2019 Vol. 32, No. 3
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2019, 32(3): 1-8.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.001
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Abstract:
Objective This study aims at examining the application of RAD-seq in classifications of the genus Rhododendron. Method 85 species of Rhododendron were sequenced using dd-RAD and the basic characteristics data obtained were evaluated. Then, the whole genome sequence of Rh. delavayi were used as the reference genome and the SNP loci were effectively mapped and obtained. These SNP loci were used to construct the phylogenomic relationship among groups employed by ADMIXTURE, PCA, GCTA and FastTree software. Result On average, 87.52% of reads were mapped to the Rh. delavayi genome and the average coverage to the genome was 5.21%. After cleaning and filtering these data, a total of 620 371 SNPs were obtained. Preliminary analysis of these observed SNP loci by ADMIXTURE, PCA and FastTree revealed that the species grouping was corresponding to subgenus division from Floral of China, though different subsections with subgenus were not clearly differentiated. Moreover, the scale underside leaf was emphasized as the key character to distinguishing subgenus with genus Rhododendron. Conclusion The study proves the potential application of RAD-seq in classifications of the large genus Rhododendron and the results will provide insights into resources exploration and utilization of Rhododendrons in China.
2019, 32(3): 9-17.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.002
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Objective To study the differences in the geographical provenance of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook) in different-aged forest and to screen provenances in the experimental area for the purpose of promoting the long-term genetic improvement of Chinese fir provenance. Method A provenance test forest of Chinese fir was established in 1981, and the major growth parameters were measured at the 5th, 10th and 31st years to detect the genetic variation in DBH, tree height and volume index among provenances. The study evaluated the long-term selection effect of good provenance by using juvenile-mature correlation and cluster analysis. Result The result showed that there were great significant genetic variation in tree height, DBH and volume. The variation coefficients at the 31th year were 75.86%, 48.55% and 263.76% for DBH, tree height and volume. The variance of traits followed an obvious geographic variation pattern, and latitude played the major role. From the south to north, the increment of Chinese fir increased at first and then decreased, and the provenances from southwestern and southeastern China grew better. The heritabilities of provenance for DBH, tree height and volume varied between 0.75 and 0.85, indicating the three growth traits had high genetic control level. The trait value and the rank based on major traits were correlated significantly and positively among different selection ages. This study showed that the appropriate selection age for Chinese fir provenance test should be about 10 years. Twenty-nine provenances of Chinese fir were selected from 169 provenances, most of which originated from Fujian Province and the others originated from Guizhou, Guangxi and Hu'nan province. Among them the provenances grew the best came from Chong'an, Shunchang, and Youxi of northern Fujian Province. The genetic gains of DBH, tree height and volume were 23.21%-31.45%, 15.60%-20.19%, and 59.94%-89.97%, respectively. Conclusion The early selection age has a significant effect on shortening the breeding cycle of Chinese fir. Selection at the 10th year is more conducive to improve the efficiency of Chinese fir genetic improvement. The 29 excellent provenances selected from the 31-year-old mature Chinese fir forests have a larger increase than the local provenances, and are suitable for expanding in the Jiangxi Province and the surrounding areas.
2019, 32(3): 18-25.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.003
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Objective To identify the pathogen of camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) canker disease, the diseased branches of camphor tree were collected from the Fuling, Beibei and Yuzhong district of Chongqing. Method Pathogens were isolated from the diseased samples and purified by single-mycelium tips culture. The species of pathogens were primarily identified by the morphological characterizations of purified strains. To analyze the phylogenetic of the selected strains, the sequences of rDNA-ITS, β-tubulin and EF1-α genes were amplified and sequenced. The selected strains showing different morphological and molecular characteristics were tested for their pathogenicity on detached shoots of camphor. Result A total of 48 isolates were isolated from the diseased camphor tree canker samples in Chongqing, and 68 purified strains were obtained by single-mycelium tip technique. Based on the characterization of fungal colony and conidia, the 68 purified strains were grouped into three types. Fourteen strains from the three types were selected to construct phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic analysis results showed that the three types belong to Botryosphaeria dothidea (type Ⅰ), B. parva (type Ⅱ) and B. rhodina (type Ⅲ). Pathogenicity tests on the camphor tree shoots showed that all the tested strains could induce canker lesions. Remarkably, the strains of B. parva exhibited the strongest virulence than that of the B. rhodina and B. dothidea strains. The B. dothidea strains showed the weakest virulence. Conclusion B. parva, and B. rhodina are isolated from camphor canker disease for the first time. It is suggested that B. dothidea, B. parva, and B. rhodina are the common causal agents for camphor tree canker diseases in Chongqing.
