2017 Vol. 30, No. 2
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2017, 30(2): 189-193.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.001
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Abstract:
Objective To study the issues related to evolution and classification of the genus Thuja L. Method Using the methods of toot tip squash and staining, the karyological characteristics of five Thuja species were analyzed. Result The karyotype formulas of T. sutchuenensis and T. standishii are 2n=2x=22=18m(2SAT)+4sm, while the karyotype formula of T. koraiensis, T. plicata and T. occidentalis are 2n=2x=22=20m(2SAT)+2sm, all belonging to 1A type. Conclusion It seems that Thuja L. is in a progressive evolution status in the family Cupressaceae. The evolutional trend analysis suggest that T. sutchuenensis is the most advanced species, while T. koraiensis is perhaps the most primitive species in Thuja L.
2017, 30(2): 194-199.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.002
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Objective Based on the evidence theory principle, the research will realize a combination of multiple classifiers quickly and efficiently for large scale vegetation types classification according to the temporal and the extensive features of remote sensing images. Method The classification system imitated the frame of discernment concept and extracted training samples with quick sampling obtaining method for large area vegetation. Taking the feature images of vegetation types obtained by different single classifiers as evidence sources, the feature images were normalized to the basic probability assignment for expressing the credibility and the basic probability assignments were combined based on the combination rules of evidence theory. The combination results were classified by cumulative belief value principle. Result The single classifier's accuracy range was 60%~70% while the pairwise combinatorial classifier's accuracy range was 70%~80%, but the combination of three classifiers accuracy was 80.84%. Conclusion The results showed that multi-classification based on evidence theory can improve the classification precision. The higher the single classifier's accuracy and the more the related evidence sources, the higher the classification results' accuracy would be.
2017, 30(2): 200-205.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.003
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the community biomass and understory plant species diversity in four different restoration models in karst region of Southwest Guangxi in order to accumulate information for biodiversity conservation and the restoration of ecological function in the region. Method Four different restoration models were selected as the research object, and the understory plant species diversity were studied by samples, the ground and underground biomass of shrub layer and herb layer was studied by the harvest method; the arbor layer biomass were studied by using allometic models and the ratio of root and stem recommended by IPCC. Result 85 species belonging to 81 genera of 47 families were recorded, among of which, 50 species belonging to 46 genera of 25 families were shrubs and 35 species belonging to 35 genera of 22 families were herbs. The biomass of different vegetation restoration models showed that the highest was the natural restoration forests (166.66 t·hm-2) followed by Zenia insignis forest (48.61 t·hm-2), Dendrocalamus minor forest (36.54 t·hm-2), and the lowest was the shrub grassland (0.96 t·hm-2). Conclusion The richness of shrub species showed no significant difference among different models, the highest richness was the shrub grassland (16 species), and then the Zenia insignis forest (15 species), the lowest was the natural restoration forests (12 species). The highest in herb was the Zenia insignis forest (12 species), then the shrub grassland (10 species), and the lowest was the natural restoration forests (4 species). In the tree layer, the biomass of different components of the natural restoration forest was significant different with Zenia insignis and Dendrocalamus minor forests (P < 0.05). The aboveground biomass in the shrub-grassland was significant different with that of the others (P < 0.05). The litter biomass was not significant (P < 0.05). The biomass of herb layer was higher than that of the shrub layer in the Zenia insignis and Dendrocalamus minor forests; but in natural restoration forest and shrub-grassland, it showed the opposite. The precaution management for four different restoration models in the karst area of Southwest Guangxi is put forward based on this result.
