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土壤是陆地生物生存和发展的物质基础,土壤肥力的形成、维持与改良研究一直是生态学的研究热点[1-2]。土壤养分状况受微生物及土壤动物等生物因素的影响[3-5],其中,蚂蚁是土壤节肢动物的优势物种,被称为“土壤生态系统工程师”,能够改变土壤理化性质,调控土壤肥力[6]。蚂蚁通过觅食、筑巢及排泄等活动,能够改变土壤的粒径、孔隙度、含水率及土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾等元素的含量[7-11];同时,蚂蚁筑巢定居可以影响其他生物类群,从而间接影响土壤养分状况[11-13]。
红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta Buren)被列为世界上最危险的100种入侵有害生物之一[14],其适应能力强,扩散速度快[15-16],已在我国华南地区广泛定殖,在林地、草地和荒地等生境均有分布[17-20]。已有研究表明,红火蚁营巢对土壤理化性质均会产生不同影响[21-23];但是目前关于红火蚁营巢对不同生境类型土壤理化性质影响的比较研究报道较少,且主要集中于壤土及粉质黏土[13]。另外,蚁巢类型绝大多数为活动巢,极少关注废弃巢对土壤的影响。因此,以不同生境、不同土壤类型红火蚁活动巢及废弃巢为研究对象,探讨红火蚁营巢对土壤营养元素影响特征具有重要的科学意义。
氮磷钾作为土壤中的主要营养元素,是衡量土壤营养状况、植物生长和生产力的重要指标[24-25]。本研究拟对3种不同生境下红火蚁活动巢与废弃巢中不同土层的全氮、全磷和全钾含量特征进行比较研究。主要探讨以下问题:(1)红火蚁营巢能否对土壤中氮磷钾含量产生显著影响?(2)红火蚁营巢对土壤氮磷钾含量垂直分布的影响是否存在差异?(3)红火蚁营巢对不同土壤类型营养元素含量的影响是否存在差异?
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表1表明:在林地中,红火蚁营巢对土壤中的氮磷钾含量均影响显著(氮:P< 0.001,磷:P< 0.001,钾:P< 0.001);0~15 cm和15~30 cm土层的氮磷钾含量均差异不显著;活动巢和废弃巢(蚁巢状态)中氮含量差异不显著,而磷和钾含量差异显著(磷:P=0.018,钾:P=0.005)。
表 1 3种生境下影响土壤氮磷钾含量的因素分析
Table 1. Analysis of factors effecting soil nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium concentration in three habitats
生境类型
Habitat type影响因素
Effective factors氮Total nitrogen/(g·kg-1) 磷Total phosphorus/(g·kg-1) 钾Total potassium/(g·kg-1) F P F P F P 林地
Forestland红火蚁营巢Red fire ant nests 27.74 <0.001 20.53 <0.001 18.59 <0.001 土层Soil layer 0.02 0.891 1.76 0.191 0.27 0.607 蚁巢状态Nest state 0.04 0.712 5.1 0.018 15.90 0.005 荒地
Wasteland红火蚁营巢Red fire ant nests 16.92 <0.001 8.60 0.006 12.77 <0.001 土层Soil layer 0.01 0.911 0.7 0.409 0.75 0.393 草地
Grassland红火蚁营巢Red fire ant nests 18.96 <0.001 119.65 <0.001 13.03 <0.001 土层Soil layer 0.01 0.963 2.14 0.152 0.84 0.365 蚁巢状态Nest state 0.49 0.418 12.98 <0.001 6.47 0.015 注:具有显著性水平的P值(P< 0.05或0.01)以粗体表示。
Note: Significant P−values (P< 0.05 or 0.01) were indicated in bold.在荒地中,红火蚁营巢对土壤中的氮磷钾含量的影响差异显著(氮: P< 0.001,磷: P=0.006,钾: P< 0.001),0~15 cm和15~30 cm土层的氮磷钾含量均差异不显著。
在草地中,红火蚁营巢对土壤中的氮磷钾含量的影响均差异极显著(氮: P< 0.001,磷: P< 0.001,钾: P< 0.001),活动巢和废弃巢中氮含量差异不显著,而磷含量差异极显著,钾含量差异显著(P=0.015),0~15 cm和15~30 cm土层的氮磷钾含量均差异不显著(表1)。
由以上结果可知:在林地、荒地和草地3种生境中,红火蚁的营巢可以显著影响土壤中氮磷钾的含量,而蚁巢状态只对土壤中的磷和钾含量产生影响,对氮元素的含量没有影响;3种生境下,不同土层的氮磷钾含量均差异不显著。
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表2表明:在林地中,红火蚁活动巢中的氮磷钾含量均极显著高于对照土壤(氮:F=6.23,P< 0.001;磷:F=6.54,P=0.007;钾:F=2.01,P< 0.001),氮磷钾含量分别提高了30.69%、15.08%、50.00%。废弃巢中的氮磷钾含量也极显著或显著高于对照土壤(氮:F=1.57,P< 0.001;磷:F=10.09,P=0.002;钾:F=1.74,P=0.017),氮磷钾含量分别提高了40.89%、26.40%、46.15%。
表 2 不同生境和不同蚁巢状态中土壤氮磷钾含量
Table 2. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration in different habitats and different ant nest state
生境类型
Habitat types蚁巢状态
Nest state土壤类型
Soil types氮 /(g·kg-1)
Nitrogen磷 /(g·kg-1)
Phosphorus钾 /(g·kg-1)
Potassium林地
Forestland活动巢Active nest 壤土Loam 54.59±2.88A 1.45±0.05Ab 0.27±0.02B 对照CK 壤土Loam 41.77±1.70B 1.26±0.05B 0.18±0.02C 废弃巢Abandoned nest 壤土Loam 55.65±3.11A 1.58±0.07Aa 0.38±0.04Aa 对照CK 壤土Loam 39.50±2.89B 1.25±0.06B 0.26±0.03b 荒地