2019, 32(3): 26-33.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.004
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Objective To study the effects of cover treatment on the growth and death of fine root of Camellia oleifera. Method Using minirhizotron dynamic monitoring technology, and taking C. oleifera "Changlin 4" forest as test material, four treatments (black mulch film, Camellia shelll, peanut rod + straw, ecological film) and the control (no cover) were set up. The fine roots of C. oleifera in the 0~40 cm soil profile were observed for one year. Result The results indicated that the treatments of peanut stalk + straw and black mulching significantly increased the total root length, total root tip number and total surface area of the fine roots of C. oleifera, and peanut stalk + straw treatment was the best. However, the black mulch treatment had the most pronounced effects in promoting the average diameter of the live fine roots. The total root length, total root tip number and total surface area of fine roots treated with any of the four treatments were larger than that of the control. Compared with the control treatment, all the four cover treatments contributed to reducing the diameter of the dead fine roots, and the difference was significant. The total root length, total root tip number and total surface area of fine roots of C. oleifera peaked in March and June to July. The total root length, total root tip number and total surface area of the dead fine roots changed more gently in the spring and then slowly increased. The net growth rate of fine roots of C. oleifera increased at first and then decreased, peaked from May to June. The peanut stalk + straw treatment and black mulching treatment significantly increased the annual net (root length) productivity of fine roots of C. oleifera, while the treatment of peanut stalk + straw was the most obvious. Conclusion Summer is the peak period of fine root growth and death of C. oleifera. The peanut stalk + straw treatment has the most significant effect on promoting the fine root amount and annual net (root length) productivity of C. oleifera, and the black mulching treatment has the most obvious effect on promoting the diameter increase of fine roots of C. oleifera.
Analysis on Key Factors Affecting Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Precocious Walnuts
2019, 32(3): 34-39.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.005
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Objective To establish an efficient and stable somatic embryogenesis system, to provide technical and theoretical support for in vitro rapid propagation and its further research, and to lay a foundation for the construction of gene transformation of walnut. Method Two early-bearing walnut young fruits were sampled during 42-77 days after blooming. Somatic embryogenesis percentages were counted to screen the optimum development stage of the fruit. After subcultured for several times, the somatic embryos distortion percentage was calculated and then the optimum ABA concentration was tested. The somatic embryos were desiccated respectively for 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h with saturated NH4NO3, and the germination rate of somatic embryo can be obtained. Result The highest somatic embryogenesis percentage of 'Zao Lin Xiang' and 'Zhong Lin 6' reached 88.32% and 86.7%, respectively, when the young fruits were sampled at 49 d and 56 d after flowering, respectively. Moderate concentration of ABA supplement not only reduced the rate of somatic embryos aberration, resulted from multiple subcultivation, but also increased the rate of somatic embryogenesis, and the optimum ABA concentration was 1 mg·L-1. As the dehydration time was prolongated, the water loss increased gradually, while the germination rate increased at first and decreased later on. After dehydrated for 72 h, the germination rate of 'Zao Lin Xiang' and 'Zhong Lin 6' were up to the highest (56.67% and 53.33%), while the water loss was 38.73% and 40.56%, respectively. Conclusion In the process of young fruit development of early-bearing walnut, the inducing rate of somatic embryogenesis is changed with the development period. The suitable development period is the key to improve somatic embryo induction. Proper amount of ABA also plays an important role in regulating deformed embryo in the process of somatic embryo multiple subculture. What is more, moderate dehydration treatment has a well promoting effect on the regeneration of somatic embryo of walnut.
