2013 Vol. 26, No. 5
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2013, 26(5): 533-541.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
Fifteen populations of Camellia meiocarpa in full distribution area were used as experimental material and 12 variation characteristics of oil content and fatty acid were analyzed. The oil content and fatty acid types of C. meiocarpa were very rich and the level of genetic diversity was also quite high, however, there were significant variations among different traits. Except five populations from southwest China, there existed significant differences in the traits of oil content and fatty acid by multiple comparison of the other 10 populations. The variation of fatty acid composition existed mainly within populations and was far higher than that among populations. The quality levels of the 15 populations were evaluated by principal components analysis. The results showed that the quality level of Zhangpu population from Fujian Province ranked the first.
Fifteen populations of Camellia meiocarpa in full distribution area were used as experimental material and 12 variation characteristics of oil content and fatty acid were analyzed. The oil content and fatty acid types of C. meiocarpa were very rich and the level of genetic diversity was also quite high, however, there were significant variations among different traits. Except five populations from southwest China, there existed significant differences in the traits of oil content and fatty acid by multiple comparison of the other 10 populations. The variation of fatty acid composition existed mainly within populations and was far higher than that among populations. The quality levels of the 15 populations were evaluated by principal components analysis. The results showed that the quality level of Zhangpu population from Fujian Province ranked the first.
2013, 26(5): 542-547.
Abstract:
A new 4CL gene from Populus tomentosa Carr. was cloned and named as 4CL3. Bioinformatics method was used to analysis the protein sequence of this 4CL3 gene aligning with two other 4CL proteins. The authors found the conserved sequence Box I and Box II exist in the 4CL gene family. Prokaryotic expression way was used to research the enzyme function of this 4CL3 protein, the result showed that the 4CL protein had different enzymatic activity towards the different substrate. The 4CL3 protein had the biggest enzymatic activity at the temperature of 40 ℃, and it had the biggest enzymatic activity at pH 8.5, this enzyme has the ability of resisting alkaline environment. The 5 substrates of 4CL were mixed and the method of HPLC-MS was used to survey the consumption of the substrate after putting 4CL enzyme to start the reaction. It was found that besides sinapic there was no consumption of caffeic either.
A new 4CL gene from Populus tomentosa Carr. was cloned and named as 4CL3. Bioinformatics method was used to analysis the protein sequence of this 4CL3 gene aligning with two other 4CL proteins. The authors found the conserved sequence Box I and Box II exist in the 4CL gene family. Prokaryotic expression way was used to research the enzyme function of this 4CL3 protein, the result showed that the 4CL protein had different enzymatic activity towards the different substrate. The 4CL3 protein had the biggest enzymatic activity at the temperature of 40 ℃, and it had the biggest enzymatic activity at pH 8.5, this enzyme has the ability of resisting alkaline environment. The 5 substrates of 4CL were mixed and the method of HPLC-MS was used to survey the consumption of the substrate after putting 4CL enzyme to start the reaction. It was found that besides sinapic there was no consumption of caffeic either.
2013, 26(5): 548-553.
Abstract:
Based on continuous monitoring of precipitation and throughfall in the canopy layer of four typical forests, i.e. mixed coniferous forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, bamboo forest and shrubbery, at Jinyun mountains in Chongqing Municipality, the change of major ion content in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow was detected, and the characteristics of redistribution and leaching effects of the canopy layer on acid rain were analyzed. The results are as follows. (1) The equivalent concentration of major ions were in the ordered of SO42- > Ca2+ > NH4+ > Mg2+ >K+ >Na+ > NO3-. (2) The pH value decreased after rainfall passed through the forest canopy, and the stemflow was more acidic compared to throughfall. (3) The maximum concentration of anion and cation are SO42- (2.19×103 6.47×103 eq·hm-2) and Ca2+ (1.41×103 3.39×103 eq·hm-2) in throughfall. The atmospheric precipitation and plant secretion were the primary ion resources within the study area. (4) The concentration variation of one certain ion varied in different stands, demonstrating the divergence property of canopy exchange within different tree species stands. The crown leaching array of major ions from high to low in mixed coniferous forest is SO42- > Ca2+ > NO3- > K+ > NH4+ > Mg2+ >Na+, that in evergreen broad-leaved forest is SO42- > Ca2+ > K+ > NO3- > NH4+ > Mg2+ >Na+, in bamboo forest is Ca2+ > SO42- > K+>NO3- > NH4+ >Na+ > Mg2+, and in shrubbery is Ca2+ > NO3- > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > NH4+ > SO42-.
Based on continuous monitoring of precipitation and throughfall in the canopy layer of four typical forests, i.e. mixed coniferous forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, bamboo forest and shrubbery, at Jinyun mountains in Chongqing Municipality, the change of major ion content in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow was detected, and the characteristics of redistribution and leaching effects of the canopy layer on acid rain were analyzed. The results are as follows. (1) The equivalent concentration of major ions were in the ordered of SO42- > Ca2+ > NH4+ > Mg2+ >K+ >Na+ > NO3-. (2) The pH value decreased after rainfall passed through the forest canopy, and the stemflow was more acidic compared to throughfall. (3) The maximum concentration of anion and cation are SO42- (2.19×103 6.47×103 eq·hm-2) and Ca2+ (1.41×103 3.39×103 eq·hm-2) in throughfall. The atmospheric precipitation and plant secretion were the primary ion resources within the study area. (4) The concentration variation of one certain ion varied in different stands, demonstrating the divergence property of canopy exchange within different tree species stands. The crown leaching array of major ions from high to low in mixed coniferous forest is SO42- > Ca2+ > NO3- > K+ > NH4+ > Mg2+ >Na+, that in evergreen broad-leaved forest is SO42- > Ca2+ > K+ > NO3- > NH4+ > Mg2+ >Na+, in bamboo forest is Ca2+ > SO42- > K+>NO3- > NH4+ >Na+ > Mg2+, and in shrubbery is Ca2+ > NO3- > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > NH4+ > SO42-.
