2017 Vol. 30, No. 5
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2017, 30(5): 701-708.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.001
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Abstract:
Objective To analyze the relationships between natural regeneration of Phoebe bournei and environmental factors in order to provide references for protecting and managing natural secondary P. bournei forest. Method Based on data of sample plot investigation, a relationship model between saplings and seedlings importance values and environmental factors was established by quantitative model Ⅰ, and the effect of single environmental factor on natural regeneration was explored by using one-way ANOVA method in Ji'an Country, Jiangxi Province. Result The results showed that the main elements affecting natural regeneration were density (amount of P. bournei parent tree, canopy density, tree density), position of slope, humus layer thickness, aspect of slope, coverage of understory vegetation, litter layer thickness, with the partial correlation coefficients being 0.325 7-0.715 7, which were significant or very significant by t test. The multiple correlation coefficient of the model reached 0.966, showing very significant by F test (F=30.96**). Conclusion The amount of P. bournei parent tree plays an important role in natural regeneration of saplings and seedlings, while higher or lower of canopy density and tree density, thicker litter layer, thinner humus layer, higher coverage of understory vegetation are not helpful to natural regeneration. Meanwhile, natural regeneration of saplings and seedlings is better in semi-shady slope and lower slope than other aspect of slope and position of slope. Therefore, keeping at least 200 parent trees per hectare in the stand and controlling canopy density, coverage of understory vegetation, thickness of litter layer would be helpful to promote natural regeneration of saplings and seedlings.
2017, 30(5): 709-717.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.002
Abstract:
[Objective] The aim of this research is to analyze the extraction method of rubber forest in the "Golden Triangle" region of northern Laos, to monitor the rubber forest and its spatial expansion dynamically, and to provide methods and lay a basis for rational planning of rubber planting and regional ecological environment protection. [Method] A new method for rapid and repeatable extraction of rubber forest spatial distribution was used based on MODIS remote sensing data, the phenological characteristics and the geometric parameters of rubber forest, and the expansion mechanism of rubber forest was analyzed based on single land use rate model. [Result] (1) The rubber tree extraction ranged from January to March. The precision of extraction method based on phenological characteristics and geometric parameters was 80.67%. GF-1 images were classified by the object-oriented method to verify the MODIS data which proved to be reliable. (2) The area of rubber forest in five provinces of northern Laos was expanded from 12.6×104 hm2 to 16.96×104 hm2 between 2010 and 2015. The area of rubber forest changed the most in Oudomxay province, and the least in Phongsaly province. [Conclusion] The method to extract rubber forest by MODIS data is simple, valid and effective. The distribution of rubber forests increases with the elevation and slope and scatters over the elevation of 1500m, the upper limits of slope is 35°. While, no obvious rule about distribution on the aspect is found. The main factors influencing the spatial and temporal expansion of rubber forest are social policy and economics from the perspective of LUCC.
2017, 30(5): 718-726.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.003
Abstract:
Objective The aim of this study is to provide the guidance and reference for formulating forest management measures and completing the system of effectiveness evaluation of forest management by analyzing the change of crop tree before and after the thinning based on the crop tree management. Method According to the theory of close-to-nature forest management, the crop trees were selected and interference trees were fell based on 6 Spruce-fir mixed forest sample plots each in a area of 1 hm2. The change of the spatial structure parameters of crop trees and evaluation index of the stand spatial structure were computed and analyzed after combining the theory of structure-based forest management. Result (1) The isolation degree of species within the spatial structure unit was further improved; the light conditions of forest got better; the pressure of competition of crop tree was reduced; on the whole, the spatial distribution pattern was optimized. (2) The evaluation index of the stand spatial structure was further improved and the level of stand spatial structure showed the trend of steadily. Conclusion The thinning based on the crop tree management can realize the objective of optimizing the spatial structure of crop tree and keep the stabilization of the stand spatial structure. That means that it can accomplish the specific objective of optimizing the growing space of crop tree under the premise that the status of stands spatial structure are not destroyed and the level of stands spatial structure is not lower. The thinning can create more room for promote the economic benefits and ecological benefits of forest. It can provide a reference to the accurate culture and management of similar forest in Changbaishan Mountain regions and the monitoring and evaluation of the effect of forest management.