2019, 32(3): 40-48.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.006
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Objective To study the dormant and recessive leaf traits and genotypes of Betula pendula 'Purple Rain' and Betula pendula 'Dplecprlicp', to screen the elite hybrid combinations and lay a foundation for the establishment of seed orchard. Method In this study, different mating designs were used among B. pendula 'Purple Rain', B. pendula 'Dplecprlicp', B. platyphylla Suk. and B. pendula. The seed weight, seed vigor, and growth were recorded from their progenies. Chi-square test was used to test the reliability of segregating ratio and the inference of parental genotype. Result Significantly difference was found among the combinations of parental crosses (P < 0.01) in thousand-seed weight, germination rate, germination potential, germination index, height and diameter. Coefficient of variation (CV) of thousand-seed weight and seed vigor are 66% and 78% for B. pendula, whereas the other traits of CV for B. pendula 'Dplecprlicp' are between 19%~47%. The broad sense heritability for all traits is above 76%. Based on the weight of seed, grain vigor, seedling growth and leaf target traits, it was found that LCK×Z1, Z4×1-28 and LY×LCK are the elite hybrid combinations. Because the progeny of B. pendula 'Purple Rain' has two leaf types, purple and green, it is believed that B. pendula 'Purple Rain' is heterozygous and purple is a dominant trait. Based on the four segregation ratios of green and purple (9:7, 1:1, 1:3 and 3:5), the authors confirm that two pairs of gene P_B_are complementary. Only normal leaves of the same family of LCK half-sib produce lobed leaf progeny based on multiple cross combinations of birch. Therefore, lobed leaf is a recessive trait, and is controlled by two pairs of genes based on segregating ratio 1:3. They belong to a additive effect. The genotype of B. pendula 'Dplecprlicp' is ddbb. The result of Chi-square test confirms above inferences of genotypes and phenotypes. Conclusion In this study, inheritance of recessive and dominant traits for leaf color and leaf shape was identified. The genotype of B. pendula 'Purple Rain' is P_B_, and B. pendula 'Dplecprlicp' is ddbb. LCK×Z1 and Z4×1-28 for the purple leaf and LY×LCK for the lobed leaf are chosen as the preferred combinations for each seed orchard establishment.
2019, 32(3): 49-55.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.007
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Objective The study aims at determining the development stages of natural spruce-fir and broadleaved mixed forest so as to provide theoretical basis and technical support for its management according to stage. Method One hundred and seventy-two permanent sample plots of spruce-fir-broadleaved mixed forest in Jilin Province were selected for initial classification based on the TWINSPAN two-way indicator species quantitative classification analysis techniques. The growth, species diversity and stand structure of spruce-fir mixed forest were compared and analyzed to determine the development stage. Result The result indicated that the spruce-fir-broadleaved mixed forests could be divided into three groups (group 1:spruce-birch mixed forest; group 2:fir-softwood-broadleaved mixed forest; group 3:Korean pine-spruce-hardwood-broadleaved mixed forest) by TWINSPAN. In general, the diameter of all stands showed an inversed J-shape distribution. The height structure development of stand showed a trends related with tree species characteristics. There were differences in stand factors and periodic annual increment among these groups. The stand average diameter, mean height, dominant height, dominant diameter and volume all ranked by ascending order as group 2, group 1 and group 3; the periodic annual increment ranked by ascending order as group 3, group 2 and group 1. The species richness ranked by descending order as group 2, group 3 and group 1. The species dominance of groups 2 and 3 were lower than that of the group 1. Conclusion According to the above classification and characteristics analysis, the development stage of spruce-fir-broadleaved mixed forest was determined as fir-softwood-broadleaved mixed forest, spruce-birch mixed forest, Korean pine-spruce-hard-broadleaved mixed forest. This method might be suitable for other natural forests.
