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Volume 36 Issue 2
Apr.  2023
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Transcriptome Analysis and Gene Discovery of Abscisic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kandelia obovata under Low Temperature Stress

  • Corresponding author: CHEN Qiu-xia, yzscqx@163.com
  • Received Date: 2022-08-23
    Accepted Date: 2022-11-28
  • Objective To understand the molecular mechanism of Kandelia obovata in response to low temperature stress and cultivate new varieties of cold resistance. Method Based on the annual container seedlings of 'Longgang' K. obovata, a cold-tolerant mangrove cultiva, the control group ( CK ) was treated at 15 oC for 12 h and the low temperature group ( LT ) was treated at −5 oC for 12 h. Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform was used for transcriptome sequencing, and the genes related to abscisic acid signaling pathway were discovered. Result The results showed that a total of 148 transcription factors were identified by transcriptome sequencing, which belonged to 25 transcription factor families. Among them, ERF, NAC, WRKY, bHLH, MYB, bZIP, HB-other and MYB-related families contained more genes, which were 17, 14, 12, 12, 10, 9, 6 and 6, respectively. A total of 1 330 differentially expressed genes ( DEGs ) were screened in the differential group, of which 698 ( 52.48% ) were up-regulated and 632 ( 47.52% ) were down-regulated. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna protein, and alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism. Among the abscisic acid signaling pathways, KoPYL1, KoABF1, and KoABF2 were up-regulated and KoPP2C1 and KoABF3 were down-regulated, and the expression of these genes was consistent with the qRT-PCR validation results. Conclusion ERF, NAC, WRKY, bHLH, MYB, bZIP, HB-other and MYB-related play an important role in regulating the response of K. obovata to low temperature stress. Phytohormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna protein and alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism are important KEGG pathways in K. obovata in response to low temperature stress. KoPYL1, KoPP2C1, KoABF1, KoABF2 and KoABF3 genes in abscisic acid signaling pathway can be used as important candidate genes for future studies on the response of K. obovata to cold stress.
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Transcriptome Analysis and Gene Discovery of Abscisic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kandelia obovata under Low Temperature Stress

    Corresponding author: CHEN Qiu-xia, yzscqx@163.com
  • 1. Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Wenzhou 325000, Zhe’jiang, China
  • 2. Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Wenzhou 325000, Zhe’jiang, China
  • 3. College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fu’jian, China

Abstract:  Objective To understand the molecular mechanism of Kandelia obovata in response to low temperature stress and cultivate new varieties of cold resistance. Method Based on the annual container seedlings of 'Longgang' K. obovata, a cold-tolerant mangrove cultiva, the control group ( CK ) was treated at 15 oC for 12 h and the low temperature group ( LT ) was treated at −5 oC for 12 h. Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform was used for transcriptome sequencing, and the genes related to abscisic acid signaling pathway were discovered. Result The results showed that a total of 148 transcription factors were identified by transcriptome sequencing, which belonged to 25 transcription factor families. Among them, ERF, NAC, WRKY, bHLH, MYB, bZIP, HB-other and MYB-related families contained more genes, which were 17, 14, 12, 12, 10, 9, 6 and 6, respectively. A total of 1 330 differentially expressed genes ( DEGs ) were screened in the differential group, of which 698 ( 52.48% ) were up-regulated and 632 ( 47.52% ) were down-regulated. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna protein, and alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism. Among the abscisic acid signaling pathways, KoPYL1, KoABF1, and KoABF2 were up-regulated and KoPP2C1 and KoABF3 were down-regulated, and the expression of these genes was consistent with the qRT-PCR validation results. Conclusion ERF, NAC, WRKY, bHLH, MYB, bZIP, HB-other and MYB-related play an important role in regulating the response of K. obovata to low temperature stress. Phytohormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna protein and alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism are important KEGG pathways in K. obovata in response to low temperature stress. KoPYL1, KoPP2C1, KoABF1, KoABF2 and KoABF3 genes in abscisic acid signaling pathway can be used as important candidate genes for future studies on the response of K. obovata to cold stress.

