2017 Vol. 30, No. 1
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2017, 30(1): 1-9.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.001
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Abstract:
Objective To explore the putative function ofROPs in forest trees. Method A genome-wide analysis of ROPs was performed, including the phylogeny, gene structure, conserved motifs, ROP amino sequences similarity between Populus and Arabidopsis ROP proteins and the expression patterns using Populus as a model. Result The results showed that there were 13 members of PtROP genes in Populus and the PtROP genes were conserved during evolution of species, all of them containing GTP binding and hydrolysis-related domains. Furthermore, the expression profiles revealed that Populus PtROP had distinct expression pattern across different tissues and different stress conditions, suggesting that PtROP genes were involved in different biological processes. In addition, the analysis on PtROP gene functional network was conducted. It is predicted that Populus PtROP genes were mainly involved in signal transduction. Conclude In this study, systematically bioinformatics analysis on PtROP were conducted which laid the foundation for the further exploration of poplar PtROP functions.
2017, 30(1): 10-17.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.002
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Objective To optimize the different components of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP)and to establish suitable SRAP-PCR system forToona ciliata Roem., and to select high-stability polymorphic band SRAP primer combinations. Method The experiment basis for genetic diversity of T. ciliate was established. Five factors each with eight concentration levels were screened to the suitable concentration range in the PCR reaction system using single factor experiment. After that, four levels were selected in each range of the five factors. The orthogonal experiment of L16 (45)was carried out for optimization. Combining with orthogonal design-direct analysis and SSR to optimize these factors and the optimized system was determined. Result The optimal SRAP-PCR system was established, containing 25 ng template DNA, 0.3 mmol·L-1 each dNTP, 0.3 μmol·L-1 each primer, 2.5 mmol·L-1 each Mg2+ and 1 U Taq DNA polymerase in a total volume of 25 μL. 30 primer combinations were selected from 1 505 s using the stability of the PCR system. Conclusion Through repeated validations using DNA of different T. ciliata provenances, the clear polymorphic bands were obtained. The result showed that the optimal SRAP-PCR system can be used for the follow-up experiments on T. ciliata genetic diversity research in virtue of its stable, reliable, and good applicability.
2017, 30(1): 18-24.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.003
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Objective The purpose of this study is to determine the contribution of fine root ofPinus massoniana L. on soil nutrient pool. Method Decomposition experiment, using the buried bag method, was conducted to examine < 0.5 mm, 0.5~1 mm and 1~2 mm fine root decomposition dynamics and nutrient release (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in Pinus massoniana at Jiulingtou Forest Farm of Zigui county, Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. Result The results showed that: (1) the decomposition rate decreased with root diameter increasing of Pinus massoniana, and after 368 days, the remaining percentage of < 0.5 mm, 0.5~1 mm and 1~2 mm fine root were 66.0%, 72.0% and 74.33% respectively. (2) The soil temperature had significant positive effect on decomposition rate, and soil moisture had positive effect on decomposition rate. (3) The transfer model for C, K and Mg of fine root was releasing, while enriching for Ca. (4) The transfer models for N and P of < 0.5 mm, 0.5~1 mm and 1~2 mm fine root were different, the transfer models for N and P of < 0.5 mm fine root were releasing, but N and P of 0.5~2 mm fine root appeared enriching stage during the decomposition process. Conclusion Fine root decomposition rate of Pinus massoniana and soil temperature significantly positivel correlated, andy decomposition rate and diameter significantly negatively correlated; In decomposition process, different nutrient elements of different root diameter performance status were different, or enrichment, or release.
2017, 30(1): 25-33.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.004
Abstract:
Objective Taking Tianshui of Gansu province as a case study, the spatial distribution law, time changing trends and influence factors of forest resource had been researched in the transition region of typical Loess Plateau and Xiaolongshan-western Qinling Mountains in the past 30 years. Method The main data sources are Landsat TM/OLI remote sensing images with 5 series in summer from 1988 to 2015, combined with auxiliary data and field survey data. Image spectral features and indices characteristics were selected as the input characteristic variables. The land cover types were classified based on the random forest classifier and the optimal parameter SVM classifier. Subsequently, the forest resources dynamic change monitoring was implemented by the post-classification comparison method. Result The results show that the classification performance based on two classifiers are good, and the random forest classifier is better than that of optimal parameter SVM classifier, especially in the classification accuracy, algorithm efficiency and stability. The change detection results show that over the past 30 years the overall change trend of forest area was first decreased and then increased. From 1990 to 1996, the forest land area decreased by 0.74%, and from 1996 to 2002, forest land area decreased by 2.74%. However, forest land area increased by 1.06% from 2002 to 2008, and more significantly, forest land area increased by 8.89% from 2008 to 2015. Conclusion The forest change detection method based on post-classification comparison of non-parametric classifiers classification result proposed in this paper is an effective approach for monitoring of forest resources dynamic change and information extraction in complex terrain landform transition region, which could provide valuable reference for quantitative analysis of vegetation change and comprehensive evaluation, reasonable spatial allocation and optimization adjustment of forest resources, forest management and assistant decision making and dynamic monitoring of forestry major project and ecological environment evaluation.