2013, 26(5): 554-561.
Abstract:
Tree recruitment model play an important role in simulating stand dynamic processes. Considering the fact that in permanent sample plots some of the plots have no occurrences of recruitment even over periods of several years, it means that data are bounded and characteristically exhibit varying degrees of dispersion and skewness in relation to the mean. Additionally, the data often contain an excess number of zero counts. If least squares method is still used to deal with the data with large proportion of zero counts, the estimated results will be biased. Based on the data from permanent plots of Larix olgensis in Wangqing Forest Farm, Poisson model, negative binomial model, zero-inflated models and Hurdle models were used to analyze tree recruitment. The best model was chosen according to the AIC value, Pearson residual plot and Vuong test. The results showed that Poisson model was not suitable for recruitment, and negative binomial was superior to the Poisson model. But both of them were not competent for the over-dispersion data. Zero-inflated model and hurdle model were fitted into the data. Additionally, zero-inflated negative binomial model (ZINB) outperformed than other models. The result provided a feasible method for analyzing tree recruitment.
Tree recruitment model play an important role in simulating stand dynamic processes. Considering the fact that in permanent sample plots some of the plots have no occurrences of recruitment even over periods of several years, it means that data are bounded and characteristically exhibit varying degrees of dispersion and skewness in relation to the mean. Additionally, the data often contain an excess number of zero counts. If least squares method is still used to deal with the data with large proportion of zero counts, the estimated results will be biased. Based on the data from permanent plots of Larix olgensis in Wangqing Forest Farm, Poisson model, negative binomial model, zero-inflated models and Hurdle models were used to analyze tree recruitment. The best model was chosen according to the AIC value, Pearson residual plot and Vuong test. The results showed that Poisson model was not suitable for recruitment, and negative binomial was superior to the Poisson model. But both of them were not competent for the over-dispersion data. Zero-inflated model and hurdle model were fitted into the data. Additionally, zero-inflated negative binomial model (ZINB) outperformed than other models. The result provided a feasible method for analyzing tree recruitment.
2013, 26(5): 562-570.
Abstract:
In the present study, a zinc-finger-like cDNA (ZFL) was isolated from the cDNA of Populus trichocarpa leaves, named PtrZFL. The open reading frame (ORF) of the gene is 315 bp in length and encodes a predicated polypeptide of 104 amino acids with a molecular weight of about 11.202 kDa, and the theoretical isoelectric point of which is 9.83. The expression of PtrZFL in P. trichocarpa in response to abiotic stress was studied by QRT-PCR, the results showed that the PtrZFL was response to treatments of mannitol, NaCl, H2O2, ABA and cold (4℃). The PtrZFL expression level was the highest 3 hours after treated by ABA and then decreased. The PtrZFL was rapidly and highly induced at the 6th hour when exposed to low temperature of 4℃ and kept high expression level with the continuing treatment. A 1000 bp sequence upstream of PtrZFL gene was cloned from the genomic DNA of P. trichocarpa by PCR based on the poplar genome sequence. Sequence analysis showed that the promoter of the PtrZFL gene contained stress-induced cis-acting elements (including cold, dehydration, frozen and ABA responsive elements ABRE, MYB and WRKY). The GUS activity was almost detected in whole plant of transgenic Arabidopsis, suggesting that this promoter could control the gene expression in the whole plant. Moreover, strong activity was detected in roots and mature leaves, and only weak expression could be detected in other organs.
In the present study, a zinc-finger-like cDNA (ZFL) was isolated from the cDNA of Populus trichocarpa leaves, named PtrZFL. The open reading frame (ORF) of the gene is 315 bp in length and encodes a predicated polypeptide of 104 amino acids with a molecular weight of about 11.202 kDa, and the theoretical isoelectric point of which is 9.83. The expression of PtrZFL in P. trichocarpa in response to abiotic stress was studied by QRT-PCR, the results showed that the PtrZFL was response to treatments of mannitol, NaCl, H2O2, ABA and cold (4℃). The PtrZFL expression level was the highest 3 hours after treated by ABA and then decreased. The PtrZFL was rapidly and highly induced at the 6th hour when exposed to low temperature of 4℃ and kept high expression level with the continuing treatment. A 1000 bp sequence upstream of PtrZFL gene was cloned from the genomic DNA of P. trichocarpa by PCR based on the poplar genome sequence. Sequence analysis showed that the promoter of the PtrZFL gene contained stress-induced cis-acting elements (including cold, dehydration, frozen and ABA responsive elements ABRE, MYB and WRKY). The GUS activity was almost detected in whole plant of transgenic Arabidopsis, suggesting that this promoter could control the gene expression in the whole plant. Moreover, strong activity was detected in roots and mature leaves, and only weak expression could be detected in other organs.
2013, 26(5): 571-577.
