2015 Vol. 28, No. 3
Display Method:
2015, 28(3): 303-310.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
Objective Cellulose synthase (CesA) plays a key role in the biosynthesis pathway of plant cellulose,which controls the quality and yield of wood fiber. This work aims at cloning the homologous genes cellulose-related from Larix kaempferi, and further analyzing the nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium, which may provide important genetic foundation associated with LkCesA gene and gene-assisted breeding of new germplasms with desirable wood fiber traits in L.kaempferi.Method According to the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of cellulose synthase from L.kaempferi transcriptome database, a cDNA fragment encoding CesA was isolated from L. kaempferi by gene-specific PCR amplification. The genomic sequences of LkCesA in 40 individuals were cloned and sequenced, then the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) diversity and linkage disequilibrium of LkCesA were analyzed using DnaSP5.0 software.Result The CesA fragment was 1 209 bp in length with a partial open reading frame (ORF, 1 053 bp) which would be capable to encode a predicted protein of 350 AA. The sequence indicated that the deduced amino acids shared 95.4% identity with PtCesA2 from Pinus taeda. A total of 83 SNPs was detected, and the frequency and diversity of SNPs (πT) were 1/21 bp and 0.006 05, respectively. There were 69 SNPs belonging to transition type and 24 belonging to transversion type, including 19 common SNPs and 64 rare SNPs. In total, 54 SNPs were detected in the coding regions of LkCesA, among which 20 were synonymous mutation and 34 were missense mutation. The results of linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that the LD declined rapidly with the nucleotide length.Conclusion The results of this study indicate that LkCesA is a member of CesA gene family. The linkage disequilibrium declined rapidly within the gene regions of LkCesA suggests that the gene could be used as the candidate gene for LD mapping, which contribute to the directional cultivation and wood quality improvement in Japanese larch. In addition, many common SNPs were detected in LkCesA which could be used in further LD mapping.
Objective Cellulose synthase (CesA) plays a key role in the biosynthesis pathway of plant cellulose,which controls the quality and yield of wood fiber. This work aims at cloning the homologous genes cellulose-related from Larix kaempferi, and further analyzing the nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium, which may provide important genetic foundation associated with LkCesA gene and gene-assisted breeding of new germplasms with desirable wood fiber traits in L.kaempferi.Method According to the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of cellulose synthase from L.kaempferi transcriptome database, a cDNA fragment encoding CesA was isolated from L. kaempferi by gene-specific PCR amplification. The genomic sequences of LkCesA in 40 individuals were cloned and sequenced, then the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) diversity and linkage disequilibrium of LkCesA were analyzed using DnaSP5.0 software.Result The CesA fragment was 1 209 bp in length with a partial open reading frame (ORF, 1 053 bp) which would be capable to encode a predicted protein of 350 AA. The sequence indicated that the deduced amino acids shared 95.4% identity with PtCesA2 from Pinus taeda. A total of 83 SNPs was detected, and the frequency and diversity of SNPs (πT) were 1/21 bp and 0.006 05, respectively. There were 69 SNPs belonging to transition type and 24 belonging to transversion type, including 19 common SNPs and 64 rare SNPs. In total, 54 SNPs were detected in the coding regions of LkCesA, among which 20 were synonymous mutation and 34 were missense mutation. The results of linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that the LD declined rapidly with the nucleotide length.Conclusion The results of this study indicate that LkCesA is a member of CesA gene family. The linkage disequilibrium declined rapidly within the gene regions of LkCesA suggests that the gene could be used as the candidate gene for LD mapping, which contribute to the directional cultivation and wood quality improvement in Japanese larch. In addition, many common SNPs were detected in LkCesA which could be used in further LD mapping.
2015, 28(3): 311-316.
Abstract:
Objective Aiming at the incompatibility of shrub biomass models between total biomass and components, or above- and below-ground biomass, the authors attempted to develop compatible shrub biomass models using the approach of simultaneous equations. Method Based on the individual biomass mensuration data of two common shrub species, Caragana korshinskii and Armeniaca sibirica, in the Inner Mongolia in China, the approach of nonlinear error-in-variable simultaneous equations was used to establish compatible above- and below-ground biomass models and root-to-shoot ratio model. Result The results are as follows: 1.The determination coefficients of above-ground biomass models based on canopy area and amount of stem (or mean height of stem) were higher than 0.67, but those of below-ground biomass models were relatively lower, and that for A. sibirica was only 0.36. 2.The mean prediction precisions of above- and below-ground biomass models for the two species were above 80%, and that of whole biomass model for A. sibirica was above 86% while that for C. korshinskii was above 92%. Conclusion It could be concluded that for tufty shrub species without obvious trunk, the canopy area was the most important factor related to shrub biomass, whether above- or below-ground biomass modeling, and the next was the amount or mean height of stems; the effective approach to solve the problem of incompatibility among different biomass was using nonlinear error-in-variable simultaneous equations to develop compatible above- and below-ground biomass models and root-to-shoot ratio model; and the biomass models developed here could be applied in shrub biomass estimation for the two species in the Inner Mongolia.
Objective Aiming at the incompatibility of shrub biomass models between total biomass and components, or above- and below-ground biomass, the authors attempted to develop compatible shrub biomass models using the approach of simultaneous equations. Method Based on the individual biomass mensuration data of two common shrub species, Caragana korshinskii and Armeniaca sibirica, in the Inner Mongolia in China, the approach of nonlinear error-in-variable simultaneous equations was used to establish compatible above- and below-ground biomass models and root-to-shoot ratio model. Result The results are as follows: 1.The determination coefficients of above-ground biomass models based on canopy area and amount of stem (or mean height of stem) were higher than 0.67, but those of below-ground biomass models were relatively lower, and that for A. sibirica was only 0.36. 2.The mean prediction precisions of above- and below-ground biomass models for the two species were above 80%, and that of whole biomass model for A. sibirica was above 86% while that for C. korshinskii was above 92%. Conclusion It could be concluded that for tufty shrub species without obvious trunk, the canopy area was the most important factor related to shrub biomass, whether above- or below-ground biomass modeling, and the next was the amount or mean height of stems; the effective approach to solve the problem of incompatibility among different biomass was using nonlinear error-in-variable simultaneous equations to develop compatible above- and below-ground biomass models and root-to-shoot ratio model; and the biomass models developed here could be applied in shrub biomass estimation for the two species in the Inner Mongolia.
2015, 28(3): 317-324.