2017, 30(1): 34-40.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.005
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Objective In order to reveal the ecological role of ant community in southeastern Tibet, the ant communities of different sample-plot from Mount Galongla and Medog Valley were investigated. Method Sample-plot and hand picking method were used to investigated the ant communities of different sample-plot; EstmaeteS 9.1.0 program was used to process the data and to analyze the adequacy of sampling. The diversity analysis method was used to analyze the community characteristics, including composition of ant community, dominant species, diversity and evenness of community and community similarity. Result In total, 96 ant species belonging to 8 subfamilies and 45 genera of Formicidae were recognized. Analysis shows that composition of dominant and rare species are various in different vegetation types, but most species are rare ones. The dominant species have obvious tropical and subtropical characters in valley rainforest and evergreen broadleaf forest in lower altitude areas. The results show that the ant species richness in different sample plots ranges between 0~42, the diversity indexes range between 0~2.285 5, the evenness indexes range between 0.251 0~0.873 6, and the dominant indexes range between 0.147 0~1.000 0. The richness of ant species is the highest in tropical valley rainforest at the altitude of 1 200 m (42 species). The diversity of ant community is the highest in subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest at the altitude of 1 450 m (2.285 5), meanwhile the dominance is the lowest (0.147 0). However, the evenness of ant community is the highest in Pinus densata forest at the altitude of 2 960 m. And both the richness and diversity of ant community are the lowest in coniferous forest at high altitude zone, but the dominance is the highest. Few species lives on the north slope, and the most species dwells on south slope. Similarity analysis shows significant difference among ant communities from different altitude and vegetation types. Conclusion It is concluded that the habitats of Mount Galongla and Medog Valley are remarkable different and the amount, individual density, diversity and evenness indexes of ant species are decreasing with altitude raising, but two index peaks appear at lower and middle potions of the south slope, where are inhabited by the assembles of tropical and temperate species respectively, and shows a Multi-Domain Effect. The distribution and diversity of ant species are deeply influenced by vegetation, altitude and slop direction.
2017, 30(1): 41-45.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.006
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the cell proliferation effect of white wax and policosanol from white wax tween aqueous solution in human dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs). Method The cell seeding density was decided by Trypan blue test. Next day, change fresh medium which including treatment agent for HFDPCs. MTS assay was used to compare the proliferation effects of different concentrations of tween80, white wax and policosanol from white wax tween80 aqueous solutions on HFDPCs tween aqueous solutionafter 48 h. Result HFDPCs could grow wellwhenthe concentration of tween 80 was 1.56-6.25 μg·mL-1. In the concentration range, white wax (solubility in water was from 0.31-1.25 μg·mL-1) and policosanol from white wax (solubility in water was 3.125-12.5 μg·mL-1) tween aqueous solutions had the cell proliferation effect for HFDPCs. In which, the white wax aqueous solution including 6.25 μg·mL-1 tween80 and 1.25 μg·mL-1 white wax, and the policosanol aqueous solution which including 6.25 μg·mL-1 tween80 and 12.5 μg·mL-1 policosanol increased significantly the proliferation of HFDPCs comparing with finasteride. Conclusion The selected concentration of tween80 is below 6.25 μg·mL-1 in HFDPCs culture when tween80 is used as a solubilizing agent. In the optimistic concentration range of tween80, the white wax and policosanol from white wax could increase the proliferation of HFDPCs remarkably.
2017, 30(1): 46-52.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.007
Abstract:
Objective To understand the genetic diversity ofGleditsia sinensis. Method 215 G. sinensis samples were analyzed using AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) approach. Result The results showed that total of 1 782 loci of G. sinensis genome were examined for molecular variation in which 1 389 loci were polymorphism, accounting for 77.94%. The average Shannon's and Nei's index were 0.256 and 0.168, respectively. At the species level, the total genetic diversity (Ht) was 0.127, suggesting a lower genetic diversity in G. sinensis populations. The gene flow and average genetic distance were 0.059 and 1.483, respectively. It is suggested that there were some genetic differentiations among the ten populations. The UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the G. sinensis populations were divided four types. The variance within population was the main part of the genetic variation of the species according to the AMOVA and Gst analysis. Conclusion In combination with on-site investigation, it is conclude that the present status of genetic diversity and genetic structure of G. sinensis populations are strongly affected by wide distribution, fruit characteristics, chop, introduction and habitat fragmentation. Some suggestions on the gene conservation of G. sinensis are proposed.