  • 红树林是分布于热带亚热带沿海潮间带的特有植物群落[1]。秋茄(Kandelia obovata Sheue, H. Y. Liu& J. Yong)是最耐寒的红树植物[2]。它自然分布于越南的北部,中国的海南、香港、广东、福建、台湾,日本的南部,人工引种最北到中国浙江省温州市西门岛一带[3]。低温是限制秋茄分布的最主要因素[4]。在全球气候变暖的大背景下,高纬度地区冬季逐渐变暖,这使得冷敏感植物跨出之前的分布范围向北移动[5]。与此同时,高纬度地区冬季不时发生的极端低温天气对北移的冷敏感植物生存造成极大危害,如 2008年和2016年中国南方发生的多起极端寒潮事件对当地红树林造成了严重影响[6],更有甚者如 2016年温州西门岛一带发生50年一遇的极端低温寒潮(−5 ℃ 左右)对当地引种的秋茄造成了极其严重的冻害[7]。因此,秋茄的抗寒研究极其紧迫和重要。

    转录因子的转录调控是植物响应低温胁迫的关键部分,转录因子通过识别下游基因启动子上的功能元件来激活或者抑制目标基因表达,引起植株体内低温相关代谢途径产生变化,从而改变植物对于外界低温胁迫刺激的适应能力[8]。目前,在80多个转录因子家族中,只有NAC、MYB、WRKY、bZIP和 ERF等少数在非生物胁迫响应中起重要作用的转录因子家族被深入研究过[9]。Sharma 等[10]研究发现,在低温胁迫条件下,拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.)中有43个家族转录因子表达上调,其中, WRKY、NAC、MYB、AP2/ERF和bZIP转录因子基因在所有基因集中高度富集,调控了56%冷胁迫下常见的表达基因。在秋茄响应低温胁迫的相关研究中,Fei等[11]和 Su等[12]将 bHLH、MYB-related和WRKY 等转录因子认定为秋茄低温应激反应中有价值的候选调节因子,而其他转录因子在秋茄抗寒的相关研究中鲜有报道。

    脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)是一类对植物生长、果实成熟和非生物胁迫响应起至关重要作用的植物激素[13],自20世纪60年代首次被发现以来[14],ABA信号通路响应低温胁迫的相关研究获得了重大突破。植物遭遇低温胁迫时,ABA与ABA受体蛋白(pyrabactin resistance/PYR-like/regulatory component of ABA receptor, PYR/PYL/RCAR)结合,形成的复合体会抑制2C型蛋白磷酸酶(type 2C protein phosphatases, PP2Cs)的活性,导致III类SNF-1相关蛋白激酶2(class III SNF-1-related protein kinase 2, SnRK2/SRK2)的激活和释放,该蛋白直接磷酸化并积极控制 ABF/AREB 转录因子,最终调控相关抗寒基因的表达[15]。ABA信号途径响应低温胁迫已在水稻(Oryza sativa L.)[16]、苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)[17]、花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim)[18]等多种植物中得到证实,而在秋茄抗寒的相关研究中少有报道。

    本研究通过高通量测序技术对低温胁迫下秋茄叶片进行了转录组学分析,并对ABA信号途径中关键基因进行挖掘,旨在为深入了解秋茄响应低温胁迫的分子机制提供了科学参考,为抗寒品种的培育提供了可能。

    • 以浙江省亚热带作物研究所选育的耐寒红树植物‘龙港’秋茄1年生容器苗为植物材料,挑选生长良好,长势一致,无病害植株作为供试材料(图1)。试验于2020年12月在浙江省农业科学院蔬菜研究所内进行,将供试材料置于人工气候室(型号:SAFE-DG-ZJNKY-6)中,光照时间为11 h·d−1,15 ℃ 处理12 h为对照组(CK),−5 ℃处理12 h为低温组(LT),各处理设置4次生物学重复。各处理结束后采集完全展开的功能叶片用锡箔纸包裹并编号(CK 组编号为:CK-1、CK-2、CK-3 和 CK-4;LT组编号为:LT-1、LT-2、LT-3 和 LT-4),将包裹好的叶片迅速置于液氮中速冻,最后转移至−80 ℃超低温冰箱中保存备用。