2017, 30(2): 206-213.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.004
Abstract:
Objective Transcriptome sequencing was perform to study the molecular mechanism in response to heavy metal stress in Avicennia marina. Method Digital Gene Expression Profiling (DGE) technique was used to analyze the differences in gene expressions of A. marina under artificial heavy metal stress. Result Compared to the controls, 10459 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, including 8685 up-regulated genes and 1774 down-regulated genes. MeV cluster analysis indicated that the expression level of most genes was largely induced in artificial heavy metal treatment sample than that in control sample. Gene Ontology analysis showed that most DEGs locate in "organelle envelope", "plastid envelope" and "chloroplast part", and were enriched in the biological process of "response to stimulus", and "localization", etc. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these genes are distributed in 126 pathways involved in "ribosome", "photosynthesis", and various metabolism pathways, such as pyruvate and glyoxylate. Several terpenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis-related enzymes, such as geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (Unigene0009238) and flavonol synthase (Unigene0001833), were up-regulated by heavy metal stress, which might be the reason for the enhancement for the active ingredients accumulation in A. marina. Furthermore, heavy metal stress significantly induced the cytokinin dehydrogenase 7(CKX7) (Unigene0057124) and serine/threonine-protein kinase (BSK) (Unigene0043741). Besides, the transcription factor analysis demonstrated that bHLH, NAC, MYB-related and WRKY play vital roles in response to heavy metal stress.Furthermore, eight randomly selected genes were used to confirm the accuracy of DGE by qRT-PCR method. Conclusion Heavy metal stresses have effects on the expression of related genes involved in the metabolism, photosynthesis, small molecule acid synthesis, hormone synthesis and signal transduction, and secondary metabolites synthesis of A. marina
2017, 30(2): 214-221.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.005
Abstract:
Objective To explore the effect of restoration approach on carbon pool of forest ecosystem. Method By positioning research, the differences in carbon storage and its spatial distribution of Chinese fir plantations restored 20 years ago with two restoration approaches (natural restoration and artificial restoration) were compared in Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Hu'nan Province. Result (1) Compared with those treated by artificial restoration, the carbon storage treated by natural restoration was significantly higher in vegetation layer, specifically, 22.56% higher in tree layer. Treated by natural restoration, the distribution ratio of carbon storage in each organ showed in an order of stem > branch > root > leaf > bark, while that treated by artificial restoration showed in an order of stem > root > branch > leaf > bark. The proportion of carbon storage of vegetation layer under canopy and litter layer were very small. Still, the carbon storages of shrub layer, herb layer and litter layer by natural restoration were 3.99, 5.94 and 1.14 times that by artificial restoration, respectively. (2) The soil carbon storage in a Chinese fir plantation ecosystem restored 20 years ago treated by natural restoration was lower than that by artificial restoration. The soil carbon content and carbon storage in the surface layer (0-10 cm) by the natural restoration was higher than that by artificial restoration, while the other layers were opposite. By both restoration, the soil carbon content and soil carbon storage in the same unit (10 cm per layer) were all decreased with the increase of soil depth, and the distribution ratio of each layer was significantly different in terms of soil carbon content and soil carbon storage. (3) The carbon storage of the plantation ecosystem by natural restoration was in the order of tree layer > soil layer > litter layer > shrub layer > herb layer, and that under artificial restoration was in the order of soil layer > tree layer > litter layer > shrub layer > herb layer. Conclusion The natural restoration approach is more conducive to the restoration of carbon storage in the vegetation layer, while the artificial restoration approach is more conducive to the restoration of soil carbon storage.From the whole forest ecosystem, the carbon sequestration capacity of Chinese fir plantation ecosystem restored 20 years ago by natural restoration was higher than that by artificial restoration, restoration approach also have some impact on the distribution of carbon storage in ecosystem components.
2017, 30(2): 222-231.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.006
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the distribution of soil particulate organic carbon and black carbon in the virgin broad-leaved Korean pine forest and secondary poplar-birch forest in Changbai Mountain. Method The content and distribution characteristics of POC and BC in soil were quantified by using particle-size fractionation method. The correlations of POC, BC and soil basic physical and chemical properties (soil organic matter, soil water content, soil pH, water stable aggregates, and so on) were also analyzed. Result The results showed that (1) The POC in soil A11 and A12 horizon varied from 31.8988.00 and 5.2519.45 g·kg-1, respectively, while the BC in soil A11 and A12 horizon varied from 8.4322.40 and 3.3912.10 g·kg-1, respectively, both decreased quickly with soil depth; (2) The soil POC and BC were both affected by forest type, showing that secondary poplar-birch forest > virgin broad-leaved Korean pine forest (p < 0.01); (3) Extremely obvious positive correlations were observed between the POC and soil organic matter, soil water content and water stable aggregates (p < 0.01), while the correlations between the POC and soil pH and clay content were not found; The correlations between the soil BC and soil pH, soil clay content and soil water stable aggregates were not observed, while significantly positive correlation was found between the soil BC and soil water content. Conclusion In Changbai Mountains, the distributions of soil POC and BC were significantly affected by forest types, the amounts of POC and BC in the secondary poplar-birch forest were greater than that in the virgin broad-leaved Korean pine forest, which could be explained by the deforestation and the forest fire. The distribution of POC and BC in both forests was the comprehensive results of soil basic physical and chemical properties.
