1988 Vol. 1, No. 3
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1988, 1(3): 241-251.
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Abstract:
This paper summarized the multidiscipline and comprehensive research on the tropical forest ecosystem in Jianfengling region, Hainan Island, during 1979-1986. The background investigation, permanent observation plots and experimental plots have been adopted. The paper consists of 7 parts:the biological gene pool in northern edge of world tropic;ecological series strudy;water and heat regime of tropical forest;nutrient cycling in tropical forest;ecological consequence of shifting cultivation;and regeneration and succession after afforestation. There are 1668 plant species of 798 genus, 198 families more than 4000 identified insect species of 26 orders and 260 species of identified macro-fungi. The ecological series from seashore to mountain top consisted of xerophytic thorn shrub, savanna, tropical semideciduous monsoon forest, tropical evergreen monsoon forest, tropical mountain rain forest and mossy forest have been studied by means of comprehensive and comparative description.
This paper summarized the multidiscipline and comprehensive research on the tropical forest ecosystem in Jianfengling region, Hainan Island, during 1979-1986. The background investigation, permanent observation plots and experimental plots have been adopted. The paper consists of 7 parts:the biological gene pool in northern edge of world tropic;ecological series strudy;water and heat regime of tropical forest;nutrient cycling in tropical forest;ecological consequence of shifting cultivation;and regeneration and succession after afforestation. There are 1668 plant species of 798 genus, 198 families more than 4000 identified insect species of 26 orders and 260 species of identified macro-fungi. The ecological series from seashore to mountain top consisted of xerophytic thorn shrub, savanna, tropical semideciduous monsoon forest, tropical evergreen monsoon forest, tropical mountain rain forest and mossy forest have been studied by means of comprehensive and comparative description.
1988, 1(3): 252-258.
Abstract:
An irrigation experiment was conducted in an intensively cultivated poplar plantation (Populus deltoides Bartr. cv. "Lux" ex. I-69/55) in 1983-1986. The result of the relationship between water supply, water-consumption for transpiration and volume increment was analysed. The results reveal that with the increase of water supply the water-consumption for transpiration and volume increment raise. The amount of water consumed by the 5-year-old poplar plantation with a spacing of 3×6 m in a growing season is 602.6-879.2 mm. 180.0-215.0 t of water is needed for the increment of each cubic meter volume. The regression between water supply and volume increment was studied. A method for estimation of water requirement and a table of water supply for poplar plantation are recommened.
An irrigation experiment was conducted in an intensively cultivated poplar plantation (Populus deltoides Bartr. cv. "Lux" ex. I-69/55) in 1983-1986. The result of the relationship between water supply, water-consumption for transpiration and volume increment was analysed. The results reveal that with the increase of water supply the water-consumption for transpiration and volume increment raise. The amount of water consumed by the 5-year-old poplar plantation with a spacing of 3×6 m in a growing season is 602.6-879.2 mm. 180.0-215.0 t of water is needed for the increment of each cubic meter volume. The regression between water supply and volume increment was studied. A method for estimation of water requirement and a table of water supply for poplar plantation are recommened.
1988, 1(3): 259-263.
Abstract:
27 open-pollinated families from natural stands of masson pine were used as test material. The inheritance and variation of their juvenile growth traits, i. e. height, base diameter and crown size were analysed. The results showed that genetic variation of tree height and diameter at base was significant. It appeared that there was a moderate or a strong degree of additive genetic control for both traits, whose heritabilities tended to decrease as its age was increasing. The strong genetic correlation between growth traits was found.
27 open-pollinated families from natural stands of masson pine were used as test material. The inheritance and variation of their juvenile growth traits, i. e. height, base diameter and crown size were analysed. The results showed that genetic variation of tree height and diameter at base was significant. It appeared that there was a moderate or a strong degree of additive genetic control for both traits, whose heritabilities tended to decrease as its age was increasing. The strong genetic correlation between growth traits was found.
1988, 1(3): 264-274.