2019, 32(3): 56-64.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.008
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Objective To understand the effects of different concentrations of ethephon on the formation of heartwood and essential oil component of Dalbergia odorifera. Method The experiment selected D.odorifera with DBH ranging from 6 to 8 cm as the research object. This study aimed at questing the impacts of various ethephon concentration degrees (CK, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 2.5%) on starch and soluble sugar of D. odorifera, basic wood properties, histochemistry, and essential oil component via trunk injection. Result The consequences manifested the obvious discrepancy of soluble sugar content between sapwood and discoloration wood among all treatments. Moreover, all sugar content of discoloration wood was much lower than that of sapwood. All sapwood's starch content processed with ethephon exceeded that of CK, and the starch content of 0.5% treatment was the highest, which was consistent with the findings of discoloration wood's starch content. With regards to the timber characters, the maximum fresh timber density was 1.036 g·cm-3 with 0.5% treatment, and 2.5% processing led to the maximum values for both absolute and relative moisture content. In addition, all the ethephon treatments dramatically improved the percentage and the formation rate of discoloration wood. The results regarding histochemistry indicated that all sapwood contained massive starch while discoloration wood possessed none. A large number of lipids, acidic lipids and phenolic compounds was observed in discoloration wood while none in the sapwood. The oil yield of discolored wood increased gradually with the increase of ethephon concentration. 0.1%, 0.5% and 2.5% treatments increased by 52.28%, 121.54% and 128.54%, respectively. Among the12 common heartwood components detected, the most important one was nerolidol, and the order was CK > 0.1% > 2.5% > 0.5%. Furthermore, 2.5% treatment contributed to the highest content of bisabolol oxide A, which elevated 36.59% more than that of CK. Both alpha-farnesene and homopterocarpin in 0.1% treated samples had the highest content. Conclusion Each ethephon treatment could affect starch and resoluble sugar, basic wood properties, histochemistry, and essential oil component of Dalbergia odorifera. 2.5% treatment could facilitate the formation of D. odorifera's heartwood.
2019, 32(3): 65-72.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.009
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Objective To study the variation of air particles with different vertical heights and provide theoretical basis for the construction and utilization of forest therapy. Method In this paper, the mass concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 at the height of human body (1.5 m), the middle of forest canopy (6 m), the canopy upper layer (12 m) of Cunninghamia lanceolata forest were observed for 24 hours in summer of 2017 with a cloudy weather in the Yandangshan of Wenzhou. Result 1.The mass concentrations of different-sized particle matters varied in different heights. There was a significant difference between the TSP and PM2.5, that of the middle of forest canopy were all the lowest in three heights. 2.The daily mean mass concentrations of TSP and PM10 in the three heights were all reached the grad-Ⅱof national standard for urbanized area ambient air quality, and the concentrations of TSP in forest canopy reached the standard grade-Ⅰ. 3.During the observation period, the concentrations of particle matter in different heights were higher at night, and lower in the daytime. 4.The middle of canopy (H2) of air particulate matter in different vertical height was the lowest in the day time; there was no significant difference in TSP mass concentration in three heights, the mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were generally low in human height at night. 5. The concentrations of four kinds of particles were significantly positively correlated with dew temperature and negatively correlated with air pressure. The correlation coefficient between PM2.5 and both factors was the largest. The concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were significantly positively correlated with temperature as well as maximum wind velocity, and negatively correlated with relative humidity. Every meteorological factor affected the mass concentration of air particles. Conclusion The middle of canopy is the best height for recreation in C. lanceolata forest in the Yandangshan of Wenzhou. It is most suitable for daytime travel.
2019, 32(3): 73-79.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.010
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Objective To study the water-sensitive reflectance spectra bands of Phyllostachys violascens canopy leaves and screen the suitable reflectance spectral indexes of leaf water content, aiming at nondestructive estimation of leaf water content. Method The present study investigated the canopy leaf reflectance spectrum characteristics of Ph. violascens during isolated natural water loss process. The correlation between reflectance spectral indexes and leaf water indicators were calculated and analyzed. The regression equation between leaf relative water content (RWC) and reflectance spectral indexes were also calculated. Result The leaf water content and its spectral reflectance were negatively correlated in the near-infrared region. The spectral reflectance sensitivity analysis showed that the spectral reflectance in 1 400~1 600 nm and 1 800~2 000 nm was significantly changed with the decrease of the leaf water content. Correlation analysis and regression model between different spectral reflectance indexes and RWC showed that moisture stress index MSI(R820/R1600)and simple ratio index SRI(R1300/R1450) had higher correlation with RWC. Conclusion The leaf water content has negative correlation with the spectral reflectance in the near-infrared region especially 1 400~1 600 nm and 1 800~2 000 nm. The MSI(R820/R1600) and simple ratio index SRI(R1300/R1450) has higher accuracy for estimating RWC of Ph. violascens leaves than other reflectance spectral indexes.