2017, 30(2): 232-237.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.007
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Objective To study the relationship between Curculio chinensis damage and the physical characteristics of cones among Camellia oleifera varieties. Method The damage rate of cones among Camellia oleifera varieties planted under same conditions caused by Curculio chinensis were investigated, and the resistance ability against Curculio chinensis was evaluated through cluster analysis. The physical characteristics of cones, including weight, skin thickness and fruit size, were measured. The correlation between damage rate of Curculio chinensis and physical characteristics of Camellia oleifera cones were analyzed. Result The result showed that the damage rate caused by Curculio chinensis ranged between 12.04% and 49.7%, which was different significantly among 11 Camellia oleifera varieties. 13.23%-91.83% of the drop-fruits were caused by Curculio chinensis damage, which was the main factors causing fruit drop. The resistance against Curculio chinensis of the 11 Camellia oleifera varieties could be divided into three groups, i.e. high resistance, medium resistance and low resistance, and the damage rate were different significantly among the three groups. The resistance rate of the high resistance group was 82.23%±5% and that of the low resistance group was 52.47%±6%. The damage of Curculio chinensis was closely related to fruit weight, skin thickness and fruit size, and the heavier the fruit, the thinner the skin, and the larger the cone diameter, the more serious the damage. Conclusion Oviposition choice of adult Curculio chinensis was closely related with the physical characteristics of Camellia oleifera cones, and the physical characteristics of cones should be concerned in variety selection of Camellia oleifera.
2017, 30(2): 238-244.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.008
Abstract:
Objective To study the function of CiDR1 gene in Caragana intermedia and its response to drought stress. Method The full-length cDNA sequence of CiDR1 gene was cloned using RACE methods, and then the bioinformatics analysis were carried out to predict gene structure. Finally, CiDR1 expression patterns under drought stress was investigated by qRT-PCR. Result The full-length cDNA sequence of CiDR1 gene was 4 297 bp. The deduced amino-acid sequence for CiDR1 was 1 243 amino acids long and contained toll/interluekin receptor (TIR), nucleotide binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeats (LRR) motif, which are the characteristics of plant resistance genes. The theoretical isoelectric point and instability index of CiDR1 protein was 6.35 and 42.91, respectively. Further analysis showed that CiDR1 protein had no signal peptide, was a non-secretary protein and located in the cytoplasmic matrix. The qPCR analysis showed that the CiDR1 transcripts were expressed strongly in adult leaves and weakly in juvenile stems, and after drought treatments the levels of CiDR1 transcripts decreased. Conclusion The results indicate that CiDR1 might play an role in response of C. intermedia to drought and could be used for molecular breeding.
2017, 30(2): 245-253.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.009
Abstract:
Objective Cellulose synthesis is important for the wood formation of woody plant.CESAsplay important roles in the cellulose synthesis.Since that three kind of CESAs constitute a functional cellulose synthesis complex and five secondary wall CESAs existed in the poplar genome, we examined the expression pattern and interaction of these CESAs in Populus toreveal the work model of them in secondary wall cellulose synthesis. Method RNA-seq and microarray data analysis were used to examine the expression profile of the five secondary wall CESAsin root, stem and leaf, and in the regeneration of secondary vascular bundle, respectively. Promotor driving GUS expression assay and qRT-PCR were carried out to reveal the tissue expression pattern and hormone response of the five secondary wall CESAs. Firefly luciferase complementation assay was used to check the interaction between CESA7A, CESA7B, CESA8A and CESA8B. Result Expression analysis showed that all the five secondary wall CESAsexhibited high expression in the mature stem and preferred to express in the later stage of stem development, suggesting that they involved in the secondary wall synthesis during wood formation. Promotor driving GUS expression assay of CESA4, CESA7B, CESA8A and CESA8B demonstrated high expression of these secondary wall CESAs in stem and leaf, and some differences, however, were existed in the detail expression pattern, especially in leaf veins. In addition, the expression of secondary wall CESAswere upregulated during GA3 and 6-BA treatment, while down-regulated during NAA, BR and ethylene treatment. The expression variation of these CESAs in response to different hormones were different. Firefly luciferase complementation assayshowed that CESA7A and CESA7B could interact with CESA8A and CESA8B, indicating that they parallelly determine the final secondary wall cellulose synthesis complex. Conclusion The five secondary wall CESAsshowed different expression from one another in different tissue and under different hormone treatment. However, these CESAs could interact with each other.Thesedata suggest that poplar secondary wall CESAs could form the cellulose synthesis complex in equal possibility, but the complex might be varied in different tissues and in response to different hormones, which might have an effect on the wood chemical composition.