Abstract:
The mechanism restriction and the interactive impact of the competition play important roles in stand growth. To realize the simulation of stand growth, the competition models to distributing the overall growth increment of stand to each individual tree in the stand were studied. With Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) artificial stand in Huangfengqiao Forest Farm, Hu'nan Province, as the researching subject, the Open Comparison model fO, Simple Competition Index model fH, and Competition Pressure Index model fCSI were developed. From the three models, a new model Competition Index Model fC=1/(fO+fH+fCSI) was propounded. After eliminating the outliers, the fC was used as a parameter to propound a stand growth distribution model to distribute the overall growth increment of stand to each individual tree in the stand. Then the results of fH, fCSI and fC were compared. Analysis of covariance was used to test the differences in correlation coefficient. It was concluded that the fC could be an efficiency function to use on the growth stand visualization.
The mechanism restriction and the interactive impact of the competition play important roles in stand growth. To realize the simulation of stand growth, the competition models to distributing the overall growth increment of stand to each individual tree in the stand were studied. With Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) artificial stand in Huangfengqiao Forest Farm, Hu'nan Province, as the researching subject, the Open Comparison model fO, Simple Competition Index model fH, and Competition Pressure Index model fCSI were developed. From the three models, a new model Competition Index Model fC=1/(fO+fH+fCSI) was propounded. After eliminating the outliers, the fC was used as a parameter to propound a stand growth distribution model to distribute the overall growth increment of stand to each individual tree in the stand. Then the results of fH, fCSI and fC were compared. Analysis of covariance was used to test the differences in correlation coefficient. It was concluded that the fC could be an efficiency function to use on the growth stand visualization.
2013, 26(5): 578-587.
Abstract:
APETALA1 is an important MADS box gene involved in the regulatory pathway of flowering. The expression of the AP1 decreases dramatically in the Abnormal Flower Development Line (AFDL) of Arabidopsis. AFDL is absent of petals and with a stacked inflorescence meristems. In order to analysis the matically in the Abnormal Flower Development Line (AFDL) of Arabidopsis. AFDL is absent of petals and with a stacked inflorescence meristems. In order to analysis the regulation of the promoter of AP1, the -3 579 bp promoter region of AP1 was cloned from AFDL. The functional element predication indicated that three CArG boxes, the binding sites for the MADS regulator, were located in the promoter (the three boxes were identified by progressive number as CArG1, CArG2, CArG3 form). 5 vectors were constructed with the promoters of AP1 to drive GUS in wild-type, which with different length and number of the CArG boxes. The sequence of AP1 in AFDL was the same as that of wild-type, that indicated that the significant down-regulation of AP1 was not associated with the CArG boxes as well as its sequenced; And the GUS staining of the transformed plants showed that the CArG1 was the binding site for positively acting factor(s) during the early stage and the later stage of the flower development, and the deletion of the CArG2 and the mutations in CArG3 resulted in an increase in the level of reporter gene activity during the early or later floral stages, suggesting that CArG2 and CArG3 are the binding sites for negatively regulators. Therefore the three CArG boxes in the promoter of AP1 are functional on the regulation the AP1 expression rather than determinant expression of AP1. The ectopic GUS expression in the whorl 4 indicated that there were unidentified elements that played a role on the expression specificity outside the 0-3 579 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. In addition, there may be some elements located in the region from -3 579 bp to -1 752 bp but the region from -1 752 bp to -1 359 bp was nonfunctional on the regulation of AP1 except the CArG2 box.
APETALA1 is an important MADS box gene involved in the regulatory pathway of flowering. The expression of the AP1 decreases dramatically in the Abnormal Flower Development Line (AFDL) of Arabidopsis. AFDL is absent of petals and with a stacked inflorescence meristems. In order to analysis the matically in the Abnormal Flower Development Line (AFDL) of Arabidopsis. AFDL is absent of petals and with a stacked inflorescence meristems. In order to analysis the regulation of the promoter of AP1, the -3 579 bp promoter region of AP1 was cloned from AFDL. The functional element predication indicated that three CArG boxes, the binding sites for the MADS regulator, were located in the promoter (the three boxes were identified by progressive number as CArG1, CArG2, CArG3 form). 5 vectors were constructed with the promoters of AP1 to drive GUS in wild-type, which with different length and number of the CArG boxes. The sequence of AP1 in AFDL was the same as that of wild-type, that indicated that the significant down-regulation of AP1 was not associated with the CArG boxes as well as its sequenced; And the GUS staining of the transformed plants showed that the CArG1 was the binding site for positively acting factor(s) during the early stage and the later stage of the flower development, and the deletion of the CArG2 and the mutations in CArG3 resulted in an increase in the level of reporter gene activity during the early or later floral stages, suggesting that CArG2 and CArG3 are the binding sites for negatively regulators. Therefore the three CArG boxes in the promoter of AP1 are functional on the regulation the AP1 expression rather than determinant expression of AP1. The ectopic GUS expression in the whorl 4 indicated that there were unidentified elements that played a role on the expression specificity outside the 0-3 579 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. In addition, there may be some elements located in the region from -3 579 bp to -1 752 bp but the region from -1 752 bp to -1 359 bp was nonfunctional on the regulation of AP1 except the CArG2 box.
2013, 26(5): 588-592.
Abstract:
Ninty Broussonetia papyrifera samples were collected from four river basins in Yunnan province and used as materials, and AFLP markers were employed to analyze their genetic diversity. The results showed that total 786 unambiguous bands were revealed from selected 7 primer combinations, of which 632 bands were polymorphic, and the ratio of polymorphic bands was 80.4 %. An average of 90.3 polymorphic bands was detected from each primer combination on average. Among four B. papyrifera populations, the population of Jinsha-river Basin held the highest level of genetic diversity, the Nei's gene diversity being 0.145 5, while the population of Yuanjiang-river Basin held the lowest level of genetic diversity, the Nei's gene diversity being 0.112 9. The genetic differentiation coefficient was 0.038 6, which indicated that the genetic variation of individuals within population being the main sources of genetic diversity in B. papyrifera. The four populations of B. papyrifera could be divided into two groups with the genetic distance threshold 0.003. The group I consisted of only the population of Jinsha-river Basin,and group II included the other three populations of B. papyrifera. This research results could provide some references for the protection and utilization of B. papyrifera resources.
