biggest, the carbon storage rate of dead trees in forest stand with middle selective cutting intensity is the least; the growth rates of carbon storage of remained trees and forest stand with low selective cutting intensity and no cutting are higher than that of the others; the carbon storage rate of ingrowth trees increases along with the selective cutting intensity increase; cutting intensity of 45.0% is an ideal to improve carbon storage increasing of trees group; growth rate of carbon storage of remained trees under diameter class of 45 cm increases along with selective cutting intensity increase, the growth rate of carbon storage of remained trees over diameter class of 45 cm isn’t related with selective cutting intensity.
2013, 26(3): 344-351.
Abstract:
Four red oak species including Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii), Shumard oak (Q. shumardii), Water oak (Q. nigra), Willow oak (Q. phellos) and one white oak species, Live oak (Q. virginiana) from Southern USA were introduced for establishing plantations at different sites and soil types in Yangtze River Delta of China. When 1-or 2-year-old bare-root seedlings were planted after a long distance of transportation, the survival rates of Nuttall oak, Shumard oak, and Water oak were higher than 94%, while the survival rates of Willow oak and Live oak were 76% 81% and 42% 50% respectively. Obvious differences existed among species in root and shoot growth habits, phenology and pest occurrence at young stage. For the four red oak plantations established on paddy soil, the mean annual DBH increments and height increments after 8 10 years ranged from 0.96 to 1.76 cm and 0.8 to 1.33 m with the reserved density of 900 1 500 trees per hectare. But the mean annual DBH increments and height increments of stands on hill with red-yellow soil ranged from 0.64 to 1.01cm and 0.57 to 0.78m, respectively. The Live oak stands planted with 2-to 4-year-old seedlings with clod-ball on coastal saline soil had a survival rate of higher than 87%, and the mean annual DBH increments and height increments at the age of 7 9 were 0.78 1.13 cm and 0.59 0.75 m respectively with the density of 1 110 3 900 trees per hectare. All the trees of the 5 oak species begun to bear fruit at the age of 6 9. The research showed that the 5 oak species had good adaptability to natural conditions in Yangtze River Delta. Water oak, Nuttall oak, Shumard oak and Willow oak can be applied for construction of plain landscapes and ecological stands, and Live oak has broad prospects for coastal protective forest.
Four red oak species including Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii), Shumard oak (Q. shumardii), Water oak (Q. nigra), Willow oak (Q. phellos) and one white oak species, Live oak (Q. virginiana) from Southern USA were introduced for establishing plantations at different sites and soil types in Yangtze River Delta of China. When 1-or 2-year-old bare-root seedlings were planted after a long distance of transportation, the survival rates of Nuttall oak, Shumard oak, and Water oak were higher than 94%, while the survival rates of Willow oak and Live oak were 76% 81% and 42% 50% respectively. Obvious differences existed among species in root and shoot growth habits, phenology and pest occurrence at young stage. For the four red oak plantations established on paddy soil, the mean annual DBH increments and height increments after 8 10 years ranged from 0.96 to 1.76 cm and 0.8 to 1.33 m with the reserved density of 900 1 500 trees per hectare. But the mean annual DBH increments and height increments of stands on hill with red-yellow soil ranged from 0.64 to 1.01cm and 0.57 to 0.78m, respectively. The Live oak stands planted with 2-to 4-year-old seedlings with clod-ball on coastal saline soil had a survival rate of higher than 87%, and the mean annual DBH increments and height increments at the age of 7 9 were 0.78 1.13 cm and 0.59 0.75 m respectively with the density of 1 110 3 900 trees per hectare. All the trees of the 5 oak species begun to bear fruit at the age of 6 9. The research showed that the 5 oak species had good adaptability to natural conditions in Yangtze River Delta. Water oak, Nuttall oak, Shumard oak and Willow oak can be applied for construction of plain landscapes and ecological stands, and Live oak has broad prospects for coastal protective forest.
2013, 26(3): 352-358.