2017, 30(2): 254-259.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.010
Abstract:
Objective The poplar 'Robusta', susceptible to virulent rust E4 Melampsora larici-populina, provides suitable host material for the study of the plant host resistance/susceptibility to pathogen. Previously study indicates that the transcription factor (TF) plays an important role in determining the poplar susceptibility. In this study, the authors tried to determine the R2R3-MYB TF genes driving basal disease resistance and focus on microRNAs (miRNAs) regulation. Method Two small RNA (sRNA) libraries, a degradome cDNA library and 2 digital gene expression libraries were constructed for rust-inoculated (Rust+) and rust-free (Rust-) susceptible poplar 'Robusta' leaves through high-throughput sequencing. The expression of selected miRNA and target R2R3-MYBs were identified by RTq-PCR. Result Altogether, 230 R2R3-MYBs were identified. Among those R2R3-MYBs, the expression of 55 genes were suppressed/promoted following the drive straight of the rust, the others were unchanged. Based on the miRNA and degradome sequencing, 86 regulating interactions (22 miRNA to 18 R2R3-MYB) were identified. RTq-PCR of selected PC-3p-2521022_1 and PndMYB173 showed a negative post-transcriptional regulation. The R2R3-MYBs target genes predication indicated R2R3-MYBs related to many resistance and phytohormone pathways, such as response to salicylic acid stimulus, response to stress, response to jasmonic acid stimulus and response to abscisic acid stimulus. Conclusion The infection of virulent rust changed the expression of 23.9% R2R3-MYBs. The differential expression of R2R3-MYBs indicated that the rust fungi infection could not only switch on but also switch off R2R3-MYB TF genes. Under the stress of rust infection, the post-transcriptional regulation of R2R3-MYBs was regulated by the families of miR159 and miR858.
2017, 30(2): 260-267.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.011
Abstract:
Objective The purpose of this paper is to analyze the spectral characteristics of typical vegetation communities in East Dongting Lake Wetland using spaceborne angular hyperspectral imagery and research on the best fusion method based on multi angle information to identify the wetland vegetation types precisely. Method According to the spectral feature of wetland vegetation in Dongting Lake, the optimal angle and the best band combination were studied to calculate narrow-band NDVI using CHRIS data. It focuses on evaluating the methods of fusing 0 degree image and NDVI in pixel level. And then wetland vegetation information in Dongting Lake was extracted. Result The results show that the best red band and near infrared band to calculate NDVI locate at 667.6 nm and 926.95 nm, corresponding to the 24th and 55th band of CHRIS data. HSV, Brovery, Gram-Schmidt and PCA fusion methods were selected to evaluate the fusion effect. It is found that the image used PCA fusion method suffered from the least loss of spectral information and had the richest texture details and maximum information content. The overall classification accuracy of multi-angle fusion image is 81.36%, 7.93% higher than that of single angle image. The Kappa coefficient improved 0.097 6. In addition, the omission error of Carex and the misclassification error of Artemisia selengensis got obvious improvement. Conclusion It shows that multi-angle fusion based on NDVI is an effective way to improve the accuracy extracting vegetation information. Multi-angle information fusion can enrich the information of the observation target and improve the accuracy of recognition accuracy.
2017, 30(2): 268-275.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.012
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Objective The effects of gap size, the place of dead leaves and sampling time on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) under different forest types in Liangshui National Nature Reserve were analyzed aiming at revealing the factors influencing the variation in SMBC in the study area. The purpose of this study is to obtain the basic data and lay a theoretical foundation for the accurate evaluation on soil carbon storage in natural Pinus koraiensis mixed forest ecosystem. Method Decomposition bags of dead leaves of Pinus koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Betula costata were placed in the soil surface at different positions of large, medium and small gaps and the corresponding closed forest (control) in three forest types of natural Pinus koraiensis mixed forest. The soil samples in the depth of 010 cm under decomposition bags of dead leaves were collected monthly from June to September during the 2012 growing season. The SMBC was measured by the method of Chloroform fumigation-K2SO4 extraction. Result The effects of gap size on SMBC in Tilia amurensis-Pinus koraiensis mixed forest was in the order of small gap > big gap > medium gap; medium gap > big gap > small gap in Picea spp.-Abies nephlolepis-Pinus koraiensis mixed forest; big gap > medium gap > small gap in Betula costata-Pinus koraiensis mixed forest. The effect of sampling time (month) on SMBC was significant (P < 0.05) in all the three forest types, but the effect of gap size on SMBC was not significant (P > 0.05). The effect of placement location of decomposition bags of dead leaves on SMBC was not significant (P > 0.05) in large, medium, and small gap. Conclusion The ranked order of the effect of gap size on SMBC was different under different forest types; the effect of placement location of decomposition bags of dead leaves on SMBC did not reach the significant level.