      Figure 1.  The Kandelia obovata material used in the experiment

    • 将8份样品(CK-1、CK-2、CK-3、CK-4、LT-1、LT-2、LT-3和LT-4)委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行样品RNA的提取、质控、建库及转录组测序,用Illumina Novaseq 6000平台进行测序。

    • 将测序所获得的clean reads与秋茄参考基因组(https://bigd.big.ac.cn/gwh/Assembly/990/show)进行比对并统计比对率,比对分析软件为HISAT。

      FPKM(fragments per kilobase million)即每100万条序列中,每个基因以1 000个碱基为单位,比对上的reads。以FPKM值计算基因表达量,计算软件为RSEM。

      基于表达量定量结果进行组间差异基因分析,获得2组间发生差异表达的基因,差异分析软件为DESeq2,筛选阈值为|log2FC| ≥1和padjust <0.05。同时利用美吉生物云平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com)对筛选得到的DEGs进行GO功能注释和KEGG富集分析。

    • 为验证测序结果准确性,本研究选择了6个KoHB-others和5个ABA信号途径DEGs进行实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative Real-time PCR)验证。利用primer 5.0软件对所挑选基因进行特异性引物设计,内参基因为KoACT2[19],引物及内参序列见表1,以2−△△CT法计算DEGs的相对表达水平。

      序号 No.基因名称(基因ID)
      Gene name(Gene ID)
      引物序列(5′-3′) Primers sequence
      正向 Forward反向 Reverse
      1KoHB-other1(Maker00002036)GCACCAACATCGGGACAAACTCATCCACCACCGCACTC
      2KoHB-other2(Maker00003789)ACAATGTTTCAGGGCAGAGACCAATGAAGTGAGGGAGC
      3KoHB-other3(Maker00008096)CAAGAAAGTTTACGAGGAGTCTTACATTAGTGCCATCC
      4KoHB-other4(Maker00014773)AAGACCCTGTGATTGGAGTTAGAAGGTTGAGATGTGGC
      5KoHB-other5(Maker00016058)GCTACGACCACGGACAATAGGCTTCATCCCAATCATCT
      6KoHB-other6(Maker00017922)ATGATGCTCCCTTACTACCCTTGGCAACATTATCCTGAA
      7KoPYL1(Maker00013579)TAAGATTGTTGGTGGTGATGTCTCGTCCTTCGTATTTC
      8KoPP2C1(Maker00008505)TGTTGACCATAAGCCTGACGATACGCATCGCCAATAGA
      9KoABF1(Maker00004855)AGATGACCTTGGAGGATTTGCTGATACTGCGGATGTTG
      10KoABF2(Maker00005324)TGAATGATGCCTCTGGTGAGTTGTTGATGCTGCCCTTT
      11KoABF3(Maker00011633)ATAGTGTAGGCTTTGGTGTTTTTCTGTTTGACAAGGGAC
      12KoACT2(内参reference gene)ACCGAGGCTCCTCTTAATCCAGCTGGCACATTGAAGGTCT

      Table 1.  Primer sequences by qRT-PCR analysis

    2.   结果与分析
    • 对秋茄叶片样品进行RNA提取后,经转录组测序获得样品原始数据。通过排除低质量数据和序列拼接,获得了48 669 538 ~ 61 694 828的Clean reads(即质控后测序数据的总条目数),错误率仅为0.02% 左右,Q20均高于98.14%,Q30均高于94.41%,GC含量在45.11% ~ 45.60%(表2)。同时,样品主成分分析结果(图2)表明:CK组与LT组各处理分别聚为一类,说明样品间的生物学重复性较好。因此,本研究的转录组测序结果较理想,后续的分析较可信。