Ninty Broussonetia papyrifera samples were collected from four river basins in Yunnan province and used as materials, and AFLP markers were employed to analyze their genetic diversity. The results showed that total 786 unambiguous bands were revealed from selected 7 primer combinations, of which 632 bands were polymorphic, and the ratio of polymorphic bands was 80.4 %. An average of 90.3 polymorphic bands was detected from each primer combination on average. Among four B. papyrifera populations, the population of Jinsha-river Basin held the highest level of genetic diversity, the Nei's gene diversity being 0.145 5, while the population of Yuanjiang-river Basin held the lowest level of genetic diversity, the Nei's gene diversity being 0.112 9. The genetic differentiation coefficient was 0.038 6, which indicated that the genetic variation of individuals within population being the main sources of genetic diversity in B. papyrifera. The four populations of B. papyrifera could be divided into two groups with the genetic distance threshold 0.003. The group I consisted of only the population of Jinsha-river Basin,and group II included the other three populations of B. papyrifera. This research results could provide some references for the protection and utilization of B. papyrifera resources.
2013, 26(5): 593-597.
Abstract:
The influence of instar of the host larvae and the concentration of Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdNPV) on larvae survival rate, larvae mass, dead body mass and the mean number of LdNPV per larval of dead body were studied. And also, the effect of feeding time on the toxicity of LdNPV was studied. The results indicated that the influence of host larvae and the concentration of LdNPV on the survival rate and larvae mass were significantly different among individuals. The younger the instar of the host larvae, the higher the concentration of LdNPV, the earlier the dead time, the higher the mortality rate, the slower the body mass' increase and the lower the toxicity. The relationship between the feeding time and the concentration of LdNPV followed a parabolic curve, i.e. both the shorter or longer time resulted in lower LdNPV concentration. It was proved that the 2nd or the 5th larvae after feeding with LdNPV (78%) were not suitable for LdNPV production, so the authors believe that the 4th instar larval fed with virus at the 1.0×106 PIB·mL-1 concentration for 10days is the most suitable condition for the mass production of LdNPV in laboratory.
The influence of instar of the host larvae and the concentration of Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdNPV) on larvae survival rate, larvae mass, dead body mass and the mean number of LdNPV per larval of dead body were studied. And also, the effect of feeding time on the toxicity of LdNPV was studied. The results indicated that the influence of host larvae and the concentration of LdNPV on the survival rate and larvae mass were significantly different among individuals. The younger the instar of the host larvae, the higher the concentration of LdNPV, the earlier the dead time, the higher the mortality rate, the slower the body mass' increase and the lower the toxicity. The relationship between the feeding time and the concentration of LdNPV followed a parabolic curve, i.e. both the shorter or longer time resulted in lower LdNPV concentration. It was proved that the 2nd or the 5th larvae after feeding with LdNPV (78%) were not suitable for LdNPV production, so the authors believe that the 4th instar larval fed with virus at the 1.0×106 PIB·mL-1 concentration for 10days is the most suitable condition for the mass production of LdNPV in laboratory.
2013, 26(5): 598-602.
Abstract:
320 strains were isolated from 10 soil samples collected at Mu Us sandy land of China. After growing confrontation test to Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, 57 strains were screened preliminarily. The strain 5A5-3 screened from biological crusts of Mu Us sandy land with a rather higher antagonistic activity against C. gloeosporioide was obtained after secondary screening. The strain 5A5-3 was further identified by morphological and cultural characteristics, physiological and biochemical experiments and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Based on the results, the strain was finally identified as a Bacillus velezensis. 16S rDNA sequences analysis of strain 5A5-3 revealed that it had 100% similarity to B. velezensis CR-502.
320 strains were isolated from 10 soil samples collected at Mu Us sandy land of China. After growing confrontation test to Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, 57 strains were screened preliminarily. The strain 5A5-3 screened from biological crusts of Mu Us sandy land with a rather higher antagonistic activity against C. gloeosporioide was obtained after secondary screening. The strain 5A5-3 was further identified by morphological and cultural characteristics, physiological and biochemical experiments and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Based on the results, the strain was finally identified as a Bacillus velezensis. 16S rDNA sequences analysis of strain 5A5-3 revealed that it had 100% similarity to B. velezensis CR-502.
2013, 26(5): 603-608.
Abstract:
The morphological characters of fruit, seed and kernel oil content of Sapindus mukorossi in 7 producing areas were investigated. The results of variance analysis showed that the degrees of characters variation were different among individuals in these producing areas, but most characters had wide range of variation in most producing areas, so individual selection was effective. However, all characters had significant differences among producing areas. The producing area of Xixia County of He'nan Province had obvious differentiation from the others, and with bigger fruits and seeds. The oil content of kernel, with the smallest variation coefficient, had no obvious correlation with geographical factors of different producing areas. In contrast, the seed weight and kernel rate had larger variation coefficient among different producing areas, and they had significant positive correlations with the size of fruits and seeds. So it is feasible to raise oil content by selecting big fruits and seeds. Cluster and correlation analysis showed that, to a certain degree, there was a variation trend that the fruit size, seed size and kernel rate grew larger in the low-latitude producing areas than in the high-latitude producing areas. Therefore, selecting high oil content individuals should be carried out mainly in high-latitude producing area, and focused on these individuals with big fruits and seeds.