2017, 30(2): 276-284.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.013
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Objective The experiment for constitutive factors controlling was designed to reveal the rules of influence of DBH and density on forest landscape and provide a reference value to density control. Method Taking Liquidambar formosana forest as an example, some software, like PhotoShop, AutoCAD, SpeedTree et al were used to carry out forest simulation. With the help of forest test design method, the two-factors and single-factor controlling tests about DBH, density and scenic beauty evaluation (SBE) were conducted. Result (1) Under preset density level, the DBH had no significant influence on SBE. The landscape pros was 20 cm > 30 cm > 10 cm; but if comparing the 3 best SBE values in each grade DBH, the priority was 30 cm > 20 cm > 10 cm. (2)The density had a very significant influence on SBE. The changes of SBE of different DBH followed a trend of increasing at initial and then descending. The moderate density showed the best. But with the increase of tree volume, the peak density deviated to the left. The best densities for 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm were respectively 1 389, 833, and 389 plants/hm2. The density-SBE curve fitting resulted in a quadratic curve, the functional form are SBE10=3.435+0.005X1-1.639E(-6)X12 (R2=0.71), SBE20=4.013+0.004X2-1.677E(-6)X22(R2=0.713), SBE30=6.355+0.001X3-8.128E(-7)X32(R2=0.728). The interaction effect of DBH and density had a significant influence on SBE, but the repeated simulations of different aspects were not significant. Conclusion The method was feasible which achieved a better result by combining application of a variety of commercial software for simulation and evaluation of forest landscape. The Forest aesthetic quality is affected by the combination of two factors, DBH and density. The quality is development with the increasing of DBH, but different DBH has different best density to match.
2017, 30(2): 285-292.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.014
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the effect of long-term extensive management on soil microbial communities and the related mechanisms. Method Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) stands with different extensive management time (5, 9, 15, and 18 years) were selected and compared with natural masson pine forest (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) as control. The phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) were analyzed to indicate the soil microbial biomass and community composition. Result Results showed that the total soil microbial PLFA contents as well as bacterial, fungal, actinomycic and protozoal PLFA contents under moso bamboo stands were all significant lower than that of masson pine forest (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was found among bamboo stands. The total PLFA contents of soil microbial community as well as bacterial, fungal and protozoal PLFA contents were all significantly correlated with soil alkalytic nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) contents (P < 0.05), while the actinomycic PLFA content correlated with AN, organic matter contents and pH significantly (P < 0.05). Soil microbial diversity, i.e. richness, Shannon diversity and Simpson diversity indexes, decreased progressively with the extensive management time of moso bamboo. According to the results of non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), the soil microbial communities under moso bamboo and masson pine forest were significantly different (R=0.388 1, P=0.009). Furthermore, the soil microbial communities were different between the moso bamboo stands with short-term (5a, 9a) and long-term (15a, 18a) extensive management. The soil moisture, AN, AP and pH explained 90.28% of the total microbial community variation, among which the soil moisture, AN and AP contributed significantly to the microbial community variation (P < 0.05). Conclusion The results indicate that long-term extensive management has a negative effect on soil microbial biomass and result in shifting of microbial community structure. However, the ecological risks of the forest substitution and long-term extensive management still need to be further assessed.
2017, 30(2): 293-299.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.015
Abstract:
Objective To figure out the degrees and laws of phenotypic variation of Nitraria sibirica in Shandong Province. Method 10 phenotypic traits about fruit and leaf of five N. sibirica populations in Shandong Province were analyzed by the methods of variance analysis, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis, etc. Result The variation within populations was proved as the main resource of the phenotypic variation. The phenotypic differentiation coefficients among the populations varied from 20.20% to 60.70%, with an average value of 40.71%. The average variation coefficient for all the traits was 9.34%. The relationship of the phenotypic variability degrees for different components are as follows: leaves size (8.99%) > seeds size (7.74%) > fruits size (6.77%) and seeds shape (10.22%) > leaves shape (6.70%) > fruits shape (4.35%). Most of those traits were significantly correlated with one another. The five N. sibirica populations were then clustered into 2 groups. Conclusion The results showed that extensive genetic variations were detected both within and among the five N. sibirica populations, whose geographic variations were in accordance with the random variation mode. These results could afford basis for protecting germplasm resources of N. sibirica.