2019, 32(3): 80-87.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.011
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Objective To obtain a fungus that can efficiently degrade landscaping waste, to study its ability to decomposite various landscaping waste, and to select the fungus strain from the composted landscaping waste by a series of isolation and culture. Method The species of lignin decomposition strain were identified by morphological analysis, ITS molecular sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree. Solid-state fermentation experiments were carried out for studying the changes of enzyme activity of laccase (Lac) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) of the strain and their ability to decompose lignin in landscaping waste. Result A total of 18 fungus were selected from the composted landscaping waste and a highly efficient lignin-decomposing fungus was selected. The strain was designated as strain No.11, and was identified as Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) G. Winter by morphological analysis and ITS molecular sequence analysis. The enzyme activity peaks of laccase and manganese peroxidase in solid canisters were determined using Japanese spindle leaves, Japanese spindle branches, juniper leaves, juniper branches and forsythia as the substrates were 388.7 and 138.3, 326.3 and 121.1, 461.4 and 104.6, 342.7 and 128.6, 588.5 and 73.3 U·L-1. The addition of strain 11 increased the lignin decomposition rate of Japanese spindle leaves, Japanese spindle branches, juniper leaves, juniper branches and forsythia after 40 days, respectively, by 20.40%, 22.44%, 29.90%, 25.28%, and 15.77%. Conclusion The lignin-decomposing fungus, Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) G. Winter, has a strong ability to decompose the lignin in the branches and leaves of Japanese spindle, juniper and forsythia common to the landscaping waste in Beijing. Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) G. Winter may have advantages in decomposing landscaping waste.
2019, 32(3): 88-96.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.012
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Objective This paper aims at investigating the genetic variation and genetic relationship of 33 samples of 22 Populus species. Method 40 primer combinations screened from 72 of SRAP (Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism) markers were used to analyze the genetic variation and the genetic relationship of Populus. Result The results showed that 40 pairs of primer combinations produced 487 clear bands, and there were 441 polymorphic bands with a ratio of 90.55%. The dendrogram generated by UPGMA showed the genetic relationship among 33 samples. The genetic similarity among 33 samples varied from 0.448 6 to 0.910 3; the maximum average genetic distance among sections in Populus was between Sect. Leuce Duby and Turanga, which was 0.3777. The 33 samples were classified into four major groups by cluster analysis using UPGMA. This result was in accordance with the previous classification based on conventional methods. Phylogenetic tree showed that all samples in Sect. Leuce Duby formed a separate branch, while Sect. Tacamahaca, Aigeiros and Turanga formed another branch, which may indicate that Sect. Leuce Duby have rather distant phylogenetic relationships with the others and the genetic relationship among the other three sections was closer. Conclusion Different poplar species have high polymorphism in SRAP sites, and SRAP could be a potentially useful marker technique for genetic variation and genetic relationship study in Populus germplasm. The results would provide a theoretical basis for studying the classification, identification and systematic evolution of Populus.
2019, 32(3): 97-104.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.013
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Objective The types, distribution frequencies and characteristics of expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) were clarified through transcriptome analysis of buds of Rhododendron pulchrum Planch ("Zihe" variety). Moreover, the development of polymorphic SSR markers were performed, as well as their usage in genetic diversity analysis and potential for cross-amplification in related species. Method RNA-seq data from buds of R. pulchrum were searched with MISA software. The characteristics of SSR loci were analyzed and SSR primers were designed with Primer 3.0. The effective primer pairs were used in genetic diversity analysis of R. pulchrum and R. simsii populations. The genetic parameters of population were calculated with POPGENE-pc 2.2 software. Result Totally, 49 527 unigenes (43 766 249 bp) were obtained, and 16 120 SSR loci 1.(2.7 kb)-1 were searched, which accounted for 24.46% of the total unigenes. Repeat numbers of most SSR loci ranged between 5-24. Dinuclotide repeat was the most abundant type with a frequency of 59.70% (9 624), followed by mono-nucleotide repeat (3 738, 23.19%), and the least type was penta-nucleotide repeat (42, 0.26%). Moreover, the typical motifs were A/T, AG/CT, AAG/CTT, AGG/CCT, ACC/GGT, AGC/GCT、AAAG/CTTT, AAGAG/CTCTT, and AGAGGG/CCCTCT. The availability and polymorphism of the thirteen SSR markers selected were clarified in R. pulchrum population. A total of 71 alleles was scored, and the amount of allele (Na) and effective number of allele (Ne) per locus ranged from 3-9 and 1.684-5.930, respectively. The observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) varied from 0.000 to 1.000 and from 0.433 to 0.848, with the mean values of 0.696±0.426 and 0.705±0.129, respectively. Shannon's information index (I) and Nei's gene diversity (h) ranged from 0.736 to 1.961 and from 0.406 to 0.831, with the average values of 1.376±0.339 and 0.683±0.131, respectively. All these SSR markers could be successfully cross-amplified in the related species R. simsii, which also showed high genetic diversity. The genetic variation existed mainly among populations. Conclusion The 13 polymorphic SSR markers based on unigenes containing (AG/CT)n loci will benefit for following genetic diversity analysis, genetic map construction, gene mapping, and molecular marker assisted breeding of Rhododendron species. Natural R. simsii germplasm resources possess high genetic diversity. Moreover, excess heterozygosity is observed, and genetic variation is mainly maintained among populations.