Wasteland活动巢Active nest 砂土Sand 49.97±5.97A 1.61±0.03A 0.12±0.01A 对照CK 砂土Sand 21.08±3.37B 1.49±0.03B 0.06±0.01B 草地
Grassland活动巢Active nest 壤土Loam 151.03±16.03A 2.87±0.10A 0.34±0.06Aa 对照CK 壤土Loam 85.15±11.58B 1.52±0.05C 0.15±0.01B 废弃巢Abandoned nest 壤土Loam 154.42±10.30A 2.04±0.05B 0.18±0.02b 对照CK 壤土Loam 100.95±9.21B 1.84±0.04C 0.13±0.01c 注:在同一生境条件下,同列中不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P< 0.01),不同小写字母表示差异显著 (P< 0.05)。
Notes: In the same habitat, different uppercase letters under the same nutrient composition indicate extremely significant difference (P< 0.01), and different lowercase letters indicate significant difference(P< 0.05).在荒地中,活动巢中的氮磷钾含量均显著高于对照土壤(氮:F=4.083,P< 0.001;磷:F=10.21,P=0.005;钾:F=13.867,P< 0.001),氮磷钾含量分别提高了137.05%、8.05%、100.00%
在草地中,红火蚁活动巢中的氮磷钾含量均极显著高于对照土壤(氮:F=2.558,P=0.003;磷:F=4.496,P< 0.001;钾:F=6.356,P=0.003);氮磷钾含量分别提高了77.37%、88.82%、126.67%。废弃巢中的氮磷和钾含量极显著或显著高于对照土壤(氮:F=0.52,P< 0.001;磷:F=0.92,P< 0.001;F=0.258,P=0.027)。
对红火蚁活动巢和废弃巢中的氮磷钾比较得出:在林地中,活动巢与废弃巢中的氮含量差异不显著(F=1.666,P=0.822);废弃巢中的磷和钾含量显著高于活动巢(磷:F=5.13,P=0.018;钾:F=3.098,P=0.005),分别提高了8.97%和40.74%。在草地中,活动巢与废弃巢的氮含量差异不显著(F=7.621,P=0.860),活动巢中的磷和钾含量显著高于废弃巢(磷:F=3.420,P< 0.001;钾:F=3.689,P=0.026),分别提高了40.69%和88.89%。
红火蚁营巢显著增加了土壤中的氮磷钾含量,即使蚁巢废弃后,土壤中的氮磷钾含量依然显著高于没有蚂蚁营巢的对照土壤。废弃巢和活动巢的氮含量没有发生显著变化,磷和钾含量在林地和草地中呈现不同的变化趋势,在林地中,活动巢的磷和钾含量显著低于废弃巢;而在草地中,活动巢的磷和钾含量显著高于废弃巢。
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图1表明:壤土活动巢与砂土活动巢氮的增加量差异不显著(t=0.494,P=0.624);而壤土活动巢磷和钾的增加量均极显著高于砂土活动巢(磷增加量:t=3.353,P=0.002;钾增加量:t=2.818,P=0.007),壤土活动巢磷和钾的增加量比砂土活动巢分别提高了500%和139%。
红火蚁营巢对不同生境土壤氮磷钾含量的影响
Mound Building Effects of Red Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren) on the Concentrations of Soil Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium across Different Habitats
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摘要:
目的 土壤大型节肢动物作为生态系统的工程师,能够调控陆地生态系统的养分循环,本研究旨在揭示红火蚁营巢对不同生境土壤氮磷钾养分含量的影响。 方法 于2017年11月和2018年3月,选择云南省昆明市和牟定县林地、荒地及草地3种生境类型为研究样地,比较研究了红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta Buren)活动巢和废弃巢土壤氮磷钾养分含量特征。 结果 红火蚁营巢均显著增加了不同生境土壤氮磷钾含量(P<0.01),其中,林地废弃巢中土壤磷和钾含量显著高于活动巢(P<0.05或0.01),草地则是活动巢磷和钾含量显著高于废弃巢(P<0.05或0.01),但林地和草地活动巢和废弃巢中氮含量差异不显著;不同土层氮磷钾含量差异亦不显著;红火蚁营巢均能显著增加壤土和砂土中氮磷钾含量,其中,壤土中磷和钾增加的幅度极显著高于砂土(P<0.01)。 结论 红火蚁营巢均能显著增加林地、荒地和草地中土壤氮磷钾含量,活动巢废弃后,这种影响仍十分显著,壤土中增加幅度高于砂土。 Abstract:Objective This study aims at revealing the effects of mound building of Solenopsis invicta on soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations across three habitats. Method Three habitats (forestland, wasteland, and grassland) were selected as research sites in Kunming and Mouding, Yunnan Province in November 2017 and March 2018. The characteristics of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in active and abandoned nests of S. invicta were compared. Result Ant colonization significantly increased the soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in all the three habitats (P<0.01). The phosphorus and potassium concentrations were significantly higher in abandoned nests than in the active nests in forestland (P<0.05 or 0.01), while that in grassland were