The morphological characters of fruit, seed and kernel oil content of Sapindus mukorossi in 7 producing areas were investigated. The results of variance analysis showed that the degrees of characters variation were different among individuals in these producing areas, but most characters had wide range of variation in most producing areas, so individual selection was effective. However, all characters had significant differences among producing areas. The producing area of Xixia County of He'nan Province had obvious differentiation from the others, and with bigger fruits and seeds. The oil content of kernel, with the smallest variation coefficient, had no obvious correlation with geographical factors of different producing areas. In contrast, the seed weight and kernel rate had larger variation coefficient among different producing areas, and they had significant positive correlations with the size of fruits and seeds. So it is feasible to raise oil content by selecting big fruits and seeds. Cluster and correlation analysis showed that, to a certain degree, there was a variation trend that the fruit size, seed size and kernel rate grew larger in the low-latitude producing areas than in the high-latitude producing areas. Therefore, selecting high oil content individuals should be carried out mainly in high-latitude producing area, and focused on these individuals with big fruits and seeds.
2013, 26(5): 609-615.
Abstract:
To analyze the stand spatial structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata-broadleaved mixed plantation,the plantation predominated by C.lanceolata and Schima superba in mid-subtropical zone was taken as the study object,and three structure parameters (mingling degree,neighborhood comparison and uniform angle index) and two tree species composition(Ⅰand Ⅱ) were used.The results showed that the mingling degree of C.lanceolata and S.superba was mainly relatively weak and moderate mixture,the average mingling in the stand were 0.45 and 0.52 respectively,showing the relatively simple spatial allocation and poor mixing of different tree species in this plantation.The proportions of neighborhood comparison of C.lanceolata, S.superba and Castanopsis sclerophylla distributed uniformly,the mean value was about 0.50. But the differentiation between dominant species (Paulownia, Pinus massoniana and Castanopsis fargesii) and suppressed species (Schima argentea, Toxicodendron verniciflua, Liquidambar formosana, Cyclobalanopsis glauca and Daphniphyllum oldhamii) was obviously, the mean values ranged from 0 to 0.88,indicating the stand growth was mainly medium state,and tree species in the arborous layer was instable.As for uniform angle index, considering the spatial units, the distribution of uniform angle index changed with a fluctuant pattern and the forest plantation presented an aggregating distribution pattern. In order to improve plantation quality and play its function better, this study aimed to provide scientific basis for guiding selective cutting management and spatial structure optimization of C. lanceolata-broadleaved mixed plantation.
To analyze the stand spatial structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata-broadleaved mixed plantation,the plantation predominated by C.lanceolata and Schima superba in mid-subtropical zone was taken as the study object,and three structure parameters (mingling degree,neighborhood comparison and uniform angle index) and two tree species composition(Ⅰand Ⅱ) were used.The results showed that the mingling degree of C.lanceolata and S.superba was mainly relatively weak and moderate mixture,the average mingling in the stand were 0.45 and 0.52 respectively,showing the relatively simple spatial allocation and poor mixing of different tree species in this plantation.The proportions of neighborhood comparison of C.lanceolata, S.superba and Castanopsis sclerophylla distributed uniformly,the mean value was about 0.50. But the differentiation between dominant species (Paulownia, Pinus massoniana and Castanopsis fargesii) and suppressed species (Schima argentea, Toxicodendron verniciflua, Liquidambar formosana, Cyclobalanopsis glauca and Daphniphyllum oldhamii) was obviously, the mean values ranged from 0 to 0.88,indicating the stand growth was mainly medium state,and tree species in the arborous layer was instable.As for uniform angle index, considering the spatial units, the distribution of uniform angle index changed with a fluctuant pattern and the forest plantation presented an aggregating distribution pattern. In order to improve plantation quality and play its function better, this study aimed to provide scientific basis for guiding selective cutting management and spatial structure optimization of C. lanceolata-broadleaved mixed plantation.
2013, 26(5): 616-621.
Abstract:
Based on the field observation data of microclimate factors in summer, the microclimate and human comfort effects of four typical recreational forests (Pinus tabulaeformis forest, Pinus tabulaeformis-Cotinus coggygria mixed forest, Robinia pseudoacacia forest, and economic forest) were analyzed in southern mountain area of Ji'nan. The results indicated that the recreational forests had significant effects on lowering the air temperature, increasing relative humidity, descending wind speed and enhancing human comfort level in summer. It showed definite differences in microclimate effects for different types of recreational forests. Compared with the contrast, the P. tabulaeformis forest, P. tabulaeformis-C. coggygria mixed forests, R. pseudoacacia forest and economic forest can lower the air temperature by 2.1, 2.75, 2.15, and 0.67 ℃; increase the humidity by 5.35%, 8.0%, 6.04%, and 2.92% and reduce the wind speed by 51.0%, 66.4%, 67.4%, and 37.0%. Recreational forests significantly prolonged the comfort by one to six hours; 8:00 to 10:00 and 17:00 to 18:00 were the most suitable time for outdoor activities which reached very comfort stage. Human comfort level was in the order of: P. tabulaeformis-C. coggygria mixed forest > Pinus tabulaeformis forest> R. pseudoacacia forest> economic forest. It is concluded that mixed forests is the best choice for outdoor activities which has the best effects on adjusting microclimate and human comfort level in summer.