2019, 32(3): 105-112.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.014
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Objective To study the effects of salt stress on growth and physiological indicators of poplar and to compare the salt tolerance among poplar clones. Method The seedlings of five poplar clones, i.e. Nanlin-895 (Populus×euramericana 'Nanlin 895'), Nanlin-1388 (P.×euramericana 'Nanlin 1388'), Nanlin-3804 (P. deltoides 'Nanlin 3804'), 110 (P. deltoides×P. cathayana cl. '110') and 328 (P.×euramericana cl. '328') were selected to analyze the survival rate, growth traits, cell membrane permeability, malondialdehyde content and photosynthetic rate treated with 1‰, 2‰, 3‰, 4‰, 5‰ of salt (NaCl) and the CK in a greenhouse. The salt tolerance of clones was comprehensively evaluated by subordinate function method. Result The height, ground diameter and biomass of all the poplar clones seedling were inhibited under the salt treatments. The survival rate, net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content of seedlings decreased with increasing salt concentration, while the cell membrane permeability and malondialdehyde content in leave increased with increasing salt concentration. Conclusion The salt tolerance of the five clones is in the order of clone 110 > clone 328 > Nanlin-3804 > Nanlin-895 > Nanlin-1388. Clone 110 can tolerate the soil with a salt concentration of 3‰ while the other clones can tolerate the soil with a salt concentration of 2‰.
2019, 32(3): 113-120.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.015
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Objective To study the changes of gene expression patterns in F1 hybrids of Chinese fir, analyze the transcriptomic profiling and to identify the associative genes related to heterosis, which presented a useful reference for the deep development and utilization of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). Method Using the latest second-generation hybrids (Long 15×1339), HF1 (3 super-parent hybrids), LF2 (3 low-parent hybrids) and parents (P1 and P2), all sample groups were compared by transcriptome sequencing. Since Chinese fir transcriptome sequencing is lack of reference genome, so it is needed to do the sequencing reads first for de novo splice to get unigenes and transcripts. Subsequently, the functional annotation of transcripts, differential expression and other bioinformatic analysis approaches were adopted. Result In a total of 12 samples, 5.8E+08 clean reads were generated by transcriptome sequencing, and the total length was 49 803 726 pb. BLASTX analysis is performed on clean reads in six databases (Nr, Swiss-prot, KOG, KEGG, Pfam, GO), through sequence alignment which results in 80 171 unigenes. The Venn diagram analysis revealed 5 transmission modes of DEGs from the parents to the progenies:1. parental expression but not expressed in hybrid (biparent silent type); 2. expression in one parent only, not in hybrids (parental specific expression); 3. only expressed in hybrids, not expressed in parents (hybrid specific expression); 4. expression in hybrid and one parent (single expression consistent); 5. expression in both parents and hybrids. 236 unigenes with differentially expressed (DEGs) were identified in HF1VSP1 comparison group, in HF1VSP2, LF2VSP1, and LF2VSP2, 1 483, 505, and 2 335DEGs were revealed respectively. 100 significant different unigenes among parents and progenies are screened out, and the heatmap clustering analysis was carried out. The results revealed the molecular mechanism of the heterosis of Chinese fir was over-dominant. The sizes of clustering block were different, indicating that some traits were controlled by oligogenes and some by polygenes. The superparental dominance of Chinese fir growth was determined by the 14 genes down-regulated in long15 and up-regulated in the superparent progeny. Conclusion It is concluded that the molecular mechanisms of Chinese fir heterosis are over-dominant. The high productivity of Chinese fir superparental offsprings is related to 14 up-regulated genes. Environment significantly stimulates the up-regulated expression of these 14 genes, thus promotes the generation of growth advantages.
