2016 Vol. 29, No. 5
Display Method:
2016, 29(5): 623-629.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
[Objective] To understand the structure characters of Pinussylvestris var. mongolica natural forest on Honghuaerji sandy land and provide the basis for protection and management. [Method] The data of 2 sample plots of 100 m×100 m with each tree positioning were analyzed by the characteristics of univariate distribution and bivariate distribution with statistical software. [Result] The results show that (1)The diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution of P.sylvestris var. mongolica natural forest follows a single or multi shaped peak curve, and the vertical structure is simple, with only tree layer and herb layer. (2) The spatial distribution pattern of P.sylvestris var. mongolica natural forest is uniform distribution, close to random distribution; the spatial distribution pattern has nothing to do with the stand density; the stand in the fierce competition in the majority of individuals of P.sylvestris var. mongolica. (3) Under the condition of random distribution, most trees on the two sample plots are medium dense or dense, with little difference in dominance under different distribution patterns. In low-density P.sylvestris var. mongolicapure forest, most trees in intensive state aredominant trees, while in high-density forest, no relation was found between stand density and tree size distribution. [Conclusion] The structure of P.sylvestris var. mongolica natural forest on Honghuaerji sandy land is unreasonable; some measures of density adjustment and structure optimization should be taken to improve the forest health.
[Objective] To understand the structure characters of Pinussylvestris var. mongolica natural forest on Honghuaerji sandy land and provide the basis for protection and management. [Method] The data of 2 sample plots of 100 m×100 m with each tree positioning were analyzed by the characteristics of univariate distribution and bivariate distribution with statistical software. [Result] The results show that (1)The diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution of P.sylvestris var. mongolica natural forest follows a single or multi shaped peak curve, and the vertical structure is simple, with only tree layer and herb layer. (2) The spatial distribution pattern of P.sylvestris var. mongolica natural forest is uniform distribution, close to random distribution; the spatial distribution pattern has nothing to do with the stand density; the stand in the fierce competition in the majority of individuals of P.sylvestris var. mongolica. (3) Under the condition of random distribution, most trees on the two sample plots are medium dense or dense, with little difference in dominance under different distribution patterns. In low-density P.sylvestris var. mongolicapure forest, most trees in intensive state aredominant trees, while in high-density forest, no relation was found between stand density and tree size distribution. [Conclusion] The structure of P.sylvestris var. mongolica natural forest on Honghuaerji sandy land is unreasonable; some measures of density adjustment and structure optimization should be taken to improve the forest health.
2016, 29(5): 630-637.
Abstract:
[Objective] To separate and quantify the total, autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration. [Method] By the method of infrared gas exchange analyzer in trenching-plot, the total soil respiration (RS), autotrophic (RA) and heterotrophic respiration (RH) in a Quercus variabilis plantation were investigated in hilly area of Xiaolangdi Reservoir of Yellow River. The seasonal dynamics contribution rate and the environmental factors of RS, RA, and RH were determined. [Result] The results showed that the RS, RA and RH varied with the season, the maximum and the minimum were observed at summer and winter, respectively. Significant exponential relationships were obtained between RS, RA and RH and soil temperature at 5 cm (PRA, RH, and Rs, (Q10) were calculated as 3.40, 2.90 and 2.45 respectively. The RS, RA and RH were significantly lined with soil volumetric water content at 0~10 cm (PRs and RA had a linear correlation with soil pore water conductivity at 0~10 cm (PQ10 of Rs and RH had the highest value in summer and the lowest in winter. Compared with Q10 in Rs and RH, the seasonal variation in Q10 of RA presented opposite trend. The estimated contributions of RA and RH on Rs were 13.23%~37.33% and 62.67%~86.76%, respectively. The contribution of RA on Rs was consistent with soil temperature seasonally. In this study, the annual CO2 flux of Rs, RH and RA in the Q. variabilis plantation were 1 616.41, 1 199.39 and 417.02 g·m-2·a-1, respectively. [Conclusion] As the main component of total soil respiration, the heterotrophic respiration was significantly correlated with environmental factors, which could influence the overall emission from soil surface and provide theoretical support for further research about carbon cycle and energy exchange in forest ecosystems.
[Objective] To separate and quantify the total, autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration. [Method] By the method of infrared gas exchange analyzer in trenching-plot, the total soil respiration (RS), autotrophic (RA) and heterotrophic respiration (RH) in a Quercus variabilis plantation were investigated in hilly area of Xiaolangdi Reservoir of Yellow River. The seasonal dynamics contribution rate and the environmental factors of RS, RA, and RH were determined. [Result] The results showed that the RS, RA and RH varied with the season, the maximum and the minimum were observed at summer and winter, respectively. Significant exponential relationships were obtained between RS, RA and RH and soil temperature at 5 cm (PRA, RH, and Rs, (Q10) were calculated as 3.40, 2.90 and 2.45 respectively. The RS, RA and RH were significantly lined with soil volumetric water content at 0~10 cm (PRs and RA had a linear correlation with soil pore water conductivity at 0~10 cm (PQ10 of Rs and RH had the highest value in summer and the lowest in winter. Compared with Q10 in Rs and RH, the seasonal variation in Q10 of RA presented opposite trend. The estimated contributions of RA and RH on Rs were 13.23%~37.33% and 62.67%~86.76%, respectively. The contribution of RA on Rs was consistent with soil temperature seasonally. In this study, the annual CO2 flux of Rs, RH and RA in the Q. variabilis plantation were 1 616.41, 1 199.39 and 417.02 g·m-2·a-1, respectively. [Conclusion] As the main component of total soil respiration, the heterotrophic respiration was significantly correlated with environmental factors, which could influence the overall emission from soil surface and provide theoretical support for further research about carbon cycle and energy exchange in forest ecosystems.
2016, 29(5): 638-645.
Abstract:
[Objective] To clarify the mechanism and functions in regulating plant growth and stress response of circadian clock genes in Betula platyphylla Suk. [Method] The sequences of BpLHY, BpTOC1 and BpGI were analyzed, and the structure and functions of coding proteins were predicted by bioinformatics method. The expression levels of BpLHY, BpTOC1 and BpGI were quantified using qRT-PCR. [Result] BpLHY, BpTOC1 and BpGI genes in B. platyphylla were 2 283bp, 1 623bp, and 3 507bp, encoding 760, 540, and 1 168 amino acids, respectively. The proteins encoded by these genes were hydrophobic, non-secreted transmembrane protein.BpTOC1 and BpLHY transcript levels were low during the daytime, but high at night. In contrast, BpGI expression was low during the daytime, and high at night and its highest expression levels increased by 29.28 times at 9:00 am. The expressions of BpLHY, BpTOC1 and BpGI increased by 105% to 2 390% in the abiotic stress of heavy metal cadmium, low temperature (4℃), salt (NaCl); SA and SNP induced the transcription levels of BpLHY, BpTOC1 genes reducing by 70.1% to 97.75% while the expression of BpGI increasing by 150% to 280%. [Conclusion] This study may provide some references for further study of BpLHY, BpTOC1 and BpGI function in regulation of plant growth and stress response and the mechanism of circadian clock in B. platyphylla.
[Objective] To clarify the mechanism and functions in regulating plant growth and stress response of circadian clock genes in Betula platyphylla Suk. [Method] The sequences of BpLHY, BpTOC1 and BpGI were analyzed, and the structure and functions of coding proteins were predicted by bioinformatics method. The expression levels of BpLHY, BpTOC1 and BpGI were quantified using qRT-PCR. [Result] BpLHY, BpTOC1 and BpGI genes in B. platyphylla were 2 283bp, 1 623bp, and 3 507bp, encoding 760, 540, and 1 168 amino acids, respectively. The proteins encoded by these genes were hydrophobic, non-secreted transmembrane protein.BpTOC1 and BpLHY transcript levels were low during the daytime, but high at night. In contrast, BpGI expression was low during the daytime, and high at night and its highest expression levels increased by 29.28 times at 9:00 am. The expressions of BpLHY, BpTOC1 and BpGI increased by 105% to 2 390% in the abiotic stress of heavy metal cadmium, low temperature (4℃), salt (NaCl); SA and SNP induced the transcription levels of BpLHY, BpTOC1 genes reducing by 70.1% to 97.75% while the expression of BpGI increasing by 150% to 280%. [Conclusion] This study may provide some references for further study of BpLHY, BpTOC1 and BpGI function in regulation of plant growth and stress response and the mechanism of circadian clock in B. platyphylla.
2016, 29(5): 646-653.
