-
杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolate (Lamb.) Hook.)是我国南方特有的优良速生用材树种,据国家林业和草原局数据显示,杉木人工林种植面积达990.20万hm2[1]。为满足市场需求,多代连栽、大面积单一种植杉木人工林成为南方红壤区的普遍现象,并且杉木种植区气候属于亚热带季风气候,降雨丰沛,雨季土壤含水率高,土壤氧化还原反应剧烈。在各种因素影响下杉木种植区产生地力衰退、生产力下降等问题[2-3]。其中土壤有效磷素亏缺是杉木林地力衰退的重要因素[4]。
杉木种植区土壤以酸性红壤为主,酸性红壤中最稳定和最易被生物利用的正磷酸盐和次级磷酸盐离子会通过化学作用吸附在红壤矿物表面,形成铁磷酸盐沉淀,或者被Fe2O3胶膜包被形成闭蓄态磷,无法直接供植物利用[5]。土壤磷素有多种形态,在不同的土壤环境下能够相互转化[6]。张虹等[7]研究发现,闭蓄态磷在杉木人工林红壤中占比大于47.1%。土壤铁磷转化受环境影响较大,在好氧环境下Fe(III)通过吸附或沉淀对磷酸盐阴离子有高亲和力,但在嫌气条件下铁磷酸盐与闭蓄态磷能够随Fe(III)矿物的还原而溶解[8-9]。铁磷转化同样受微生物影响,有研究发现,土壤中存在一些电子穿梭体(腐殖酸、生物炭等)能不断地把电子从微生物传递到Fe(III)氧化物[10],加速微生物对Fe(III)氧化物的还原,从而提高土壤闭蓄态铁磷的释放[11-12]。但在降雨充沛条件下土壤微生物影响土壤铁磷转化的研究不够深入,因此探究厌氧条件下微生物对有效磷素的转化是有必要的。
生物炭具有储存碳和改良土壤养分有效性的作用,其多孔特性能吸附土壤磷素,降低土壤磷素有效性[13],然而生物炭又能使吸附在铁铝氧化物上的磷素溶解,提高土壤磷素有效性[14]。Zhou等[15]发现,生物炭能明显促进红壤闭蓄态铁磷向有效态磷转化。令狐荣云等[16]发现,向土壤中添加铁还原菌能够促进土壤Fe(III)的还原,释放闭蓄态磷和铁铝磷中的有效磷素。但目前对生物炭如何促进Fe-P等难溶态磷向有效态磷转化机制还不清楚,因此探究南方红壤难溶性铁磷有效化利用是有必要的。
鉴于此,本文以亚热带杉木人工林红壤为对象,模拟研究在降雨丰沛、红壤水分长期饱和条件下生物炭对红壤铁还原、磷形态转化的影响,分析红壤铁还原菌、解磷菌群落结构变化规律,旨在明确生物炭对红壤铁还原的影响与磷形态转化的关系。
-
淹水条件下施用生物炭显著影响了土壤磷形态(P<0.05,图1)。淹水处理后土壤活性磷即水溶态磷与碳酸氢钠提取态磷含量增加,其中随生物炭添加量的增加H2O-Pi与NaHCO3-Pi含量减少,H2O-Po与NaHCO3-Po含量增加;NaHCO3-Pi含量随生物炭制备温度的升高而减少(图1AB)。淹水处理后土壤NaOH-Pi含量减少,NaOH-Po含量整体上增加,非淹水条件下施加不同温度制备的生物炭均增加了NaOH-Pi含量,但NaOH-Po含量却随B500添加量的增加呈下降趋势(图1C)。淹水后盐酸态磷含量上升,非淹水处理下添加生物炭提高了HCl-Pi含量,但不同处理组之间无显著差异,淹水处理的HCl-Po含量显著高于对照组(图1D)。淹水处理后残渣态磷含量随生物炭的添加而下降(图1E),但不显著。添加生物炭后,土壤全磷含量随生物炭制备温度与使用量的升高而增加,但经过淹水处理后对照组与B300处理组的全磷含量低于非淹水处理组。(图1F)。
-
不同处理显著影响土壤化学性质(P<0.05,图2A)。淹水厌氧处理组pH值高于非淹水处理组,添加生物炭均显著提高土壤pH值。不同水分状态下施加生物炭显著影响土壤亚铁离子含量与铁还原菌群落结构(P<0.05,图2BCD)。淹水处理组土壤亚铁离子含量高于非淹水处理组,土壤亚铁离子含量在非淹水条件下,添加生物炭处理组高于对照组;在淹水条件下,随生物炭添加的增加而降低,并在B300与B500处理下效果相似。淹水处理组的铁还原菌数量高于非淹水处理,不同水分处理下随生物炭的添加与制备温度的升高土壤中铁还原菌数量均增加,其中淹水处理有明显的促进作用,而非淹水处理无显著差异。
-
添加生物炭能显著影响土壤解磷菌群落结构。对97%相似水平下的OTUs进行生物信息统计分析,共产生7 569个OTUs,经过抽平处理剩余7 240个。由表1可以看出:OTUs的数量淹水处理组高于非淹水处理组。土壤中解磷菌丰富度指数Chao1,在非淹水处理下对照组高于生物炭处理组,淹水处理下生物炭处理组高于对照组。淹水处理下的群落多样性指数Shannon显著高于非淹水处理,D-B500处理最高。基于OUTs丰富度的非度量多维度分析得出解磷菌的Beta多样性指数NMDS1与NMDS2,结果表明,淹水厌氧处理组和非淹水处理组分别位于NMDS1的正负两侧,添加生物炭处理组与未添加生物炭处理组分别位于NMDS2的正负两侧,说明淹水与非淹水下添加生物炭对解磷菌群落有显著影响。
表 1 不同处理下土壤解磷菌群落OTUs、α多样性和β多样性指数(平均值 ± 标准误)
Table 1. OTUs, α diversity and β diversity indices of soil phosphorus solubilizing bacteria communities under different treatments(mean ± SE)
处理组
Treatment group分类操作单元
OTUsα多样性指数
Alpha exponentβ多样性指数
Beta exponentChao1指数
Chao1 indexShannon指数
Shannon indexNMDS1指数
NMDS1 indexNMDS2指数
NMDS2 indexN-CK 1 918 ± 31.4 c 2 713.5 ± 48.9 a 7.2 ± 0.0 d −0.6 ± 0.2 −0.7 ± 0.1 N-B300 1903.3 ± 36.6 c 2 492.2 ± 39.8 ab 7.6 ± 0.0 c −0.6 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 N-B500 1 982.7 ± 36.4 abc 2 638.9 ± 47.3 ab 7.2 ± 0.2 d −1.1 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.1 D-CK 1 939 ± 47.2 bc 2 450.1 ± 148.4 b 7.7 ± 0.1 bc 0.5 ± 0.2 −0.8 ± 0.2 D-B300 2 053.3 ± 35.5 ab 2 604.3 ± 51.1 ab 8.0 ± 0.0 ab 1.1 ± 0.16 0.5 ± 0.2 D-B500 2 061.3 ± 36.8 a 2 601.5 ± 35.0 ab 8.0 ± 0.1 a 0.6 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 模拟厌氧条件下添加生物炭显著影响了土壤解磷菌的群落组成(P>0.05)。在门分类水平下,解磷菌以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(38.48%~59.07%)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)(1.02%~8.76%)、奇球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus−Thermus)(1.56%~4.69%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)(0.49%~1.45%)为主。淹水处理后土壤中变形菌门、浮霉菌门与放线菌门的相对丰度增加,变形菌门在添加B300后增高,添加B500后降低;浮霉菌门与放线菌门添加生物炭后各处理组的相对丰度无显著差异。奇球菌-栖热菌门相对丰度随制备温度的升高有上升趋势(图3A)。