Abstract:
Objective The aim of the study was to screen out the proper clones for eutrophication treatment. Method A riparian plant-based wastewater treatment was carried out to investigate the plant growth, nutrient uptake, and nutrient removal efficiency of eight Salix matsudana clones in eutrophic water.Result S.matsudana grew good during the experiment, and had no phenomenon of death. At the end of experiment, the height, biomass and relative growth rate were significantly different among the clones of S. matsudana. Clone 59 and 97 were performed best among the clones. The results indicated that S. matsudana could accumulate high concentration of N and P in above-ground tissues under conditions of abundant supply. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the treated eutrophic water decreased during the experiment. The total nitrogen, ammonia and nitrate nitrogen removal rates were from 87.17% to 96.94%, 90.35% to 99.33% and 66.66% to 88.19%, respectively. The removal rate of phosphorus was from 76.59% to 83.15%. The nutrition removal rates of S. matsudana clone 13 were higher than that of other clones. Conclusion The approach of clone characterisation used here rapidly generated a high quantity of growth-physiological information on clone performance and characteristics under eutrophication conditions. According to the results, S. matsudana clone 13, 59, and 97 which performed good under the eutrophication condition, had great potential application for water purification in remediation of eutrophic water bodies.
Objective The aim of the study was to screen out the proper clones for eutrophication treatment. Method A riparian plant-based wastewater treatment was carried out to investigate the plant growth, nutrient uptake, and nutrient removal efficiency of eight Salix matsudana clones in eutrophic water.Result S.matsudana grew good during the experiment, and had no phenomenon of death. At the end of experiment, the height, biomass and relative growth rate were significantly different among the clones of S. matsudana. Clone 59 and 97 were performed best among the clones. The results indicated that S. matsudana could accumulate high concentration of N and P in above-ground tissues under conditions of abundant supply. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the treated eutrophic water decreased during the experiment. The total nitrogen, ammonia and nitrate nitrogen removal rates were from 87.17% to 96.94%, 90.35% to 99.33% and 66.66% to 88.19%, respectively. The removal rate of phosphorus was from 76.59% to 83.15%. The nutrition removal rates of S. matsudana clone 13 were higher than that of other clones. Conclusion The approach of clone characterisation used here rapidly generated a high quantity of growth-physiological information on clone performance and characteristics under eutrophication conditions. According to the results, S. matsudana clone 13, 59, and 97 which performed good under the eutrophication condition, had great potential application for water purification in remediation of eutrophic water bodies.
2015, 28(3): 325-331.
Abstract:
Objective In this paper, two methods from two "variant data" to detect tropical forest change were compared. Method After Tasseled Cap transformation, the combine of Brightness index, Greenness index, Wetness index (MKT) and Disturbance index (DI) were obtained by masking the dark object and extracting local histogram threshold. Change information was discovered by the differences of MKT and DI, According to the connection between vegetation cover and Brightness index, Greenness index, Wetness index, the change information was extracted by decision tree classification, and the results were assessed and compared. Result The results showed that they were all able to detect the subtle change of tropical forest, but, MKT-D take an obvious advantage to detect the small change spots, and the total kappa coefficient from MKT-D (0.763 0) was higher than that from MDI-D (0.655 9). For tropical forest change detection in this research, the result from MKT-D was better than that from MDI-D. Conclusion MKT could enhance the effect of near-infrared and short wave infrared band to forest change information. Moreover, MKT-D is accessible to extraction and interpretation of target change information.
Objective In this paper, two methods from two "variant data" to detect tropical forest change were compared. Method After Tasseled Cap transformation, the combine of Brightness index, Greenness index, Wetness index (MKT) and Disturbance index (DI) were obtained by masking the dark object and extracting local histogram threshold. Change information was discovered by the differences of MKT and DI, According to the connection between vegetation cover and Brightness index, Greenness index, Wetness index, the change information was extracted by decision tree classification, and the results were assessed and compared. Result The results showed that they were all able to detect the subtle change of tropical forest, but, MKT-D take an obvious advantage to detect the small change spots, and the total kappa coefficient from MKT-D (0.763 0) was higher than that from MDI-D (0.655 9). For tropical forest change detection in this research, the result from MKT-D was better than that from MDI-D. Conclusion MKT could enhance the effect of near-infrared and short wave infrared band to forest change information. Moreover, MKT-D is accessible to extraction and interpretation of target change information.
2015, 28(3): 332-338.
Abstract:
Schima superba is a representative, widely distributed species of broadleaf tree found in the subtropical forests of southern China. It valued commercially for its timber and ecology using. We used SSR molecular technique to investigate the genetic diversity and structure of S. superba, which would formulate the breeding strategy and provide insight for selecting breeding parents. 14 pairs of SSR primers were selected and 133 individuals came from 15 provenances were conducted in this experiment. The results showed that 86 polymorphic loci with alleles ranged from 2 to 11 were detected. The observed number of alleles, number of effect alleles, observed heterozygosity, Shannon information index and Nei's gene diversity were 6.14, 3.23, 0.572 0, 1.224 7 and 0.599 0 respectively. The breeding parents of S. superba held higher genetic diversity and the genetic diversity in Jian'ou of Fujian Province was highest, but it was lowest in Suichang of Zhejiang Province. The genetic difference was large among the individuals of the breeding parents of S. superba. The genetic distance was ranged from 0.023 3 to 1.633 8 with the average value of 0.606 7. Shannon's index of breeding parents was significantly negative with the latitudes of the seed sources (r=-0.516 2, p=0.048 9). The UPGMA cluster analysis showed that 133 individuals clustered into three groups and the third group could be divided into 4 sub-groups. It is important to consider the origin of the trees when selected the parents for hybridization.
Schima superba is a representative, widely distributed species of broadleaf tree found in the subtropical forests of southern China. It valued commercially for its timber and ecology using. We used SSR molecular technique to investigate the genetic diversity and structure of S. superba, which would formulate the breeding strategy and provide insight for selecting breeding parents. 14 pairs of SSR primers were selected and 133 individuals came from 15 provenances were conducted in this experiment. The results showed that 86 polymorphic loci with alleles ranged from 2 to 11 were detected. The observed number of alleles, number of effect alleles, observed heterozygosity, Shannon information index and Nei's gene diversity were 6.14, 3.23, 0.572 0, 1.224 7 and 0.599 0 respectively. The breeding parents of S. superba held higher genetic diversity and the genetic diversity in Jian'ou of Fujian Province was highest, but it was lowest in Suichang of Zhejiang Province. The genetic difference was large among the individuals of the breeding parents of S. superba. The genetic distance was ranged from 0.023 3 to 1.633 8 with the average value of 0.606 7. Shannon's index of breeding parents was significantly negative with the latitudes of the seed sources (r=-0.516 2, p=0.048 9). The UPGMA cluster analysis showed that 133 individuals clustered into three groups and the third group could be divided into 4 sub-groups. It is important to consider the origin of the trees when selected the parents for hybridization.
2015, 28(3): 339-345.