significantly higher than in abandoned nests (P<0.05 or 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in nitrogen concentration between active and abandoned nests in forestland and grassland, and no significant difference was found in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations among different soil layers. Ant colonization significantly increased the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in loam soils and sandy soils. The rising level of phosphorus and potassium contents was extremely higher in loam soils than in sandy soils (P<0.01). Conclusion The colonization of S. invicta can significantly increase soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in the three habitats. This effects will be still significant after active nests are abandoned, and the increase in loam soils will be higher than that in sandy soils. -
Key words:
- Solenopsis invicta
- / ant nest
- / soil nutrients
- / active nest
- / abandoned nest
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表 1 3种生境下影响土壤氮磷钾含量的因素分析
Table 1. Analysis of factors effecting soil nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium concentration in three habitats
生境类型
Habitat type影响因素
Effective factors氮Total nitrogen/(g·kg-1) 磷Total phosphorus/(g·kg-1) 钾Total potassium/(g·kg-1) F P F P F P 林地
Forestland红火蚁营巢Red fire ant nests 27.74 <0.001 20.53 <0.001 18.59 <0.001 土层Soil layer 0.02 0.891 1.76 0.191 0.27 0.607 蚁巢状态Nest state 0.04 0.712 5.1 0.018 15.90 0.005 荒地
Wasteland红火蚁营巢Red fire ant nests 16.92 <0.001 8.60 0.006 12.77 <0.001 土层Soil layer 0.01 0.911 0.7 0.409 0.75 0.393 草地
Grassland红火蚁营巢Red fire ant nests 18.96 <0.001 119.65 <0.001 13.03 <0.001 土层Soil layer 0.01 0.963 2.14 0.152 0.84 0.365 蚁巢状态Nest state 0.49 0.418 12.98 <0.001 6.47 0.015 注:具有显著性水平的P值(P< 0.05或0.01)以粗体表示。
Note: Significant P−values (P< 0.05 or 0.01) were indicated in bold.表 2 不同生境和不同蚁巢状态中土壤氮磷钾含量
Table 2. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration in different habitats and different ant nest state
生境类型
Habitat types蚁巢状态
Nest state土壤类型
Soil types氮 /(g·kg-1)
Nitrogen磷 /(g·kg-1)
Phosphorus钾 /(g·kg-1)
Potassium林地
Forestland活动巢Active nest 壤土Loam 54.59±2.88A 1.45±0.05Ab 0.27±0.02B 对照CK 壤土Loam 41.77±1.70B 1.26±0.05B 0.18±0.02C 废弃巢Abandoned nest 壤土Loam 55.65±3.11A 1.58±0.07Aa 0.38±0.04Aa 对照CK 壤土Loam 39.50±2.89B 1.25±0.06B 0.26±0.03b 荒地
Wasteland活动巢Active nest 砂土Sand 49.97±5.97A 1.61±0.03A 0.12±0.01A 对照CK 砂土Sand 21.08±3.37B 1.49±0.03B 0.06±0.01B 草地
Grassland活动巢Active nest 壤土Loam 151.03±16.03A 2.87±0.10A 0.34±0.06Aa 对照CK 壤土Loam 85.15±11.58B 1.52±0.05C 0.15±0.01B 废弃巢Abandoned nest 壤土Loam 154.42±10.30A 2.04±0.05B 0.18±0.02b 对照CK 壤土Loam 100.95±9.21B 1.84±0.04C 0.13±0.01c 注:在同一生境条件下,同列中不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P< 0.01),不同小写字母表示差异显著 (P< 0.05)。
Notes: In the same habitat, different uppercase letters under the same nutrient composition indicate extremely significant difference (P< 0.01), and different lowercase letters indicate significant difference(P< 0.05). -
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