2017, 30(2): 300-306.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.016
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Objective To illustrate the topographic condition of natural renewal of declining Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) forest in Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province. Method The relations between recovery ability of sea-buckthorn and terrain factors were analyzed based on an investigation of natural regenerative condition of Sea-buckthorn forest after large-area death in Wuqi County, Shaanxi Province, by using renewal rate, reforestation percentage and tally data (height and basal diameter) from 68 quadrates as standard to measure the value of recovery ability, and also by using one-way Anova method of square-deviation (SD), regression fitting and systematical clustering method. Result (1) The renewal rate of sea-buckthorn showed significant different in various slopes (P=0.018). The average of renewal rate may be ranked in the order of shady slope > semi-shady slope > semi-sunny slope > sunny slope. The best growth status of seeding population was in shady slope while the condition with a high survival rate and a huge amount of renewal young trees were in semi-shady slope. (2) Gradient has no significant effect on renewal rate. The renewal rate of sea-buckthorn showed the first peak (gentle slope) and the second peak (extremely steep slope) on shady slope, while the renewal rate gradually decrease with the grade increase of slope on sunny slope. (3) The topographic conditions of natural renewal of declining Sea-buckthorn forest were shady slope and semi-shady slope. (4) Micro-relief has a significant impact on natural renewal of declining Sea-buckthorn forest (P=0.038), platform was better while scarp was poor. Conclusion A portion of declining sea-buckthorn populations are difficult to recover spontaneously while they require manual assistance or alternative plants instead in Loess Plateau.
2017, 30(2): 307-314.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.017
Abstract:
Objective Selecting Larix gmelinii forest in Great Xing'anling Mountains as a research object, to analyze the effects of rainfall characteristics on potassium content in L. gmelinii forest during the process of rainfall redistribution. Method The precipitation, throughfall, shrub throughfall, stem flow and litter water were observed, sampled and measured. Result The results showed that: (1)During the observation period, the rainfall outside of stands was 266.0 mm, the average rainfall intensity was 0.074 mm·min-1; the order of the average content of K+ during the rainfall redistribution was litter water > stem flow > shrub throughfall > throughfall > precipitation, the content of K+ during precipitation changed greatly, the value fluctuated between 0.227~2.631 mg·L-1, the stem flow fluctuated between 2.198~3.053 mg·L-1, the content of K+ in litter water was the most stable, fluctuated between 3.077~3.281 mg·L-1. (2) It was found that the content of K+ increased with the increase of rainfall and rainfall duration. However the rainfall intensity and inter-events interval were just the opposite unless the rainfall intensity was higher than 0.041 mm·min-1. When the rainfall interval increases to 233.28 h, the increase of the content of K+ became stable. (3) The leading factor influencing the K+ content in rainfall outside stand was the rainfall interval. The key factor influencing the K+ content in throughfall, shrub throughfall and stem flow was the precipitation. The rainfall intensity was the key factor influencing the K+ content of litter water. Conclusion The Precipitation, rainfall duration, rainfall intensity and rainfall interval would influence the K+ content during the process of rainfall redistribution in varying degrees.
2017, 30(2): 315-321.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.018
Abstract:
Objective To study the release rates of different types of commonly used dispensers in order to select the suitable dispensers. Method Selecting 3 major semiochemicals of Monochamus alternatus including (+)-α-Pinene, (-)-β-Pinene, and 2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol which were loaded with different amounts in a 9:1:1 ratio in 4 dispensers. The release rates of these compounds from LDPE bottle (3 mL), HDPE bottle (13 mL), PE tube, and PP bottle (14 mL) were evaluated by using Gravimetric method and Gas chromatography analysis. The results were compared with APF-Ⅰ lures under the same environmental conditions as 28±3℃, 75±10%RH. Result The results indicated that the wick bottle can keep the three compounds releasing at a good and stable level for 70 days. The proportions of the three semiochemicals in the end were 85.69%, 9.23%, and 5.08%, respectively. The release rates of the three semiochemicals of M. alternatus from Wick bottle maintained a relatively low level over the whole testing period. The LDPE bottle, HDPE bottle and PE tube can not keep a stable proportion of the three components. The release rates from LDPE bottle increased during the 4th to the 19th days with a peak of released rates at the 19th day, and then dropped to and maintained at a low level after its peak. The three semiochemicals from the HDPE bottle maintained a high release rate but varied during the whole observation period; and reached the peak at the 34th day. The dynamic release pattern of semiochemicals from PE tube was similar with APF-Ⅰ. Conclusion Studies on the release patterns of different types of dispensers could help us understand the dynamic releasing characteristics. And the result would provide some effective information on the selection of suitable dispensers. It is needed to indicate that these dispensers have some defects, and it is necessary to strengthen the research on lure sustained-release materials.