2017, 30(1): 53-62.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.008
Abstract:
Objective To select the provenances adaptive to future's climate change. Method The different responses of tree ring width of fifty-two provenances to climate were studied by the method of dendroclimatology. Result It indicated that the response of the whole tree ring width, earlywood width and latewood width to mean annual temperature was obvious, the maximum correlation coefficients are -0.515, -0.590 and -0.451 respectively. The response of the whole tree ring width, earlywood width and latewood width to the maximum annual temperature was also obvious. The maximum correlation coefficients are -0.482, -0.624 and -0.499 respectively. Conclusion In recent years, there is an increasing trend of mean annual temperature of test plot, which will be unfavorable to tree growth to a certain extent. It will be an effective way to solve this problem to select appropriate provenance in the process of afforestation.
2017, 30(1): 63-68.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.009
Abstract:
Objective In order to explore the vulnerable root parts under the axial tension and radial bending force. Method The roots of 3~4 year-old Caragana korshinskii Kom., Salix psammophila C. Wang et Chang Y. Yang, Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. and Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. were used as the trial materials, the anti-tension force and anti-fracture force of lateral-root branches and adjacent upper straight roots of the four species were measured with TY 8000 in vigorous growing seasons. Result The results showed that both of the anti-tension force and the anti-fracture force were positively correlated with the diameter of roots and followed a power function, and both the anti-tension strength and the anti-fracture strength were negatively correlated with the root diameter and followed a power function. The anti-tension strength of lateral-roots was lower than the anti-tension strength of adjacent straight roots. The anti-fracture strength of lateral-roots was lower than the anti-fracture strength of adjacent straight roots. The anti-tension strength of lateral-roots and adjacent straight roots of the four species followed the sequence of C. korshinskii (23.70±3.97 and 28.02±4.40 MPa) > S. psammophila (14.86±1.28 and 20.33±1.76 MPa) > H. rhamnoides (10.60± 2.40 and 15.86± 3.90 MPa) > A. sphaerocephala (5.07±1.25 and 8.80±1.74 MPa). The anti-fracture strength of lateral-roots and adjacent straight roots of the four species followed the sequence of C. korshinskii (33.66±7.74 and 47.06±4.41 MPa) > S. psammophila (17.31±1.91 and 27.54±3.82 MPa) > H. rhamnoides (3.97±1.23 and 8.75±1.70 MPa) > A. sphaerocephala (2.18±0.39 and 6.15±1.01 MPa). Conclusion The lateral-root branches were easier to be damaged than adjacent upper straight roots. What the predictive values of FEM and DEM models are slightly higher than the measured value was caused by the following two fields besides other scholars' interpretation.(1) the lateral root branches were neglected, the lateral root branches were weak points in contributes to soil reinforcement.(2) The FEM and DEM models assumed all roots were members which were subjected to tension along the axial direction.When the root-soil composites were sheared, some roots were subjected to the axial tension and some roots were subjected to the radial tension, or the anti-fracture force was lower than the anti-tension strength, The FEM and DEM Models overestimated the soil preservation ability.
2017, 30(1): 69-74.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.0010
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Objective The transcriptomes ofHippophae rhamnoides subsp. mongolica cv'Xiangyang' were analyzed to design primers and develop EST-SSR (Expressed Sequence Tags-Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. Method The primers were designedand the SSR was developed based on the Expressed Sequence. 179 pairs of primers were validated randomly. Result 17 383 SSR-ESTs (SSR-containing EST) were identified. Of the total EST-SSRs, the mononucleotiderepeat was the most dominant type, accounting for 62.77%, followed by dinucleotiderepeats and trinucleotiderepeats, accounting for 21.82% and 13.77%, respectively. AT and AG were the most abundant dinucleotide motifs; AAG, ATC and ATA were repeated dominant motifs in trinucleotide. Based on these SSR-ESTs, 9 291 pairs of EST-SSR primers were designed; 179 pairs of primers were randomly selected and compounded for PCR amplification, among which 142 loci were amplified successfully. Amplificationproductions of 92 loci were genotyped using the DNA analyzer, of which 40 loci (43.48%) were identified as polymorphism. At last, 17 loci that amplified highly successfully and genotyped easily were recommend and analyzed for natural H. rhamnoides subsp. mongolica individuals, with observedheterozygosity (HO) ranged from 0.083 to 0.875 and expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.180 to 0.750. Conclusion These EST-SSR markers would be valuable for further research on genetic diversity analysis, linkage mapping construction and molecular breeding of the genus Hippophae.