Based on the field observation data of microclimate factors in summer, the microclimate and human comfort effects of four typical recreational forests (Pinus tabulaeformis forest, Pinus tabulaeformis-Cotinus coggygria mixed forest, Robinia pseudoacacia forest, and economic forest) were analyzed in southern mountain area of Ji'nan. The results indicated that the recreational forests had significant effects on lowering the air temperature, increasing relative humidity, descending wind speed and enhancing human comfort level in summer. It showed definite differences in microclimate effects for different types of recreational forests. Compared with the contrast, the P. tabulaeformis forest, P. tabulaeformis-C. coggygria mixed forests, R. pseudoacacia forest and economic forest can lower the air temperature by 2.1, 2.75, 2.15, and 0.67 ℃; increase the humidity by 5.35%, 8.0%, 6.04%, and 2.92% and reduce the wind speed by 51.0%, 66.4%, 67.4%, and 37.0%. Recreational forests significantly prolonged the comfort by one to six hours; 8:00 to 10:00 and 17:00 to 18:00 were the most suitable time for outdoor activities which reached very comfort stage. Human comfort level was in the order of: P. tabulaeformis-C. coggygria mixed forest > Pinus tabulaeformis forest> R. pseudoacacia forest> economic forest. It is concluded that mixed forests is the best choice for outdoor activities which has the best effects on adjusting microclimate and human comfort level in summer.
2013, 26(5): 622-627.
Abstract:
Combining traditional stand structure indexes with 4 spatial structure parameters (mingling, angle index, neighborhood comparison and opening degree), the spatial structure of Abies faxoniana scenic forest in western Sichuan was studied. The results indicated that the species diversity of A. faxoniana scenic forest was simple. There were 7 tree species in tree layers, and the vertical structure of stand could be divided into 3 layers. The average mingling of the stand was 0.46, showing that the mixed degree of the forest is in middle intensity, and the middle mixed degree was 61% of the stand. The angle index was 0.483, indicating that the tree position in this stand was randomly distributed. The neighborhood comparison was 0.286, and there were nearly 30% trees in the stand being dominant. The average opening degree was 0.309, displaying the growth space of most trees in the forest was sufficient. A. faxoniana population is dominant now, and the community is in a relatively stable state. But because of the number of other 5 tree species is few, and the DBH structure of community was not continuous, the natural regeneration is difficult, and after a certain time of evolution ,they may disappear. So it is urgent to take practical protection measures to ensure the tree's growth in order to maintain the species diversity and community stability.
Combining traditional stand structure indexes with 4 spatial structure parameters (mingling, angle index, neighborhood comparison and opening degree), the spatial structure of Abies faxoniana scenic forest in western Sichuan was studied. The results indicated that the species diversity of A. faxoniana scenic forest was simple. There were 7 tree species in tree layers, and the vertical structure of stand could be divided into 3 layers. The average mingling of the stand was 0.46, showing that the mixed degree of the forest is in middle intensity, and the middle mixed degree was 61% of the stand. The angle index was 0.483, indicating that the tree position in this stand was randomly distributed. The neighborhood comparison was 0.286, and there were nearly 30% trees in the stand being dominant. The average opening degree was 0.309, displaying the growth space of most trees in the forest was sufficient. A. faxoniana population is dominant now, and the community is in a relatively stable state. But because of the number of other 5 tree species is few, and the DBH structure of community was not continuous, the natural regeneration is difficult, and after a certain time of evolution ,they may disappear. So it is urgent to take practical protection measures to ensure the tree's growth in order to maintain the species diversity and community stability.
2013, 26(5): 628-635.
Abstract:
A study on feeding effect of different sucrose levels on cochineal was carried out. The sucrose was prepared in 10 concentration levels (0.0, 47.5, 95.0, 190.0, 237.5, 285.0, 380.0, 475.0, 617.5, and 712.5 g·L-1) and 10 samples were repeated on each level. The results showed that the feeding effect of sucrose on cochineal insect was very obvious, and the appropriate concentration of sucrose would be helpful to improve cochineal yield. With the concentration ranged from 47.5 g·L-1 to 475.0 g·L-1, the sucrose increased the larva quantity on cacti; with the concentration of 285.0 g·L-1, the survival rate of cochineal was quite high and population was stable; the concentration of 47.5 g·L-1 to 380.0 g·L-1 could increase the number of female adult, the fresh weight and dry weight of cochineal. In addition, all the sucrose concentration levels could improve the amount of eggs and enlarge female adults. It is showed that 285.0 g·L-1 sucrose level is most helpful to feed cochineal.
A study on feeding effect of different sucrose levels on cochineal was carried out. The sucrose was prepared in 10 concentration levels (0.0, 47.5, 95.0, 190.0, 237.5, 285.0, 380.0, 475.0, 617.5, and 712.5 g·L-1) and 10 samples were repeated on each level. The results showed that the feeding effect of sucrose on cochineal insect was very obvious, and the appropriate concentration of sucrose would be helpful to improve cochineal yield. With the concentration ranged from 47.5 g·L-1 to 475.0 g·L-1, the sucrose increased the larva quantity on cacti; with the concentration of 285.0 g·L-1, the survival rate of cochineal was quite high and population was stable; the concentration of 47.5 g·L-1 to 380.0 g·L-1 could increase the number of female adult, the fresh weight and dry weight of cochineal. In addition, all the sucrose concentration levels could improve the amount of eggs and enlarge female adults. It is showed that 285.0 g·L-1 sucrose level is most helpful to feed cochineal.
2013, 26(5): 636-642.