2019, 32(3): 121-126.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.016
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Objective To study the relationship between site conditions and Phyllostachys heterocycla disease index. Method A monitoring survey was conducted on 60 Ph. heterocycla sample plots with different site conditions in Jiangxi Province, and the effects of five site factors (slope, slope position, slope direction, altitude and soil thickness) on the disease index for Ph. heterocycla were analyzed. Results The results showed that there was a certain correlation between the five factors and the disease index of Ph. heterocycla. The disease index was significantly different under different conditions of slope, elevation and soil thickness. The disease index was positively related with the slope and altitude, and negatively related with soil thickness. There was no significant difference on the disease index under different slop conditions, but a weak negative relation was observed. The slope position also had no significant impact on the disease index of Ph. heterocycla. In the meantime, in order to explore the comprehensive effects of the five site condition factors on the disease index of Ph. heterocycla, a multivariate linear regression prediction equation was established by using the quantitative theory, with the five site condition factors were taken as independent variables, and the disease index was taken as dependent variables. The prediction equation's R=0.854, F=10.432 > F0.01(11.48)=2.64. Also, it was found by T test that altitude and soil thickness were the most two significant factors affecting the disease index. Conclusion It is concluded that the value of disease index of Ph. heterocycla is the highest under the site conditions of steep slope, upper slope, sunny slope, high altitude and thin soil layer, and the value is the lowest under the conditions of flat and gentle slope, downhill position, shady slope, hilly land and fertilizer soil.
2019, 32(3): 127-134.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.017
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Objective To analyze the effect of 20 years'practice of close-to-nature forest management, and summarize the experiences of implementing close-to-nature forest management in Germany. Method Based on the data of two forest inventories (interval of 10 years), this paper emphatically analyzes the effect of 20 years'close-to-nature forest management practice in Germany. Result The area of coniferous forests, such as Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris, has been significantly reducing in the past 20 years under close-to-nature forest management, while that of broadleaved forests and coniferous mixed forests continues to increase. All broadleaf species shows an volume increase of about 15 m3·hm-2 in average, and all conifer species combined also shows a positive change of additional 4 m3·hm-2, whereas Picea abies is the only species with a decline in volume of 5 m3·hm-2. Most strikingly is the decrease in area of artificial forests and the increase in the classes close-to-nature and even pristine. Conclusion Achieving the objective of close-to-nature forest management is a long-term process. Two major factors contributing to the high stock volume of 336 m3·hm-2 are federal policies which promote and conserve forests and advanced forest management measures adopted by private forest owners. Close-to-nature forest management practice has resulted in an increase of mixed forests; the major challenge faced by German forestry is to convert plantation forests with a lower close-to-nature management level to the close-to-nature forest ecosystem.
2019, 32(3): 135-141.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.018
Abstract:
Objective To study the effect of pre-treatment treatment on the antioxidant activity of Camellia oleifera seeds. Method The C. oleifera seeds were treated with different time and temperature by infrared heating, and the content and antioxidant capacity of Maillard products in C. oleifera seeds and C. oleifera seed kernels were determined before and after treatment. Result It was found that the formation of Maillard product 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, pyruvic aldehyde, glyoxal and 3-deoxyosucate increased with the prolongation of heating time. The amount of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, pyruvic aldehyde, glyoxal and 3-deoxyosucate in whole seeds were 10.929, 34.620, 11.054 and 36.627 μg·g-1 respectively after 120 min reaction at 150℃. Their contents in C. oleifera seed kernels were 16.950, 55.217, 20.216 and 72.390 μg·g-1, respectively, which were 1.55, 1.59, 1.8 and 1.97 times of the former, indicating that the Maillard reaction was occurred mainly in Camellia seed kernels. The test data of the oxidation activity of Maillard products showed that the Maillard reaction products in C. oleifera had antioxidative activity. When reacted at 150℃ for 120 min, the DPPH free radicals and antioxidant activities of C. oleifera seeds and seed kernels reached the highest, which for the former being 99.18% and 81.47%, while that for the latter being 97.44% and 74.97% respectively. Conclusion The antioxidant activity of C. oleifera seed kernels is stronger than that of whole seed.