2017, 30(5): 727-734.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.004
Abstract:
Objective To analyze the bacteria intercepted in China entry plant quarantine in recent years, and to make sure the importance and the severity of bacteria invading China is facing now. This paper will provide a reference to forestry plant quarantine. Method A statistical analysis was made on the bacteria intercepted in China entry plant quarantine during 2010-2015 from the aspects of quarantine processes, origin country (region), quarantine bacteria, and forestry related bacteria. Result During the period of 2010 to 2015, China's entry ports intercepted a total of 7736 batches of bacteria, belonging to 139 species which came from 70 countries/regions. The main hosts for these bacteria intercepted were fruits and seeds. Among the bacteria intercepted, there was 521 batches of quarantine bacteria, belonging to 16 species (10 species of which could infect flowers and forest.), 835 batches of pathogenic bacteria of flowers and forest, belonging to 23 species, and 2016 batches of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, belonging to 32 species. No Enterobacter cancerogenus, Erwinia amylovora or Erwinia pyrifoliae were found. Conclusion During the period of 2010 to 2015, both the batches and species intercepted at entry ports showed an upward trend. The risk of quarantine bacteria invasion is becoming more serious.
2017, 30(5): 735-742.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.005
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Objective The objectives of this study are to determine quantitatively the levels of snow-induced forest damage in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest on Jinyun Mountain, and to analyze the main factors causing the different levels of damage. Method Quadrats were established in different forest stands, including an evergreen broad-leaved forest stand, a Pinus massoniana and a Cunninghamia lanceolata forest stand on Jinyun Mountain after the snowstorm of January 23rd, 2016. All the trees with height ≥ 5 m in the quadrates were divided into 7 levels of damage, and the diameter at breast height (DBH) and slope of each damaged individual were recorded. The relationship between level of damage and DBH size, slope, and forest type, respectively by using Pearson correlation analysis. The differences in the calculated Damage Index among different forest types were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA. Result In this study, 1 041 trees were investigated, among which 17.96% were damaged in snowstorm. Within the snow-damaged individuals, slightly damaged ones and severely damaged ones accounted for 57.22% and 42.78%, respectively. The proportion of damaged individuals increased with the increasing of DBH. The types of tree damage were closely related to the DBH sizes: the amount of individuals suffered from slight branch loss had a significant positive correlation with their DBH sizes (P < 0.01), and slight branch loss was the most common type of damage (accounting for 55.22% of the total individuals) among the slightly damaged individuals. While, the amount of uprooted individuals showed a significant negative correlation with DBH (P < 0.05), and uprooting was the most common type of damage (accounting for 42.78% of the total individuals) among the severely damaged individuals. There was a relationship between the type of damage and the slope. The amount of individuals suffered from snapping increased significantly with the increase of the slope. Further, with the increasing of the slope, the amount of individuals suffered from severe branch loss and uprooting increased as well. The levels of forest damage differed significantly among forest types. The calculated Damage Index was the highest for the Castanopsis fargesii stand, followed by Pinus massoniana stand and Cunninghamia lanceolata stand, respectively. Conclusion In this study, DBH size, slope and forest type are the major factors contributing to the differing snow-induced damage patterns. The trees with smaller DBH sizes are apt to suffer from bending, while the trees of medium DBH sizes being likely to suffer from snapping and uprooting, and the trees with larger DBH being likely to suffer from branch loss. Trees were more likely to be damaged as the slope increased. Among forest types, Castanopsis fargesii evergreen forest suffered from a more severe damage than the Pinus massoniana forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata forest. This study will provide implications for the conservation and management of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest following the natural disturbances.
2017, 30(5): 743-750.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.006
Abstract:
Objective To study the effect of slow-release fertilizer (SLF) N/P ratio and loading on the growth of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Phoebe chekiangensis and Cinnamomum chekiangense. Method In this study, with two factors of N/P ratio (1.75:1, 2.25:1, 2.75:1 and 3.25:1) and SLF loading (1.5 kg·m-3, 2.5 kg·m-3, 3.5 kg·m-3 and 4.5 kg·m-3), a factorial experimental design was applied to study the Growth (seedling height, root diameter and biomass accumulation), growth rhythm and SPAD of two-year-old container seedlings of the three species. Result The growth and SPAD value of the container seedlings (two-year-old) of the 3 species as affected by N/P ratio and SLF loading were different. The biomass accumulation and root-shoot ratio of T. wallichiana var. mairei, Ph. chekiangensis and C. chekiangense varied slightly in N/P ratio. With the increase of N/P ratio, the growth of Ph. chekiangensis was promoted, but the growth of T. wallichiana var. mairei was inhibited. The effect of SRF on the growth and biomass accumulation of 2-year-old container seedlings among the three species all reached the extremely significant level, and with increasing SRF loading, the seedling height, ground diameter and biomass accumulation were obviously enhanced, coupled with the below-ground biomass accumulation of T. wallichiana var. mairei and above-ground of Ph. chekiangensis increased, but which had no statistically significant effect to root-shoot ratio of C. chekiangense, with the optimum of SLF at F3 (3.5 kg·m-3). The growth and biomass accumulation of the three species were affected slightly by N/P ratio and the interaction with SLF loading, and vice versa. With the increase of N/P ratio, the sustainable growth of T. wallichiana var. mairei was extended and the total linear growth of Ph. chekiangensis was also enhanced, while the same situation was not found for C. chekiangense. The APAD value of the seedling leaves of the tree species differed a lot, but the APAD value was not affected by N/P ratio and SLF loading. However, as the N/P ratio and SLF loading added, the fluctuation strength of SPAD value of T. wallichiana var. mairei and C. chekiangense increased, so did the dynamic variation rule of SPAD among all the three species. Conclusion The optimum ratio was 1.75:1 or 2.25:1 to T. wallichiana var. mairei, 2.75:1 to Ph. chekiangensis and C. chekiangense, Loading amount of 3.5 kg·m-3 could enhance the growth and SPAD value of all the three species evidently, but it would have the side effects once overcommitted.
