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在很多交配系统中,物种选择配偶时必须定位和识别不同质量的个体。准确、高效的识别和评估配偶需要不同物种个体根据其交配环境利用合适的交配信号和感官通道。此外,动物可能进化出通过多种感官信号来识别配偶以应对波动的和多样化环境[1-2]。昆虫识别配偶的关键信号可能通过视觉[3-5]、嗅觉[6-8]、听觉[9-11]和触觉信号等途径来传达[12]。视觉信号可能涉及色彩、翅大小、运动模式和形状等[13-14]。嗅觉信号是由雄性或雌性释放的,以吸引配偶或同种个体,在近距离或远距离发挥作用的挥发物[15-17]。
蝶类的两性交流涉及在配偶识别和不同选择阶段使用多个信号,从而构成复杂的场景。蝶类求偶一般是雄蝶追求雌蝶,雄蝶主动而雌蝶被动。求偶中的蝶类发现同类后,通常会上前追逐(即开始求偶),雄蝶的该行为通常都是靠视觉而非嗅觉或其他因素引起[18-19];而在追逐的过程中通过视觉、嗅觉或触觉等信息辨别同类及异性配偶[20]。蝴蝶在广泛的可见光谱范围内有良好的色彩辨别能力[21],很多蝶类的翅除了有多彩的颜色外,还有反射紫外线的能力[20, 22]。菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae rapaeL.)雌雄蝶在翅颜色上有差异,雄蝶靠视觉区别雌雄两性[23]。雄性灰蝶(Zizeeria maha argia Ménétriès)不能仅依靠视觉来辨别异性,因为雌雄蝶的翅下表面反射模式几乎相似,雄蝶通过嗅觉辨别雌雄蝶[19, 24]。在蝶类中,雄蝶在求偶过程中的两性识别阶段对视觉和嗅觉等信号的利用有较多报道[23-24],但雌蝶利用何种信号来辨别雌雄两性的相关研究相对较少。
本研究以白带锯蛱蝶为对象探究雌蝶种内识别时对视觉和嗅觉信号的利用。白带锯蛱蝶(Cethosia cyane cyane Drury)(鳞翅目:蛱蝶科)又名泰裙纹蛱蝶、齿缘白带蛱蝶和紫白蝶等,国内分布于云南、广东、广西、四川和海南等,国外分布于中南半岛和印度尼西亚[25]。成虫中型,雌雄异型。幼虫寄主为西番莲科(Passifloraceae)蒴莲属(Adenia)的三开瓢(A.cardiophylla(Mast.) Engl)和滇南蒴莲(A.penangiana)[26]。目前,有关白带锯蛱蝶的研究主要有生物学特性[27-28]、种群生命表[29]、其幼虫和蛹的营养成分[30]、觅食过程中对视觉和嗅觉信号的利用途径[31]、生物地理学及系统分类学[32]等。但未见有关白带锯蛱蝶利用何种信号识别同类及异性的报道。
本研究通过探究视觉和嗅觉信息在白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶的异性识别扮演中的作用,以及探讨:(1)雌蝶是否可仅靠视觉信息识别雌雄两性;(2)雌蝶是否可仅靠嗅觉信息识别雌雄两性;(3)雌蝶是否较偏爱同时有视觉和嗅觉信息的雄蝶。以期为深入了解性二型蝶类两性交流机制提供科学依据。
白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶利用视觉和嗅觉信息识别两性
The Role of Visual and Olfactory Cues in Sex Recognition in the Sexually Dimorphic Butterfly Cethosia cyane cyane
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摘要:
目的 探究视觉和嗅觉信息在白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶识别异性中扮演的作用,从而加深对性二型蝶类两性交流机制的认识。 方法 在网室内分别悬挂白带锯蛱蝶雄蝶和雌蝶的真实翅模型、打印的翅模型和活蝴蝶模型,记录雌蝶对以上模型的访问次数。 结果 表明:仅有视觉或嗅觉信号存在时,雌蝶对雄蝶模型访问次数均大于雌模型。雌蝶对雌雄翅和纸模型访问平均次数均有显著差异,说明雌蝶仅靠视觉信息能够辨别雌雄。雌蝶对雌雄嗅觉模型访问平均次数有显著差异,说明雌蝶仅靠嗅觉信息能够辨别雌雄。视觉和嗅觉信息均存在时,雌蝶对正常雄蝶访问平均次数多于雄蝶视觉和嗅觉模型,且对3种雄蝶的平均访问次数有显著差异,说明雌蝶识别雄蝶时偏好2种信息的综合作用。 结论 白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶利用视觉或嗅觉信息均能识别雌雄两性,雌蝶在识别两性时较偏爱同时有视觉和嗅觉信息的雄蝶。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the role of visual and olfactory cues in sex recognition in the sexually dimorphic butterfly Cethosia cyane cyane, and to further understand the sexual interactions. Method The females were placed in an insectary with three kinds of models, i.e. dissected natural wings (♀ and ♂), printed paper wings attached (♀ and ♂), and live adults (♀ and ♂), respectively. The frequency of female visiting the models was recorded. Result When only visual or olfactory cues existed, the frequency of female visiting the male models was higher than that of the female models. There were significant differences in the average frequency of females visiting females and males when both winged models and paper models presented, indicating that the females could distinguish the gender of conspecifics using visual cues alone. And there were significant differences in the average frequency of females visiting female and male odor models, indicating that the females could use olfactory cues to distinguish the sexes. When both visual and olfactory cues existed, there were significant differences among the average frequency of females visiting normal males, male winged models and male odor models, suggesting that the females were more likely to prefer the composite, multimodal display. Conclusion Female C. cyane cyane use both visual and olfactory cues to distinguish the gender of conspecifics during courtship. The females are more likely to prefer the composite, multimodal display. -
Key words:
- Cethosia cyane cyane
- / vision
- / olfaction
- / sexual dimorphism
- / conspecific mate recognition
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