2017, 30(2): 322-328.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.019
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Objective To investigate the dynamics of soil fertility at different development stages (young forest, middle aged forest and mature forest) of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations. Method The soil fertility level at different development stages in Chinese fir plantation located at central and south China was investigated using fuzzy mathematical evaluation and principal component analysis. Result The results showed that the age of plantation had a significant impact on forest soil and its physical and chemical properties. Moreover, at each age there were significant differences (p < 0.001) in soil properties between topsoil and subsoil. The correlation analysis revealed significant relation between water quality and soil physical properties. The organic matter, pH value also showed a significant relationship with soil chemical properties. The results of principal component analysis and fuzzy evaluation method indicated that the fertility level of Chinese fir plantations at northern Fujian hilly area followed the order of mature forest > young forest > middle aged forest. Conclusion With the growth of trees, it is needed to restore fertility by fertilizing, thinning and other manual intervention in order to satisfying the demand of Chinese fir for fast-growing.
2017, 30(2): 329-334.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.020
Abstract:
Objective Taking the green belts of Jingkai highway as sampling site to analyze the traffic noise attenuation characteristics in horizontal space and to study the impact of width and community structure of green belts on traffic noise attenuation, so as to provide some references for optimizing the vegetation structure of green belts as well as programming and construction of green belts. Method Three typical forest types were chosen, and 9 sample plots (20m×60m) were established. At each plot, the monitoring sites were set up in different width gradient perpendicular to the direction of the highway. Based on continuous monitoring, the difference among various forest types and width gradient were analyzed by using the one-way ANOVA. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between community structural indexes and noise attenuation. Result All the three types of green belts show certain functions of noise reduction, and the functions of Cedrus deodara pure forest are the best. The optimal width of green belts to reduce noise should be 0~10 m in the selected greening modes, with the increasing of width, the ability of noise reduction gradually declines. The ability of noise reduction is composed of multiple community structural indexes, while an indivial structure index could not represent the noise reduction ability. The sectional area of green belt in same height is an important indicator affecting the noise reduction ability. Conclusion The green belts of highway could play an important role in noise reduction. Different forest types of green belts have different ability of noise reduction. When establishing green belts, it is better to chose the species with low branching points, more branches of fine and dense. In the case of insufficient urban green space, other technical measures should be assisted to completely eliminate the influence of traffic noise on residents' life, .
2017, 30(2): 335-341.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.021
Abstract:
Objective Growth dynamics of Pinus massoniana were studied under intensive thinning so as to screen out suitable thinning intensity and provide technical support for close-to-nature management of Masson pine plantations. Method A thinning trial was conducted in a 14-year-old Masson pine plantation with stand density of 1 100 trees per hectare in October, 2007. Four thinning treatments including 225, 300, 375 and 450 trees left per hectare and the control without thinning were arranged. Since 2008, growth performance such as diameter at breast height (DBH), height, height of crown base and crown area were measured every two years, and wood volumes were calculated at the single tree and stand level. These data were analyzed through one-way variance analysis and Duncan multiple range tests to reveal dynamical responses of these index to all sorts of thinning intensities. Result Stand growth performance were significantly influenced by thinning intensity, mean annual increments of DBH, single tree volume, crown area decreases with increase of stand density of thinning treatments, but they were all significantly higher than those of the control (P < 0.05). The crown area increments of Masson pine were the highest during year 1 to 3 after thinning, while increments of DBH were the highest during year 3 to 5. No obvious relationship was observed between tree height growth rate and thinning density. Increases of crown base height and stand volume were significantly affected by stand density, and they increased with increase of stand density, while the differences of stand volume decreased with increase of forest age. Conclusion In the present study, Masson pine's response of crown growth to intensive thinning was the most sensitive and rapid. The crown area increased sharply at first, then resulted in rapid growth of DBH, while tree height and crown base height increased a bit stably. Thinning with four intensities all remarkably influenced the growth of single tree volume, but only thinning with 225 trees left per hectare had significant effect on increment of stand volume. Taking mean annual increments of the single tree volume and stand volume, thinning intensity with 300 trees left per hectare was recommended for close-to-nature management of 15-year-old Masson pine plantations in southwestern Guangxi.