图 3 不同处理下土壤解磷菌在门、属水平上的相对丰度变化(平均值 ± 标准误、相对丰度>1%)
Figure 3. Changes in relative abundance of soil phosphorus solubilizing bacteria at the phylum and genus level under different treatments (mean ± SE,relative abundance>1%)
不同处理下土壤解磷菌优势菌属见图3BCD。土壤添加生物炭增加了慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、奇球菌属(Deinococcus)、阿菲波菌属(Afipia)和贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)的相对丰度。淹水处理增加了慢生根瘤菌属、阿菲波菌属和贪铜菌属的相对丰度,降低里马赛菌属(Massilia)和浮霉状菌属(Planctomyces)的相对丰度,淹水处理下添加生物炭后降低了非甲烷氧化菌属(Ramlibacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)的相对丰度。
-
随机森林模型展示出土壤化学因子、解磷菌Alpha、解磷菌Beta和铁还原菌对活性磷(A)、中等活性磷(B)和稳定态磷(C)活性的重要性程度(Increase in MSE%)。由图4可知:Beta MNDS1、Fe(II)和Shannon index对活性磷和稳定态磷的重要性影响程度最大,而Beta MNDS2对中等活性磷的重要性影响程度最大,其次是pH、Shannon index、TC、Fe(II)、Chao1 index、Beta MNDS1,这说明解磷菌群落结构特征对各磷形态起到重要作用,其中Fe(II)、FRB对稳定态磷与活性磷也起到重要作用,而对于中等活性磷来说环境因子pH、TC所起作用大于Fe(II)、FRB等。
偏最小二乘路径模型(PLS-PM)(图5)展示了非淹水(A)与淹水(B)处理下土壤化学性质、土壤解磷菌、铁还原菌与土壤磷形态之间的关系,进而解释各因子对活性磷、中等活性磷和稳定态磷的影响程度。图中线条粗细代表路径系数的直接效应绝对值大小,实线代表正效应,虚线代表负效应。非淹水与淹水模型的拟合度分别为0.654 4、0.707 5。非淹水状态下,化学指标对稳定态磷、解磷菌Beta的直接影响均高于淹水状态。铁还原菌对各形态磷的直接效应低于0.2。淹水状态下,土壤化学指标对活性磷、中等活性磷的直接效应大于非淹水状态,淹水处理后对稳定态磷的直接效应由正效应转变为负效应。化学指标对铁还原菌的直接影响为−0.650,解磷菌Alpha与Beta对各形态磷的直接效应相比于非淹水状态有减少,但解磷菌Alpha对稳定态磷的直接效应增加、铁还原菌对中等活性磷与稳定态磷的直接效应增加,为0.521、−0.256。这说明淹水处理能改变土壤中解磷菌与铁还原菌对磷形态的转化。
生物炭施用下亚热带红壤铁还原及磷形态转化关系研究
Relationship between Iron Reduction and Phosphorus Transformation in Subtropical Red Soil under Biochar Application
-
摘要:
目的 研究降雨丰沛,土壤水分长期饱和条件下生物炭对杉木人工林土壤铁还原的影响,分析土壤铁还原菌、解磷菌群落结构变化规律,最终明确生物炭对土壤铁还原的影响及与磷形态转化的关系。 方法 以杉木人工林红壤为供试土壤,收集林下杉木叶烧制成300℃和500℃生物炭,以0、1%、3%占比添加生物炭进行40 d的室内培养。测定土壤基本化学养分,采用修正后的Hedley方法测定土壤中不同磷素形态含量,利用高通量测序技术分析土壤解磷菌与铁还原菌群落结构。 结果 淹水处理后土壤活性磷含量增多,并且随生物炭添加量的增加而增加,其中水溶态有机磷和碳酸氢钠态无机磷占比较大;残渣态磷含量随生物炭添加量的增加而减少。淹水处理组的铁还原菌基因拷贝数高于非淹水处理组,且同一水分条件下随生物炭烧制温度的增加而增加,淹水处理组的亚铁离子含量远高于非淹水处理,且随生物炭添加量的增加而降低,淹水处理组的土壤化学性质例如pH、全碳、全磷含量高于非淹水处理组,且随生物炭添加量的增加而上升。在淹水处理中土壤解磷菌群落丰富度随烧制温度的升高而增加,并且解磷菌群落结构和多样性增强。 结论 厌氧条件促进Fe(III)还原,生物炭的添加改变了土壤化学性质,影响土壤解磷菌群落结构和多样性、铁还原菌的生长微环境,在微生物与Fe(III)还原的双重作用下,促进残渣态磷与氢氧化钠态磷向水溶态磷和碳酸氢钠态有机磷转化,增强了土壤磷素有效性。因此,在南方降雨充沛地区,杉木人工林施加生物炭能够改善土壤养分状况,为杉木生长提供足够磷素。 Abstract:Objective To study the effect of biological carbon on soil iron reduction in Chinese fir plantations under the condition of abundant rainfall and long-term soil water saturation, and analyze the community structure changes of iron-reducing bacteria and phosphorus solving bacteria in soil, for clarifying the influence of biochar on soil iron reduction and its relationship with phosphorus form transformation. Method Based on the red soil of Chinese fir plantations, Chinese fir leaves under the forest were collected and fired to produce 300℃ and 500℃ biochar. Biochar was added at 0, 1% and 3% for 40 days of indoor culture.The basic chemical nutrients of soil were analyzed. The content of different phosphorus forms in soil was determined by the modified Hedley method, and the community structure of soil phosphate solubilizing bacteria and iron reducing