Abstract:
[Objective] To analyze the sequence features and gene expression rules in different tissues and periods of SPL transcription factor from Betula platyphylla Suk. [Method] Based on 45 transcriptome databases of Birch, 12 BpSPL genes were obtained and named as BpSPL1-BpSPL12, of which 11 genes were analyzed. [Result] Bioinformatics analysis showed that all the 11 BpSPLs contained a highly conserved SBP domain, their lengths exhibited a high diversity and owned 210 numbers of exon in genetic sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 11 Birch SPL proteins belonged to six major categories. The qRT-PCR results suggested that the expression levels of the 11 BpSPL genes changed significantly in different periods and different tissues (leaves, terminal buds, stems, male inflorescences). In terminal buds, most BpSPL genes were up-regulated on July 5 and August 20 to September 20. In male inflorescences, with the exception of BpSPL1 which was down-regulated or unchanged, all the other BpSPL genes exhibited a gradual increasing pattern from June to September (the growth stage). [Conclusion] This study suggested that these BpSPL genes may be involved in the growth and development of birch terminal buds and male inflorescences.
[Objective] To analyze the sequence features and gene expression rules in different tissues and periods of SPL transcription factor from Betula platyphylla Suk. [Method] Based on 45 transcriptome databases of Birch, 12 BpSPL genes were obtained and named as BpSPL1-BpSPL12, of which 11 genes were analyzed. [Result] Bioinformatics analysis showed that all the 11 BpSPLs contained a highly conserved SBP domain, their lengths exhibited a high diversity and owned 210 numbers of exon in genetic sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 11 Birch SPL proteins belonged to six major categories. The qRT-PCR results suggested that the expression levels of the 11 BpSPL genes changed significantly in different periods and different tissues (leaves, terminal buds, stems, male inflorescences). In terminal buds, most BpSPL genes were up-regulated on July 5 and August 20 to September 20. In male inflorescences, with the exception of BpSPL1 which was down-regulated or unchanged, all the other BpSPL genes exhibited a gradual increasing pattern from June to September (the growth stage). [Conclusion] This study suggested that these BpSPL genes may be involved in the growth and development of birch terminal buds and male inflorescences.
2016, 29(5): 654-661.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study genetic effects of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of oleoresin components of Pinus massoniana for the purpose of genetic improvement of oleoresin-producing P. massoniana. [Method] A half diallel cross among 6 P. massoniana clones in Laoshan Forest Farm of Zhejiang Province was used to reveal the genetic variation of oleoresin components, the correlation between growth and the content of oleoresin components and the correlation between oleoresin compounds by investigating the growth and the content of oleoresin components of each sample. [Result] Twenty three oleoresin components were identified, the Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes and Diterpenes accounted for 7.29%, 1.50% and 91.17% of total oleoresin content. It was found that the genetic effects of GCA were more significant than the genetic effects of SCA in the 13 major oleoresin components with higher average content and significant differences among the combinations. Most major oleoresin components were controlled mainly by the additive gene effects while dehydroabietic acid was controlled mainly the by dominance gene effects and levopimaric acid/palustric acid, 8,12-Abietadienoic acid were controlled by the additive gene effects and the dominance gene effects simultaneously. The 13 major oleoresin components were under moderate or high level genetic control with the full-sib 0.655~0.949. In addition, higher positive correlations were found between α-pinene, camphene and β-pinene in monoterpenes, which means the selection of one component can make the same increase or decrease for the other components. However,levopimaric acid/palustric acid in diterpenes were found higher negative correlations with most major oleoresin components of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes components, and the extremely significant negative correlations were found between levopimaric acid/palustric acid and longifolene, pimaric acid, dehydroabietic acid, 8,12-abietadienoic acid, abietic acid, neoabietic acid, which mean the selection of levopimaric acid/palustric acid will restrain the increase of most major oleoresin components. Meanwhile, it was found that most major oleoresin components and growth traits were hardly relevant. So it is speculated that the two types of traits may be independent and controlled by different genetic mechanism. [Conclusion] Most of oleoresin components had significant GCA effect and were controlled mainly by the additive gene effects. These oleoresin compounds had moderate to strong family heritability. The correlation was not significant between growth and the content of oleoresin compounds, but there were significant among oleoresin compounds, which can be used to determine the optimize improvement strategy for oleoresin trait in P. massoniana.
[Objective] To study genetic effects of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of oleoresin components of Pinus massoniana for the purpose of genetic improvement of oleoresin-producing P. massoniana. [Method] A half diallel cross among 6 P. massoniana clones in Laoshan Forest Farm of Zhejiang Province was used to reveal the genetic variation of oleoresin components, the correlation between growth and the content of oleoresin components and the correlation between oleoresin compounds by investigating the growth and the content of oleoresin components of each sample. [Result] Twenty three oleoresin components were identified, the Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes and Diterpenes accounted for 7.29%, 1.50% and 91.17% of total oleoresin content. It was found that the genetic effects of GCA were more significant than the genetic effects of SCA in the 13 major oleoresin components with higher average content and significant differences among the combinations. Most major oleoresin components were controlled mainly by the additive gene effects while dehydroabietic acid was controlled mainly the by dominance gene effects and levopimaric acid/palustric acid, 8,12-Abietadienoic acid were controlled by the additive gene effects and the dominance gene effects simultaneously. The 13 major oleoresin components were under moderate or high level genetic control with the full-sib 0.655~0.949. In addition, higher positive correlations were found between α-pinene, camphene and β-pinene in monoterpenes, which means the selection of one component can make the same increase or decrease for the other components. However,levopimaric acid/palustric acid in diterpenes were found higher negative correlations with most major oleoresin components of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes components, and the extremely significant negative correlations were found between levopimaric acid/palustric acid and longifolene, pimaric acid, dehydroabietic acid, 8,12-abietadienoic acid, abietic acid, neoabietic acid, which mean the selection of levopimaric acid/palustric acid will restrain the increase of most major oleoresin components. Meanwhile, it was found that most major oleoresin components and growth traits were hardly relevant. So it is speculated that the two types of traits may be independent and controlled by different genetic mechanism. [Conclusion] Most of oleoresin components had significant GCA effect and were controlled mainly by the additive gene effects. These oleoresin compounds had moderate to strong family heritability. The correlation was not significant between growth and the content of oleoresin compounds, but there were significant among oleoresin compounds, which can be used to determine the optimize improvement strategy for oleoresin trait in P. massoniana.
2016, 29(5): 662-669.
Abstract:
[Objective] To measure the dust retention and heavy metal absorption ability of 9 common landscaping tree species in the industrial area of Simen Town of Zhejiang Province and to determine the differences among common landscaping trees in purifying air and improving the environment quality. [Method] The foliar dust retention, the heavy metal content in leaves, and the correlation between the dust retention and metal content in leaves of 9 landscaping tree species grown in three functional areas (industrial area, commercial and traffic area, and the leisure and entertainment area) were investigated. [Result] (1) The dust retention ability varied significantly among the 9 tree species grown in the same environment. Nerium indicum, Pittosporum tobira and Lagerstroemia indica showed better in dust retention than the other species. (2) The foliar dust retention and heavy metal content of the same tree species varied greatly among different functional areas. The dust quantity and heavy metal content in a unit area increased with the air dust in different functional area. (3) The heavy metals in foliar dust had high homology in each functional area, suggesting that the atmospheric dust and traffic emissions are the main source of heavy metals. [Conclusion] This study provides some useful information on the selection of landscaping tree species for improving the urban air quality.
[Objective] To measure the dust retention and heavy metal absorption ability of 9 common landscaping tree species in the industrial area of Simen Town of Zhejiang Province and to determine the differences among common landscaping trees in purifying air and improving the environment quality. [Method] The foliar dust retention, the heavy metal content in leaves, and the correlation between the dust retention and metal content in leaves of 9 landscaping tree species grown in three functional areas (industrial area, commercial and traffic area, and the leisure and entertainment area) were investigated. [Result] (1) The dust retention ability varied significantly among the 9 tree species grown in the same environment. Nerium indicum, Pittosporum tobira and Lagerstroemia indica showed better in dust retention than the other species. (2) The foliar dust retention and heavy metal content of the same tree species varied greatly among different functional areas. The dust quantity and heavy metal content in a unit area increased with the air dust in different functional area. (3) The heavy metals in foliar dust had high homology in each functional area, suggesting that the atmospheric dust and traffic emissions are the main source of heavy metals. [Conclusion] This study provides some useful information on the selection of landscaping tree species for improving the urban air quality.
2016, 29(5): 670-675.