Abstract:
Five-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis and three-year-old Acer truncatum and Robinia pseudoacacia saplings were exposed to 720 μmol·mol-1 CO2 for 13 months. The leaf photosynthetic ratio (Pn), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration ratio (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Cond) were measured by Li-6400. The leaf carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) was measured by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer. Under normal water and heavy drought conditions, the Pn, Ci and WUEi of the 4 tree species increased, while the Tr and Cond reduced along with the CO2 concentration. Under mild drought and moderate drought conditions, the Pn, Ci, Tr, Cond and WUEi increased along with CO2 concentration. The WUEi of R. pseudoacacia under 720 μmol·mol-1 CO2 concentration reduced along with CO2 concentration under mild drought, moderate drought and heavy drought conditions. In the same drought condition, the leaf δ13C values increased along with CO2 concentration. The Pn, Tr and Cond reduced along with drought condition. The leaf WUEi and δ13C values of the 4 tree species increased under 720 μmol·mol-1 CO2 concentration, while A. truncatum and R. pseudoacacia under 380 μmol·mol-1 CO2 concentration increased under mild drought and moderate drought conditions and then reduced under heavy drought condition. The interaction of elevated CO2 concentration and drought stress decreased the sensitivity of stomata, which changed quickly under elevated CO2 concentration or drought stress, and postponed the occurrence of drought stress.
Five-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis and three-year-old Acer truncatum and Robinia pseudoacacia saplings were exposed to 720 μmol·mol-1 CO2 for 13 months. The leaf photosynthetic ratio (Pn), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration ratio (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Cond) were measured by Li-6400. The leaf carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) was measured by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer. Under normal water and heavy drought conditions, the Pn, Ci and WUEi of the 4 tree species increased, while the Tr and Cond reduced along with the CO2 concentration. Under mild drought and moderate drought conditions, the Pn, Ci, Tr, Cond and WUEi increased along with CO2 concentration. The WUEi of R. pseudoacacia under 720 μmol·mol-1 CO2 concentration reduced along with CO2 concentration under mild drought, moderate drought and heavy drought conditions. In the same drought condition, the leaf δ13C values increased along with CO2 concentration. The Pn, Tr and Cond reduced along with drought condition. The leaf WUEi and δ13C values of the 4 tree species increased under 720 μmol·mol-1 CO2 concentration, while A. truncatum and R. pseudoacacia under 380 μmol·mol-1 CO2 concentration increased under mild drought and moderate drought conditions and then reduced under heavy drought condition. The interaction of elevated CO2 concentration and drought stress decreased the sensitivity of stomata, which changed quickly under elevated CO2 concentration or drought stress, and postponed the occurrence of drought stress.
2015, 28(3): 346-351.
Abstract:
There exist three most representative plant communities within the Tala Shoal in Gonghe Basin, including Stipa breviflora and Orinus kokonorica grassland, Achnatherum splendens grassland, and Caragana tibetica shrubland. Field data of plant and soil investigation from 19 samples plots in 95 quadrats (1 m×1 m) was used to explore the community composition, soil texture and nutrient status of the three communities. Up to 32 plant species in total were found in the sample plot, with 11, 22 and 21 plant species in C. tibetica shrubland, A. splendens and S. breviflora grasslands respectively. The plant biomass and coverage was higher in the A. splendens grassland than in the O. kokonorica grassland, and the C. tibetica shrubland had the lowest plant biomass and coverage among the three communities, with O. kokonorica the dominant plants. The soil content to 20 cm in different particle-size separates was dominated by the fine sand. The soil nutrient concentrations of P, K, and N were higher in the C. tibetica than in the other two communities as the result of accumulation phenomenon, while the soil EC in the A. splendens grassland was 0.26 ms·cm-1 with poor nutrient and weak salinization. Plant communities and their soil adaptation may offer guideline for the rehabilitation of degradation grassland.
There exist three most representative plant communities within the Tala Shoal in Gonghe Basin, including Stipa breviflora and Orinus kokonorica grassland, Achnatherum splendens grassland, and Caragana tibetica shrubland. Field data of plant and soil investigation from 19 samples plots in 95 quadrats (1 m×1 m) was used to explore the community composition, soil texture and nutrient status of the three communities. Up to 32 plant species in total were found in the sample plot, with 11, 22 and 21 plant species in C. tibetica shrubland, A. splendens and S. breviflora grasslands respectively. The plant biomass and coverage was higher in the A. splendens grassland than in the O. kokonorica grassland, and the C. tibetica shrubland had the lowest plant biomass and coverage among the three communities, with O. kokonorica the dominant plants. The soil content to 20 cm in different particle-size separates was dominated by the fine sand. The soil nutrient concentrations of P, K, and N were higher in the C. tibetica than in the other two communities as the result of accumulation phenomenon, while the soil EC in the A. splendens grassland was 0.26 ms·cm-1 with poor nutrient and weak salinization. Plant communities and their soil adaptation may offer guideline for the rehabilitation of degradation grassland.
2015, 28(3): 352-357.
Abstract:
To determine the indicators of early selection of high yielding oleoresin Pinus yunnanensis, the structural features in conifer, phloem and xylem of branches of the different yielding oleoresin P. yunnanensis at different altitude were compared by using paraffin method. The results of statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in the number of resin canals in conifer, the density of resin canals in the xylem of trunk, the area of resin canals in the phloem and the number of resin canals in unit length in the phloem between the high and low yielding: oleoresin P. yunnanensis (PP. yunnanensis, respectively, which showed that these three indicators including the resin canals in conifer, the density of resin canals in the xylem and the area of resin canals in the phloem could be used as part of indicators for evaluation of resin productivity of P. yunnanensis.
To determine the indicators of early selection of high yielding oleoresin Pinus yunnanensis, the structural features in conifer, phloem and xylem of branches of the different yielding oleoresin P. yunnanensis at different altitude were compared by using paraffin method. The results of statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in the number of resin canals in conifer, the density of resin canals in the xylem of trunk, the area of resin canals in the phloem and the number of resin canals in unit length in the phloem between the high and low yielding: oleoresin P. yunnanensis (PP. yunnanensis, respectively, which showed that these three indicators including the resin canals in conifer, the density of resin canals in the xylem and the area of resin canals in the phloem could be used as part of indicators for evaluation of resin productivity of P. yunnanensis.
2015, 28(3): 358-364.
Abstract:
The volatile components in the flowers of 12 Camellia species were extracted by using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and then analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As the results, 234 compounds were identified, accounting for 99.58% of the total volatile compounds, mainly including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, terpenes, hydrocarbons, acids and others. The highest number of the volatile compounds (88) were found in Camellia saluenensis Stapf ex Bean, and the least (41) were found in Camellia liberofilamenta Chang et C.H.Yang. 51 types of compounds were found in most plants of 12 species, among which 5 compounds were owned by 100%, 8 compounds were owned by 90%, 10 compounds were owned by 80%, 10 compounds were owned by 70%, and 18 compounds were owned by 50% of the total plants, respectively. 100 compounds were owned by less than 50% of the total plants. 86compounds were unique for different species. Classification analysis showed that the content of alcohol compounds were the highest (29.87%), followed by terpene (27.79%) and esters (22.48%). L-Linaloo was the compounds with the highest relative amount (75.94%), followed by (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate (42.48%), Heptan-2-one (31.67%), (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol (23.79%), and (S)-2-Heptanol (20.95%).