      样品名称
      Sample
      过滤序列
      Clean reads
      过滤后总数据量
      Clean bases
      碱基错误率
      Error rate/%
      Q20
      Q20 content/%
      Q30
      Q30 content/%
      GC含量
      GC content/%
      CK-461 694 8289 195 255 8930.024 498.2694.7545.60
      CK-353 516 6767 984 971 9360.024 398.3094.8345.28
      CK-258 608 5968 751 226 1480.024 398.2994.8345.41
      CK-158 170 2108 665 931 1040.024 498.2794.7645.44
      LT-457 684 0988 613 236 0320.024 798.1494.4145.39
      LT-355 311 3928 240 665 8500.024 498.2894.7645.11
      LT-248 669 5387 257 847 4890.024 398.3094.8345.33
      LT-148 871 5247 274 047 4030.024 598.2394.6545.44

      Table 2.  Quality test of transcriptome sequencing data

      Figure 2.  PCA analysis of samples

    • 本研究参考基因为Kandelia obovatahttps://bigd.big.ac.cn/gwh/Assembly/990/show),所参考基因组版本为ko01。通过将质控后的clean data与参考基因组进行对比发现,实验所产生的测序序列的比对率均高于96%(表3),包括总比对(能定位到基因组上的clean reads数目)、多方比对(在参考序列上有多个比对位置的clean reads数目)和唯一比对(在参考序列上有唯一比对位置的Clean reads数目)。

      样品名称
      Sample
      过滤序列
      Clean reads
      总比对(比对率/%)
      Total mapped (Mapping ratio)
      多方比对(比对率/%)
      Multiple mapped (Mapping ratio)
      唯一比对(比对率/%)
      Uniquely mapped (Mapping ratio)
      CK-461 694 82859 530 651(96.49)2 721 385(4.41)56 809 266(92.08)
      CK-353 516 67651 710 126(96.62)1 903 142(3.56)49 806 984(93.07)
      CK-258 608 59656 414 468(96.26)1 904 490(3.25)54 509 978(93.01)
      CK-158 170 21056 184 040(96.59)1 957 228(3.36)54 226 812(93.22)
      LT-457 684 09855 686 289(96.54)2 175 795(3.77)53 510 494(92.76)
      LT-355 311 39253 452 339(96.64)1 753 405(3.17)51 698 934(93.47)
      LT-248 669 53847 076 980(96.73)1 401 233(2.88)45 675 747(93.85)
      LT-148 871 52447 282 051(96.75)1 585 312(3.24)45 696 739(93.50)

      Table 3.  comparison results

    • 本研究转录组测序共鉴定到148个转录因子,分属于25个转录因子家族,其中,ERF、NAC、WRKY、bHLH、MYB、bZIP、HB-other和MYB-related等转录因子家族所包含的基因数目较多,分别占11.49%、9.46%、8.11%、8.11%、6.76%、6.08%、4.05%和4.05%(表4)。其中,HB-other家族转录因子包含6个DEGs,KoHB-other1(Maker00002036)、KoHB-other2 (Maker00003789)和KoHB-other3 (Maker00008096)下调表达,KoHB-other4(Maker00014773)、KoHB-other5(Maker00016058) 和KoHB-other6 (Maker00017922)上调表达(图3)。

      序号 No.转录因子家族 TF family基因数量 Number序号 No.转录因子家族 Family基因数量 Number
      1 ERF 17 11 ARF 4
      2 NAC 14 12 Dof 4
      3 WRKY 12 13 GRF 4
      4 bHLH 12 14 MIKC 4
      5 MYB 10 15 M_type 4
      6 bZIP 9 16 SBP 3
      7 HB-other 6 17 DBB 2
      8 MYB_related 6 18 GATA 2
      9 AP2 5 19 HD-ZIP 2
      10 B3 5 20 SRS 2