Abstract:
Based on field investigation in Shenzhen, the major types of plant community were classified with a method of between-groups linkage by SPSS software. Four diversity indices: Gleason richness index, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index and Pielou index, were used to analyze the species diversity. The results showed that the Shenzhen's urban forest could be divided into five formation groups and community types. The shrub stratum of urban forest community had a higher value in richness index and diversity than arbor stratum. The richness index and diversity of evergreen broadleaved plantation's shrub and arbor stratum were the minimum and the diversity indices of evergreen deciduous broadleaved plantation's arbor stratum were the highest. The dominant species of evergreen broadleaved plantation's arbor stratum were distinct.
Based on field investigation in Shenzhen, the major types of plant community were classified with a method of between-groups linkage by SPSS software. Four diversity indices: Gleason richness index, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index and Pielou index, were used to analyze the species diversity. The results showed that the Shenzhen's urban forest could be divided into five formation groups and community types. The shrub stratum of urban forest community had a higher value in richness index and diversity than arbor stratum. The richness index and diversity of evergreen broadleaved plantation's shrub and arbor stratum were the minimum and the diversity indices of evergreen deciduous broadleaved plantation's arbor stratum were the highest. The dominant species of evergreen broadleaved plantation's arbor stratum were distinct.
2013, 26(5): 643-648.
Abstract:
Semi-artificial control simulation was used to study the seasonal variation of nitrogen in soil and four types of wetland plants. The effects of different soil nitrogen contents on plant biomass were analyzed, the relationships between soil nitrogen and the nitrogen in wetland plants, and between soil nitrogen and plant biomass were analyzed. The results showed that the total nitrogen (TN) in Nymphaea tetragona and Phragmites australis had an inverse fluctuation after September while the TN in Iris wilsonii and Nymphaea tetragona reached the values of (19.93±4.63) g·kg-1and (60.49±7.75) g·kg-1 at a maximum soil nitrogen input of 80 g·m-2. The soil nitrogen, with the plants of Iris wilsonii and Nymphaea tetragona, changed downward in overall, while the soil nitrogen, with the plants of Phragmites australis and Salix purpurea, declined to the minimum value at September (Phragmites australis: (0.89±0.14) g·kg-1; Salix purpurea: (0.82±0.15) g·kg-1) and then increased. The seasonal variations in the biomass existed for the four types of wetland plants. The effects of soil nitrogen on plant biomass changed among different types of wetland plants. Exponential relationships were found between the soil nitrogen and plant biomass of Nymphaea tetragona and Salix purpurea. The soil nitrogen was related to the nitrogen in the four types of wetland plants, and a linear relationship was found between the soil nitrogen and the nitrogen in Phragmites australis, while the nitrogen in Salix purpurea changed quadratically with the soil nitrogen.
Semi-artificial control simulation was used to study the seasonal variation of nitrogen in soil and four types of wetland plants. The effects of different soil nitrogen contents on plant biomass were analyzed, the relationships between soil nitrogen and the nitrogen in wetland plants, and between soil nitrogen and plant biomass were analyzed. The results showed that the total nitrogen (TN) in Nymphaea tetragona and Phragmites australis had an inverse fluctuation after September while the TN in Iris wilsonii and Nymphaea tetragona reached the values of (19.93±4.63) g·kg-1and (60.49±7.75) g·kg-1 at a maximum soil nitrogen input of 80 g·m-2. The soil nitrogen, with the plants of Iris wilsonii and Nymphaea tetragona, changed downward in overall, while the soil nitrogen, with the plants of Phragmites australis and Salix purpurea, declined to the minimum value at September (Phragmites australis: (0.89±0.14) g·kg-1; Salix purpurea: (0.82±0.15) g·kg-1) and then increased. The seasonal variations in the biomass existed for the four types of wetland plants. The effects of soil nitrogen on plant biomass changed among different types of wetland plants. Exponential relationships were found between the soil nitrogen and plant biomass of Nymphaea tetragona and Salix purpurea. The soil nitrogen was related to the nitrogen in the four types of wetland plants, and a linear relationship was found between the soil nitrogen and the nitrogen in Phragmites australis, while the nitrogen in Salix purpurea changed quadratically with the soil nitrogen.
2013, 26(5): 649-654.
Abstract:
CCA1 gene plays an important role in circadian clock sensitivity in Populus. In this study, PtCCA1 was isolated from Populus tomentosa by RT-PCR. It has an open reading frame (ORF) of 1902 bp in length and encodes a protein of 663 amino acid residues, with protein molecular weight of 68.90 kDa and isoelectric point of 6.33. The amino acid sequence contained one Myb-like DNA binding domains and two putative transmembrane spanning regions. The results of fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR showed that the PtCCA1 gene was expressed mainly in leaf tissues. Along with the change of illumination time, the expression amount of PtCCA1 gene decreased during the day but gradually increased during the night. This study provides some references for further study of PtCCA1 function in regulating photoperiod sensitivity and the mechanism of circadian synchronization in poplars.
CCA1 gene plays an important role in circadian clock sensitivity in Populus. In this study, PtCCA1 was isolated from Populus tomentosa by RT-PCR. It has an open reading frame (ORF) of 1902 bp in length and encodes a protein of 663 amino acid residues, with protein molecular weight of 68.90 kDa and isoelectric point of 6.33. The amino acid sequence contained one Myb-like DNA binding domains and two putative transmembrane spanning regions. The results of fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR showed that the PtCCA1 gene was expressed mainly in leaf tissues. Along with the change of illumination time, the expression amount of PtCCA1 gene decreased during the day but gradually increased during the night. This study provides some references for further study of PtCCA1 function in regulating photoperiod sensitivity and the mechanism of circadian synchronization in poplars.
2013, 26(5): 655-660.