2017, 30(5): 751-758.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.007
Abstract:
Objective A phosphate-solubilizing bacterium, Sinorhizobium meliloti CHW10B, was selected from Taxus chinensis var. mairei. Its phosphate-solubilizing characteristics and growth-promoting effect on T. chinensis var. mairei were studied. Method The effects of culture time, Ca3(PO4)2 concentration, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, initial pH, liquid filling volume, salt ions and other environment factors on phosphate solubilizing ability of strain CHW10B were studied by liquid fermentation experiment. Pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of strain CHW10B in promoting the growth of T. chinensis var. mairei. Some growth-promoting mechanism such as producing ACC deaminase, siderophore, indoleacetic acid, arginine decarboxylase and organic acid were determined. Result The results showed that CHW10B strain displayed the highest phosphate-dissolving capacity when the cultivation period was 4 days, the amount of calcium phosphate was 5.00 g·L-1, the initial pH reached 7.0, the volume of liquid was 1/2, the NaCl concentration was 0.0 g·L-1 and the temperature was 30℃. The phosphate solubilizing capacity of the strain got the highest when using glucose as carbon source and ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source. Moreover, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (100:1) is optimum for strain CHW10B. After being inoculated with strain CHW10B, the ground diameter, seedling height and biomass of 1-year-old T. chinensis var. mairei seedlings increased by 19.53%, 20.14% and 25.39% in 360 days' post-inoculation, respectively. The strain could produce siderophore, arginine decarboxylase, ACC deaminase (0.922 U·mg-1) and IAA (8.908 mg·mL-1), and secrete a large amount of gluconic acid (5 704.92 μg·L-1). Conclusion S. meliloti CHW10B has strong phosphorus-solubilizing capability, and plays a significant promoting role in the growth of T. chinensis var. mairei. The strain can be applied to a variety of soils of different acidity-alkalinity. The result would be an important reference for further exploring of the CHW10B strain in production of bio-fertilizer and high efficient cultivation on T. chinensis var. mairei, etc.
2017, 30(5): 759-764.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.008
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Objective The transcriptome of Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger of Amentotaxus in Taxaceae was sequenced and analyzed for its terpenoid biosynthetic pathway and taxonomy research. Method The transcriptome of the mixture of stem and leave of A. argotaenia was sequenced by using HiSeq2500. Result 8.14 Gb clean data was obtained from the transcriptome of A. argotaenia. 82 884 unigene were obtained and 27 495 unigene were annotated using the six public databases. Besides, 2 827 SSRs were identified from the 82 884 unigene. The most abundant type of repeat motif was mono-nucleotides (60.1%), followed by tri-nucleotides (25.4%). Among the unigenes of A. argotaenia, one homologous gene of geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPS), one homologous gene of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) and five homologous genes of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPS) were identified. In addition, 13 homologous genes to taxadiene synthase gene (TS) in Taxus were obtained using TBLASTN. Conclusion In this study, 20 unigenes relating to terpenoid biosynthesis and 2 827 SSRs were identified in A. argotaenia. Our work will facilitate the study about the terpenoid biosynthetic genes especially taxadiene synthase gene in A. argotaenia and may provide some foundational genetic data to study its taxonomy and diversity.
2017, 30(5): 765-770.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.009
Abstract:
Objective To screen effective pheromone lures. Method A field test was carried out to investigate the attractiveness to Monochamus alternatus of 2 new pheromone lures (lure A and lure C) in compare with lure B and lure D. Result The results showed that lure A could catch more M. alternatus beetles than the other lures, which were 1.17, 1.41 and 1.58 times as many as that of lure B, lure C and lure D respectively. The trapping amount of lure C was higher than that of lure D, but no significant difference was found between them. The average amount of female beetles attracted by the pheromone lures were 1.76 times as many as that of male ones. Conclusion Lure A, with higher efficiency, stability and persistence, is more effective and reliable than the other 3 lures. So the priority should be given to lure A in monitoring and controlling M. alternatus adults.