2017, 30(1): 75-80.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.011
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Objective To develop the non-destructive evaluation technique of modulus of elasticity (MOE) for realizing the genetic selection and evaluation of forest tree with the traits of fast growing and high quality based on a large population of test materials. Method The evaluation systems of MOE of standing tree were established by non-destructive evaluation technique, Pilodyn and acoustic velocity (AV), and conventional testing methods based on the open pollinated family of 22-year-old slash pine (Pinus elliottii). Result The Pilodyn value (Pr) and the basic density (ρ) showed a significant negative correlation (P < 0.01). The measurement value of MOE (MOEB), determined by conventional methods, had a very significant linear correlation with the MOE value calculated by the formula MOE=ρV2. The regression model was MOEB=2.013 3+0.828 6 MOE (Coefficient of determination R2=0.854 1). A significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) was observed between MOE and MOEP, the relative value of MOE, (MOEP=PrV2) (V means the value of AV), and the linear regression model was MOE = 0.400 7+0.231 1 MOEP(coefficient of determination R2=0.734 0). The positive correlation between MOE and V was extremely significant (P < 0.001) and the linear regression model between MOE and V was MOE= -5.121 8+3.239 4 V (coefficient of determination R2=0.921 9). Conclusion The modulus of elasticity calculated by MOE=ρV2 can represent the determination values of MOE. The MOEP can be used directly as the MOE value for each sample tree to participate in genetic analysis. It is feasible to compare only the V when evaluating the relative value of MOE of the sample trees in the same population. Therefore, these linear models are also useful for other tree species.
2017, 30(1): 81-87.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.012
Abstract:
Objective The objective of this study is to verify the effectiveness of three edible mycorrhizal fungi species (Russula alutacea, Xerocomus chrysenteron, and Boletus edulis) as solid inocula and their effect on promoting the growth of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) seedlings, so as to provide some references for the study of "new non-timber forest cultivation model of Chinese chestnut- edible mycorrhizal fungi". Method The three species of mycorrhizal fungi were inoculated when sowing Chinese chestnut. The seedling height, basal diameter, root dry biomass, lateral root number, lateral root length, seedling infection rate, infection rate of absorption root were investigated and analyzed. Result The results show that: (1) The 3 mycorrhizal fungi species could infect the root of Chinese chestnut seedling under artificial inoculation condition, the average infection rates of the 3 mycorrhizal fungi species were 95.8%, 87.0% and 96.7% respectively, the average infection rates of absorption root were 57%, 53% and 50% respectively, showing that the infection rate reached a high level. The results of microscopic observation showed that the typical structure of the mycelial mantle and Hartig net were formed. (2) Compared with the control seedlings, the average heights of treated seedlings increased by 32.5%, 23.9% and 22.7% respectively, the average diameters increased by 19.4%, 14.1% and 5.0% respectively. significantly differences were observed between treated seedlings and control (P < 0.05). The average root dry biomass increased by 18.9%, 25.3% and 14.1% respectively, the average number of lateral roots increased by 16%, 14.1% and 12.1% respectively, the average length of lateral roots increased by 26.8%, 28.9% and 44.8% respectively, highly significantly differences were observed between treated seedlings and control (P < 0.01). Conclusion (1) The 3 mycorrhizal fungi species established a symbiotic relation with Chinese chestnut root, and formed a typical structure of mycorrhizae, i.e. the mycelial mantle and Hartig net. The results verified the effectiveness of the solid edible mycorrhizal inocula. It was proved that they can be used as inocula for the Chinese chestnut cultivation. It provided the references for the study of the "new non-timber forest cultivation model of Chinese chestnut-edible mycorrhizal fungi". (2) In the study, the main growth indexes of Chinese chestnut seedlings were promoted in various degrees, which showed that the edible mycorrhizal fungi had a significant effect on promoting the growth of Chinese chestnut seedlings.
2017, 30(1): 88-98.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.013
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Objective To detect the relationship between the leaf pigment contents and spectral reflectance and to recommend useful hyperspectral wavebands and hyperspectral indices for nondestructive and quick estimation of pigment content ofQuercus aliena var. acuteserrata. Method A field experiment was conducted in two plots over two years. The hyperspectral reflectance of 350~2 500 nm and different photosynthetic pigments content of leaves were systematically measured and analyzed. Result Spectral reflectance varied with different pigment contents. In green, yellow and red edge region of visible light region, the leaf spectral reflectance and Chl a, Chl b, Chl, and Car contents showed significant or highly significant negative correlation, the leaf spectral reflectance and Car/Chl showed highly significant positive correlation. In the near infrared and shortwave infrared region, the correlation between the spectral reflectance and the pigment was less than that in the visible light region. The established spectral indices sensitive to pigments, ND705, ND800, mND800 and mPRI could be used to accurately predict the Chl a, Chl b, Chl contents and Car/Chl of leaves. The results of independent data verification showed that the fitting relationship of predicted value and the measured value was excellent. Conclusion The research indicated that the leaf pigment contents and ratio of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata could be predicted effectively with ND705, ND800, mND800 and mPRI.