      Table 4.  Partial transcription factor family and corresponding gene numbers

      Figure 3.  Expression of HB-Other transcription factors DEGs

    • P<0.05、上下调差异倍数FC>2或者FC<0.5为筛选条件,进一步对DEGs数量进行统计学分析。结果表明,LT组和CK组的DEGs共有1 330个,其中,698个DEGs上调表达(52.48%),632个DEGs下调表达(47.52%)(图4)。

      Figure 4.  DEGs volcano

    • 从基因数量上看,DEGs主要富集在植物激素信号转导、苯丙素生物合成、植物与病原体互作、淀粉与蔗糖代谢、MAPK信号通路-植物、半乳糖代谢、光合作用-天线蛋白和α-亚麻酸代谢等通路中(表5)。以P值作为参考,DEGs则显著富集在苯丙素的生物合成、植物激素信号转导、光合作用-天线蛋白、半乳糖代谢、"角质、亚伯碱和蜡的生物合成"和α-亚麻酸代谢等通路中(表6)。综合基因数量和P值看,低温胁迫下秋茄叶片DEGs显著富集在植物激素信号转导、苯丙素生物合成、半乳糖代谢、光合作用-天线蛋白和α-亚麻酸代谢这5条KEGG通路上,其中,植物激素信号转导通路中富集到的DEGs数量最多,且差异显著性最高。

      KEGG途径
      KEGG pathway
      通路ID
      Pathway id
      差异基因数量
      DEGs number
      P
      P value
      一级分类
      First Category
      二级分类
      Second Category
      植物激素信号转导
      Plant hormone signal transduction
      map04075 31 0.000 006 7 环境信息处理
      Environmental Information Processing
      信号传导
      Signal transduction
      苯丙素的生物合成
      Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis
      map00940 22 0.000 000 2 代谢
      Metabolism
      其他次生代谢物的生物合成
      Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
      植物病原体互作
      Plant-pathogen interaction
      map04626 12 0.104 924 3 有机系统
      Organismal Systems
      环境适应
      Environmental adaptation
      淀粉和蔗糖代谢
      Starch and sucrose metabolism
      map00500 11 0.054 418 7 代谢
      Metabolism
      碳水化合物代谢
      Carbohydrate metabolism
      MAPK信号通路-植物
      MAPK signaling pathway - plant
      map04016 11 0.124 596 7 环境信息处理
      Environmental Information Processing
      信号传导
      Signal transduction
      半乳糖代谢
      Galactose metabolism
      map00052 9 0.001 003 6 代谢
      Metabolism
      碳水化合物代谢
      Carbohydrate metabolism
      光合作用-天线蛋白
      Photosynthesis - antenna proteins
      map00196 7 0.000 063 0 代谢
      Metabolism
      能量代谢
      Energy metabolism
      α-亚麻酸代谢
      alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism
      map00592 7 0.007 326 3 代谢
      Metabolism
      类脂物代谢
      Lipid metabolism
      甘油脂代谢
      Glycerolipid metabolism
      map00561 7 0.124 661 2 代谢
      Metabolism
      类脂物代谢
      Lipid metabolism
      半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢
      Cysteine and methionine metabolism
      map00270 7 0.345 086 9 代谢
      Metabolism
      氨基酸代谢
      Amino acid metabolism

