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松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope)属鞘翅目(Coleoptera)天牛科(Cerambycidea)墨天牛属(Monochamus),是一种严重危害马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)、湿地松(Pinus elliottii Engelm.)等林木的害虫,其成虫也是松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner&Buhrer) Nickle)的主要传播媒介[1-2]。目前,松墨天牛的引诱剂应用广泛,主要为植物源物质,以(+)-α-蒎烯、(-)-β-蒎烯为主[3-4],此外松墨天牛产生的聚集信息素2-十一烷氧基-1-乙醇也能很好引诱雌雄成虫,配合植物源信息化合物有显著增效作用[5]。
昆虫信息素配合植物源引诱剂制成诱芯,能够在生产上很好地达到大量诱捕害虫和干扰害虫交配的目的[6]。但是,实践证明这类诱芯存在着防治持续时间短,受外界环境影响大,稳定性差等缺点[7-8],阻碍了诱芯的大面积推广应用。因此有必要在仿生诱芯的制作中,引入或改良现有的缓释技术,选择适宜的缓释载体,保护信息化合物免受环境降解并能保持长期稳定释放,以最大发挥诱芯的生物活性。
目前主要有两大类缓释技术,一类是将活性物质溶解、包埋或者分散在缓释材料中以减少扩散速率的物理缓释法,报道应用多的有硅橡胶诱芯[9]、性信息素微胶囊[10]、空心纤维[11]、迷向丝、蜡滴[12]等;另一类是通过化学反应将引诱活性物质和缓释剂进行反应,形成以化学键相连的释放体系,该体系能有效延长缓释时间[13]。通过物理材料进行缓释是主要的延长引诱剂使用时间的方法,缓释载体本身的特性常会对引诱剂造成一定影响,比如蜡滴常因夏季的高温而缩短使用寿命[14],橡胶载体中因存在交联剂硫会影响昆虫信息化合物的稳定性[15]等,这些都容易造成某种材质的载体不容易推广使用。目前生产上应用较多的缓释载体是橡胶塞和迷向丝。
本研究选用4种缓释材料作为诱芯,分别为低密度聚乙烯材料(LDPE)、高密度聚乙烯材料(HDPE)、聚乙烯管(PE)和灯芯瓶(PP)。低密度聚乙烯材料(LDPE)又称高压聚乙烯,由于其材质具有较低的分子密度、良好的延伸性、电绝缘性、化学稳定性,使得它能广泛应用于农膜、包装膜以及管材等制品,在生产上有重要作用。高密度聚乙烯材料(HDPE)是乙烯经聚合制得的一种热塑性树脂,该材料无毒,无臭,具有良好的耐热性和耐寒性,而且化学稳定性较好,能耐大多数酸碱的侵蚀。聚乙烯管(PE)常用来制作迷向丝,目前已经有很多企业进行工业化生产和防治应用,这种缓释技术为物理缓释,性信息素每小时从迷向丝的释放速率是处于召唤期雌蛾的600~1 000倍[16]。灯芯瓶的材质为普通塑料,内部有一根连接液体和外部的棉灯绳,用以帮助挥发内部物质。APF-Ⅰ型引诱剂是松墨天牛高效引诱剂,具有诱捕效率高、靶标专一、使用剂量低的特点,在天牛的防治及松材线虫病的防控中有重要的作用[17]。研究松墨天牛信息化合物在4种缓释载体上的释放模式及释放动态特征,寻找合适的缓释载体材料,近而提高松墨天牛诱芯的引诱效果(图 1)。
松墨天牛信息化合物在不同缓释载体上的释放速率
Research on Release Rates of Semiochemicals of Monochamus alternatus
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摘要:
目的 为研究目前常用的4种缓释载体对松墨天牛信息化合物的释放速率,以筛选合适的缓释材料应用于仿生诱芯制作。 方法 选用(+)-α-蒎烯、(-)-β-蒎烯、2-十一烷氧基-1-乙醇,按9:1:1的成分比配制成引诱剂,聚乙烯缓释瓶A(LDPE)、聚乙烯缓释瓶B(HDPE)、聚乙烯管(PE)及灯芯瓶(PP)作为松墨天牛信息化合物的缓释材料,制作成松墨天牛诱芯悬挂于室外,并以APF-Ⅰ型松墨天牛引诱剂为对照。每5 d称量诱芯的重量并对缓释材料内的引诱剂成分进行GC分析,连续观察记录60 d,探究不同材料的缓释效果。 结果 灯芯瓶作为缓释材料,能使三种松墨天牛信息化合物比例长时间保持在较好水平,60 d后三种组分的相对含量分别为85.69%、9.23%、5.08%,缺点在于日挥发量较低。而聚乙烯缓释瓶A、聚乙烯缓释瓶B、聚乙烯管三种缓释材料组分挥发比例不协调,表现在聚乙烯缓释瓶A不能在较长时间内保持初始组分比例,物质释放在第19 d达到高峰,然后迅速下降并保持低释放水平;聚乙烯缓释瓶B中信息化合物的释放速率长期处于不稳定状态,第34 d是其释放速率的高峰,但该缓释材料能将释放量长期处于较高释放水平;聚乙烯管能在初期测试时就达到释放最高水平,然后随观测时间推移释放量持续下降,不能保持长时间高释放量。 结论 对照常见的APF-Ⅰ缓释材料,聚乙烯管缓释曲线最接近。实验明确了松墨天牛信息化合物在4种常用缓释载体上的释放模式及释放动态特征,能对缓释材料的选择应用提供指导,但这些材料都有一定缺陷,有必要加强对松墨天牛引诱剂缓释材料的进一步研究。 Abstract:Objective To study the release rates of different types of commonly used dispensers in order to select the suitable dispensers. Method Selecting 3 major semiochemicals of Monochamus alternatus including (+)-α-Pinene, (-)-β-Pinene, and 2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol which were loaded with different amounts in a 9:1:1 ratio in 4 dispensers. The release rates of these compounds from LDPE bottle (3 mL), HDPE bottle (13 mL), PE tube, and PP bottle (14 mL) were evaluated by using Gravimetric method and Gas chromatography analysis. The results were compared with APF-Ⅰ lures under the same environmental conditions as 28±3℃, 75±10%RH. Result The results indicated that the wick bottle can keep the three compounds releasing at a good and stable level for 70 days. The proportions of the three semiochemicals in the end were 85.69%, 9.23%, and 5.08%, respectively. The release rates of the three semiochemicals of M. alternatus from Wick bottle maintained a relatively low level over the whole testing period. The LDPE bottle, HDPE bottle and PE tube can not keep a stable proportion of the three components. The release rates from LDPE bottle increased during the 4th to the 19th days with a peak of released rates at the 19th day, and then dropped to and maintained at a low level after its peak. The three semiochemicals from the HDPE bottle maintained a high release rate but varied during the whole observation period; and reached the peak at the 34th day. The dynamic release pattern of semiochemicals from PE tube was similar with APF-Ⅰ. Conclusion Studies on the release patterns of different types of dispensers could help us understand the dynamic releasing characteristics. And the result would provide some effective information on the selection of suitable dispensers. It is needed to indicate that these dispensers have some defects, and it is necessary to strengthen the research on lure sustained-release materials. -
Key words:
- Monochamus alternatus
- / semiochemicals
- / dispensers
- / release
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