Abstract:
Based on plot data of shoot utilizing (Ⅰ), shoot and timber utilizing (Ⅱ) and timber utilizing (Ⅲ) stands of Phyllostachy edulis located at the hilly region in central Hu'nan Province, a research was carried out on the vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics of soil readily oxidizable carbon (ROC) and its relationship with soil total organic carbon (SOC), soil temperature, soil humidity and soil nutrients under the three types of management pattern. The results showed that the average ROC concentrations of type I, II and III were 2.77-5.15 g·kg-1, 2.55-3.67 g·kg-1 and 3.21-5.36 g·kg-1, and the ROC storages were 17.19-32.52 t·hm-2, 17.29-24.60 t·hm-2 and 19.04-31.85 t·hm-2 respectively. The vertical distribution showed that the ROC concentrations and storages decreased with the increase of soil depth in the three stands. Moreover, the soil layer of 0-20 cm was the main distribution layer of SOC. For seasonal dynamics, the ROC concentrations and storages in April were obvious lower than that in other seasons. The ROC was negatively related with the soil temperature and humidity slightly that showed ROC decomposition and mineralization accelerating. The ROC was significantly positively related with the SOC, the organic matter, the total N and the available K.
Based on plot data of shoot utilizing (Ⅰ), shoot and timber utilizing (Ⅱ) and timber utilizing (Ⅲ) stands of Phyllostachy edulis located at the hilly region in central Hu'nan Province, a research was carried out on the vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics of soil readily oxidizable carbon (ROC) and its relationship with soil total organic carbon (SOC), soil temperature, soil humidity and soil nutrients under the three types of management pattern. The results showed that the average ROC concentrations of type I, II and III were 2.77-5.15 g·kg-1, 2.55-3.67 g·kg-1 and 3.21-5.36 g·kg-1, and the ROC storages were 17.19-32.52 t·hm-2, 17.29-24.60 t·hm-2 and 19.04-31.85 t·hm-2 respectively. The vertical distribution showed that the ROC concentrations and storages decreased with the increase of soil depth in the three stands. Moreover, the soil layer of 0-20 cm was the main distribution layer of SOC. For seasonal dynamics, the ROC concentrations and storages in April were obvious lower than that in other seasons. The ROC was negatively related with the soil temperature and humidity slightly that showed ROC decomposition and mineralization accelerating. The ROC was significantly positively related with the SOC, the organic matter, the total N and the available K.
2013, 26(5): 661-667.
Abstract:
30 five-year-old Eucalyptus clonal plantations belonging to Leizhou Forestry Bureau were investigated and studied to determine the variation of carbon storage of different Eucalyptus Clones and the reasonable measures of establishing Eucalyptus carbon sequestration forest. The results of the study showed: the average carbon storage of the 30 clones was 148.743 t·hm-2, which was higher than that of the Eucalyptus clonal plantation studied in the past. The carbon storage of tree layer and soil layer accounted for 34.39% and 61.88% of carbon storage of the whole ecosystem; the carbon storage of tree layer was 51.948 t·hm-2, and significant differences were found (p1), and 26 (184-1) were the best; the average carbon storage in soil was 92.033 t·hm-2, and no significant differences were found among clones; the average carbon storage of shrub layer, herb layer and forest floor layer were 2.430 t·hm-2, 0.731 t·hm-2 and 1.592 t·hm-2, accounting for small. It is concluded that the key of establishing Eucalyptus carbon sequestration forest is selecting the proper clones.
30 five-year-old Eucalyptus clonal plantations belonging to Leizhou Forestry Bureau were investigated and studied to determine the variation of carbon storage of different Eucalyptus Clones and the reasonable measures of establishing Eucalyptus carbon sequestration forest. The results of the study showed: the average carbon storage of the 30 clones was 148.743 t·hm-2, which was higher than that of the Eucalyptus clonal plantation studied in the past. The carbon storage of tree layer and soil layer accounted for 34.39% and 61.88% of carbon storage of the whole ecosystem; the carbon storage of tree layer was 51.948 t·hm-2, and significant differences were found (p1), and 26 (184-1) were the best; the average carbon storage in soil was 92.033 t·hm-2, and no significant differences were found among clones; the average carbon storage of shrub layer, herb layer and forest floor layer were 2.430 t·hm-2, 0.731 t·hm-2 and 1.592 t·hm-2, accounting for small. It is concluded that the key of establishing Eucalyptus carbon sequestration forest is selecting the proper clones.
2013, 26(5): 668-672.
Abstract:
To study the population characteristics of Cycas fairylakea D. Y. Wang, a comprehensive field investigation was conducted with the help of GPS system. In this study, the quantitative characteristics and age structure of the genet were analyzed, and their distribution pattern and grow conditions were evaluated. In investigation, 1 013 C. fairylakea trees were found,which distributed in patch. Although the population scale and structure get better recovery,being limited by the topography and microclimate conditions, the growth conditions and natural proliferation ability of the population is still very fragile. To make C. fairylakea get rid of endangered status, it is proposed to establish a protection area for it and adopt necessary measures to promote the regeneration and development of the population.
To study the population characteristics of Cycas fairylakea D. Y. Wang, a comprehensive field investigation was conducted with the help of GPS system. In this study, the quantitative characteristics and age structure of the genet were analyzed, and their distribution pattern and grow conditions were evaluated. In investigation, 1 013 C. fairylakea trees were found,which distributed in patch. Although the population scale and structure get better recovery,being limited by the topography and microclimate conditions, the growth conditions and natural proliferation ability of the population is still very fragile. To make C. fairylakea get rid of endangered status, it is proposed to establish a protection area for it and adopt necessary measures to promote the regeneration and development of the population.
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