Abstract:
Four shrub species, Hippophae rhamnoides, Caragana sinica, Sophora moorcroftiana, and Caryopteris tangutica from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were used to simulate the drought stress on potted seedlings. By comparing the changes of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, praline content, and soluble protein content, the drought resistance performance of selected tree species were analyzed and evaluated in order to find the superior drought tolerant shrub species suitable for the afforestation on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area. The results indicated that the MDA content rose slowly when the four selected plants were under light drought stress and reached the maximum when under heavy drought stress. Both the peak and increase of MDA content of Caryopteris tangutica were the least compared with the other three species, followed by Caragana sinica and Hippophae rhamnoides, and the peak and increase of MDA of Sophora moorcroftiana were the largest. The change rule of SOD and POD activity followed a single-peak curve, with Caryopteris tangutica and Caragana sinica's SOD activity spiked the latest and the value was also the largest. The SOD activity decreased to the minimum, which fully reflected that the two species had stronger adaptability and self-regulation under drought environment, while the Hippophae rhamnoides and Sophora moorcroftiana were the opposite. During the process of drought stress, the POD activity of Caryopteris tangutica maintained at a low level, but with the greatest increase (up to 805.23%), the increase rate was much higher than that of the other three species, and showed a superior ability of drought tolerance. But for the rest three species, the increase rate of POD activity was small and the adaptability to drought proved to be bad. The proline content of the 4 species showed an increasing trend and the increase rate of Caryopteris tangutica was the highest, 10.86 times compared with that under normal water condition. The seedling's soluble protein content increased at initial and then decreased, the soluble protein's increase of Caryopteris tangutica was the largest which was up to 213.44%. The comprehensive evaluation results showed that under water stress, the seedlings' resistance strength sequences were Caryopteris tangutica>Caragana sinica>Hippophae rhamnoides>Sophora moorcroftiana.
Four shrub species, Hippophae rhamnoides, Caragana sinica, Sophora moorcroftiana, and Caryopteris tangutica from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were used to simulate the drought stress on potted seedlings. By comparing the changes of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, praline content, and soluble protein content, the drought resistance performance of selected tree species were analyzed and evaluated in order to find the superior drought tolerant shrub species suitable for the afforestation on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area. The results indicated that the MDA content rose slowly when the four selected plants were under light drought stress and reached the maximum when under heavy drought stress. Both the peak and increase of MDA content of Caryopteris tangutica were the least compared with the other three species, followed by Caragana sinica and Hippophae rhamnoides, and the peak and increase of MDA of Sophora moorcroftiana were the largest. The change rule of SOD and POD activity followed a single-peak curve, with Caryopteris tangutica and Caragana sinica's SOD activity spiked the latest and the value was also the largest. The SOD activity decreased to the minimum, which fully reflected that the two species had stronger adaptability and self-regulation under drought environment, while the Hippophae rhamnoides and Sophora moorcroftiana were the opposite. During the process of drought stress, the POD activity of Caryopteris tangutica maintained at a low level, but with the greatest increase (up to 805.23%), the increase rate was much higher than that of the other three species, and showed a superior ability of drought tolerance. But for the rest three species, the increase rate of POD activity was small and the adaptability to drought proved to be bad. The proline content of the 4 species showed an increasing trend and the increase rate of Caryopteris tangutica was the highest, 10.86 times compared with that under normal water condition. The seedling's soluble protein content increased at initial and then decreased, the soluble protein's increase of Caryopteris tangutica was the largest which was up to 213.44%. The comprehensive evaluation results showed that under water stress, the seedlings' resistance strength sequences were Caryopteris tangutica>Caragana sinica>Hippophae rhamnoides>Sophora moorcroftiana.
2013, 26(3): 359-365.