2019, 32(3): 142-151.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.019
Abstract:
Objective To characterize the enrichment accumulation profiles of heavy metals in different organs of Sophora japonica L. Method From the soil and different organs of the road side tree of Sophora japonica L. along Landianchang North Road, Beijing City, seven kinds of heavy metals including Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were extracted by the modified BCR method. The concentrations of heavy metals in samples were determined by the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Results The bark part has the highest concentration of heavy metals. Heavy metal elements were transferred from trunk to bark, from bark to branch, and then from branch to leaf, mainly in acid soluble species. The bark and trunk are the main storage organs for heavy metals. Heavy metal elements existed in leaves in a more active acid soluble species. The enrichment efficiency for different heavy metal elements of Sophora japonica L. followed the order of oxidizable > reducible > acid soluble > residual forms. The plane and space enrichment efficiency of the Sophora japonica L. were 372.90 mg·m-2 and 45.48mg·m-3, respectively. Conclusion There were significant differences for the heavy metals accumulation between different organs. Heavy metal elements were transported from the root to leaves mainly in an acid soluble form. Heavy metal elements were stored in the bark and trunk in relatively stable forms. Sophora japonica L. showed the greatest purification efficiency for oxides form of heavy mental elements rather than other forms.
2019, 32(3): 152-159.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2019.03.020
Abstract:
DNA barcoding involves one or a few standardized short DNA segments to discriminate species. Comparing with the traditional methods, DNA barcoding has some advantages such as expanding species diagnoses to cover all the life stages of an organism, digitized discriminating process, quick and highly precise, requiring less taxonomic experience to discover a new species. DNA barcoding is now being widely utilized in biological sciences, including species identification in biodiversity monitoring, biological invasion, forensic contexts, food and medicinal market. After fifteen years of development, the researchers have achieved consensus on standard DNA barcodes in animal, plants and fungi, and has constructed the global DNA barcoding library. Now the evaluation of DNA barcoding has typically focused on two different perspectives. One is to improve the ability to distinguish closely related species, the other is to construct local DNA barcoding library in order to expand applications of DNA barcoding. For the forestry, DNA barcoding has gained adoption in a set of diverse applied contexts, including wood identification, community ecology and biodiversity monitoring, but there still are several challenges, for example, woody sample degradation and the amplification of the whole barcode. And proceeding barcoding studies in forestry needs to concern on the choice of barcodes, the construction of barcoding library for woody species, the method of data analysis and the combination with next generation sequencing. In the future, DNA barcoding will play a key role in the evaluation, protection and sustainable development of forestry resources.
DNA barcoding involves one or a few standardized short DNA segments to discriminate species. Comparing with the traditional methods, DNA barcoding has some advantages such as expanding species diagnoses to cover all the life stages of an organism, digitized discriminating process, quick and highly precise, requiring less taxonomic experience to discover a new species. DNA barcoding is now being widely utilized in biological sciences, including species identification in biodiversity monitoring, biological invasion, forensic contexts, food and medicinal market. After fifteen years of development, the researchers have achieved consensus on standard DNA barcodes in animal, plants and fungi, and has constructed the global DNA barcoding library. Now the evaluation of DNA barcoding has typically focused on two different perspectives. One is to improve the ability to distinguish closely related species, the other is to construct local DNA barcoding library in order to expand applications of DNA barcoding. For the forestry, DNA barcoding has gained adoption in a set of diverse applied contexts, including wood identification, community ecology and biodiversity monitoring, but there still are several challenges, for example, woody sample degradation and the amplification of the whole barcode. And proceeding barcoding studies in forestry needs to concern on the choice of barcodes, the construction of barcoding library for woody species, the method of data analysis and the combination with next generation sequencing. In the future, DNA barcoding will play a key role in the evaluation, protection and sustainable development of forestry resources.
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