2017, 30(5): 771-778.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.010
Abstract:
Objective Using the nut of Juglans regia and Juglans sigillata in Liangshan of Sichuan as samples to study the phenotype abundance and variation characteristics for detecting resource and providing theory evidence in using resource reasonable. Method Taking 330 seedlings from 15 J. regia and J. sigillata populations as research materials, the diversity and cluster analysis were studied using 18 nut phenotypic traits. Result (1) The coefficient of variation of phenotypic traits in Liangshan walnut population originated from seedlings was between 8.46% and 59.47%, with an average of 35.26%. The nuts with very large (> 20.0 g) and very small (< 5.0 g) single nut weight occupied a certain proportion. The phenotypic traits meet almost all the trait descriptions in the "Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability-Juglans (Juglans L.)". Three features in shape and one in skin color of kernels were added. The Simpson index of population genetic traits was 0.201-0.855, Shannon-Wiener index was between 0.649 and 2.873, indicating abundant variations in nut phenotypic diversity in this area. (2) The phenotypic differentiation of 18 phenotypic traits in populations was larger than that among populations in this area and the differentiation coefficients among populations was 6.03%, suggesting the phenotypic differentiation in populations was the main variation source. (3) UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the Manhattan distance of nut phenotypic traits were positively related to the geographic distance or climatic conditions. Conclusion The nut phenotype of J. regia and J. sigillata in Liangshan was abundant. It is the important area for distribution of diversity walnut resources in China.
2017, 30(5): 779-787.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.011
Abstract:
Objective To identify the walnut from major producing provinces in China and provide some basic data and theoretical basis for the protection of geographical indication. Method The contents of 35 elements in 128 walnut samples from eight major producing provinces of China were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the discriminant model was established by one-way analysis of variance, principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to identify walnut from different areas. Result It was found that the contents of Fe, Zn, Cu and Ni were the most abundant nutrient elements in walnut, and the contents of heavy metal (Pb, Cd and As) and rare earth elements were in relatively low level. One-way analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences in the elemental composition of walnut samples from different regions (P < 0.05). The PCA showed that Fe, Ti, Rb, B, Ba, Cu, Zn, Ba, Mo, Al, Pb and rare earth elements were inferred to be the characteristic elements of walnut samples from different regions, and these elements could explain 64.33% of the total variance. LDA was applied to construct the classification model of walnuts according to their geographical origins, and the accuracy was as high as 99.2%. LDA was also applied to construct the model of identifying the walnut with geographical indication from that without geographical indication, the accuracy was 95.7%. Conclusion Through the determination of multi-element contents in walnut combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), the walnut from different regions can be identified successfully.
2017, 30(5): 788-796.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.012
Abstract:
Objective To understand the characteristics and forming of dead standing trees of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica natural pure forest and provide the basis for the protection and management of P. sylvestris var. mongolica natural pure forest. Method Two plots were set up with total station in different density P.sylvestris var. mongolica natural forest with a area of 1 hm2 each. All the trees with diameter larger than 5 cm were located and surveyed. The basic characteristics of sample plots, the quantitative characters and class distribution of dead standing trees were analyzed and the concept of living tree ratio was proposed to express the micro environment around dead standing in stand, at the same time, the method of stand spatial structure parameter distribution and bivariate distribution was used to analyze the relationship of the dead standing trees with the nearest 4 adjacent trees. Result There was significant difference between amounts of seedlings and dead standing in the P. sylvestris var. mongolica natural forest with different density. The plot 1 was less in stand density, where the amounts of both seedlings and dead standing were less, while that of plot 2 were 15 280 stem·hm-2 and 200 trees respectively. The dead standing trees of P.sylvestris var. mongolica natural pure forest were mainly small diameter and their diameter was below 11 cm. The diameter classes of plot 1 followed a continuous distribution and the range was narrow; the diameter class range of plot 2 was broad and it was discontinuous in 2022 cm, there had 2 dead standing trees which diameter was larger than 23 cm. The distribution pattern of dead standing in P. sylvestris var. mongolica natural pure forest followed a random distribution; mostly the 4 adjacent trees around the dead standing trees were living trees and their diameter larger than that of the dead standing trees in plot 1. In half case, all the 4 adjacent trees around dead standing trees were living trees and more than one-third of dead standing trees which DBH were not minimal. The dead standing trees showed the continuous distribution phenomena in plot 2. The difference of dead standing trees bivariate distribution of the uniform angle index and neighbourhood comparison were not obviously and the difference of dead standing tree bivariate distribution of the uniform angle index and mingling, and neighbourhood comparison were obviously. The proportion of 4 adjacent trees randomly distributed around dead standing trees were all living trees and their DBH larger than that of the dead standing trees were significantly higher in plot 1 than in plot 2, however, the proportion of 4 adjacent trees randomly distributed around dead standing trees were dead standing trees were significantly lower in plot 1 than in plot 2. Conclusion Mostly, the dead standing trees in P. sylvestris var. mongolica natural pure forest are small diameter trees, the amount of dead standing trees is related to the stand density, and competition is the main reason causing the death of forest trees. When the density of P.sylvestris var. mongolica natural pure forest is too high, it is prone to suffer from pest. Therefore, P. sylvestris var. mongolica natural pure forest need to maintain a reasonable density.