Abstract:
Four types of community (Rhizophora stylosa pure forest, R. stylosa+Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mixed forest, R. stylosa+Avicennia marina mixed forest, and R. stylosa+B. gymnorrhiza+A. marina mixed forest) in Techengdao Mangrove Nature Reserve, Zhanjiang of Guangdong Province, were used to analyze the spatial connection and distribution pattern of R. stylosa prop roots by nearest neighbor index and connectivity index. The fractal characteristics of prop roots and the correlation coefficients among fractal dimension, rooting characteristics and topological index were discussed by means of fractal dimension and topological indices. The results are as follows. The spatial connection among the same grade R. stylosa prop roots in different community types is not strong, and the same grade R. stylosa prop roots follows a randomized distribution pattern. The R. stylosa prop root in different communities has good fractal characteristics, the fractal dimension is between 1.468 5-1.554 5, revealing strong ability to occupy and utilize the ecological space of R. stylosa roots. The topological structure of R. stylosaa roots is complicated, the topological index is between 0.366 4-0.448 5, and the root branching is dichotomous-shaped, which is beneficial to the root volume of space explored. There is a significant correlation between the fractal dimension and topological parameters, and it also shows a significant relationship between fractal abundance and total root number and average link length respectively.
Four types of community (Rhizophora stylosa pure forest, R. stylosa+Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mixed forest, R. stylosa+Avicennia marina mixed forest, and R. stylosa+B. gymnorrhiza+A. marina mixed forest) in Techengdao Mangrove Nature Reserve, Zhanjiang of Guangdong Province, were used to analyze the spatial connection and distribution pattern of R. stylosa prop roots by nearest neighbor index and connectivity index. The fractal characteristics of prop roots and the correlation coefficients among fractal dimension, rooting characteristics and topological index were discussed by means of fractal dimension and topological indices. The results are as follows. The spatial connection among the same grade R. stylosa prop roots in different community types is not strong, and the same grade R. stylosa prop roots follows a randomized distribution pattern. The R. stylosa prop root in different communities has good fractal characteristics, the fractal dimension is between 1.468 5-1.554 5, revealing strong ability to occupy and utilize the ecological space of R. stylosa roots. The topological structure of R. stylosaa roots is complicated, the topological index is between 0.366 4-0.448 5, and the root branching is dichotomous-shaped, which is beneficial to the root volume of space explored. There is a significant correlation between the fractal dimension and topological parameters, and it also shows a significant relationship between fractal abundance and total root number and average link length respectively.
2013, 26(3): 366-372.
Abstract:
Ninety progenies representing three half-sib families of Leuce (Populus alba L., Populus canescens (Ait.) Smith, and Populus tremula L.) were analyzed by using microsatellite to study the genetic diversity. 58 alleles and 112 genotypes were identified based on 12 SSR primers. The percentage of polymorphic loci, the Nei's genetic diversity index and Shannon information index were 100%, 0.648 5 and 1.234. The coefficient of gene differentiation was 0.337 1, which indicated 66.29% of genetic variation resided within the progenies of species. The results from cluster analysis showed that there was abundant genetic variation among the three Leuce species, the genetic distance among species ranged from 0.386 3 to 1.869 and Populus canescens had the most genetic variation.
Ninety progenies representing three half-sib families of Leuce (Populus alba L., Populus canescens (Ait.) Smith, and Populus tremula L.) were analyzed by using microsatellite to study the genetic diversity. 58 alleles and 112 genotypes were identified based on 12 SSR primers. The percentage of polymorphic loci, the Nei's genetic diversity index and Shannon information index were 100%, 0.648 5 and 1.234. The coefficient of gene differentiation was 0.337 1, which indicated 66.29% of genetic variation resided within the progenies of species. The results from cluster analysis showed that there was abundant genetic variation among the three Leuce species, the genetic distance among species ranged from 0.386 3 to 1.869 and Populus canescens had the most genetic variation.
2013, 26(3): 373-378.