Abstract:
[Objective] The aim of this study is to reveal the genetic diversity on morphology traits of Eucommia ulmoides male flowers, to efficiently evaluate and utilize the E. ulmoides male flower resources and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding program. [Method] The main morphology traits, such as flower diameter, flower height, dry weight, moisture content, stamen length, stamen number and 1 000-stamen weight of 193 E. ulmoides germplasm male flowers were measured and the genetic diversity analysis was carried out. [Result] The results showed that there existed large variations in flower diameter, flower height, dry weight, moisture content and another 3 traits, and the variation coefficient ranged from 5.18% to 40.47%. High genetic diversity indexes were calculated in all traits and ranged from 1.825 0 to 2.012 3. Significant correlation was observed among traits, the correlation coefficient were 0.746 between flower diameter and flower height, 0.667 between flower height and dry weight, 0.831 between stamen length and 1 000-stamen weight, respectively. The results of cluster analysis showed that 193 E. ulmoides germplasms could be divided into 5 groups, the group Ⅲ including 15 samples was evaluated as excellent resources. The principal component analysis revealed that the first 3 principal components which accounted for 86.625% of the accumulated variance contribution rate were suitable for assessing the E. ulmoides male flower resources. [Conclusion] It is concluded that the 7 morphology traits of E. ulmoides male flowers had high genetic diversity and great potential for improvement, which could provide references for E. ulmoides breeding program and the utilization of male flower resources.
[Objective] The aim of this study is to reveal the genetic diversity on morphology traits of Eucommia ulmoides male flowers, to efficiently evaluate and utilize the E. ulmoides male flower resources and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding program. [Method] The main morphology traits, such as flower diameter, flower height, dry weight, moisture content, stamen length, stamen number and 1 000-stamen weight of 193 E. ulmoides germplasm male flowers were measured and the genetic diversity analysis was carried out. [Result] The results showed that there existed large variations in flower diameter, flower height, dry weight, moisture content and another 3 traits, and the variation coefficient ranged from 5.18% to 40.47%. High genetic diversity indexes were calculated in all traits and ranged from 1.825 0 to 2.012 3. Significant correlation was observed among traits, the correlation coefficient were 0.746 between flower diameter and flower height, 0.667 between flower height and dry weight, 0.831 between stamen length and 1 000-stamen weight, respectively. The results of cluster analysis showed that 193 E. ulmoides germplasms could be divided into 5 groups, the group Ⅲ including 15 samples was evaluated as excellent resources. The principal component analysis revealed that the first 3 principal components which accounted for 86.625% of the accumulated variance contribution rate were suitable for assessing the E. ulmoides male flower resources. [Conclusion] It is concluded that the 7 morphology traits of E. ulmoides male flowers had high genetic diversity and great potential for improvement, which could provide references for E. ulmoides breeding program and the utilization of male flower resources.
2016, 29(5): 676-681.
Abstract:
[Objective] With genetic markers and phenotypic data to identify olive cultivars and evaluation their genetic diversity.[Method] Taking 11 olive cultivars from Longnan, Gansu Province, as samples, the genetic diversity analysis and cluster analysis were conducted with 15 quantitative traits, 18 quality phenotypic traits and 8 SSR markers. [Result] For all the phenotypic traits, significant variability was found among the cultivars. The phenotypic diversity index of quantitative traits ranged from 1.579 to 2.088 as those of quality traits ranged from 0.362 to 1.091. A total of 51 alleles were detected for 8 SSR markers, while the number of alleles per locus reached an average of 5.9. With the phenotypic traits and SSR markers, 17 cultivars can be completely identified and distinguished. [Conclusion] The result of genetic distance analysis based on phenotypic traits and SSR markers showed similar genetic relationships between cultivars with somewhat differences between them. The SSR markers should be combined to identify cultivars with similar phenotypic traits.
[Objective] With genetic markers and phenotypic data to identify olive cultivars and evaluation their genetic diversity.[Method] Taking 11 olive cultivars from Longnan, Gansu Province, as samples, the genetic diversity analysis and cluster analysis were conducted with 15 quantitative traits, 18 quality phenotypic traits and 8 SSR markers. [Result] For all the phenotypic traits, significant variability was found among the cultivars. The phenotypic diversity index of quantitative traits ranged from 1.579 to 2.088 as those of quality traits ranged from 0.362 to 1.091. A total of 51 alleles were detected for 8 SSR markers, while the number of alleles per locus reached an average of 5.9. With the phenotypic traits and SSR markers, 17 cultivars can be completely identified and distinguished. [Conclusion] The result of genetic distance analysis based on phenotypic traits and SSR markers showed similar genetic relationships between cultivars with somewhat differences between them. The SSR markers should be combined to identify cultivars with similar phenotypic traits.
2016, 29(5): 682-686.
Abstract:
[Objective] The purpose of this study is to obtain the bacterial strains with high antagonism against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani, the fungal pathogens of orchid. [Method] In this study,the method of dual culture on plate was used to screen the bacterial strains. [Result] It was found that there were 5 strains which could inhibit all the three pathogens and the strain GT312 had the highest antagonistic activity. The results of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that GT312 had 99.93% similarity with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens type strain FZB42T. [Conclusion] Based on the morphologic and physiological characteristics, the strain GT312 was identified as B. amyloliquefaciens. It could be used as a potential bio-control agent of orchid diseases.
[Objective] The purpose of this study is to obtain the bacterial strains with high antagonism against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani, the fungal pathogens of orchid. [Method] In this study,the method of dual culture on plate was used to screen the bacterial strains. [Result] It was found that there were 5 strains which could inhibit all the three pathogens and the strain GT312 had the highest antagonistic activity. The results of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that GT312 had 99.93% similarity with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens type strain FZB42T. [Conclusion] Based on the morphologic and physiological characteristics, the strain GT312 was identified as B. amyloliquefaciens. It could be used as a potential bio-control agent of orchid diseases.
2016, 29(5): 687-697.
Abstract:
[Objective] The leaf phenotypic traits of an endangered plant Tetracentron sinense were measured to understand the phenotypic variation. The purpose is to discuss the mechanism causing its endangering from the perspective of genetics and the ability to adapt to hostile conditions in order to provide some references for effective conservation and management. [Method] Seventeen leaf morphological characteristics and leaf epidermis micromorphological characteristics from 90 individuals of fourteen populations were measured. Nested analysis of variance, multi-comparison, principal components analysis, cluster analysis, and correlation analysis were used to study the leaf phenotypic variation and its relation to environmental factors. [Result] (1) Analysis of nested variance for all the traits showed significant differences among and within populations. (2) The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient for all the traits was 46.69%, and the variation within populations (31.83%) was higher than that among populations (28.85%), indicating that the variance within population is the main source of the phenotypic variation of the species. (3) The range of variation of coefficient of variance among the 17 traits was 4.17%~26.25%, and the average was 12.56%. (4) The leaf phenotypic variation of T. Sinense was related to the environmental factors, such as mean annual sunshine duration, mean temperature in July, and mean annual precipitation. The gradient rule of leaf phenotypic characteristics is presented along with longitude, latitude and altitude. (5) According to the cluster analysis based on the results of principal components analysis, the 14 natural populations of T. sinense could be divided into three groups. [Conclusion] There were moderate level of phenotypic differentiation among populations and low level of phenotypic variation within populations. The decreasing distribution range and poorer adaptability to changing environment were the main factors influencing the survival of T. sinense. According to above conclusions, some corresponding conservation measures were proposed to protect natural populations of T. sinense.
[Objective] The leaf phenotypic traits of an endangered plant Tetracentron sinense were measured to understand the phenotypic variation. The purpose is to discuss the mechanism causing its endangering from the perspective of genetics and the ability to adapt to hostile conditions in order to provide some references for effective conservation and management. [Method] Seventeen leaf morphological characteristics and leaf epidermis micromorphological characteristics from 90 individuals of fourteen populations were measured. Nested analysis of variance, multi-comparison, principal components analysis, cluster analysis, and correlation analysis were used to study the leaf phenotypic variation and its relation to environmental factors. [Result] (1) Analysis of nested variance for all the traits showed significant differences among and within populations. (2) The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient for all the traits was 46.69%, and the variation within populations (31.83%) was higher than that among populations (28.85%), indicating that the variance within population is the main source of the phenotypic variation of the species. (3) The range of variation of coefficient of variance among the 17 traits was 4.17%~26.25%, and the average was 12.56%. (4) The leaf phenotypic variation of T. Sinense was related to the environmental factors, such as mean annual sunshine duration, mean temperature in July, and mean annual precipitation. The gradient rule of leaf phenotypic characteristics is presented along with longitude, latitude and altitude. (5) According to the cluster analysis based on the results of principal components analysis, the 14 natural populations of T. sinense could be divided into three groups. [Conclusion] There were moderate level of phenotypic differentiation among populations and low level of phenotypic variation within populations. The decreasing distribution range and poorer adaptability to changing environment were the main factors influencing the survival of T. sinense. According to above conclusions, some corresponding conservation measures were proposed to protect natural populations of T. sinense.
2016, 29(5): 698-704.