2017, 30(1): 99-110.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.014
Abstract:
Objective To find the optimal specific probe and develop the detection technique using oligonucleotide microarray on the platform of ArrayTube to detect and identify the phytoplasmas associated with plant disease in China. Method PCR amplification and microarray hybridization were used to detect 15 symptomatic plants probably infected with phytoplasma and asymptomatic plants as healthy controls collected from different regions in China. Result Phytoplasma 16S rDNA were detected in 13 of 15 symptomatic plants but not in all the healthy controls. Thirteen phytoplasmas were classified into 16Sr Ⅰ, 16Sr Ⅱ, 16Sr Ⅴ and 16Sr XIX groups. Among 17 tested probes, the universal probe designated Pp-502 could be used to detect all phytoplasmas associated with plant disease. The specific probe designated Pp Ⅰ-465 for 16Sr Ⅰ group could be used to detect four phytoplasma strains of 16Sr Ⅰ group associated with paulownia witches'-broom, chinaberry witches'-broom, mulberry dwarf and lettuce yellows. The probe Pp Ⅱ-629 for 16Sr Ⅱ could be used to detect three phytoplasma strains 16Sr Ⅱ group associated with peanut witches'-broom, sweet potato witches'-broom and cleome witches'-broom. Three phytoplasma strains of 16Sr Ⅴ associated with jujube witches'-broom, cherry lethal yellows andBischofia polycarpa witches broom and chestnut yellows crinkle phytoplasma of 16Sr XIX could also be detected by specific probes, but they showed obvious cross hybridization with other group probes. Compared with PCR amplification, the sensitivity of microarray to detect phytoplasma in plant increased by 1000-fold. Phytoplasmas of 16SrI and 16SrⅤ group respectively were detected in periwinkle with symptoms of phyllody and witches'-broom collected from Fujian province and Robinia hispida with symptom of witches'-broom collected from Henan province. While no phytoplasma was detected in peony with symptom of yellowing collected from Beijing and willow with symptom of witches' broom collected from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Conclusion The oligonucleotide microarray on the platform of ArrayTube could be used as a method to investigate phytoplasmas in China, and could provide a sound basis for the phytoplasma identification and classification.
2017, 30(1): 111-116.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.015
Abstract:
Objective To realize the quick access of the separable and representative training samples on large area remote sensing images. Method Based on the macroscopical character of remote sensing images, referring to the 1∶1 000 000 vegetation map and China land cover map (WESTDC), and combining the unsupervised classification results of experimental region from the 2001 MODIS time series NDVI images, the spatial features of vector and raster data were used and associated the unsupervised classification results as the random sample properties. Based on the unsupervised classification types and the random point ratio of different classification types, the sample purification was realized. By comparing the difference of the standard deviation and the separability index before and after the sample purification of different vegetable samples, the points which had relatively larger contribution to the supervised classification were saved. Result The results showed that the land cover spatial distribution in survey area was consistent with the WESTDC map, the overall accuracy of main types was 84.82%. By using the purred samples and applying the maximum likelihood classification method, the overall accuracy was 32.52% higher than that from initial samples. Conclusion The sampling method is suitable for quick access of remote sensing images of large area and could reduce the time, manpower and material costs.
2017, 30(1): 117-124.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.016
Abstract:
Objective To study the seasonal variation of soil enzyme activities and its response to environmental factors and to understand the effect of microbial factor in the regulation of soil carbon cycle in the context of climate change. Method The infrared radiation heater and the 96 micro-plate method were used to assay the activity of the hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes of the soil, and determine the role of environmental factors in addressing the seasonal variation in the activity of soil enzymes. Result During growing season, the warming treatment significantly increased the soil temperature by 1.91℃, leading to a 12.15% decrease of organic carbon content and significant increase of 40.30% and 61.29% of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN). During non-growing season, however, although the warming treatment increased the soil temperature by 2.24℃, no significant effect was found on MBC or MBN. The effects of warming treatment on specific enzyme varied in different seasons. During growing season, the activities of specific enzyme in warming treatment were lower than those in control except for NAG, while they were higher during non-growing season except for BG and LAP. Conclusion The environmental factors accounted for 82.5% of the total variations of soil enzyme activities, while the activities of specific enzyme were significantly affected by NH4-N and MBN. The other environmental factors (soil moisture, MBC, DOC, MBC/MBN and NO3-N) were the main reasons for the variations of specific enzyme activities in different treatments and seasons.