The volatile components in the flowers of 12 Camellia species were extracted by using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and then analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As the results, 234 compounds were identified, accounting for 99.58% of the total volatile compounds, mainly including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, terpenes, hydrocarbons, acids and others. The highest number of the volatile compounds (88) were found in Camellia saluenensis Stapf ex Bean, and the least (41) were found in Camellia liberofilamenta Chang et C.H.Yang. 51 types of compounds were found in most plants of 12 species, among which 5 compounds were owned by 100%, 8 compounds were owned by 90%, 10 compounds were owned by 80%, 10 compounds were owned by 70%, and 18 compounds were owned by 50% of the total plants, respectively. 100 compounds were owned by less than 50% of the total plants. 86compounds were unique for different species. Classification analysis showed that the content of alcohol compounds were the highest (29.87%), followed by terpene (27.79%) and esters (22.48%). L-Linaloo was the compounds with the highest relative amount (75.94%), followed by (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate (42.48%), Heptan-2-one (31.67%), (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol (23.79%), and (S)-2-Heptanol (20.95%).
2015, 28(3): 365-373.
Abstract:
By using stable isotope techniques, the Platycladus orientalis grown on the rocky hilly area of North China were chosen to investigate air temperature, soil temperature, moisture and δD value in order to discuss the effect of seasonal rainfall on soil temperature, moisture and water movement. The results indicated that: the soil temperature following rainfal decreased first and then increased in the rainy season, and decreased with the increases of depths, whereas in the early dry season the temperature continued to decrease but increased with the depth. No matter in the rain or dry season, the soil moisture increased at first and then decreased after the rain, but dropped with the depth of soil. In rain season, when the early soil moisture was low, the low intensity rainfall could further increase the moisture of surface and deep soil and made the water δD value deplete, which showed rainfall could recharge the surface and middle soil. However, in prior plentiful rainfall period, low intensity rainfall could further increased the deep soil moisture, and all the soil water δD value were depleted, which indicated that rainfall could rapidly infiltrate into the deep soil. High intensity rainfall increased all the soil moisture and the increments had small differences, meanwhile all the water δD value were depleted, which showed that rainfall could quickly infiltrate into all the soil. In the early dry season, low intensity rainfall may further increase the surface soil moisture. Even if the prior soil moisture were low, the soil water δD value were all depleted, which pointed that rainfall could rapidly infiltrate into the deep soil and further recharged groundwater. Directly affected by rainfall δD value, the litter water δD value were depleted at first and then enriched. The δD value of spring and groundwater were not affected by short-term rainfall, so they could supply water for plant in the dry season.
By using stable isotope techniques, the Platycladus orientalis grown on the rocky hilly area of North China were chosen to investigate air temperature, soil temperature, moisture and δD value in order to discuss the effect of seasonal rainfall on soil temperature, moisture and water movement. The results indicated that: the soil temperature following rainfal decreased first and then increased in the rainy season, and decreased with the increases of depths, whereas in the early dry season the temperature continued to decrease but increased with the depth. No matter in the rain or dry season, the soil moisture increased at first and then decreased after the rain, but dropped with the depth of soil. In rain season, when the early soil moisture was low, the low intensity rainfall could further increase the moisture of surface and deep soil and made the water δD value deplete, which showed rainfall could recharge the surface and middle soil. However, in prior plentiful rainfall period, low intensity rainfall could further increased the deep soil moisture, and all the soil water δD value were depleted, which indicated that rainfall could rapidly infiltrate into the deep soil. High intensity rainfall increased all the soil moisture and the increments had small differences, meanwhile all the water δD value were depleted, which showed that rainfall could quickly infiltrate into all the soil. In the early dry season, low intensity rainfall may further increase the surface soil moisture. Even if the prior soil moisture were low, the soil water δD value were all depleted, which pointed that rainfall could rapidly infiltrate into the deep soil and further recharged groundwater. Directly affected by rainfall δD value, the litter water δD value were depleted at first and then enriched. The δD value of spring and groundwater were not affected by short-term rainfall, so they could supply water for plant in the dry season.
2015, 28(3): 374-379.
Abstract:
Fresh pollen of Camellia japonica was used to test the pollen viability by in vitro culture. The effects of different store methods on pollen viability and the activity of SOD, POD and CAT were also investigated. The results show that 1.The best combination for pollen germination was 150 g·L-1 sucrose, 0.05 g·L-1 boric acid, 100 mg·L-1 GA3, and 900 g·L-1 Ca(NO3)2. 2.-80℃ sealed storage was the best storage condition to keep the vitality of the pollen. 3.After 360 days' storage, the activity of the three kinds of enzymes, the antioxidant capacity and aging ability of the pollen kept high. 4.The germination proportion of pollen decreased significantly when the activities of SOD, POD and CAT were around the highest levels. 5.The three enzymes had different responses to the storage temperature. POD and CAT were responding protection enzymes at room temperature, while SOD was a responding protection enzyme at 4℃, however. CAT was a responding protection enzyme at -20℃ and -80℃. The effect of three kinds of enzymes on pollen germination are in the order of SOD>POD>CAT.
Fresh pollen of Camellia japonica was used to test the pollen viability by in vitro culture. The effects of different store methods on pollen viability and the activity of SOD, POD and CAT were also investigated. The results show that 1.The best combination for pollen germination was 150 g·L-1 sucrose, 0.05 g·L-1 boric acid, 100 mg·L-1 GA3, and 900 g·L-1 Ca(NO3)2. 2.-80℃ sealed storage was the best storage condition to keep the vitality of the pollen. 3.After 360 days' storage, the activity of the three kinds of enzymes, the antioxidant capacity and aging ability of the pollen kept high. 4.The germination proportion of pollen decreased significantly when the activities of SOD, POD and CAT were around the highest levels. 5.The three enzymes had different responses to the storage temperature. POD and CAT were responding protection enzymes at room temperature, while SOD was a responding protection enzyme at 4℃, however. CAT was a responding protection enzyme at -20℃ and -80℃. The effect of three kinds of enzymes on pollen germination are in the order of SOD>POD>CAT.
2015, 28(3): 380-386.
Abstract:
Two Rhizobium strains RIF200835 and RIF200845 isolated from woody legumes in Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, Hainan province, were analyzed by molecular methods. Their 16S rDNA sequences showed 98.28% and 98.51% of similality to R. miluonense CCUAU 41251T. respectively. The two strains were also investigated for compositions of fatty acid and quinone. The results showed that they were basically similar to the model strain in content but slightly different in components. The DNA G + C contents of the two strains were 63.68% and 60.56%, falling in the range of 57%65% of the genus of Rhizobia. Their housekeep genes (atpD, glnII, recA and rpoB) formed a clade seperating from the model strain R. miluonense CCUAU 41251T. The results showed that the two strains might be new species of Rhizobium.