2017, 30(5): 797-804.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.013
Abstract:
Objective The effect of the addition of different proportion of exogenous organic matter on the forest soil organic carbon mineralization was discussed in this study in order to further understand the ecological relationship between the added exogenous organic matter and soil organic carbon. Method The dead leaves of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and other broad-leaved species (e.g. Linden and maple) were collected in Korean pine broad-leaved mixed forest experimental plots in Liangshui National Nature Reserve and regarded as exogenous organic matter. The mineralization process was imitated in the incubators through laboratory incubation method by adding different proportions of Korean pine dead leaves and broad dead leaves at different incubation temperature (25 ℃, 30 ℃, and 35 ℃) and incubation days (5 d, 10 d, 20 d, 35 d, 60 d, and 90 d). The soil CO2 released under different treatments was measured by alkali absorption method, and the mineralization rate and cumulative mineralization amount of soil organic carbon were calculated. And then the priming effect of exogenous organic matters and temperature on soil organic carbon was analyzed. Result At the incubation temperatures of 25 ℃ and 35 ℃, the priming effect of dead broad leaves was better than that of dead Korean pine leaves; while at 30 ℃, the result was opposite. Under the three levels of incubation temperature, the addition of dead leaves produced a significant promoting effect on soil mineralization processes (P < 0.05). At the temperature of 30 ℃, the addition of the exogenous organic matter resulted in the strongest priming effect on the soil organic carbon. Conclusion The priming effect of soil organic carbon in Korean pine broad-leaved mixed forest was influenced by multi-factors, such as the types of added exogenous organic matter, incubation temperature and days.
2017, 30(5): 805-811.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.014
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Objective In this study, the witches' broom disease of Phyllostachys praecox was assessed, and the pathogen of the disease was identified through molecular biology techniques. Method The disease severity was assessed by grading witches' broom disease at individual level and branch level. The pathogen of witches' broom disease of Ph. praecox was identified by specific PCR primers of phytoplasmal 16S rDNA and fungal rDNA-ITS sequences. Result Disease assessment data showed that the average incidence of the 6 plots was 18.59%, and the average disease index was 6.67. PCR results indicated that all the samples infected were able to amplify rDNA-ITS sequence of fungus, and could not amplify 16S rDNA of phytoplasma. Comparative BLAST analysis determined that the amplicons shared 99.00% similarity with sequences from Aciculosporium take, and the highest similarity with other fungi was only 94.00%. Conclusion A. take was the causal agent of witches' broom disease of Ph. praecox of Deqing County, Zhejiang Province.
2017, 30(5): 812-822.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.015
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Objective The objective of the experiment is to provide theoretical support and obtain a technical proposal for improving the fruit quality and high-efficient cultivation, the influence of soil nutrients and leaf nutrients on fruit quality and optimum quantity of soil and leaf nutrient elements for good fruit qualities of 'Jiro' were studied. Method The soil nutrient contents, leaf nutrient contents and fruit qualities of 'Jiro' orchards in Longyang District, Baoshan City were investigated, the methods of canonical correlation analysis and linear program and multivariate linear regression were used to screen the major soil nutrient factors and leaf nutrient factors affecting fruit qualities. The alternative optimum proposals of soil nutrients and leaf nutrients for good fruit qualities were obtained. Result The quality of 'Jiro' persimmon fruit is comprehensive affected by various mineral elements of soil and leaves. The total phosphorus, total potassium and total magnesium content of leaf, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and available iron of soil are the major factors affecting fruit weight. The hardness of fruit is mainly affected by total phosphorus, total potassium, total calcium, total magnesium and total copper in leaf. And Soil organic matters have positive effects on all fruit quality indexes. Moreover, the results indicate that there is sufficient soil nutrient content but lower leaf nutrient content in 'Jiro' orchards of Baoshan City. Conclusion The optimum proposal of soil nutrient elements content for 'Jiro' is 60 g·kg-1 of organic matter, 2.5 g·kg-1 of total N, 40.58~200 mg·kg-1 of alkaline N, and 17.95~80 mg·kg-1, 35~448.17 mg·kg-1, 107.56~300 mg·kg-1, 100.2~450 mg·kg-1 of available P, K, Fe, Mn, 2.53~11 g·kg-1, 150.1~1 000 mg·kg-1 of exchangeable Ca, Mg. The optimum proposal of leaf nutrient elements content for 'Jiro' is 15~20.22 g·kg-1, 1.09~2 g·kg-1, 15.93~30 g·kg-1, 10~40 g·kg-1, 2~9.7 g·kg-1, 0.05~0.2 g·kg-1, 0.495~1.5 g·kg-1, 1mg·kg-1, 5~60 mg·kg-1 of total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn. Compared with the theoretical value, the local persimmon orchard should be appropriate to increase application of organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potash fertilizer, reduce application of nitrogen fertilizer, optimize the application proportion of microelement fertilizer.