Abstract:
This study focused on the photosynthetic characteristics of Thuja sutchuenensis seedlings and its relationship with environmental factors under three light levels (full light, 50% full light, and 25% full light). The results showed that under different light environments, the maximum value of net photosynthetic rate Pn appeared at the 8:00 with the sizes were 6.48, 4.59, and 2.67 μmol·m-2·s-1. There existed "midday-depression" in the diurnal photosynthesis of T. sutchuenensis, which mostly contributed by non-stomatal factors. The results of path analysis demonstrated that among the environmental factors affecting the photosynthesis of T. sutchuenensis under different light environments, the photosynthetically active radiation and air CO2 concentration were the main decision factors, while the main limiting factor was the air temperature.
This study focused on the photosynthetic characteristics of Thuja sutchuenensis seedlings and its relationship with environmental factors under three light levels (full light, 50% full light, and 25% full light). The results showed that under different light environments, the maximum value of net photosynthetic rate Pn appeared at the 8:00 with the sizes were 6.48, 4.59, and 2.67 μmol·m-2·s-1. There existed "midday-depression" in the diurnal photosynthesis of T. sutchuenensis, which mostly contributed by non-stomatal factors. The results of path analysis demonstrated that among the environmental factors affecting the photosynthesis of T. sutchuenensis under different light environments, the photosynthetically active radiation and air CO2 concentration were the main decision factors, while the main limiting factor was the air temperature.
2013, 26(3): 379-383.
Abstract:
In order to shorten the breeding cycle of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) clone, and select good clones with stronger tolerance to barrenness, in the light of 31 clones, artificial design nutrient environments, the experiment was carried out according to two factors randomized blocks, 8 individuals (in 8 cups) in each plot. After the experiment finished, the height and diameter at base of seedling were measured on entire experiment. The other traits such as the aboveground biomass, the underground biomass, the total biomass, the root-shoot ratio and the entire P content of individual have been measured according to sampling method. The results of statistical analysis showed that: (1)There were obvious differences among the clones in all the traits besides root-shoot ratio; (2)Obvious differences in all the traits existed under different nutrient stress and different sites conditions among different clones; (3)The interaction of clone × nutrient coercion processing was complex; (4)The research traits showed a certain variation and repeatability over intermediate level. Based on the variance analysis (fixed model), the PCA selection index under different situations was derived and obtained. Using certain selected intensity, 13 outstanding clones were evaluated from the entire experiment. Among them 7 clones were anti-phosphorus and the anti-potassium lack (happy nitrogenous fertilizer) clones, 7 clones were anti-phosphorus lack (happy nitrogen potassium fertilizer) clones, 8 fine clones were selected under normal nutrient management (happy nitrogenous, phosphorus, potassium), there were 5 fine clones with good performance, and simultaneously very stable under all kind of conditions. These clones may be applied to field tests.
In order to shorten the breeding cycle of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) clone, and select good clones with stronger tolerance to barrenness, in the light of 31 clones, artificial design nutrient environments, the experiment was carried out according to two factors randomized blocks, 8 individuals (in 8 cups) in each plot. After the experiment finished, the height and diameter at base of seedling were measured on entire experiment. The other traits such as the aboveground biomass, the underground biomass, the total biomass, the root-shoot ratio and the entire P content of individual have been measured according to sampling method. The results of statistical analysis showed that: (1)There were obvious differences among the clones in all the traits besides root-shoot ratio; (2)Obvious differences in all the traits existed under different nutrient stress and different sites conditions among different clones; (3)The interaction of clone × nutrient coercion processing was complex; (4)The research traits showed a certain variation and repeatability over intermediate level. Based on the variance analysis (fixed model), the PCA selection index under different situations was derived and obtained. Using certain selected intensity, 13 outstanding clones were evaluated from the entire experiment. Among them 7 clones were anti-phosphorus and the anti-potassium lack (happy nitrogenous fertilizer) clones, 7 clones were anti-phosphorus lack (happy nitrogen potassium fertilizer) clones, 8 fine clones were selected under normal nutrient management (happy nitrogenous, phosphorus, potassium), there were 5 fine clones with good performance, and simultaneously very stable under all kind of conditions. These clones may be applied to field tests.
2013, 26(3): 384-388.