Two Rhizobium strains RIF200835 and RIF200845 isolated from woody legumes in Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, Hainan province, were analyzed by molecular methods. Their 16S rDNA sequences showed 98.28% and 98.51% of similality to R. miluonense CCUAU 41251T. respectively. The two strains were also investigated for compositions of fatty acid and quinone. The results showed that they were basically similar to the model strain in content but slightly different in components. The DNA G + C contents of the two strains were 63.68% and 60.56%, falling in the range of 57%65% of the genus of Rhizobia. Their housekeep genes (atpD, glnII, recA and rpoB) formed a clade seperating from the model strain R. miluonense CCUAU 41251T. The results showed that the two strains might be new species of Rhizobium.
2015, 28(3): 387-393.
Abstract:
Based on genome sequencing of Eucommia ulmoides, the perfect SSR (17 nucleotide repeats) and compound SSR sequences were searched from Eucommia genome (26,947/854,758,160 bp) by using MISA. 488,592 SSR loci were found from 25,694 Scaffolds, accounting for 95.3% of the total Scaffolds. The results indicated that every 1 749 bp contained one SSR microsatellite on the average. The SSRs which had mononucleotide repeats were the most of all, accounting for 54.34%, and the dinucleotide repeats accounted for 20.47%. The percentage of compound SSR, trinucleotide repeats, tetranucleotide repeats, pentanucleotide repeats, hexanucleotide repeats, and heptanucleotides repeats were 20.29%, 23.89%, 0.77%, 0.13%, 0.10% and 0.01%, respectively. Meanwhile, the A/T repeats were predominant type among these SSRs. A total of 290 pairs of primer was designed and synthesized. The primers were verified by using 8 Eucommia clones, among which 162 pairs of primers were able to amplify products and 16 pairs of them were polymorphic and stable. 84 alleles were detected in these Eucommia clones, (5.25 alleles per SSR locus in average). The results are applicable for analyzing genetic diversity constructing genetic map, and identifying early sex status by using SSR molecular markers on Eucommia ulmoides.
Based on genome sequencing of Eucommia ulmoides, the perfect SSR (17 nucleotide repeats) and compound SSR sequences were searched from Eucommia genome (26,947/854,758,160 bp) by using MISA. 488,592 SSR loci were found from 25,694 Scaffolds, accounting for 95.3% of the total Scaffolds. The results indicated that every 1 749 bp contained one SSR microsatellite on the average. The SSRs which had mononucleotide repeats were the most of all, accounting for 54.34%, and the dinucleotide repeats accounted for 20.47%. The percentage of compound SSR, trinucleotide repeats, tetranucleotide repeats, pentanucleotide repeats, hexanucleotide repeats, and heptanucleotides repeats were 20.29%, 23.89%, 0.77%, 0.13%, 0.10% and 0.01%, respectively. Meanwhile, the A/T repeats were predominant type among these SSRs. A total of 290 pairs of primer was designed and synthesized. The primers were verified by using 8 Eucommia clones, among which 162 pairs of primers were able to amplify products and 16 pairs of them were polymorphic and stable. 84 alleles were detected in these Eucommia clones, (5.25 alleles per SSR locus in average). The results are applicable for analyzing genetic diversity constructing genetic map, and identifying early sex status by using SSR molecular markers on Eucommia ulmoides.
2015, 28(3): 394-401.
Abstract:
Three types of salt-alkaline stress conditions were performed with NaCl and Na2CO3 to study the changes of the growth indexes and endogenous hormone contents in leaves of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla × Corylus avellana, Liaozhen 3) under different saline-alkali stresses. The correlations between growth indexes and endogenous hormones were analyzed. The results showed that the net growth of plant height, new shoots length and number of leaves, the shoot biomass, the total biomass of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut were inhibited apparently under the three salt-alkali stresses with the order of NaCl stress > mixed salt-alkaline stress > Na2CO3 stress, while the root/shoot ratio increased significantly. The stem diameter widened with low salt-alkali stress concentration and the root biomass raised significantly in 50, and 100 mmol·L-1 Na2CO3 stress. Furthermore, NaCl stress resulted in significant decrease of water content in leaves. The ABA contents of leaves increased significantly with the three salt-alkali stresses, and the (GA + IAA +ZR)/ABA ratio also reduced apparently compared with the control. Moreover, the ABA synthesis was more rapid, and it had no relation with the stress concentration in Na2CO3, but the ABA content were directly related with the concentration of NaCl stress. The correlation analysis indicated that significant positive correlation was found between the (GA + IAA +ZR)/ABA ratio and the plant height, new shoots length and leaves, whereas the (GA + IAA +ZR)/ABA ratio and the root/shoot ratio were negatively related. In conclusion, the inhibition on growth indexes imposed by neutral salt were greater than that by alkaline salt and mixed salt-alkaline stress, the difference in response characteristics of endogenous hormones was found under the three salt-alkali stresses, and the Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut showed stronger tolerance to Na2CO3 than to NaCl.
Three types of salt-alkaline stress conditions were performed with NaCl and Na2CO3 to study the changes of the growth indexes and endogenous hormone contents in leaves of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla × Corylus avellana, Liaozhen 3) under different saline-alkali stresses. The correlations between growth indexes and endogenous hormones were analyzed. The results showed that the net growth of plant height, new shoots length and number of leaves, the shoot biomass, the total biomass of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut were inhibited apparently under the three salt-alkali stresses with the order of NaCl stress > mixed salt-alkaline stress > Na2CO3 stress, while the root/shoot ratio increased significantly. The stem diameter widened with low salt-alkali stress concentration and the root biomass raised significantly in 50, and 100 mmol·L-1 Na2CO3 stress. Furthermore, NaCl stress resulted in significant decrease of water content in leaves. The ABA contents of leaves increased significantly with the three salt-alkali stresses, and the (GA + IAA +ZR)/ABA ratio also reduced apparently compared with the control. Moreover, the ABA synthesis was more rapid, and it had no relation with the stress concentration in Na2CO3, but the ABA content were directly related with the concentration of NaCl stress. The correlation analysis indicated that significant positive correlation was found between the (GA + IAA +ZR)/ABA ratio and the plant height, new shoots length and leaves, whereas the (GA + IAA +ZR)/ABA ratio and the root/shoot ratio were negatively related. In conclusion, the inhibition on growth indexes imposed by neutral salt were greater than that by alkaline salt and mixed salt-alkaline stress, the difference in response characteristics of endogenous hormones was found under the three salt-alkali stresses, and the Ping'ou hybrid hazelnut showed stronger tolerance to Na2CO3 than to NaCl.
2015, 28(3): 402-408.
Abstract:
The heterosis of phenotypic characters of Paulownia elite clone stem timber were studied with elite clone of P. tomentosa ×P. fortunei (TF33) and two standard trail varieties, P. fortunei (C001) and P. elongate (C125), as experimental materials. The results are as follows. (1)There were extensive and significant variation among characters at clone level among TF33, C001 and C125. (2)Three growth characters (height of stem-join, volume of stem-join and volume of main stem) and three trunk form characters (straightness of stem, stem-join form-factor and average taper of main stem) had high variation. The coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 33.10% to 53.19%.2 (3)The height of stem-join factor played a vital role in influencing and determining general expression and total status of traits heterosis. (4)Straightness of stem was the key and bottleneck to the genetic improvement of P. tomentosa × P. fortunei on the stem form characters. (5)Most of the characters correlated very significantly or significantly and the correlations between different characters changed greatly. (6)TF33 had very prominent volume growth heterosis over C001. There was no remarkable heterosis compared with C125.