Abstract:
[Objective] To explore the response of soil respiration to climate warming and drought and address the feedbacks between climate change and soil carbon flux. [Method] Infrared radiation heater and throughfall exclusion were conducted to simulate warming and drought in Warm-temperate oak (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata) forest soil. The soil respiration was measured in drought year to analyze the effect of the Control, Warming+Drought, and Warming and Drought treatments on soil respiration in growing season by using LI-8100 system. [Result] The result showed that:the soil respiration of 4 treatments were 1.78 μmol CO2m-2s-1, 1.84 μmol CO2m-2s-1, 2.02 μmol CO2m-2s-1 and 2.01 μmol CO2m-2s-1, the soil temperature and soil moisture respectively explained 68.2%~87.5% and 51.0%~66.6% of the temporal variation of soil respiration. The soil respiration in drought season was lower than that in growing season. The correlation coefficient (soil respiration vs. soil temperature) decreased in warming treatment in drought season, but increased in the relationship of soil respiration and soil moisture. [Conclusion] Soil temperature and moisture are the main factors in regulating soil respiration in drought year,and the limited effect of soil moisture to soil respiration, which is induced by warming treatment, will mitigate the positive feedbacks between soil carbon flux and climate warming in drought season.
[Objective] To explore the response of soil respiration to climate warming and drought and address the feedbacks between climate change and soil carbon flux. [Method] Infrared radiation heater and throughfall exclusion were conducted to simulate warming and drought in Warm-temperate oak (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata) forest soil. The soil respiration was measured in drought year to analyze the effect of the Control, Warming+Drought, and Warming and Drought treatments on soil respiration in growing season by using LI-8100 system. [Result] The result showed that:the soil respiration of 4 treatments were 1.78 μmol CO2m-2s-1, 1.84 μmol CO2m-2s-1, 2.02 μmol CO2m-2s-1 and 2.01 μmol CO2m-2s-1, the soil temperature and soil moisture respectively explained 68.2%~87.5% and 51.0%~66.6% of the temporal variation of soil respiration. The soil respiration in drought season was lower than that in growing season. The correlation coefficient (soil respiration vs. soil temperature) decreased in warming treatment in drought season, but increased in the relationship of soil respiration and soil moisture. [Conclusion] Soil temperature and moisture are the main factors in regulating soil respiration in drought year,and the limited effect of soil moisture to soil respiration, which is induced by warming treatment, will mitigate the positive feedbacks between soil carbon flux and climate warming in drought season.
2016, 29(5): 705-713.
Abstract:
[Objective] A 25-year-old Eucalyptus cloeziana provenance trial was conducted in Guangxi Dongmen Forest Farm to analyze the genetic variation of the growth and stem form quality traits in order to select the superior provenances and individuals for further study in medium and large diameter of wood and seed breeding.[Method] The genetic variation of growth and stem form quality traits of 11 E. cloeziana provenances were analyzed and selected by variance analysis and comprehensive analysis of the building of the equation based on the trait selection index. [Result] The results showed highly significant differences in diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), individual tree volume (V), stem straightness (ST) and stem fullness (SF) among 11 Eucalyptus cloeziana provenances. The heritabilities(H2)of five main traits was 0.634~0.895, and individual heritabilities(h2)was 0.136~0.342, selection index equations of provenances and individuals were built based on DBH, H, V, ST and SF. According to this standard, 4 superior provenances and 13 superior individuals were selected, and the genetic gain of volume reached 11.2% and 29.7% respectively. [Conclusion] These results indicate that the genetic variation of the five main traits is under a strong genetic control at provenance level and a lower genetic control at individual tree level. In consideration of rapid growth and fine wood property, the provenances D47, S14127, B47 and S12195 are superior materials for further study in medium and large diameter of wood breeding.
[Objective] A 25-year-old Eucalyptus cloeziana provenance trial was conducted in Guangxi Dongmen Forest Farm to analyze the genetic variation of the growth and stem form quality traits in order to select the superior provenances and individuals for further study in medium and large diameter of wood and seed breeding.[Method] The genetic variation of growth and stem form quality traits of 11 E. cloeziana provenances were analyzed and selected by variance analysis and comprehensive analysis of the building of the equation based on the trait selection index. [Result] The results showed highly significant differences in diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), individual tree volume (V), stem straightness (ST) and stem fullness (SF) among 11 Eucalyptus cloeziana provenances. The heritabilities(H2)of five main traits was 0.634~0.895, and individual heritabilities(h2)was 0.136~0.342, selection index equations of provenances and individuals were built based on DBH, H, V, ST and SF. According to this standard, 4 superior provenances and 13 superior individuals were selected, and the genetic gain of volume reached 11.2% and 29.7% respectively. [Conclusion] These results indicate that the genetic variation of the five main traits is under a strong genetic control at provenance level and a lower genetic control at individual tree level. In consideration of rapid growth and fine wood property, the provenances D47, S14127, B47 and S12195 are superior materials for further study in medium and large diameter of wood breeding.
2016, 29(5): 714-718.
Abstract:
[Objective] To understand the facultative mutualism consequence in the biodiversity conservation and its spatial and temporal characteristics. [Method] The ground-dwelling ant communities were investigated by pitfall traps in four types of site in Mojiang County, Yunnan Province in May and October, 2015. [Result] (1) Species composition and relative abundance:400 ant individuals were collected in the plot I (Fructus amomi plantation), representing 23 species; 382 ant individuals were collected in the plot II (Lac-Fructus amomi agroforestry without lac insect infestation), representing 15 species; 406 ant individuals were collected in the plot III (Lac-Fructus amomi agroforestry with lac insect infestation once), representing 18 species; 655 ant individuals were collected in the plot IV (Lac-Fructus amomi agroforestry with lac insect infestation), representing 23 species. (2) Ant diversity:there were significant differences of ground-dwelling ant species richness and relative abundance among the four sites. The richness and the relative abundance of ground-dwelling ant species increased by mutualism. The richness ranked as IV > III > II > I, and the relative abundance ranked as III > IV > II > I. (3) Community structure similarity:The ant communities of sites III and IV were dissimilar with those in sites II and I. (4) Indicator species:Tetramorium ciliatum Bolton was the indicator species of plot I, Pheidole capellini Emery and Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr were the indicator species of plot II, Camponotus parius Emery was the indicator species of plots III and IV. [Conclusion] There were significant positive ecological consequences of facultative mutualism on ant species richness, relative abundance and community structure. Facultative mutualism had spatial and temporal effects on biodiversity conservation.
[Objective] To understand the facultative mutualism consequence in the biodiversity conservation and its spatial and temporal characteristics. [Method] The ground-dwelling ant communities were investigated by pitfall traps in four types of site in Mojiang County, Yunnan Province in May and October, 2015. [Result] (1) Species composition and relative abundance:400 ant individuals were collected in the plot I (Fructus amomi plantation), representing 23 species; 382 ant individuals were collected in the plot II (Lac-Fructus amomi agroforestry without lac insect infestation), representing 15 species; 406 ant individuals were collected in the plot III (Lac-Fructus amomi agroforestry with lac insect infestation once), representing 18 species; 655 ant individuals were collected in the plot IV (Lac-Fructus amomi agroforestry with lac insect infestation), representing 23 species. (2) Ant diversity:there were significant differences of ground-dwelling ant species richness and relative abundance among the four sites. The richness and the relative abundance of ground-dwelling ant species increased by mutualism. The richness ranked as IV > III > II > I, and the relative abundance ranked as III > IV > II > I. (3) Community structure similarity:The ant communities of sites III and IV were dissimilar with those in sites II and I. (4) Indicator species:Tetramorium ciliatum Bolton was the indicator species of plot I, Pheidole capellini Emery and Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr were the indicator species of plot II, Camponotus parius Emery was the indicator species of plots III and IV. [Conclusion] There were significant positive ecological consequences of facultative mutualism on ant species richness, relative abundance and community structure. Facultative mutualism had spatial and temporal effects on biodiversity conservation.
2016, 29(5): 719-725.
Abstract:
[Objective] Decomposition of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) H.de Lehaie) leaves and carbon and nutrient cycling of Moso bamboo forest are closely related. The research on atmospheric nitrogen deposition and global warming environmental changes on Moso bamboo leaves decomposition aims at providing a theoretical basis for the current countermeasures of bamboo forest management. [Method] The original leaves and powdery leaves of Moso bamboo (through the 2 mm sieve) was tested at three factors and two levels of completely randomized trial, i.e. added nitrogen (5 mg·g-1) and controls without nitrogen, cultivated temperature at 12℃ and 28℃, original leaves and powdery leaves, cultured in incubator for 78 days, the CO2 emissions were measured periodically by the sealed alkali absorption method, and the rate of decomposition were calculated. [Result] The effects of nitrogen fertilizer treatment, temperature and leaf shape and their interactions on the decomposition rate of Moso bamboo litter leaves were different at different periods. On the whole, the decomposition rate of Moso bamboo litter leaves were faster in pre-cultured (0-23 d) and mid-cultured (24-48 d) than that in post-cultured (49-78 d). The added nitrogen treatment inhibited the decomposition rate of original leaves at 12℃ in mean, while it had no significant effects on those of the two morphological leaves at 28℃. The temperature sensitivity (Q10) of original leaves decomposition rate increased by the treatment of added nitrogen, but the effect of added nitrogen on the Q10 of powdered litter leaves was not significant. Meanwhile, the Q10 of original bamboo litter decomposition rate was higher than that of powdery litter leaves. In addition, the C/N of bamboo leaf litter increased significantly after culture, and the increase in the powdery bamboo leaves with the nitrogen addition was more dominant. [Conclusion] The effects of nitrogen deposition on litter decomposition of Moso bamboo are related to cultivation temperature and leaf morphology. In summary, the impact of litter decomposition is numerous, so the study on the response of litter decomposition to global climate change should not only focus on its chemical and biological mechanism, but also on the physical process and its regulatory potentials.