2017, 30(5): 823-830.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.016
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Objective To explore the effect of secondary natural forest and plantations on the diversity of canopy foraging ant communities and the influence of tree selections in plantations on the diversity of canopy foraging ant communities. Method Investigations of ant communities in secondary natural forest and four plantations were conducted by trap at Lüchun County, Yunnan Province. Meanwhile, the plant diversity and foliage density were investigated. Result (1) 17998 ant individuals were collected, which belonging to 68 species, 29 genera, and 6 subfamilies of Formicidae. (2) Ant abundance ranked as lac insect-corn agroforests > lac insect plantations > eucalyptus plantations > rubber plantations > secondary natural forests. (3) Ant richness ranked as lac insect-corn agroforests > lac insect plantations > secondary natural forests > eucalyptus plantations > rubber plantations. (4) ACE index ranked as lac insect-corn agroforests > lac insect plantations > secondary natural forests > eucalyptus plantations >rubber plantations. (5) Significantly negative relationship was found between canopy foraging ant abundance, species richness and litter coverage, foliage density of the zone above 300 cm, and the tree crown density, but positive relationship was found between the ant abundance, species richness and herbage coverage. Meanwhile, there were significantly negative relations between ACE index and litter coverage, herbage coverage, and tree crown density, but a positive correlation between ACE index and foliage density of the zone from 175 cm to 199.9 cm. Conclusion Plantation has a certain positive role to the ant diversity conversation, especially has a significantly effect by choosing native tree. Reasonable management of plantation is conducive to the conservation of biological diversity.
2017, 30(5): 831-840.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.017
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Objective Yuanmou county was selected to studied the change of forest land utilization and forest ecosystem service value in the dry-hot valley so as to enrich forest ecology research and provide theoretical basis for regional ecological environment regulation. Method Taking remote images of Landsat 7 ETM in 2008 and Landsat 8 OLI in 2016, national basic geographic information system and ASTER GDEM digital elevation model as data sources, the ENVI and ArcGIS software was used to interpret the remote sensing images, obtain the forest land-use data, and to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of forest land, and calculate the function value of farmland food production per unit area and coefficients per unit area of forest ecosystem service value. Then, the forest ecosystem service value and its changing characteristics were analyzed. The adjustment of coefficient of dynamic value of forest ecosystem service was constructed on the basis of payment ability, willingness to pay and land by using ENVI and ArcGIS software. Forest ecosystem equivalent coefficients were adjusted, as well as environmental capacity as main parameters in order to analyze the dynamic value characteristic and its change of forest ecosystem service. Result Forest land is mainly distributed in southern and eastern parts of the middle-high mountains in the study area. A small amount of forest scatters in western, southwest, north and eastern foothills of the middle-high mountains. Few parts are sporadic in the valley dam area. Forest area increased by 64.24 hm2, and variation range reached 11.42% from 2008 to 2016. The area of forest land converted into non-forestland reached 90.53 km2, while the forest area converted from other land-use types was 154.77 km2. There waere 73.61 km2 of forest land converting to grassland and 123.11 km2 converted from grassland. In 2016, the static value of forest ecosystem service in the study area was ￥1.497 billion, an increase of ￥153 million over ￥1.344 billion in 2008. In 2016, the proportion of forest land in the total static value of regional ecosystem service in the study area was 56.41%, which increased by 4.68% compared with 51.73% in 2008. The dynamic value of forest ecosystem service in 2008 and 2016 were respectively ￥ 475.8 million and ￥ 902.7 million, which only accounted for 35.40% and 60.30% of static value of forest ecosystem service in the same period. Conclusion The forest land area increased rapidly, the forest land and non-forest land converted to each other frequently, leading to an obvious net increase of forest area. The area increase of forest land resulted in static value growth of forest ecosystem service. Among individual value of forest ecosystem service, soil formation and protection, gas regulation and biodiversity conservation scored the highest, while the food production had the lowest score. Although the dynamic value of forest ecosystem service is far less than the static value, the range of dynamic value change is obviously higher than that of static value. The forest land with high ecosystem service value is more sensitive to the growth of social and environmental regulation.