bacteria was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. Result The content of soil active phosphorus increased with the increase of the amount of biochar, and most of them were the H2O-Po and NaHCO3-Pi. The content of Residual-P decreased with the increase of biological carbon. The copy number of genes of Fe (III)-reducing bacteria in flooded treatment group was higher than that in non-flooded treatment group, and increased with the increase of biochar firing temperature under the same water condition. The content of ferrous ions in flooded treatment group was much higher than that in non-flooded treatment group, and decreased with the increase of biochar addition. The soil chemical properties such as pH, TC and TP contents in the flooded group were higher than those in the non-flooded treatment group, and increased with the increase of biochar addition amount. The richness of soil phosphorus solubilizing bacteria community increased with increasing firing temperature, and the community structure and diversity of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria also increased with increasing firing temperature. Conclusion The anaerobic conditions promote the reduction of Fe (III). The addition of biochar changes the chemical properties of soil, affects the community structure and diversity of phosphorus solving bacteria and the growth microenvironment of iron reducing bacteria. Under the double action of microorganism and Fe (III) reduction, the conversion of residual phosphorus and sodium hydroxide phosphorus into aqueous phosphorus and sodium bicarbonate phosphorus are promoted, and the availability of soil phosphorus is enhanced. Therefore, in the southern regions with abundant rainfall, the application of biological carbon in Chinese fir plantation can improve the soil nutrient status and provide enough phosphorus for the growth of Chinese fir. -
表 1 不同处理下土壤解磷菌群落OTUs、α多样性和β多样性指数(平均值 ± 标准误)
Table 1. OTUs, α diversity and β diversity indices of soil phosphorus solubilizing bacteria communities under different treatments(mean ± SE)
处理组
Treatment group分类操作单元
OTUsα多样性指数
Alpha exponentβ多样性指数
Beta exponentChao1指数
Chao1 indexShannon指数
Shannon indexNMDS1指数
NMDS1 indexNMDS2指数
NMDS2 indexN-CK 1 918 ± 31.4 c 2 713.5 ± 48.9 a 7.2 ± 0.0 d −0.6 ± 0.2 −0.7 ± 0.1 N-B300 1903.3 ± 36.6 c 2 492.2 ± 39.8 ab 7.6 ± 0.0 c −0.6 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 N-B500 1 982.7 ± 36.4 abc 2 638.9 ± 47.3 ab 7.2 ± 0.2 d −1.1 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.1 D-CK 1 939 ± 47.2 bc 2 450.1 ± 148.4 b 7.7 ± 0.1 bc 0.5 ± 0.2 −0.8 ± 0.2 D-B300 2 053.3 ± 35.5 ab 2 604.3 ± 51.1 ab 8.0 ± 0.0 ab 1.1 ± 0.16 0.5 ± 0.2 D-B500 2 061.3 ± 36.8 a 2 601.5 ± 35.0 ab 8.0 ± 0.1 a 0.6 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 -