[Objective] Decomposition of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) H.de Lehaie) leaves and carbon and nutrient cycling of Moso bamboo forest are closely related. The research on atmospheric nitrogen deposition and global warming environmental changes on Moso bamboo leaves decomposition aims at providing a theoretical basis for the current countermeasures of bamboo forest management. [Method] The original leaves and powdery leaves of Moso bamboo (through the 2 mm sieve) was tested at three factors and two levels of completely randomized trial, i.e. added nitrogen (5 mg·g-1) and controls without nitrogen, cultivated temperature at 12℃ and 28℃, original leaves and powdery leaves, cultured in incubator for 78 days, the CO2 emissions were measured periodically by the sealed alkali absorption method, and the rate of decomposition were calculated. [Result] The effects of nitrogen fertilizer treatment, temperature and leaf shape and their interactions on the decomposition rate of Moso bamboo litter leaves were different at different periods. On the whole, the decomposition rate of Moso bamboo litter leaves were faster in pre-cultured (0-23 d) and mid-cultured (24-48 d) than that in post-cultured (49-78 d). The added nitrogen treatment inhibited the decomposition rate of original leaves at 12℃ in mean, while it had no significant effects on those of the two morphological leaves at 28℃. The temperature sensitivity (Q10) of original leaves decomposition rate increased by the treatment of added nitrogen, but the effect of added nitrogen on the Q10 of powdered litter leaves was not significant. Meanwhile, the Q10 of original bamboo litter decomposition rate was higher than that of powdery litter leaves. In addition, the C/N of bamboo leaf litter increased significantly after culture, and the increase in the powdery bamboo leaves with the nitrogen addition was more dominant. [Conclusion] The effects of nitrogen deposition on litter decomposition of Moso bamboo are related to cultivation temperature and leaf morphology. In summary, the impact of litter decomposition is numerous, so the study on the response of litter decomposition to global climate change should not only focus on its chemical and biological mechanism, but also on the physical process and its regulatory potentials.
2016, 29(5): 726-734.
Abstract:
[Objective] Selected Larix gmelinii which is the dominant and constructive species of typical boreal forest in northern Great Hinggan Mountains as a research object. Analyzing sap flow in response to multiple environmental factors and building sap flow model through various tree differentiation classes. [Methods] Using Granier's thermal dissipation probe method and gradient meteorological observation system of eddy covariance tower to continuous monitor the change of sap flow and environment factors. [Results] The results showed that:1) During the observation period, dominant trees have strong transpiration capacity. The average sap flow density of dominant trees are 1.9 times and 2.5 times comparing to intermediate trees and suppressed trees, respectively. In general, trees with the higher differentiation class have longer duration of daily sap flow, also the peak value of sap flow density appears earlier and have higher peak value. 2) eight environmental factors (precipitation, net radiation, air temperature, air relative humidity, wind speed, soil temperature, soil water content and vapor pressure deficit) could be divided into evaporative demand index (EDI), soil hydrothermal index and precipitation index by principal components analysis. The evaporative demand index (significant correlated with net radiation, air temperature, air relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit) which can explain 45% information of environmental dataset is the key factor influence the sap flow in research area. Soil hydrothermal index and precipitation index can explain 20% and 13%, respectively. 3) Sap flow density presents asymmetrical response to environmental factors through various differentiation classes, which shows a clockwise delayed time lag with EDI, anticlockwise delayed time lag with net radiation and clockwise with vapor pressure deficit, while the time lag with EDI is smallest. Various differentiation classes have the same level of time lag with EDI and vapor pressure deficit, while the time lag of the net radiations smaller in the dominant than that in the intermediate and suppressed. 4) The sap flow density and EDI present a sigmoid function model through various differentiation classes, when the sap flow reaches an asymptote where higher evaporative demand could not cause sap flow to increase further. In this model, the transition slope of the intermediate (0.457) and suppressed (0.458) are greater than the dominant (0.443), which means the dominant is less sensitive to environmental factors. This model can explain on average 90% of the simulation precision in sap flow density in the dominant, intermediate and suppressed trees, respectively. Considering time lag effect of EDI or inserting soil hydrothermal index and precipitation index cannot promote the precision of sap flow model. [Conclusions] The sap flow of Larix gmelinii has a strong response to multiple environment factors, and these relationships have differences among different tree differentiation classes. By using the sigmoid function model and multiple environment factors, the sap flow of Larix gmelinii with various differentiation classes could be estimated effectively.
[Objective] Selected Larix gmelinii which is the dominant and constructive species of typical boreal forest in northern Great Hinggan Mountains as a research object. Analyzing sap flow in response to multiple environmental factors and building sap flow model through various tree differentiation classes. [Methods] Using Granier's thermal dissipation probe method and gradient meteorological observation system of eddy covariance tower to continuous monitor the change of sap flow and environment factors. [Results] The results showed that:1) During the observation period, dominant trees have strong transpiration capacity. The average sap flow density of dominant trees are 1.9 times and 2.5 times comparing to intermediate trees and suppressed trees, respectively. In general, trees with the higher differentiation class have longer duration of daily sap flow, also the peak value of sap flow density appears earlier and have higher peak value. 2) eight environmental factors (precipitation, net radiation, air temperature, air relative humidity, wind speed, soil temperature, soil water content and vapor pressure deficit) could be divided into evaporative demand index (EDI), soil hydrothermal index and precipitation index by principal components analysis. The evaporative demand index (significant correlated with net radiation, air temperature, air relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit) which can explain 45% information of environmental dataset is the key factor influence the sap flow in research area. Soil hydrothermal index and precipitation index can explain 20% and 13%, respectively. 3) Sap flow density presents asymmetrical response to environmental factors through various differentiation classes, which shows a clockwise delayed time lag with EDI, anticlockwise delayed time lag with net radiation and clockwise with vapor pressure deficit, while the time lag with EDI is smallest. Various differentiation classes have the same level of time lag with EDI and vapor pressure deficit, while the time lag of the net radiations smaller in the dominant than that in the intermediate and suppressed. 4) The sap flow density and EDI present a sigmoid function model through various differentiation classes, when the sap flow reaches an asymptote where higher evaporative demand could not cause sap flow to increase further. In this model, the transition slope of the intermediate (0.457) and suppressed (0.458) are greater than the dominant (0.443), which means the dominant is less sensitive to environmental factors. This model can explain on average 90% of the simulation precision in sap flow density in the dominant, intermediate and suppressed trees, respectively. Considering time lag effect of EDI or inserting soil hydrothermal index and precipitation index cannot promote the precision of sap flow model. [Conclusions] The sap flow of Larix gmelinii has a strong response to multiple environment factors, and these relationships have differences among different tree differentiation classes. By using the sigmoid function model and multiple environment factors, the sap flow of Larix gmelinii with various differentiation classes could be estimated effectively.
2016, 29(5): 735-742.
Abstract:
[Objective] Taking the Dicranopreris dichotoma populations after ecological restoration of eroded red-soil as the object, a comparative study was made on the D. dichotoma and soil N, P contents and the ratios in different recovery period, aiming at understanding the change of ecological restoration on D. dichotoma stoichiometric characteristics.[Method] The D. dichotoma individuals in different restoration period from 0 to 100 years in erode red-soil were collected in Changting, Fujian Province. The N content, P content and N:P ratio in leaves and soil were measured and analyzed by correlation analysis. [Result] The results showed that the N and P contents in belowground fresh organs of D. dichotoma in restoration area were significantly higher than that in contrast area (Leaf N 8.11 g·kg-1, P 0.297 g·kg-1; Petiole N 2.63 g·kg-1, P 0.103 g·kg-1), but still lower than that in secondary forest (Leaf N 12.41 g·kg-1, P 0.497 g·kg-1; petiole N 4.32 g·kg-1, P 0.211 g·kg-1; dead leaf N 11.09 g·kg-1, P 0.356 g·kg-1; dead petiole N 3.83 g·kg-1, P 0.163 g·kg-1;rhizome N 5.330 g·kg-1, P 0.348 g·kg-1). Compared with the contrast area, the N:P ratio of dead organs showed a trend of decline. With the increasing of soil nutrient, the N, P contents in the aboveground and belowground organs increased simultaneously and also had a significant correlation with soil N:P ratio. In all community, the N:P ratio of D. dichotoma leaves were lower than 16. Homeostasis index (H) for N, P content in the organs of D. dichotoma was higher than Pinus massoniana. Compared with P. massoniana, the nutrient contents of D. dichotoma can better reflect the status of soil nutrients. The N, P contents in dead leaf and dead petiole were positively correlated with soil N and P, respectively. It was indicated that there was a better correlation between nutrients in dead organs and soil nutrients. [Conclusion] With the increasing of soil nutrient, the N, P contents of aboveground and belowground organ increased simultaneously and also had a significant correlation with soil N:P ratio. The D. dichotoma on eroded red-soil was more strongly limited by P concentrations than N concentration. The dead plant organs may be a better indicator of soil nutrients than fresh plant organs.