The heterosis of phenotypic characters of Paulownia elite clone stem timber were studied with elite clone of P. tomentosa ×P. fortunei (TF33) and two standard trail varieties, P. fortunei (C001) and P. elongate (C125), as experimental materials. The results are as follows. (1)There were extensive and significant variation among characters at clone level among TF33, C001 and C125. (2)Three growth characters (height of stem-join, volume of stem-join and volume of main stem) and three trunk form characters (straightness of stem, stem-join form-factor and average taper of main stem) had high variation. The coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 33.10% to 53.19%.2 (3)The height of stem-join factor played a vital role in influencing and determining general expression and total status of traits heterosis. (4)Straightness of stem was the key and bottleneck to the genetic improvement of P. tomentosa × P. fortunei on the stem form characters. (5)Most of the characters correlated very significantly or significantly and the correlations between different characters changed greatly. (6)TF33 had very prominent volume growth heterosis over C001. There was no remarkable heterosis compared with C125.
2015, 28(3): 409-416.
Abstract:
The phosphate solubilizing capability of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) in rhizosphere of Camellia oleifera Abel apparently affects the Phosphorus use efficiency in red soil. 97 phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains were isolated from the Camellia oleifera rhizosphere soil of Hu'nan Province, the high effective PSB were further screened using NBRI-BPB medium, and the molybdenum-anti-spectrophotometric method was applied to determine the phosphate-dissolving ability of the high effective PSB after four days' fermentation in NBRIP medium. The bacteria were identified by their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics with Biolog system and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The high effective PSB of WB38, WB39 (WB75), WB53 (WB68) were identified as Pseudomonas auricularis, Pectobacterium cypripedii, and Enterobacter ludwigii, respectively. Experiments were conducted to study the phosphate-solubilizing capability of WB38 under different culture conditions. Every factor has a significant influence on phosphate-solubilizing ability of WB38, and the greatest influence factor on phosphate-solubilizing ability was the temperature. The optimum carbon source and nitrogen source were glucose and NH4NO3. WB38 displayed a better phosphate-solubilizing capability at the temperature of 28℃, the medium initial pH was 6.5, the inoculation quantity was 1% and the aeration quantity was 25 mL.
The phosphate solubilizing capability of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) in rhizosphere of Camellia oleifera Abel apparently affects the Phosphorus use efficiency in red soil. 97 phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains were isolated from the Camellia oleifera rhizosphere soil of Hu'nan Province, the high effective PSB were further screened using NBRI-BPB medium, and the molybdenum-anti-spectrophotometric method was applied to determine the phosphate-dissolving ability of the high effective PSB after four days' fermentation in NBRIP medium. The bacteria were identified by their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics with Biolog system and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The high effective PSB of WB38, WB39 (WB75), WB53 (WB68) were identified as Pseudomonas auricularis, Pectobacterium cypripedii, and Enterobacter ludwigii, respectively. Experiments were conducted to study the phosphate-solubilizing capability of WB38 under different culture conditions. Every factor has a significant influence on phosphate-solubilizing ability of WB38, and the greatest influence factor on phosphate-solubilizing ability was the temperature. The optimum carbon source and nitrogen source were glucose and NH4NO3. WB38 displayed a better phosphate-solubilizing capability at the temperature of 28℃, the medium initial pH was 6.5, the inoculation quantity was 1% and the aeration quantity was 25 mL.
2015, 28(3): 417-420.
Abstract:
In order to establish the proper model of the litter interception, based on the data deriving from 2008 to 2011, by using regression analysis, the relationship between rainfall (throughfall) and litter interception of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation on the semi-arid Loess Plateau was analyzed, and the regression parameters of the model were determined by Bootstrap. The results showed that both throughfall and litter interception could be analyzed by the nonlinear model Ic=aPb, which could be exactly presented as Ic=0.499P0.627 and Ic=0.717TF0.513. This model has high fitting accuracy, and the fitting parameters have good stability. The model could meet the requirement for significance.
In order to establish the proper model of the litter interception, based on the data deriving from 2008 to 2011, by using regression analysis, the relationship between rainfall (throughfall) and litter interception of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation on the semi-arid Loess Plateau was analyzed, and the regression parameters of the model were determined by Bootstrap. The results showed that both throughfall and litter interception could be analyzed by the nonlinear model Ic=aPb, which could be exactly presented as Ic=0.499P0.627 and Ic=0.717TF0.513. This model has high fitting accuracy, and the fitting parameters have good stability. The model could meet the requirement for significance.
2015, 28(3): 421-425.
Abstract:
The results of route survey on growth performance of wild Acer griseum showed that the average DBH was 13.6 cm, ranging from 3.5 cm to 45.1 cm, the ground diameter ranged from 11.8 cm to 63.0 cm and the tree height ranged from 2.0 m to 25.0 m. According to the maximum values of DBH and ground diameter of individuals, the 11 populations were divided into three groups according to their distribution: the central group, the transitional group and the marginal group. The central group consisted of the populations from Chengkou of Chongqing and Xingshan of Hubei province, with the maximum DBH larger than 40.0 cm. The transitional group were composed of the populations from Shennongjia of Hubei Province, Taibai Mountain of Shaanxi Province, Neixiang and Laojun Mountain of He'nan Province, with the maximum DBH from 28.0 cm to 40.0 cm and the maximum ground diameter was 60.0 cm. The marginal group included the populations from Wufeng of Hubei Province, Yangcheng of Shaanxi Province, Yuanling of Hu'nan Province, Xixia of He'nan Province and Xiaolong Mountain of Gansu Province, with the maximum diameter smaller than 20.0 cm and the maximum ground diameter ranging from 24.0 to 44.0 cm.
The results of route survey on growth performance of wild Acer griseum showed that the average DBH was 13.6 cm, ranging from 3.5 cm to 45.1 cm, the ground diameter ranged from 11.8 cm to 63.0 cm and the tree height ranged from 2.0 m to 25.0 m. According to the maximum values of DBH and ground diameter of individuals, the 11 populations were divided into three groups according to their distribution: the central group, the transitional group and the marginal group. The central group consisted of the populations from Chengkou of Chongqing and Xingshan of Hubei province, with the maximum DBH larger than 40.0 cm. The transitional group were composed of the populations from Shennongjia of Hubei Province, Taibai Mountain of Shaanxi Province, Neixiang and Laojun Mountain of He'nan Province, with the maximum DBH from 28.0 cm to 40.0 cm and the maximum ground diameter was 60.0 cm. The marginal group included the populations from Wufeng of Hubei Province, Yangcheng of Shaanxi Province, Yuanling of Hu'nan Province, Xixia of He'nan Province and Xiaolong Mountain of Gansu Province, with the maximum diameter smaller than 20.0 cm and the maximum ground diameter ranging from 24.0 to 44.0 cm.