      Table 5.  Top 10 KEGG pathways of DEGs number

      KEGG途径
      KEGG pathway
      通路ID
      Pathway id
      差异基因数量
      DEGs number
      P
      P value
      一级分类
      First Category
      二级分类
      Second Category
      苯丙素的生物合成
      Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis
      map04075 22 0.000 000 2 代谢
      Metabolism
      其他次生代谢物的生物合成
      Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
      植物激素信号转导
      Plant hormone signal transduction
      map00940 31 0.000 006 7 环境信息处理
      Environmental Information Processing
      信号传导
      Signal transduction
      光合作用-天线蛋白
      Photosynthesis - antenna proteins
      map04626 7 0.000 063 0 代谢
      Metabolism
      能量代谢
      Energy metabolism
      半乳糖代谢
      Galactose metabolism
      map00500 9 0.001 003 6 代谢
      Metabolism
      碳水化合物代谢
      Carbohydrate metabolism
      角质、亚伯碱和蜡的生物合成
      Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis
      map04016 5 0.002 427 7 代谢
      Metabolism
      类脂物代谢
      Lipid metabolism
      α-亚麻酸代谢
      alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism
      map00052 7 0.007 326 3 代谢
      Metabolism
      类脂物代谢
      Lipid metabolism
      糖尿病并发症中的AGE-RAGE信号通路
      AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
      map00196 4 0.010 236 6 人类疾病
      Human Diseases
      内分泌代谢病
      Endocrine and metabolic disease
      倍半萜和三萜生物合成
      Sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis
      map00592 4 0.012 627 6 代谢
      Metabolism
      萜类和多酮类的代谢
      Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides
      类胡萝卜素生物合成
      Carotenoid biosynthesis
      map00561 5 0.013 924 4 代谢
      Metabolism
      萜类和多酮类的代谢
      Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides
      氮代谢
      Nitrogen metabolism
      map00270 5 0.013 924 4 代谢
      Metabolism
      能量代谢
      Energy metabolism

      Table 6.  Top 10 KEGG pathways with significant differences

    • ABA信号途径是植物激素信号转导通路中一条重要激素途径,对该途径中的DEGs进行深入挖掘发现,KoPYL1(Maker00013579)、KoABF1(Maker00005324)和KoABF2(Maker00011633)基因上调表达,KoPP2C1(Maker00008505)和KoABF3(Maker00004855)基因下调表达(图5)。

      Figure 5.  Expression of DEGs in ABA signaling pathway

    • 对重点关注的6个 KoHB-others和5个脱落酸信号途径DEGs进行了qRT-PCR验证,结果表明这11个基因的变化趋势与转录组测序结果一致(图6),表明转录组数据准确可靠。

      Figure 6.  qRT-PCR validation of DEGs

    3.   讨论
    • 转录组测序(RNA-seq)技术对基因挖掘具有较高的准确性和灵敏性[20],被广泛用于拟南芥[10]、油菜(Brassica rapa L.)[21]、新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem.)[22]等多种植物耐寒基因的研究中,使植物抗寒分子机制被不断地深入发掘。本研究中,各样品Q20碱基百分比均大于98%,且Q30碱基百分比均大于94%,GC含量介于45% ~ 46%,测序序列与参考基因组的比对率均高于96%。此外,qRT-PCR结果显示,所挑选DEGs的变化趋势与转录组结果基本一致。因此,本研究转录组测序数据结果良好,可满足后续分析需求。

      转录因子通过与胁迫应答基因启动子中的特定顺式作用元件结合,成为植物抗非生物胁迫的主要中介因子,从而使植物能够抵御不利的环境条件[23]。ERF、NAC、WRKY、bHLH、MYB、bZIP和MYB-related 等家族转录因子参与了多种植物的非生物胁迫响应过程[24],在对拟南芥[25]、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus Mongolicus (Maxim. ex Kom.) Cheng f.)[26]、烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)[27]、山荆子(Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.)[28]、玉米(Zea mays L.)[29]和水稻[30]等的研究发现,相关家族转录因子均能一定程度上提升植株的耐寒性,有些甚至是适应冷胁迫所必须的。值得关注的是,HB-other 转录因子响应非生物胁迫的研究较少,仅在脐橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)[31]和地梢瓜(Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum)[32]的干旱胁迫响应中被鉴定到,而在低温胁迫的相关研究中尚未见报道。在本研究中,共鉴定到148个转录因子,分属于25个转录因子家族,其中,ERF、NAC、WRKY、bHLH、MYB、bZIP、HB-other和MYB-related等转录因子家族所包含的基因数目较多。这些转录因子中除HB-other在抗寒相关的研究中未被鉴定到外,其余均被鉴定到并被证明是与抗寒相关的重要转录因子家族,特别是bHLH、MYB-related和WRKY在前期秋茄抗寒相关的研究中被认定为低温应激反应中有价值的候选调节因子[11-12]在本次秋茄低温胁迫中首次鉴定出HB-other转录因子,并且KoHB-others的表达情况与qRT-PCR验证结果一致,推测其可能对秋茄响应低温胁迫起重要调控作用,在后期的研究中还有待被证实。