[Objective] Taking the Dicranopreris dichotoma populations after ecological restoration of eroded red-soil as the object, a comparative study was made on the D. dichotoma and soil N, P contents and the ratios in different recovery period, aiming at understanding the change of ecological restoration on D. dichotoma stoichiometric characteristics.[Method] The D. dichotoma individuals in different restoration period from 0 to 100 years in erode red-soil were collected in Changting, Fujian Province. The N content, P content and N:P ratio in leaves and soil were measured and analyzed by correlation analysis. [Result] The results showed that the N and P contents in belowground fresh organs of D. dichotoma in restoration area were significantly higher than that in contrast area (Leaf N 8.11 g·kg-1, P 0.297 g·kg-1; Petiole N 2.63 g·kg-1, P 0.103 g·kg-1), but still lower than that in secondary forest (Leaf N 12.41 g·kg-1, P 0.497 g·kg-1; petiole N 4.32 g·kg-1, P 0.211 g·kg-1; dead leaf N 11.09 g·kg-1, P 0.356 g·kg-1; dead petiole N 3.83 g·kg-1, P 0.163 g·kg-1;rhizome N 5.330 g·kg-1, P 0.348 g·kg-1). Compared with the contrast area, the N:P ratio of dead organs showed a trend of decline. With the increasing of soil nutrient, the N, P contents in the aboveground and belowground organs increased simultaneously and also had a significant correlation with soil N:P ratio. In all community, the N:P ratio of D. dichotoma leaves were lower than 16. Homeostasis index (H) for N, P content in the organs of D. dichotoma was higher than Pinus massoniana. Compared with P. massoniana, the nutrient contents of D. dichotoma can better reflect the status of soil nutrients. The N, P contents in dead leaf and dead petiole were positively correlated with soil N and P, respectively. It was indicated that there was a better correlation between nutrients in dead organs and soil nutrients. [Conclusion] With the increasing of soil nutrient, the N, P contents of aboveground and belowground organ increased simultaneously and also had a significant correlation with soil N:P ratio. The D. dichotoma on eroded red-soil was more strongly limited by P concentrations than N concentration. The dead plant organs may be a better indicator of soil nutrients than fresh plant organs.
2016, 29(5): 743-751.
Abstract:
[Objective] Exploring the fatty acids contents regulation mechanism is needed. [Method] Two Δ-12 fatty acid desaturase gene sequences were got from Camellia oleifera developing seeds by transcriptome sequencing method, which named Cofad6 and Cofad2-2. The traits of the two genes and encoding proteins were compared, and the correlation of gene expression level and fatty acids contents were analyzed. [Result] Cofad6 has an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 347 bp and encodes a 448 amino acid (AA) protein; Cofad2-2 has an 1 152 bp ORF and encodes 383 AA protein. According to the alignment results, the CoFAD6 has the 65.7%83.68% amino acid sequence similarity with the FAD6 from other species, CoFAD2-2 amino acid sequence exhibits the highest similarity with C. chekiangoleosa (99.22%), and has the 78.59%~81.72% amino acid sequence similarity with FAD2 from other species. CoFAD6 and CoFAD2-2 have a fatty acid desaturase domain both, which means they belong to acyl-CoA desaturase family. CoFAD6 and CoFAD2-2 are transmembrane proteins and the CoFAD2-2 has a microbody C-terminal targeting signal motif. Real-time PCR analysis shows that Cofad6 and Cofad2-2 are both expressed in the developing seed of C. oleifera ‘Changlin No.4’. The expression level of Cofad2-2 is on the decline with the developing of seed, the variation trend is similar with that of linoleic acid content and opposite with that of oleic acid content. [Conclusion] It is indicated that Cofad2-2 gene might be one of the key genes to regulate oil quality in C. oleifera seed. This research provides scientific basis for oil quality improvement and molecular breeding in C. oleifera.
[Objective] Exploring the fatty acids contents regulation mechanism is needed. [Method] Two Δ-12 fatty acid desaturase gene sequences were got from Camellia oleifera developing seeds by transcriptome sequencing method, which named Cofad6 and Cofad2-2. The traits of the two genes and encoding proteins were compared, and the correlation of gene expression level and fatty acids contents were analyzed. [Result] Cofad6 has an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 347 bp and encodes a 448 amino acid (AA) protein; Cofad2-2 has an 1 152 bp ORF and encodes 383 AA protein. According to the alignment results, the CoFAD6 has the 65.7%83.68% amino acid sequence similarity with the FAD6 from other species, CoFAD2-2 amino acid sequence exhibits the highest similarity with C. chekiangoleosa (99.22%), and has the 78.59%~81.72% amino acid sequence similarity with FAD2 from other species. CoFAD6 and CoFAD2-2 have a fatty acid desaturase domain both, which means they belong to acyl-CoA desaturase family. CoFAD6 and CoFAD2-2 are transmembrane proteins and the CoFAD2-2 has a microbody C-terminal targeting signal motif. Real-time PCR analysis shows that Cofad6 and Cofad2-2 are both expressed in the developing seed of C. oleifera ‘Changlin No.4’. The expression level of Cofad2-2 is on the decline with the developing of seed, the variation trend is similar with that of linoleic acid content and opposite with that of oleic acid content. [Conclusion] It is indicated that Cofad2-2 gene might be one of the key genes to regulate oil quality in C. oleifera seed. This research provides scientific basis for oil quality improvement and molecular breeding in C. oleifera.
2016, 29(5): 752-758.
Abstract:
[Objective] Based on the precipitation data of 2014 toanalyze quantitatively the law of redistribution of precipitationin mountainous area of North China. [Method] The method of field positioning was used to analyze the rainfall redistribution of Platycladusorientalis plantation with different structure (canopy, under branch height)characteristics. [Result] (1)At the height of 1/2 under branch height, the through rainfalls of stands with canopy density of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 respectively were 181.1, 168.1, and 147.1 mm, the rates of through rainfall were 78.8%, 73.1%, and 64.0%; The total stemflowswere 6.0, 5.9 and 3.9 mm respectively, the rates of stemflowwere 4.2%, 2.6% and 1.7%. The total canopy interceptionswere respectively 39.5, 56.1 and 79.1 mm. The rates of canopy interception were 17.1%, 24.4% and 34.4%. (2) At the height of 1/3 under branch height, the through rainfall of stands with canopy density of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 canopy were 175.6 mm, 154.8 mm, and 136.0 mm, the rates of through rainfall were 76.4%, 67.3%, and 59.2%. The total stemflowswere respectively 8.3, 4.9 and 3.3 mm, the rates of stemflowwere 3.6%, 2.1% and 1.4%. The total canopy interceptionswere respectively 46.2, 70.4 and 90.6 mm. The rates of canopy interception were 20.1%, 30.6% and 39.4%. [Conclusion] (1) At the same under branch height, the difference in through rainfall of P. orientalisplantation with different canopy coverage was not significant. The stemflow between the stands with canopy density of 0.4 and 0.8 showed significant difference, while the difference between the canopy density of 0.4 and 0.6 and between the canopy density of 0.6 and 0.8 were not significant.(2) At the stand with the density of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, the canopy interception of the stand with crown thickness accounts for 2/3 the tree height were 1.17, 1.25 and 1.14 times that of the stand with crown thickness accounts for 1/2 the tree height. (3) Significant differences in crown interception were found among different canopy density. (4) At the same rainfall intensity, the more the rainfall, the smaller the canopy interception; the longer the interval of rainfall time, the drier the canopy drier and the stronger the interception ability; The lower the branch height, the larger the canopy interception amount and with the increase of the canopy density, the canopy interception increased.