[1] 国家林业和草原局. 中国森林资源报告(2014-2018)[M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社. 2019, 28-29. [2] 刘 丽, 段争虎, 汪思龙, 等. 不同发育阶段杉木人工林对土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2009, 28(12):2417-2423. doi: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.2009.0421 [3] LUAN J, XIANG C, LIU S,et al. Assessments of the impacts of Chinese fir plantation and natural regenerated forest on soil organic matter quality at Longmen mountain, Sichuan, China[J]. Geoderma, 2010, 156(3): 228-236. [4] 韦宜慧, 陈嘉琪, 董玉红, 等. 杉木人工林土壤溶磷细菌筛选及培养条件优化[J]. 林业科学研究, 2020, 33(4):83-91. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.04.011 [5] 王永壮, 陈 欣, 史 奕. 农田土壤中磷素有效性及影响因素[J]. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24(1):260-268. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.2013.0147 [6] 关诗洋, 王佳琪, 于 贺, 等. 减水减肥对设施黑土菜田土壤无机磷形态及分布的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2021, 37(23):89-93. doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0106 [7] 张 虹, 于姣妲, 李海洋, 等. 不同栽植代数杉木人工林土壤磷素特征研究[J]. 林业科学研究, 2021, 34(1):10-18. doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.002 [8] LI Q, BI S, JI G. Determination of strongly reducing substances in sediment[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2003, 37(24): 5727-5731. [9] SMOLDERS E, BAETENS E, VERBEECK M,et al. Internal loading and redox cycling of sediment iron explain reactive phosphorus concentrations in lowland rivers[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(5): 2584-2592. [10] 周垂帆, 林静雯, 李 莹, 等. 磷与草甘膦在酸性土壤中吸附解吸交互作用机制[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2016, 35(12):2367-2376. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2016-0862 [11] FERNANDES A P, NUNES T C, PAQUETE C M,et al. Interaction studies between periplasmic cytochromes provide insights into extracellular electron transfer pathways of Geobacter sulfurreducens[J]. Biochemical Journal, 2017, 474(5): 797-808. doi: 10.1042/BCJ20161022 [12] WU P, WANG G, FAROOQ T H,et al. Low phosphorus and competition affect Chinese fir cutting growth and root organic acid content: does neighboring root activity aggravate P nutrient deficiency?[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2017, 17(12): 2775-2785. doi: 10.1007/s11368-017-1852-8 [13] YU J, TANG L, PANG Y,et al. Magnetic nitrogen-doped sludge-derived biochar catalysts for persulfate activation: Internal electron transfer mechanism[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 364: 146-159. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.163 [14] BANINAJARIAN S, SHIRVANI M. Use of biochar as a possible means of minimizing phosphate fixation and external P requirement of acidic soil[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2021, 44(1): 59-73. doi: 10.1080/01904167.2020.1792491 [15] ZHOU C, HEAL K, TIGABU M,et al. Biochar addition to forest plantation soil enhances phosphorus availability and soil bacterial community diversity[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2020, 455: 117635. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117635 [16] 令狐荣云, 余炜敏, 王荣萍, 等. 铁还原菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对铁磷复合物中铁、磷释放规律的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2017, 26(10):1704-1709. [17] JIAN-FEN G, YU-SHENG Y, GUANG-SHUI C,et al. Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow from Schima superba and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations in subtropical China[J]. Journal of Forestry Research, 2005, 16(1): 19-22. doi: 10.1007/BF02856847 [18] 中国科学院南京土壤研究所. 土壤理化分析[M]. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1978. [19] ZHANG Y, LI Y, WANG S,et al. Soil phosphorus fractionation and its association with soil phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in a chronosequence of vegetation restoration[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2021, 164: 106208. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106208 [20] HALE S E, ALLING V, MARTINSEN V,et al. The sorption and desorption of phosphate-P, ammonium-N and nitrate-N in cacao shell and corn cob biochars[J]. Chemosphere, 2013, 91(11): 1612-1619. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.057 [21] 谷丽丽. 长期定位施肥及水田连作对农田土壤中磷赋存形态的影响[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2017. [22] PETTICREW E, AROCENA J. Evaluation of iron-phosphate as a source of internal lake phosphorus loadings[J]. The Science of The Total Environment, 2001, 266(1-3): 87-93. doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00756-7 [23] 郭智俐, 李 苓, 刘晓月, 等. 两种铁氧化物对无机磷的吸附特征分析[J]. 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 51(8):42-48. doi: 10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20200271 [24] OLANDER L P, VITOUSEK P M. Biological and geochemical sinks for phosphorus in soil from a wet tropical forest[J]. Ecosystems, 2004, 7(4): 404-419. [25] ESBERG C, DU TOIT B, OLSSON R,et al. Microbial responses to P addition in six South African forest soils[J]. Plant and Soil, 2010, 329(1-2): 209-225. doi: 10.1007/s11104-009-0146-3 [26] 杜艳玲, 周怀平, 杨振兴, 等. 长期不同秸秆还田方式对褐土磷素组分的影响[J]. 山西农业科学, 2019, 47(11):1947-1954 + 1959. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2481.2019.11.20 [27] 王 岩, 张志勇, 秦红杰, 等. 种养凤眼莲条件下pH值对底泥中不同形态磷释放的影响[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 2017, 40(4):681-689. doi: 10.7685/jnau.201611021 [28] 索慧慧, 林 颖, 赵苗苗, 等. 生物炭对淹水土壤中溶解性有机质含量及组成特征的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2019, 33(2):155-161,271. doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2019.02.025 [29] BLÖTHE M, AKOB D M, KOSTKA J E,et al. pH gradient-induced heterogeneity of Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms in coal mining-associated lake sediments[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2008, 74(4): 1019-1029. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01194-07 [30] KLÜPFEL L, KEILUWEIT M, KLEBER M,et al. Redox properties of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar)[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(10): 5601-5611. [31] SHI L, DONG H, REGUERA G,et al. Extracellular electron transfer mechanisms between microorganisms and minerals[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2016, 14(10): 651-662. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.93 [32] XU S, ADHIKARI D, HUANG R,et al. Biochar-facilitated microbial reduction of hematite[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2016, 50: 2389-2395. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05517 [33] AYYASAMY P M, CHUN S, LEE S. Desorption and dissolution of heavy metals from contaminated soil using Shewanella sp. (HN-41) amended with various carbon sources and synthetic soil organic matters[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 161(2): 1095-1102. [34] 文帅龙, 刘静静, 戴家如, 等. 