Abstract:
Understanding the seed dormancy and germination traits of Nyssa yunnanensis is a base to protect this extremely endangered tree species. N. yunnanensis is one of the national protected plants in China. The results of investigations show that three of eight existing trees bear rich fruit but have no regenerated seedlings in natural forests. The study on seed dormancy and germination attempts to unveil key factors causing regeneration failure of N. yunnanensis. It shows that the germination inhibitors existed in different parts of the fruit, particular in seed embryo and pannexterna, are the main factor impacting seed germination. Low water absorption of the seed resulted from obstacle of story endocarp is one of the factors causing seed dormancy. To promote seed germination, the temperature, illumination, and gibberellin acid (GA3) gradient tests were carried out. The results unveil that the optimal temperature for seed germination is 25 ℃. Light is conducive to seed germination because germination rate from light treatment (12 h·d-1) is higher than that from dark treatment. Seed germination percentage, germination vigor and germination index can increase by soaking with 100 500 mg·L-1 GA3, and the best concentration is 200 mg·L-1.
Understanding the seed dormancy and germination traits of Nyssa yunnanensis is a base to protect this extremely endangered tree species. N. yunnanensis is one of the national protected plants in China. The results of investigations show that three of eight existing trees bear rich fruit but have no regenerated seedlings in natural forests. The study on seed dormancy and germination attempts to unveil key factors causing regeneration failure of N. yunnanensis. It shows that the germination inhibitors existed in different parts of the fruit, particular in seed embryo and pannexterna, are the main factor impacting seed germination. Low water absorption of the seed resulted from obstacle of story endocarp is one of the factors causing seed dormancy. To promote seed germination, the temperature, illumination, and gibberellin acid (GA3) gradient tests were carried out. The results unveil that the optimal temperature for seed germination is 25 ℃. Light is conducive to seed germination because germination rate from light treatment (12 h·d-1) is higher than that from dark treatment. Seed germination percentage, germination vigor and germination index can increase by soaking with 100 500 mg·L-1 GA3, and the best concentration is 200 mg·L-1.
2013, 26(3): 389-392.
Abstract:
The pine shoot beetle Tomicus yunnanensis (Kirkendall and Faccoli) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one of the main pests of pine forest in southwest China. Its life cycle involves reproduction in the phloem of trucks or larger brunches of dead or weakened trees, followed by a long maturation feeding by callow adult in shoots of healthy trees which often cause massive tree death. A simple and practical method for rearing T. yunnanensis was set up using host timber segments and artificial pupal cells by continuous rearing works within past four years. Then its experimental population was established in laboratory and the living habits during the latent phase were observed using this new rearing method. The results show that it completes three generations in one year under laboratory condition in Kunming, Yunnan Province. The mean time of each generation is 101 days, and the mean survival rate is 92.4%. A mating female begins to oviposit after 6 days and may last 122 days. The average oviposition number is 429 per female in its life time. The method is easy to operate and may provide effective approaches for getting standard experimental insects for further research.
The pine shoot beetle Tomicus yunnanensis (Kirkendall and Faccoli) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one of the main pests of pine forest in southwest China. Its life cycle involves reproduction in the phloem of trucks or larger brunches of dead or weakened trees, followed by a long maturation feeding by callow adult in shoots of healthy trees which often cause massive tree death. A simple and practical method for rearing T. yunnanensis was set up using host timber segments and artificial pupal cells by continuous rearing works within past four years. Then its experimental population was established in laboratory and the living habits during the latent phase were observed using this new rearing method. The results show that it completes three generations in one year under laboratory condition in Kunming, Yunnan Province. The mean time of each generation is 101 days, and the mean survival rate is 92.4%. A mating female begins to oviposit after 6 days and may last 122 days. The average oviposition number is 429 per female in its life time. The method is easy to operate and may provide effective approaches for getting standard experimental insects for further research.
Subvmission Guidelines
Peer Review
Reviewer Online
Office Work
Email alert
RSS