[Objective] Based on the precipitation data of 2014 toanalyze quantitatively the law of redistribution of precipitationin mountainous area of North China. [Method] The method of field positioning was used to analyze the rainfall redistribution of Platycladusorientalis plantation with different structure (canopy, under branch height)characteristics. [Result] (1)At the height of 1/2 under branch height, the through rainfalls of stands with canopy density of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 respectively were 181.1, 168.1, and 147.1 mm, the rates of through rainfall were 78.8%, 73.1%, and 64.0%; The total stemflowswere 6.0, 5.9 and 3.9 mm respectively, the rates of stemflowwere 4.2%, 2.6% and 1.7%. The total canopy interceptionswere respectively 39.5, 56.1 and 79.1 mm. The rates of canopy interception were 17.1%, 24.4% and 34.4%. (2) At the height of 1/3 under branch height, the through rainfall of stands with canopy density of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 canopy were 175.6 mm, 154.8 mm, and 136.0 mm, the rates of through rainfall were 76.4%, 67.3%, and 59.2%. The total stemflowswere respectively 8.3, 4.9 and 3.3 mm, the rates of stemflowwere 3.6%, 2.1% and 1.4%. The total canopy interceptionswere respectively 46.2, 70.4 and 90.6 mm. The rates of canopy interception were 20.1%, 30.6% and 39.4%. [Conclusion] (1) At the same under branch height, the difference in through rainfall of P. orientalisplantation with different canopy coverage was not significant. The stemflow between the stands with canopy density of 0.4 and 0.8 showed significant difference, while the difference between the canopy density of 0.4 and 0.6 and between the canopy density of 0.6 and 0.8 were not significant.(2) At the stand with the density of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, the canopy interception of the stand with crown thickness accounts for 2/3 the tree height were 1.17, 1.25 and 1.14 times that of the stand with crown thickness accounts for 1/2 the tree height. (3) Significant differences in crown interception were found among different canopy density. (4) At the same rainfall intensity, the more the rainfall, the smaller the canopy interception; the longer the interval of rainfall time, the drier the canopy drier and the stronger the interception ability; The lower the branch height, the larger the canopy interception amount and with the increase of the canopy density, the canopy interception increased.
2016, 29(5): 759-763.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study the responses of Cethosia biblis to color and odor in its foraging behavior. [Method] The attractive effect of C. biblis by different colors and volatile compounds were investigated respectively.[Result] It was found that both visual and olfactory signals had effects on the foraging behavior of C. biblis. Among five colors, C. biblis showed a clear preference to white (the proportion was 56.67%), followed by yellow (20.00%) and pink (15.00%). In light trapping test, the attractiveness of different color light at night was better than those in daytime generally; and the pink light attracted the largest number of butterfly (42.22%). Olfactory signals were significantly attractive to the adults of C. biblis. The models scented with 1% methyl salicylate (35.17%) and synthetic blends (1% α-pinene+1% methyl salicylate+1% 1-octanal) (32.42%) attracted significantly more adults than the odorless ones. [Conclusion] It is concluded that, both olfactory and visual cues play important roles in food searching behavior of C. biblis, while the adults depend primarily on olfactory signal to choose appropriate food. The butterflies obviously prefer to white flower, which possibly related to strong reflection of the white flower.
[Objective] To study the responses of Cethosia biblis to color and odor in its foraging behavior. [Method] The attractive effect of C. biblis by different colors and volatile compounds were investigated respectively.[Result] It was found that both visual and olfactory signals had effects on the foraging behavior of C. biblis. Among five colors, C. biblis showed a clear preference to white (the proportion was 56.67%), followed by yellow (20.00%) and pink (15.00%). In light trapping test, the attractiveness of different color light at night was better than those in daytime generally; and the pink light attracted the largest number of butterfly (42.22%). Olfactory signals were significantly attractive to the adults of C. biblis. The models scented with 1% methyl salicylate (35.17%) and synthetic blends (1% α-pinene+1% methyl salicylate+1% 1-octanal) (32.42%) attracted significantly more adults than the odorless ones. [Conclusion] It is concluded that, both olfactory and visual cues play important roles in food searching behavior of C. biblis, while the adults depend primarily on olfactory signal to choose appropriate food. The butterflies obviously prefer to white flower, which possibly related to strong reflection of the white flower.
2016, 29(5): 764-769.
Abstract:
[Objective] A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of fertilizer dosage on the biomass, photosynthetic characteristics as well as the fast chlorophyll fluorescence on walnut in mountainous region in order to select suitable fertilizer dosage and provide theoretical basis for high yield and good quality of walnut in Northwest mountainous region.[Method] Using ten-year-old walnut variety "Lu Guang" as materials, random sampling group design method was used in field experiments. The photosynthetic characteristics of walnut were analyzed by measuring the growth amount, photosynthetic diurnal variation, response curve and fast chlorophyll fluorescence. [Result] The daily variation of net photosynthetic rate of walnut in mountainous region presented a bimodal curve, within a certain range, the biomass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic parameters increased with increasing fertilizer dosage. But high fertilizer dosage treatment lead to the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate decreased and lower than that of CK, especially under high photosynthetic active radiation. The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax2) of the walnut leaves under saturated intercellular CO2 concentration was higher than that under saturated irradiance, indicating that the photosynthetic efficiency was limited to the great extent by CO2 supply. The chlorophyll fluorescence OJIP curve of walnut was deformation to OKJIP curve under high temperature and strong light at noon. The K and J points of the fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction dynamics curve under high fertilizer dosage treatments were higher than other treatments, indicating that high temperature damaged the leaf oxygen evolving complex (OEC) and PSⅡ reaction centers.[Conclusion] Appropriate fertilizer dosage can improve photosynthetic capacity and alleviate the stress come from high temperature and strong light on walnut, while excessive fertilizer dosage is unfavorable to raise photosynthetic rate of walnut. It is suggested that the fertilization dosage should be kept at 612.8 g urea, 187.5 g P2O5, and 230.77g K2O per plant in the condition similar to the experiment site.
[Objective] A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of fertilizer dosage on the biomass, photosynthetic characteristics as well as the fast chlorophyll fluorescence on walnut in mountainous region in order to select suitable fertilizer dosage and provide theoretical basis for high yield and good quality of walnut in Northwest mountainous region.[Method] Using ten-year-old walnut variety "Lu Guang" as materials, random sampling group design method was used in field experiments. The photosynthetic characteristics of walnut were analyzed by measuring the growth amount, photosynthetic diurnal variation, response curve and fast chlorophyll fluorescence. [Result] The daily variation of net photosynthetic rate of walnut in mountainous region presented a bimodal curve, within a certain range, the biomass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic parameters increased with increasing fertilizer dosage. But high fertilizer dosage treatment lead to the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate decreased and lower than that of CK, especially under high photosynthetic active radiation. The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax2) of the walnut leaves under saturated intercellular CO2 concentration was higher than that under saturated irradiance, indicating that the photosynthetic efficiency was limited to the great extent by CO2 supply. The chlorophyll fluorescence OJIP curve of walnut was deformation to OKJIP curve under high temperature and strong light at noon. The K and J points of the fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction dynamics curve under high fertilizer dosage treatments were higher than other treatments, indicating that high temperature damaged the leaf oxygen evolving complex (OEC) and PSⅡ reaction centers.[Conclusion] Appropriate fertilizer dosage can improve photosynthetic capacity and alleviate the stress come from high temperature and strong light on walnut, while excessive fertilizer dosage is unfavorable to raise photosynthetic rate of walnut. It is suggested that the fertilization dosage should be kept at 612.8 g urea, 187.5 g P2O5, and 230.77g K2O per plant in the condition similar to the experiment site.
2016, 29(5): 770-777.
Abstract:
[Objective] Probing into the mechanism of different avoiding light patterns on the bitterness and astringency, tannin content, distribution and morphology of Dendrocalamus latiflorus.[Method] The distribution and morphology of tannin cells as well as the concentration of tannin in bamboo shoot of D. latiflorus were investigated on the three treatments of Mulching with soil (EP), Double-layer light-proof bagging (CLPB), and Natural growth (CK) by means of sensory evaluation, optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and phosphotungstic acid-sodium tungstate colorimetry. [Result] (1)The results of three treatments showed the bitterness and astringency were increasingly enhanced from base to top of bamboo shoot and the bitterness and astringency of three treatments was:CK > CLPB > EP. (2)The cells with tannins(CWT)of D. latiflorus could be dyed black by 2% FeCl2 solution method which made a clear distinguishing between CWT and non-tannin cells and proved to be effective. (3) Most of the tannin was distributed inside the parenchyma cells, a little was found in fiber cells, but none was detected in the sieve tube and the vessel cell of vascular bundles. (4) Most of the tannin was located inside the cytoplasm and a little distributed in vacuole, the morphology of tannin were flocculent, granular and plate-like under the electron microscope. (5) The tannin content range of the bamboo shoot under different treatment are as follows:CK:1.15~2.67 mg·g-1, CLPB:1.03~1.43 mg·g-1, and EP:0.36~1.13 mg·g-1, and the order of CWT distribution density of three treatments was:CK > CLPB > EP, both the order of tannin content and CWT of three treatments in different parts were:top > middle > bottom. [Conclusion] The bitterness and astringency intensity and tannin content of bamboo shoots had a positive relationship with light, and was much higher in natural light condition than in light-proof one; while the CWT distribution and morphology of bamboo shoots had no relationship with light, the tannin cell morphology was just closely related to the position of bamboo shoot. Such light-proof measures as EP and CLPB significantly reduced the tannin content of bamboo shoot, improved its edible taste quality, therefore it can provide scientific theoretical basis for the cultivation of low bitter and astringent taste of D. latiflorus.
