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DNA条形码(DNA barcoding)是一种基于DNA序列进行物种鉴定的新工具,它最早由加拿大科学家Paul Hebert于2003年提出,它是利用生物体内普遍存在的一个或几个、较短的且标准化的基因片段作为通用条形码,通过碱基序列差异来实现物种水平上的快速准确鉴定[1]。与传统形态分类相比,DNA条形码技术具有诸多显著优点,使其成为一项全新的物种分类和鉴定技术。1)DNA条形码是基于DNA水平的物种鉴定,它不因个体外部形态、发育阶段和环境变化而改变,扩大了样品检测范围;2)通过构建信息完善的标准数字化数据库,DNA条形码克服了传统分类的缺陷,提高物种鉴定成功率,同时有助于检测鉴定中可能存在的问题以及发现未知种;3)DNA条形码技术操作流程简单、规范,能突破对经验的过渡依赖,使物种鉴定大众化。
经过15年的发展,DNA条形码已成为生物领域发展最迅猛的研究方向之一。一方面,DNA条形码的兴起为传统经典分类的发展提供了机遇,极大推动了分类修订、新种和隐种发现,提高全球生物分类与鉴定速度[2-3]。同时,DNA条形码的发展也为生态学、进化生物学研究注入新的活力,为多学科融合开辟了路径,增强了人类对生物多样性监测和利用的能力[4-6]。另一方面,随着条形码技术的不断发展和标准数据库的不断完善,DNA条形码在对特殊材料的鉴定上展示了强大的实用价值,该技术已成功应用在海关、中药材真伪鉴定、法医鉴定、动植物检疫、生物入侵、食品和药物市场监督等诸多领域[7-10]。
DNA条形码为生物多样性管理、保护和可持续利用提供新的思路和研究工具。本文将介绍DNA条形码在近15年来的研究进展及其发展趋势,并阐述DNA条形码在林业科学研究各个领域的已有成果,深入挖掘DNA条形码在林业上的应用潜力,推动林业产业的发展。
DNA条形码技术在林业科学研究中的应用
Applications of DNA Barcoding in Forestry
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摘要: DNA条形码是利用生物体内普遍存在的一个或几个、较短的且标准化的基因片段作为通用片段,通过碱基序列差异来实现物种水平准确鉴定的工具。相对于传统的分类学,DNA条形码技术具有不依赖形态特征和发育阶段、鉴定数字化、快速准确、操作简单规范等优势。已成功应用在生物多样性监控、海关、中药材真伪鉴定、法医鉴定、动植物检疫、生物入侵、食品和药物市场监督等诸多领域。经过15年时间发展,DNA条形码研究已基本确定针对不同生物类群使用不同的通用片段,同时构建了标准的全球生命条形码数字化数据库。目前DNA条形码研究主要集中在如何提高近缘类群物种分辨率和构建区域条形码数据库两个方向。在林业科学研究中,DNA条形码在木材识别、森林群落生态和生物多样性监控与评估等领域发展迅猛,但同时也面临一些问题,如木材DNA降解、整条片段的扩增等,需要在条形码片段选择、数据库构建、数据库与高通量测序技术结合、分析方法改进等进一步深入研究。未来DNA条形码将在林业资源评价、保护和可持续利用等方向具有广阔的应用前景。Abstract: DNA barcoding involves one or a few standardized short DNA segments to discriminate species. Comparing with the traditional methods, DNA barcoding has some advantages such as expanding species diagnoses to cover all the life stages of an organism, digitized discriminating process, quick and highly precise, requiring less taxonomic experience to discover a new species. DNA barcoding is now being widely utilized in biological sciences, including species identification in biodiversity monitoring, biological invasion, forensic contexts, food and medicinal market. After fifteen years of development, the researchers have achieved consensus on standard DNA barcodes in animal, plants and fungi, and has constructed the global DNA barcoding library. Now the evaluation of DNA barcoding has typically focused on two different perspectives. One is to improve the ability to distinguish closely related species, the other is to construct local DNA barcoding library in order to expand applications of DNA barcoding. For the forestry, DNA barcoding has gained adoption in a set of diverse applied contexts, including wood identification, community ecology and biodiversity monitoring, but there still are several challenges, for example, woody sample degradation and the amplification of the whole barcode. And proceeding barcoding studies in forestry needs to concern on the choice of barcodes, the construction of barcoding library for woody species, the method of data analysis and the combination with next generation sequencing. In the future, DNA barcoding will play a key role in the evaluation, protection and sustainable development of forestry resources.
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