2015, 28(3): 426-430.
Abstract:
Taking ‘107'poplar clone(Populus×euramericana cv.‘74/76')plantation cultivated with surface drip irrigation at sandy land of ancient Yongding River bed in Beijing as the research object, the effects of N, P, and K absorption and accumulation as well as different N fertilization gradient on the growth of 2- and 3-year-old ‘107'poplar clone were studied so as to determine the optimum amount of fertilization for young (2 or 3 year-old) poplar. The results showed that: (1) The nutrient uptake of 1- to 3-year-old ‘107'poplar clone increased year by year, the uptake in the third year was significantly greater than that in the previous two years, and the demand for various nutrients in the order of N > K > P. (2) The growth of 2-year-old ‘107'poplar clone showed no significant difference among various treatments, the minimum N fertilizer (30 g per tree) was the best, the corresponding P was 15 g per tree, K 20 g per tree,which were close to the result of N, P, and K nutrient absorption of 2-year-old ‘107' poplar clone plant (N 28.3 g, P 6.2 g, and K 18.9 g). (3) Among various treatments, the increment of volume of 3-year-old ‘107'poplar clone increased with the increase of N fertilizer. N fertilizer of 80 g per tree achieved the minimum volume increment, and there was significant difference between it and other treatments; 200 g per tree achieved the maximum volume increment, but there was no significant difference among treatments except 80 g per tree of N fertilizer treatment, so 120g N fertilizer per tree was the minimum fertilizer to meet the need for 3-year-old ‘107' poplar clone to grow, the corresponding P was 20 g per tree, K 50 g per tree,which was close to the result of N, P, and K nutrient absorption for 3-year-old ‘107'poplar clone (N 111.8 g, P 16.9 g, and K 43.8 g). 4) Marginal benefit analysis for 3-year-old ‘107'poplar clone plantation showed that N fertilization of 120 g per tree could achieve the maximum marginal income (863.08 yuan·hm-2), so it is the best.
Taking ‘107'poplar clone(Populus×euramericana cv.‘74/76')plantation cultivated with surface drip irrigation at sandy land of ancient Yongding River bed in Beijing as the research object, the effects of N, P, and K absorption and accumulation as well as different N fertilization gradient on the growth of 2- and 3-year-old ‘107'poplar clone were studied so as to determine the optimum amount of fertilization for young (2 or 3 year-old) poplar. The results showed that: (1) The nutrient uptake of 1- to 3-year-old ‘107'poplar clone increased year by year, the uptake in the third year was significantly greater than that in the previous two years, and the demand for various nutrients in the order of N > K > P. (2) The growth of 2-year-old ‘107'poplar clone showed no significant difference among various treatments, the minimum N fertilizer (30 g per tree) was the best, the corresponding P was 15 g per tree, K 20 g per tree,which were close to the result of N, P, and K nutrient absorption of 2-year-old ‘107' poplar clone plant (N 28.3 g, P 6.2 g, and K 18.9 g). (3) Among various treatments, the increment of volume of 3-year-old ‘107'poplar clone increased with the increase of N fertilizer. N fertilizer of 80 g per tree achieved the minimum volume increment, and there was significant difference between it and other treatments; 200 g per tree achieved the maximum volume increment, but there was no significant difference among treatments except 80 g per tree of N fertilizer treatment, so 120g N fertilizer per tree was the minimum fertilizer to meet the need for 3-year-old ‘107' poplar clone to grow, the corresponding P was 20 g per tree, K 50 g per tree,which was close to the result of N, P, and K nutrient absorption for 3-year-old ‘107'poplar clone (N 111.8 g, P 16.9 g, and K 43.8 g). 4) Marginal benefit analysis for 3-year-old ‘107'poplar clone plantation showed that N fertilization of 120 g per tree could achieve the maximum marginal income (863.08 yuan·hm-2), so it is the best.
2015, 28(3): 431-436.
Abstract:
From 2012 to 2015, 9 species of pollination birds belonging to 7 genera of 7 families were found on three Theaceae species, i.e., Camellia oleifera Abel., Camellia riticulata Lindl. and Polyspora longicarpa (H. T. Chang) C. X. Ye, in Guiyang, Ceheng, Wangmo of Guizhou Province and in Tengchong of Yunnan Province. Southwest China has long been considered as the differentiation center and biodiversity center of birds and Theaceae in Oriental, but so many pollinating birds concentrated on plant of Theaceae visiting flowers, especially some medium-sized birds, such as Pycnotidae, Chloropseidae, Dicruridae, and Corvidae, were very rare. Further studies showed that most pollinated birds of the three plants species are short-billed birds that are occasional nectarivores and pollination syndrome exhibits on the generalized bird pollinator adaptation. Theaceae pollination system consists of insect pollination and bird pollination, the two subsystems constitute the mosaic.
From 2012 to 2015, 9 species of pollination birds belonging to 7 genera of 7 families were found on three Theaceae species, i.e., Camellia oleifera Abel., Camellia riticulata Lindl. and Polyspora longicarpa (H. T. Chang) C. X. Ye, in Guiyang, Ceheng, Wangmo of Guizhou Province and in Tengchong of Yunnan Province. Southwest China has long been considered as the differentiation center and biodiversity center of birds and Theaceae in Oriental, but so many pollinating birds concentrated on plant of Theaceae visiting flowers, especially some medium-sized birds, such as Pycnotidae, Chloropseidae, Dicruridae, and Corvidae, were very rare. Further studies showed that most pollinated birds of the three plants species are short-billed birds that are occasional nectarivores and pollination syndrome exhibits on the generalized bird pollinator adaptation. Theaceae pollination system consists of insect pollination and bird pollination, the two subsystems constitute the mosaic.
2015, 28(3): 437-440.
Abstract:
Study on cutting propagation technology of black locust clones was carried out in Henan province in order to improve the qualified rate of seedlings. Survival rate, qualified rate, ground diameter and height of seedlings was studied under diameter and length of root segments and planting methods, obtained the following results and conclusions: The ground diameter of clonal seedlings by three planting methods including buried, oblique cuttage and vertical cuttage was the same. The seedling height planted by vertical cuttage increased 11.5% and 4.5% respectively than that by buried and oblique cuttage, and the survival rate of seedlings by buried was significantly lower 10.45%11.23% than that by oblique cuttage and vertical cottage. Different diameter and length of root segments had great influences on survival rates but had no influences on growth for clonal seedlings. The diameter and height of root segments was larger, the survival rate and qualified rate of clonal seedlings was higher. Using root segments that diameter was larger than 0.5 cm, length was 10 cm to propagation, it could obtain much higher qualified rate which was about 60% at the end of growing season. Using root segments that diameter was larger than 0.5 cm, length was 8 cm to propagation, the qualified rate was about 50%. Using root segments that diameter was less than 0.5 cm, length was less than 6 cm to propagation, the qualified rate was lower than 40%. Therefore, for cutting propagation of black locust clones, should use vertical cuttage, and length and diameter of root segment should be more than 0.8 cm, and 0.5 cm, in this way, the qualified seedling can reach more than 50%.