[Objective] Probing into the mechanism of different avoiding light patterns on the bitterness and astringency, tannin content, distribution and morphology of Dendrocalamus latiflorus.[Method] The distribution and morphology of tannin cells as well as the concentration of tannin in bamboo shoot of D. latiflorus were investigated on the three treatments of Mulching with soil (EP), Double-layer light-proof bagging (CLPB), and Natural growth (CK) by means of sensory evaluation, optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and phosphotungstic acid-sodium tungstate colorimetry. [Result] (1)The results of three treatments showed the bitterness and astringency were increasingly enhanced from base to top of bamboo shoot and the bitterness and astringency of three treatments was:CK > CLPB > EP. (2)The cells with tannins(CWT)of D. latiflorus could be dyed black by 2% FeCl2 solution method which made a clear distinguishing between CWT and non-tannin cells and proved to be effective. (3) Most of the tannin was distributed inside the parenchyma cells, a little was found in fiber cells, but none was detected in the sieve tube and the vessel cell of vascular bundles. (4) Most of the tannin was located inside the cytoplasm and a little distributed in vacuole, the morphology of tannin were flocculent, granular and plate-like under the electron microscope. (5) The tannin content range of the bamboo shoot under different treatment are as follows:CK:1.15~2.67 mg·g-1, CLPB:1.03~1.43 mg·g-1, and EP:0.36~1.13 mg·g-1, and the order of CWT distribution density of three treatments was:CK > CLPB > EP, both the order of tannin content and CWT of three treatments in different parts were:top > middle > bottom. [Conclusion] The bitterness and astringency intensity and tannin content of bamboo shoots had a positive relationship with light, and was much higher in natural light condition than in light-proof one; while the CWT distribution and morphology of bamboo shoots had no relationship with light, the tannin cell morphology was just closely related to the position of bamboo shoot. Such light-proof measures as EP and CLPB significantly reduced the tannin content of bamboo shoot, improved its edible taste quality, therefore it can provide scientific theoretical basis for the cultivation of low bitter and astringent taste of D. latiflorus.
2016, 29(5): 778-783.
Abstract:
[Objective] The study aims at investigating the heat shock protein (hsp) genes and analyze the sequence characterization of Ericerus pela during the peak period of wax-secreting. [Method] The sequences of hsp10, hsp20, hsp40, hsp60, hsp70, and hsp90 were obtained from the transcriptome database of E. pela. The sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis were performed. And the mRNA expression patterns of hsp40, hsp60, and hsp90 under different temperature treatments were carried out by using the quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). [Result] A total of 32 HSPs, which were highly similar with the HSP reported in other species, were identified. Most of them had the conserved regions and characteristic sequences, and they were clustered together with the sequences of the same order insect in the phylogenetic trees. The qRT-PCR results showed that, hsp40, hsp60, and hsp90 can be induced by temperature-stress. [Conclusion] In this study, 32 unigenes of HSP of E. pela were identified, including 3 hsp10 unigenes, 1 hsp20 unigenes, 11 hsp40 unigenes, 1 hsp60 unigenes, 13 hsp70 unigenes, and 3 hsp90 unigenes.
[Objective] The study aims at investigating the heat shock protein (hsp) genes and analyze the sequence characterization of Ericerus pela during the peak period of wax-secreting. [Method] The sequences of hsp10, hsp20, hsp40, hsp60, hsp70, and hsp90 were obtained from the transcriptome database of E. pela. The sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis were performed. And the mRNA expression patterns of hsp40, hsp60, and hsp90 under different temperature treatments were carried out by using the quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). [Result] A total of 32 HSPs, which were highly similar with the HSP reported in other species, were identified. Most of them had the conserved regions and characteristic sequences, and they were clustered together with the sequences of the same order insect in the phylogenetic trees. The qRT-PCR results showed that, hsp40, hsp60, and hsp90 can be induced by temperature-stress. [Conclusion] In this study, 32 unigenes of HSP of E. pela were identified, including 3 hsp10 unigenes, 1 hsp20 unigenes, 11 hsp40 unigenes, 1 hsp60 unigenes, 13 hsp70 unigenes, and 3 hsp90 unigenes.
2016, 29(5): 784-792.
Abstract:
[Objective] Melia azedarach is a multi-purpose fast growing timber tree species widely distributed in China. It is important to study the geographic variation pattern for seedlots and adaptive regions selection. [Method] 12 key traits of stone and seeds of 70 M. azedarach provenances collected from 17 provinces were used to analyze the geographic variation patterns by trend surface method.[Result] The results reveal that the traits variation of stones and seeds from different provenance are controlled by both longitude and latitude, but mainly the latitude variation. The performance within the distribution area in China totally follows a continuity of cline pattern. Among the traits observed, the width of stone and seeds shows a southwest-northeast gradient variation while hundred grain weight of stone and seeds mainly presents a northwest-southeast gradient variation. And peel 2 of stone shows a trend of south-north gradient variation. A positive linear relationship or a reverse parabolic curve relationship was found between traits and seedlots elevation, the width and weight of seeds and stones increased by the seedlot elevations. Based on the stone and seed traits, the cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the provenances can be divided into four groups.[Conclusion] Morphological differences of Melia Azedarach provenance shows that along with the change of the geographical factors, a variety of provenance forms their own ecological traits. Under similar geographical environment, the provenance traits performs similar trend. Increasing the molecular genetic evidence and long-term multi-location provenance trial could validate the reliability of the provenance regionalization.
[Objective] Melia azedarach is a multi-purpose fast growing timber tree species widely distributed in China. It is important to study the geographic variation pattern for seedlots and adaptive regions selection. [Method] 12 key traits of stone and seeds of 70 M. azedarach provenances collected from 17 provinces were used to analyze the geographic variation patterns by trend surface method.[Result] The results reveal that the traits variation of stones and seeds from different provenance are controlled by both longitude and latitude, but mainly the latitude variation. The performance within the distribution area in China totally follows a continuity of cline pattern. Among the traits observed, the width of stone and seeds shows a southwest-northeast gradient variation while hundred grain weight of stone and seeds mainly presents a northwest-southeast gradient variation. And peel 2 of stone shows a trend of south-north gradient variation. A positive linear relationship or a reverse parabolic curve relationship was found between traits and seedlots elevation, the width and weight of seeds and stones increased by the seedlot elevations. Based on the stone and seed traits, the cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the provenances can be divided into four groups.[Conclusion] Morphological differences of Melia Azedarach provenance shows that along with the change of the geographical factors, a variety of provenance forms their own ecological traits. Under similar geographical environment, the provenance traits performs similar trend. Increasing the molecular genetic evidence and long-term multi-location provenance trial could validate the reliability of the provenance regionalization.
2016, 29(5): 793-796.
Abstract:
[Objective] The morphology and biology of Pristiphora conjugata (Dahlbom) were studied to lay a basis for controlling this pest. [Method] The morphology, life history and effects of temperature on adult life-span of Pristiphora conjugata were studied in both laboratory and field. [Result] The results showed that P. conjugata has 6 generations per year in Wuqing district of Tianjin and it took 2038 days to complete one generation. The pupae of P. conjugata overwinter in top soil or at the base of trees. The newly-hatched larvae of the first generation were observed on April 25th and the generations overlapped from May to September. The mature larvae pupate inside a cocoon in the soil in late September. The larvae have enormous appetite and gregarious. The temperature has significant effect on adult life-span of P. conjugata:the high temperature (30℃, 25℃) was unfavorable to its survival, and adults have the longest life-span under 20℃ condition. [Conclusion] P. conjugata has 6 generations per year in Tianjin and the temperature has significant effect on adult life-span.
[Objective] The morphology and biology of Pristiphora conjugata (Dahlbom) were studied to lay a basis for controlling this pest. [Method] The morphology, life history and effects of temperature on adult life-span of Pristiphora conjugata were studied in both laboratory and field. [Result] The results showed that P. conjugata has 6 generations per year in Wuqing district of Tianjin and it took 2038 days to complete one generation. The pupae of P. conjugata overwinter in top soil or at the base of trees. The newly-hatched larvae of the first generation were observed on April 25th and the generations overlapped from May to September. The mature larvae pupate inside a cocoon in the soil in late September. The larvae have enormous appetite and gregarious. The temperature has significant effect on adult life-span of P. conjugata:the high temperature (30℃, 25℃) was unfavorable to its survival, and adults have the longest life-span under 20℃ condition. [Conclusion] P. conjugata has 6 generations per year in Tianjin and the temperature has significant effect on adult life-span.
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