2017, 30(1): 125-130.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.017
Abstract:
Objective Tirumala limniace is a kind of important ornamental insects. To understand the structure and developmental state of internal reproductive organs can lay a theoretical basis for artificial reproduction and utilization of T. limniace. Method The internal reproductive system of female T. limniace with ages from one- to twelve-day old were dissected and observed, the characteristic parameters were measured, and the ovarian development was graded according to the developmental characteristics of ovary. Result (1) The internal reproductive organs of female T. limniace contain a couple of ovaries, a couple of lateral oviducts, a common oviduct, bursa copulatrix gland and spermatheca. (2) The development of internal reproductive organ was influenced significantly by age. The length of ovariole increased significantly with the age increasing and reached the maximum at the10th day, but the diameter of ovariole and lateral oviduct increased slowly with the increase of age. (3) With the increase of age, the amount of mature eggs in ovary increased at initial and then deduced, but the amount of immature eggs increased slowly all the time. (4) Based on the developmental characteristics, the ovarian development can be divided into 5 grades, i.e. milky and translucent stage, yolk deposition stage, egg maturation stage, peak stage of oviposition and final stage of oviposition. Conclusion The structure of internal reproductive system of female T. limniace is the same as other butterflies, the development of internal reproductive organs is influenced significantly by age, and the eggs mature gradually with the increase of age. Ovarian grading of T. limniace can theoretically guide the artificial control of egg laying amount.
2017, 30(1): 131-136.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.018
Abstract:
Objective To study the behavior characteristics of the adultDanaus chrysippus. Method The adult butterflies D. chrysippus were observed by tracking the flying, feeding, courtship, mating and ovipositing behavior in the field of the net-house. Result The eclosion mainly occurred at the 8:00—10:00. The adults were in the stop or rest status at the day of emergence. The daily average flying time and frequencies gradually increased from the second day of eclosion to the day of mating. The flying peak time of males were at 13:00—15:00, while two flying peak were observed in females at 9:00—11:00 and 15:00—17:00. There was no significant difference between male and female adults in the daily average flight number, times and the daily flight rule (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant positive correlation between the number of flights and the time of flight in both sex (p < 0.05). The feeding behavior began at the second day of eclosion. The daily average feeding time and frequencies also gradually increased. The daily feeding activity peak of male is 9:00—11:00, on the female flower visiting peak is 11:00—13:00 and 15:00—17:00. There was no significant difference between male and female adults in the daily average feeding number, times and the daily feeding rule (p > 0.05), and no significant positive correlation was found between the feeding frequency and feeding time in both sex (p > 0.05). The first mating behavior occurred at the fourth day after eclosion. The male and female can mate more than once in their whole lives. Mating occurred mainly at 14:00—16:00, while egg-laying occurred mainly at 11:00—13:00. Most of eggs were deposited in a dispersed manner on the back of host leaves. Conclusion The adult stage of D. chrysippus can be divided into four, i.e. motion organ mature stage, nutritional supplements and promote reproductive organ development stage, courtship and mating stage, and oviposition stage. In each stage, the behavior has a cross.
2017, 30(1): 137-144.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.019
Abstract:
Objective To study the habitat and population structure ofEleutharrhena macrocarpa, an endangered plant species in China. Method The stand parameters, community characteristics, habitat characteristics, population and regeneration of Eleutharrhena macrocarpa were investigated on five plots (20 m×20 m). On each plot, the species, height, and DBH (diameter at breast height) of all individuals with the height (or length) ≥1.3 m were recorded. Result The mean height, mean DBH, basal areas, and density of E. macrocarpa community were 11.98 m, 15.13 cm, 41.42 m2·hm-2, and 1 205 stem·hm-2, respectively. The species richness was 35.2 and the community types were tropical rainforest and monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest. The species richness and abundance showed a single peak curve with DBH and height increasing. The maximum values of species richness and abundance all appeared in the second DBH and height classes. In the same time, it was also found that the species and stems distributed in the fifth height classes and the sixth DBH classes. The E. macrocarpa mainly distributed at 1 107 m m a.s.l., abrupt slope, shady slope and the bottom part of slope. The canopy density was only 76% and some naked rocks and the neutral and rich nutrient soil existed in the habitat of E. macrocarpa. The position of E. macrocarpa habitat was very near to the river (only 31 m). Twenty-eight stems were found in five plots and distributed in nineteen subplots, only one stem existed in most of subplots. The mean length, mean basal diameter, mean DBH were 2.39 m, 0.74 cm, and 0.41 cm, respectively. Only three seedlings, about 10.71% of total E. macrocarpa stems, were found in all plots. Conclusion The community types are tropical rainforest and monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in the habitat of E. macrocarpa, which have the higher and bigger trees. Single peak curve is the mainly distribution type of species richness and abundance among different DBH and height classes. The environment is characterized by high temperature and high humidity. The soil nutrient is also high. Twenty-eight stems of E. macrocarpa distributed in nineteen subplots, one stem in one subplot is the mainly distribution type. The amount of E. macrocarpa seedling is low and regeneration is limited.