Study on cutting propagation technology of black locust clones was carried out in Henan province in order to improve the qualified rate of seedlings. Survival rate, qualified rate, ground diameter and height of seedlings was studied under diameter and length of root segments and planting methods, obtained the following results and conclusions: The ground diameter of clonal seedlings by three planting methods including buried, oblique cuttage and vertical cuttage was the same. The seedling height planted by vertical cuttage increased 11.5% and 4.5% respectively than that by buried and oblique cuttage, and the survival rate of seedlings by buried was significantly lower 10.45%11.23% than that by oblique cuttage and vertical cottage. Different diameter and length of root segments had great influences on survival rates but had no influences on growth for clonal seedlings. The diameter and height of root segments was larger, the survival rate and qualified rate of clonal seedlings was higher. Using root segments that diameter was larger than 0.5 cm, length was 10 cm to propagation, it could obtain much higher qualified rate which was about 60% at the end of growing season. Using root segments that diameter was larger than 0.5 cm, length was 8 cm to propagation, the qualified rate was about 50%. Using root segments that diameter was less than 0.5 cm, length was less than 6 cm to propagation, the qualified rate was lower than 40%. Therefore, for cutting propagation of black locust clones, should use vertical cuttage, and length and diameter of root segment should be more than 0.8 cm, and 0.5 cm, in this way, the qualified seedling can reach more than 50%.
2015, 28(3): 441-442.
Abstract:
A new bamboo cultivar Dendrocalamus rongchengensis 'Hualongdan' was cultivated via further separation and transplanting from the variation of artificially cultivated D. rongchengensis Yi et C. Y. Sia. The key difference between 'Hualongdan' and D. rongchengensis is that there are yellowish-white longitudinal stripes of different size on the stem shoots and basal internode and partial blades of the former one, which has higher ornamental value.
A new bamboo cultivar Dendrocalamus rongchengensis 'Hualongdan' was cultivated via further separation and transplanting from the variation of artificially cultivated D. rongchengensis Yi et C. Y. Sia. The key difference between 'Hualongdan' and D. rongchengensis is that there are yellowish-white longitudinal stripes of different size on the stem shoots and basal internode and partial blades of the former one, which has higher ornamental value.
2015, 28(3): 443-446.
Abstract:
To provide data for effective mass-production of the parasitoid Chouioia cunea Yang, an effective biological control agent widely used in the control of the alien invasive caterpillar pest Hyphantria cunea (Drury) in China, a factorial combination of wasp body size (2 levels), supplementary food (2 levels) and temperature (3 levels) treatments was manipulated in the laboratory trial to examine the survival of the adult parasitoids. By survival analysis, a significant interactive effect of the three factors on the survivorship of adults was found. The adult survival probability varied among temperature treatments under different treatment combinations of body size and food, decreasing with the increasing temperature. The longevity of adults differed significantly with temperature under different combination treatments of food and body size, being longer at 20℃ than at 25℃, and the shortest was at the temperature of 30℃. The results of this study suggest that the interaction of temperature, supplementary food and female body size could affect the longevity of C. cunea.
To provide data for effective mass-production of the parasitoid Chouioia cunea Yang, an effective biological control agent widely used in the control of the alien invasive caterpillar pest Hyphantria cunea (Drury) in China, a factorial combination of wasp body size (2 levels), supplementary food (2 levels) and temperature (3 levels) treatments was manipulated in the laboratory trial to examine the survival of the adult parasitoids. By survival analysis, a significant interactive effect of the three factors on the survivorship of adults was found. The adult survival probability varied among temperature treatments under different treatment combinations of body size and food, decreasing with the increasing temperature. The longevity of adults differed significantly with temperature under different combination treatments of food and body size, being longer at 20℃ than at 25℃, and the shortest was at the temperature of 30℃. The results of this study suggest that the interaction of temperature, supplementary food and female body size could affect the longevity of C. cunea.
2015, 28(3): 447-450.
Abstract:
Phyllostachys prominens with high potential of rhizome shoot production and strong elongation growth of rhizome is an excellent bamboo species used both for shoot and timber. The appearance quality, the contents of nutrient substances, flavour substances and amino acid in rhizome shoot of Ph. prominens were compared with the rhizome shoot of Ph. edulis to access the quality and palatability. The results are as follows. 1. The length of Ph. prominens rhizome shoot was slightly longer; 2. The individual weight, shoot diameter and contents of protein, tannin, oxalic acid, total acid, cellulose, lignin of Ph. prominens rhizome shoot were significantly lower than that of the Ph. edulis; 3. The edible rate, ratio of sugar to acid, contents of soluble sugar and fat of Ph. prominens rhizome shoot were obviously higher; 4. The content of total amino acid and its components except delicious amino acid in Ph. prominens rhizome shoot were dramatically lower, while the proportion of delicious, sweet and aromatic amino acid in Ph. prominens rhizome shoot were markedly higher than that of Ph. edulis; 5. The bitter amino acid proportion in Ph. prominens rhizome shoot was significantly lower than that of Ph. edulis. All the results indicated that there were significantly differences on rhizome shoot quality and palatability between Ph. prominens and Ph. edulis. The rhizome shoot of Ph. prominens with high edible rate and low roughness was relatively larger and more palatable. Overall, the rhizome shoot quality of Ph. prominens was better than that of Ph. edulis.
Phyllostachys prominens with high potential of rhizome shoot production and strong elongation growth of rhizome is an excellent bamboo species used both for shoot and timber. The appearance quality, the contents of nutrient substances, flavour substances and amino acid in rhizome shoot of Ph. prominens were compared with the rhizome shoot of Ph. edulis to access the quality and palatability. The results are as follows. 1. The length of Ph. prominens rhizome shoot was slightly longer; 2. The individual weight, shoot diameter and contents of protein, tannin, oxalic acid, total acid, cellulose, lignin of Ph. prominens rhizome shoot were significantly lower than that of the Ph. edulis; 3. The edible rate, ratio of sugar to acid, contents of soluble sugar and fat of Ph. prominens rhizome shoot were obviously higher; 4. The content of total amino acid and its components except delicious amino acid in Ph. prominens rhizome shoot were dramatically lower, while the proportion of delicious, sweet and aromatic amino acid in Ph. prominens rhizome shoot were markedly higher than that of Ph. edulis; 5. The bitter amino acid proportion in Ph. prominens rhizome shoot was significantly lower than that of Ph. edulis. All the results indicated that there were significantly differences on rhizome shoot quality and palatability between Ph. prominens and Ph. edulis. The rhizome shoot of Ph. prominens with high edible rate and low roughness was relatively larger and more palatable. Overall, the rhizome shoot quality of Ph. prominens was better than that of Ph. edulis.
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