铁(氢)氧化物介导的溶解性有机质、无机磷的固定及相互作用研究进展[J]. 湖泊科学, 2022, 34(5):1428-1440. doi: 10.18307/2022.0502 [35] 张又弛, 李会丹. 生物炭对土壤中铁生物还原作用和重金属分布的影响[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2019, 41(4):377-381. doi: 10.15985/j.cnki.1001-3865.2019.04.001 [36] 包明琢, 曲雪铭, 高倩倩, 等. 磷肥和生物炭配施对杉木林地土壤微生物的影响[J]. 西北林学院学报, 2022, 37(2):10-19. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7461.2022.02.02 [37] 曲 植, 李丽娜, 贾 蓉. 水稻土中水溶性有机碳对铁还原过程的贡献[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(2):346-356. [38] CUI X, FANG S, YAO Y,et al. Potential mechanisms of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by Canna indica derived biochar[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2016, 562: 517-525. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.248 [39] DING X, ZHANG S, WANG R,et al. Exogenous labile C application enhances Fe-P utilization for mycorrhizal plants through iron-reducing bacteria in subtropical soil[J]. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 2014, 14(4): 803-817. [40] 夏丽丹, 曹 升, 张 虹, 等. 不同水分条件下生物炭对红壤磷素形态及磷酸酶活性的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2019, 38(5):1101-1111. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2018-1171 [41] GROSSMAN J M, O’NEILL B E, TSAI S M,et al. Amazonian anthrosols support similar microbial communities that differ distinctly from those extant in adjacent, unmodified soils of the same mineralogy[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2010, 60(1): 192-205. doi: 10.1007/s00248-010-9689-3 [42] SIMARANI K, AZLAN HALMI M F, ABDULLAH R. Short-term effects of biochar amendment on soil microbial community in humid tropics[J]. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, Taylor & Francis, 2018, 64(13): 1847-1860. [43] 张燕林, 黄彩凤, 包明琢, 等. 生物炭及其老化对杉木林土壤养分含量和微生物群落组成影响的室内模拟[J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(6):169-179. doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20210619 [44] 陈倩倩, 刘 波, 王阶平, 等. 基于宏基因组方法分析养猪发酵床微生物组季节性变化[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2018, 37(6):1240-1247. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2017-1330 [45] ZENG J, LIU X, SONG L,et al. Nitrogen fertilization directly affects soil bacterial diversity and indirectly affects bacterial community composition[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2016, 92: 41-49. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.09.018 [46] LIU S, MENG J, JIANG L,et al. Rice husk biochar impacts soil phosphorous availability, phosphatase activities and bacterial community characteristics in three different soil types[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2017, 116: 12-22. doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.03.020 [47] 朱启林, 曹 明, 张雪彬, 等. 不同热解温度下禾本科植物生物炭理化特性分析[J]. 生物质化学工程, 2021, 55(4):21-28. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2021.04.004 [48] 禹桃兵, 石琪晗, 年 海, 等. 涝害对不同大豆品种根际微生物群落结构特征的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(9):1690-1702. [49] 王兵爽, 李淑君, 张舒桓, 等. 西瓜根系分泌酸性磷酸酶对有机肥营养的响应[J]. 土壤学报, 2019, 56(2):454-465. doi: 10.11766/trxb201807090318 [50] 刘梦葭, 杨 粟, 程凯莹, 等. 奇球菌属的最新研究进展及其应用[J]. 核农学报, 2017, 31(9):1723-1729. doi: 10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2017.09.1723