2017, 30(1): 145-153.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.020
Abstract:
Objective To study the water stored in bamboo stump on the physiological characteristics of different agedPhyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo) under drought environment so as to lay a theoretical basis for the management and water-saving irrigation measures in the context of climate change. Method 1-year-old, 2-year-old and 3-year-old moso bamboos were selected as the research object. Simulating drought environment by the method of covering film, 9 sample plots with same size in the moso bamboo forest (10 m×20 m) were set up. The plots were trenched and the rhizomes were cut to block moisture transport from the surrounding soil. 3 irrigation treatments were set, i.e. T1 (12 stump with water storage), T2 (18 stump with water storage) and the CK (0 stump with water storage). Each treatment was performed in triplicate to research the physiological responses of bamboo at three age levels with the different water amount stored in the stumps. Result The result showed that under simulated drought environment, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) of 1-year-old, 2-year-old and 3-year-old moso bamboo decreased significantly with the water amount stored in the stumps decreased. The max decline of Pn and Tr in 1-year-old, 2-year-old and 3-year-old moso bamboo reached 74.35% and 73.08%, 59.14% and 36.62%, 60.47% and 61.54%, respectively. The contents of Chlorophyll a (Chl a), Chlorophyll b (Chl b) and Carotenoid (Car) in moso bamboo leaves decreased significantly. The Chl a, Chl b and Car contents of 1-year-old and 3-year-old moso bamboo showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The Chl a content of 2-year-old moso bamboo showed significant difference, but there was no significant difference in the content of Chl b and Car (P < 0.05). And the Chl a/b in the three aged moso bamboo were not significantly different (P < 0.05). The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in moso bamboo leaves increased significantly (P < 0.05). There was a positive relationship between the photosynthesis, the photosynthetic pigment content of moso bamboo and the quantity of moso bamboo stumps, while the MDA content and SOD, CAT and POD activity were negatively related to the quantity of moso bamboo stumps. Conclusion This study showed that increased water storage in moso bamboo stumps could significantly improve the photosynthesis of moso bamboo, increase the accumulation of photosynthetic products and leaf photosynthetic pigment content and decrease MDA content and SOD, CAT and POD activity in a drought environment.
2017, 30(1): 154-159.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.021
Abstract:
Objective plots were set in Castanopsis fissa natural forest in Northern Fujian. The saplings of four dominant species were used to study the stoichiometric characteristics of C, N and P in different organs, so as to lay a theoretical basis for the regeneration and protection of C. fissa natural forest. Method The mass fractions of C, N and P in stem, root, branch and leaf of the sampling trees were determined with carbon-nitrogen analyzer and HNO3-HClO4 heating digestion method. Based on variance analysis of C, N and P contents in different organs, the stoichiometric characteristics of C, N and P were studied with the comparison of the changing stoichiometric ratio. Result The contents of C, N and P in leaf were higher than in other organs, whereas those in root and stem were lower for the saplings of dominant species of C. fissa natural forest in Northern Fujian. Moreover, the C: P ratio in different organs was higher than the C: N ratio and N: P ratio. The N: P ratio was the minimum and varied among different tree species. There were highly significant differences in the contents and the stoichiometric characteristics of C, N and P in different organs of the tree species. Conclusion Compared with N and P, the C content was higher in different organs of the dominant tree species in C. fissa natural forest in Northern Fujian. The C: N ratio and C: P ratio were higher than the average level while the N: P ratio was higher than 16, indicating that the nutrient utilization efficiency and growth rate of the saplings of dominant species in C. fissa natural forest were suboptimal. The growth and the regeneration of the saplings were influenced by the content of N and P and restricted by the missing of P.
2017, 30(1): 160-165.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.022
Abstract:
Objective tudy was designed to screen the fungicides for controlling pathogens of persimmon anthracnose by laboratory and field test. Method 4 representative persimmon anthracnose strains collected from Qingzhou of Shandong Province, Gongcheng of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Luanchuan of Henan Province and Fuping of Shanxi Province, were selected as the trial materials. By comparing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and the concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50) value of 22 kinds of fungicides belonging to 10 categories to decide the inhibition activity of each fungicide. 5 kinds of fungicide were finally selected to conduct field trials. Result The results show that: benzimidazole, demethylation inhibitor and benzene-pyrrole acted better, the MIC values were below 10 μg·mL-1, and the EC50 within the scope of 0.011 2-0.520 3 μg·mL-1. Field trials demonstrated that the inhibition efficacy of 30% difenoconazole WG (1500×), 240 g·L-1 thifluzamide SC (2000×), 240 g·L-1 pyraclostrobine SC (1000×), 25% prochloraz EC (2000×), 25 g·L-1 fludioxonil SC (1000×) were between 18.72%-47.76% when investigated 10 days after the fourth spraying. Conclusion The speed of onset and final control effect of fludioxonil and prochloraz were better than the other three kinds of fungicides.