      京都基因和基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG)是用于分析代谢途径、生物系统和基因功能的信号通路数据库[33]。许多 KEGG 通路与植物响应低温胁迫有关,如橄榄(Canarium album (Lour.) Rauesch.)在低温胁迫下的DEGs富集到了α-亚麻酸代谢、类胡萝卜素生物合成、光合-天线蛋白和昼夜节律相关等通路上[34],文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge)在低温胁迫下DEGs显著富集在淀粉和蔗糖代谢、半乳糖代谢和氨基酸代谢等通路上[35]。本研究中,秋茄叶片DEGs显著富集在植物激素信号转导、苯丙素生物合成、半乳糖代谢、光合作用-天线蛋白和α-亚麻酸代谢等多条KEGG通路上,且这些通路已经被大量研究证实与抗寒相关,其中,植物激素信号转导、α-亚麻酸代谢和苯丙酸生物合成等通路在前期秋茄抗寒相关的研究中已经得到证明[12]。因此,植物激素信号转导、苯丙素生物合成、半乳糖代谢、光合作用-天线蛋白和α-亚麻酸代谢等是秋茄响应低温胁迫的重要KEGG通路。

      植物激素是一种小的内源性信号分子,如ABA、茉莉酸和生长素等,在响应非生物胁迫过程中参与信号转导途径[36]。ABA是植物适应低温胁迫的重要信号分子[37],并且其响应低温胁迫的“PYR/PYL/RCAR-|PP2Cs|-SnRK2-ABF/AREB-靶基因”途径已经研究的较为清晰[38]。ABA信号途径基因已在许多植物中被鉴定和研究。Zhang 等[39]研究发现,拟南芥过表达的RCAR12RCAR13可以通过诱导低温响应基因CBFs的表达来耐受低温胁迫。Ren等[40]在葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)愈伤组织和拟南芥中过表达VaPYL4基因可增强转基因株系的耐寒性。大量研究表明,PP2Cs负向调控ABA信号途径[41];但Hu等[42]在烟草中过表达玉米根部的ZmPP2C2基因增强了烟草对低温胁迫的耐受性,表明ZmPP2C2基因可能是玉米抗寒性的正向调控基因,这与大部分抗寒相关的研究结论相反,这可能是ZmPP2Cs的调控方式具有特殊性,具体原因还有待进一步的研究。高山离子芥(Chorispora bungeana Fisch. et Mey.)的CbABF1在烟草中表达提高了植株对冷胁迫的耐受性,且转基因植株的存活率高于野生型[43]。在本研究中,KoPYL1(Maker00013579)、KoABF1(Maker00005324)和KoABF2(Maker00011633)上调表达,KoPP2C1(Maker00008505)和KoABF3(Maker00004855)下调表达,这和其他植物的相关研究结果一致,且这些基因的表达情况与qRT-PCR验证结果一致。因此,KoPYL1KoPP2C1KoABF1KoABF2KoABF3基因可作为后期研究秋茄响应低温胁迫的重要候选基因。

    4.   结论
    • ERF、NAC、WRKY、bHLH、MYB、bZIP、HB-other和MYB-related等家族转录因子对秋茄响应低温胁迫起重要调控作用;植物激素信号转导、苯丙素生物合成、半乳糖代谢、光合作用-天线蛋白和α-亚麻酸代谢等是秋茄响应低温胁迫的重要KEGG通路;ABA信号途径中的KoPYL1KoPP2C1KoABF1KoABF2KoABF3等基因可作为后期研究秋茄响应低温胁迫的重要候选基因。

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