2017, 30(5): 841-847.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.018
Abstract:
Objective To study the effects of stand structural adjustment on growth and soil properties of Pinus yunnanensis secondary forest and provide reference for its further conservation and utilization. Method The stand structure was adjusted according to the regulations about forest tending of China, the characteristics of growth and soil properties of P. yunnanensis secondary forest after 4 years' structural adjustment were analyzed and compared by the method of typical sampling. Result The results showed that the individual volume, DBH, tree height and the quantity of natural regenerated plants with structural adjustment treatment (SAT) were approximately 1.6, 1.1, 1.2 and 3.1 times that of the control (not adjustment, CK), respectively. The richness of plant species increased in the SAT, and the coverage of the herb and shrub enhanced by 63.3% and 22.7%, while the average height increased by 24.7% and 17.9%, respectively compared with those in the CK. Compared with the CK, the litter mass in the SAT decreased significantly by 20.37%, and the soil temperature, soil organic matter contents, soil microbial biomass and soil basic respiration increased significantly in the SAT, while the other soil properties kept relative stability. Conclusion The results show that structural adjustment can significantly increase the growth of P. yunnanensis which is conducive to large diameter class wood cultivation. The forest natural regeneration and the understory vegetation are promoted, which benefits the development of the community structure in P. yunnanensis secondary forest, and the increased quantity and activity of soil microbes advance the transformation of soil organic matter after the stand structural adjustment. It is proved that stand structural adjustment can promote the positive feedback of soil-plant system in P. yunnanensis forest.
2017, 30(5): 848-853.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.019
Abstract:
Objective The present study intends to reveal and evaluate the feeding value and biomass of mature leaves of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem (TS) grown in the south and north of China, and help to lay a foundation for the construction of comprehensive feed industry of TS. Method The contents of rude protein, amino acids, minerals and other nutrients of the mature leaves of TS grown in China were analyzed, and their feeding value were confirmed by mutton-sheep breeding experiments. By analysis of biomass and cultivate-suit area of TS, the development potential of mature leaves of TS as feedstuff were discussed. Result The mature leaves of TS were equipped with high content of crude protein (16.25%-17.78%) and low content of crude fat (3.10%-5.45%), and contained 17 kinds of amino acids, with the essential amino acids accounted for 33.12%-34.60%. In addition, the mature leaves of TS were also rich in potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and other mineral elements. Sheep in breeding experiments appeared to favor the mature leaves of TS, and no adverse phenomenon, neither diarrhea nor convulsions, happened. The nutritional value of mature leaves of TS were higher than conventional consumed grains, and were comparable to Medicago sativa. Conclusion Mature leaves of TS are high in crude protein, low in crude fat, and do have the potential to be protein feed. The region along the Yellow River and the Yangtze River of China are pointed to be the suit development area for feed-used/buds-feed-used TS.
2017, 30(5): 854-865.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.020
Abstract:
Objective To have a control of pine wilt disease by controlling Monochamus alternatus, the vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Method To analyze and summary the adult behaviors and chemo-ecological characteristics of M. alternatus by literature retrieval. Result The adults of M. alternatus crawl around in a small range, and they would fly far away when there is lack of food. Most adult beetles copulate after 10 days' nutritional supplements, and the copulation period can be divided into three stages. First, both male and female beetles are attracted to host plant volatiles; then the male beetles attract female beetles through releasing short-range pheromones; at last, the male beetles distinguish female beetles through contact pheromones. Plant volatiles such as α-pinene and ethanol can trigger the behaviors of M. alternatus, and aggregation pheromone 2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol, that male beetles secreted, can attract both male and female beetles. When combining the former substances together, such as attractant APF-Ⅰ, more beetles could be trapped. This method is sensitiveness, efficiency, less resistance, and it is environment friendly. Vision could guide the movements of beetles, and it makes beetles prefer brown than the other colors. The copulation rate decreases when their facetted eyes are painted black. More healthy trees are chosen than weak trees when beetles feeding, but this reverses when it comes to oviposition. Not copulated beetles showed a bigger electroantennography response to healthy pine volatiles than damaged pine volatiles, whereas the copulated beetles showed the opposite response. The female beetles leave jellylike secretion on the scar which contains oviposition deterrence to hamper other females lay here. Conclusion Attractants can be used to control M. alternatus. The natural enemies, such as Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire), Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, and Sclerodermus guani Xiao et Wu, could also be used to control M. alternatus.