2017, 30(1): 166-173.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.023
Abstract:
Objective dy the nut fruit shape, the composition, the nutrient contents and their variation of Carya cathayensis clone. Method 11 trait and nutrient indices of C. cathayensis nut fruit from trial forest were analyzed by the methods of variance analysis and multiple comparison based on the national standard of China. Result The results showed that there was a significant difference in nut length between the fresh fruits and the nuts, and no significant difference was found in the rest indices of C. cathayensis. The kernels of C. cathayensis were rich in fats (52.64%-58.51%), proteins (55.07-65.50 mg·g-1), soluble sugars (0.26%-0.68%) and mineral elements such as K, Ca, Na, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Fe. 17 kinds of amino acid were identified in the kernels of C. cathayensis. There were extremely significant differences in the contents of amino acids among the clones of C. cathayensis. Conclusion According to the characteristics of the nut nutrients of C. cathayensis, the directions of breeding and utilizing of C. cathayensis are suggested. Three clones are comprehensively selected as the clones of high yield and high quality; one clone is selected as the clone suitable for edible oil production; and two clones are selected as the clones with high contents of amino acids.
2017, 30(1): 174-180.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.024
Abstract:
Objective ect the optimal Ca2+ concentration for Pinus massoniana seedling growth and to provide evidence for plantation cultivation and rational application of calcium fertilization by studying the effects of Ca2+ concentration on growth and physiological characteristics of P. massoniana seedlings. Method A greenhouse sand culture experiment was carried out to study the growth and physiological characteristics of half-year-old seedlings of P. massoniana in different Ca2+ concentrations (0.0, 0.4, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mmol·L-1 and 4.0 mmol·L-1 (CK)). Result The results showed that both the height and stem increments of P. massoniana under 1.0-2.0 mmol·L-1 Ca2+ for five months were higher, and seedlings grew best in 2.0 mmol·L-1 Ca2+. The adaptable strong-to-weak sequence of P. massoniana seedlings was 2.0, 1.0, 0.4, 3.0, 0.0 mmol·L-1 and 4.0 mmol·L-1(CK) of Ca2+. At different growth periods, these indices of pine needles, including O2- generation rate, H2O2 content, protective enzyme activities (SOD, POD, CAT and APX), the contents of GSH, AsA and proline, decreased at first and then increased subsequently along with the increasing Ca2+ concentration, and all minimums occurred at 1.0 mmol·L-1 or 2.0 mmol·L-1 of Ca2+. Conclusion P. massoniana seedlings is suitable to grow in the soil with Ca2+ concentration of 1.0-2.0 mmol·L-1 according to the experiment results. Based on comprehensive analysis to soil available calcium of P. massoniana forestland, the growth and physiological characteristics of seedlings, it is necessary to applying rationally calcium fertilization so as to boost the productivity of P. massoniana.
2017, 30(1): 181-189.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.01.025
Abstract:
Objective lore the regulation mechanism of gibberellin GA4+7 on the growth of birch. Method The experiment was carried out by using two treatments from a tissue-cultured plantlet. The leaf surface was treated by foliar spraying GA4+7 solution with concentrations of 0.2 g·L-1 (T1) and 0.4 g·L-1 (T2) for two consecutive years, respectively. Then the differential gene and transcriptome sequencing of the corresponding top growth tissue were analyzed. Result It was found that the difference of height and ground diameter of the plantlet under different treatments reached significant or extremely significant level after two years. It is proved that the GA4+7 has a significant promoting effect on height growth. The height of birch seedlings under T2 treatment increased by 19.65% compared with the CK. The results of RNA-seq analysis of birch bud for treated by GA4+7 for continuous 2 years showed that the number of different gene was the most between the 0.4 g·L-1 of GA4+7 (T2) treatment and the CK, a total of 181 up-regulated expression genes and 55 down-regulated expression genes were observed. These genes presented significantly enrichment in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane, red light and far red light and blue light cell response. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that 8 genes in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and photosynthetic pathway were up-regulated, indicating that applying on 0.4 g·L-1 GA4+7 treatment, the up-regulated gene expression above promoted the electron transfer process, catalyzing ATP synthesis, thereby promoting birch photosynthetic enhancement, and improved seedling growth. Conclusion The application of exogenous gibberellin GA4+7 can upregulate the expression of related genes, which participates oxidative phosphorylation pathway and photosynthetic pathway, thus contributing to seedling height and diameter growth.
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