Growth Variation and Selection of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei from 24 Locations in Two Trial Plots
2017, 30(2): 342-348.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.022
Abstract:
Objective To select Taxus wallichiana var. mairei provenances with high productivity, good stability. Method The T. wallichiana var. mairei from 24 locations of 10 provinces were used to study the phenotypic variation in tree height, DBH and crown at the age of 10 by variance analysis and multiple comparisons at two sites in Longquan and Anji trial plots, to choose the excellent location and ascertain the effect of early selection. Result The variable coefficient of height, DBH and crown diameter of these 10-year-old T. wallichiana var. mairei at the two trial plots were 6.58%, 15.14%, 11.18% and 9.17%, 17.18%, 17.14%. The result of site effect indicated that the mean height and DBH of 10-year-old T. wallichiana var. mairei among locations in Longquan trial plot were 29.02% and 10.88% higher than that of locations in Anji trial plot. It was indicated that the correlation coefficient among 7 a height and 10a height from different locations in Anji and Longquan were 0.780 (P < 0.01) and 0.769 (P < 0.01), respectively. And they were bigger than the correlation coefficient 0.479 (P < 0.05) and 0.649 (P < 0.01) among 4 a height and 10 a height from different locations in Anji and Longquan. Conclusion Most of the growth characteristics of T. wallichiana var. mairei from the 24 locations have significant effects among locations, sites, and the interaction effect of location×site. This study also indicates that the bigger the age of trees, the better the select effect, and improper early selection may result in wrong choice or leave out some excellent locations. 7 and 3 excellent locations from Longquan and Anji are finally selected by means of independent culling method based on the 10 a height and DBH and 7-10 a growth of height and DBH, respectively.
2017, 30(2): 349-353.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.023
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the possibility of the ecological risk caused by multi-gene transgenic Populus×euramericana 'Guariento'. Method The target genes were amplified by PCR, and the amounts of three species of rhizosphere soil microbe, including bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi, were counted. Result No target PCR product was observed in all samples analyzed. The amounts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in non-rhizosphere soil between transgenic poplar and non-transgenic poplar did have some changes in different growing period, but no obvious regularity was found in these changes themselves. Conclusion The result suggested that no horizontal transfer of transgene occurred, and the gene transformation did not significantly affect the soil microbial quantity.
2017, 30(2): 354-359.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.02.024
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the influence of Phyllostachys edulis expanding into evergreen broadleaf forest on soil property. Method The evergreen broadleaf forest, the mixed forests with bamboo and broadleaf tree in the ratios of 2:8 and 8:2 and the Ph. edulis pure forest at Dagangshan Forest Ecological Station, Jiangxi Province, as sampling sites, the soil properties and water features such as soil organic carbon, bulk density, soil porosity, soil water retaining capacity and soil water storage were studied. Result During the process of Ph. edulis expanding, the soil organic carbon content of evergreen broadleaf forest increased at initial and then decreased. Correlation analysis showed that the soil organic carbon was extreme significantly correlated with non-capillary water holding capacity and existing storage capacity, and significantly correlated with soil bulk density and total porosity, the interaction of them affected the expansion process. Conclusion Soil bulk density, porosity and water retaining capacity in evergreen broadleaf forest were superior to that in mixed forests and Ph. edulis pure forest, providing the condition for shoot germination after invasion. In the success process from evergreen broadleaf forest to pure Ph. edulis forest, the soil physical properties and water retaining capacity in the soil depth of 1060 cm improved, while the organic carbon content reduced to the lowest in all the forests. Although a large number of rhizome in the soil optimized the soil physical properties, Ph. edulis consumed soil carbon for asexual reproduction, which combined with selective cutting and digging bamboo shoots and other artificial interference, lowering the soil organic carbon of pure Ph. edulis forest. Therefore, the improvement of soil organic carbon content, soil structure and water characteristics may be an important ecological strategy to control the expansion of Ph. edulis and maintain ecosystem stability in the future.
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