2017, 30(5): 866-870.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.021
Abstract:
The change of telomere length during aging of plant cells has been found to be much more complicated than that in animals. It can be divided into the invariant group, the prolongation group, the shortening group and the circle change group. Nevertheless, the age of plants can also be predicted based on telomere length. Moreover, the telomere length can change during plant tissue culture. Thus, the physiological age of asexual plants is worth to be studied. In the article, the physiological age of asexual plants is discussed based on telomere length. It is concluded that the older donor might produce clone with small body but old physiological age, telomere length might be a novel reliable indicator for assessment the ability of both asexual propagation and callus redifferentiation of plants, the relationship between old-tree reinvigoration and telomere length might be a good research project. Furthermore, it is proposed that plant calli need enough time to erase the traces of the explants. Many problems about the telomere length during asexual propagation of plants are urgent to be researched and explored.
The change of telomere length during aging of plant cells has been found to be much more complicated than that in animals. It can be divided into the invariant group, the prolongation group, the shortening group and the circle change group. Nevertheless, the age of plants can also be predicted based on telomere length. Moreover, the telomere length can change during plant tissue culture. Thus, the physiological age of asexual plants is worth to be studied. In the article, the physiological age of asexual plants is discussed based on telomere length. It is concluded that the older donor might produce clone with small body but old physiological age, telomere length might be a novel reliable indicator for assessment the ability of both asexual propagation and callus redifferentiation of plants, the relationship between old-tree reinvigoration and telomere length might be a good research project. Furthermore, it is proposed that plant calli need enough time to erase the traces of the explants. Many problems about the telomere length during asexual propagation of plants are urgent to be researched and explored.
2017, 30(5): 871-877.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.022
Abstract:
Objective The barrier factors influencing the natural regeneration of Toona ciliata var. pubescens were explored through investigating the effects of forest soil and fungi in different natural communities on seed germination and seedling survival. Method Soil samples were collected from the root zone at three distances (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 m) from the mother trees as well as the natural forest stands 25 m away from the mother trees in Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve. The seed germination trial on soils was carried out in the laboratory with non-forest soil as the control. In addition, the seedling infection trial in soil was also performed in the laboratory with root irrigation by fungi isolated from root zone soil and suspended with water or root exudates. The seed germination, seedling survival and seedling susceptibility were observed. Result The germination of seed in all kinds of soil revealed the tendency of increasing at initial and then decreasing, and reached the peak during the eighth to tenth day after sowing. There were no significant differences between forest soil and non-forest soil in germination rate, while the seedling survival rate of forest soil was significantly lower than that of non-forest soil. There were significant differences between root zone soil and non-root zone soil in seedling survival rate, and the seedling mortality of root zone soil was higher. It was also found that there were no significant differences in seedlings survival rate of root zone soil among different distances from the mother trees. It addition, there were extremely significant differences in seedling infection treatments, and the seedling disease incidence rates of RS2, RS5 soil-borne fungi were significantly higher than those of the two blank controls, water (W) and root exudates (R). Moreover, the disease infection rate of RS2 root exudates suspension was significantly higher than that of RS2 water suspension. Conclusion Forest soil of different natural communities has no effect on seed germination of T. ciliata var. pubescens, However, the seedling establishment is disturbed by root zone soil of the same species; the interaction between root exudates and pathogens can significantly reduce the seedling survival rate. It could be inferred that there are potential pathogens in root zone soil of T. ciliata var. pubescens and root exudates can enhance their pathogenicity.
2017, 30(5): 878-885.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.023
Abstract:
Objective To study the growth pattern of Liriodendron tulipifera. Method A 24-year-old L. tulipifera plantation in Jurong of Jiangsu Province was used to study its growth pattern by means of stem analysis, and the age-age correlation of growth traits such as diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height and volume were explored. Result The results of stem analysis showed that, for DBH and tree height growth, the rapid growth period of L. tulipifera lasted for 12 years (the 6th to 17th year after planting), while the early growth of timber volume of L. tulipifera was slow in the period of the first year to the tenth year. After 12 year, the volume increased quickly, and reached the peak value at 20th year. The results of age-age correlation and early selection efficiency analysis showed that, for the DBH and tree height, the growth in the 6th year were significantly correlated with the growth in the 18th year, while for the volume, the growth in the 6th year were significantly correlated with growth in the 18th year. Setting 24th year as the age of final cutting, the optimum age for early selection in L. tulipifera was the 16th-18th year. Conclusion The DBH and tree height grow rapidly at early age. The competition and differentiation among individuals increase significantly during half-mature stage. With the increment of stand age, the age of early selection should be postponed. In consequence of this result, the authors propose that early selection should be conducted at the 6th year to accelerate the process of tree breeding. While for the cultivation of large-diameter wood, thinning should be conducted after the 16th year.
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