Abstract:
In the paper, fifteen species are described. Of which, four are new to science and two are recorded for the first time from China. All the type specimens are deposited in the insect collection, the Division of Forest Entomology, the Research Institute of Forestry CAF.
In the paper, fifteen species are described. Of which, four are new to science and two are recorded for the first time from China. All the type specimens are deposited in the insect collection, the Division of Forest Entomology, the Research Institute of Forestry CAF.
1988, 1(3): 275-277.
Abstract:
Chyliza bombusae Yang et Wang, sp. n. (fig. 1)Male:Length of body 6-8mm, of wing 5-6mm.Head yellow brown, black at mid-facial plate and interfrontalis, with postvertical bristles and 2 pair vertical bristles. Antenna the two first segments darkish brown, 3rd segment pale yellow, arista 2 times as long as the 3rd antennal segment, distinctly pubescent. Thorax yellowish brown in dorsal surface and with broad dark brown stripe on the middle line, lateral surface dark brown except the lower half of mesopleura, and the upper side of stern-opleura. Scutellum with 6 marginal setae. Legs and halteres pale yellow, wings transparent, with smoky coloured apically and around cross m-m vein and M1+2 veins. Abdomen blackish brown, genitalia of male as shown in the Chinese text.
Chyliza bombusae Yang et Wang, sp. n. (fig. 1)Male:Length of body 6-8mm, of wing 5-6mm.Head yellow brown, black at mid-facial plate and interfrontalis, with postvertical bristles and 2 pair vertical bristles. Antenna the two first segments darkish brown, 3rd segment pale yellow, arista 2 times as long as the 3rd antennal segment, distinctly pubescent. Thorax yellowish brown in dorsal surface and with broad dark brown stripe on the middle line, lateral surface dark brown except the lower half of mesopleura, and the upper side of stern-opleura. Scutellum with 6 marginal setae. Legs and halteres pale yellow, wings transparent, with smoky coloured apically and around cross m-m vein and M1+2 veins. Abdomen blackish brown, genitalia of male as shown in the Chinese text.
1988, 1(3): 278-284.
Abstract:
Chyliza bambusae Yang et Wang is a main pest damaging the roots of bamboo shoots. In Zhejiang province, most of them have one generation a year, but few of them per two years, and both overwintered in the pupal stage. Its eclosion starts in early March when the averaged day temperature is above 12℃,and ends in late April. Larvahs infestation period is from middle April to late May. The bamboo shoot roots growing in the middle or low slope and on the fertile soil will be damaged heavily. In the even year bamboo stand will be damaged more seriously than those in the on-year stand located far away from the off-year stand. After being endangered, the roots left will be around lOcm length with no absorbing and supporting function so that the death rate of bamboo shoots will increace, and although some of them can still grow,the new culms will have sharp shape and are easy to lodge.There are two species of natural enemies of its larvae from Braconidae and Diapriidae, which have parasitic percentage of 26.08%and 12.18%respectively.In its peak stage of eclosion, it is a useful method to eliminate its imagoes by spraying diluted solution of 80%DDVP 1:1000.
Chyliza bambusae Yang et Wang is a main pest damaging the roots of bamboo shoots. In Zhejiang province, most of them have one generation a year, but few of them per two years, and both overwintered in the pupal stage. Its eclosion starts in early March when the averaged day temperature is above 12℃,and ends in late April. Larvahs infestation period is from middle April to late May. The bamboo shoot roots growing in the middle or low slope and on the fertile soil will be damaged heavily. In the even year bamboo stand will be damaged more seriously than those in the on-year stand located far away from the off-year stand. After being endangered, the roots left will be around lOcm length with no absorbing and supporting function so that the death rate of bamboo shoots will increace, and although some of them can still grow,the new culms will have sharp shape and are easy to lodge.There are two species of natural enemies of its larvae from Braconidae and Diapriidae, which have parasitic percentage of 26.08%and 12.18%respectively.In its peak stage of eclosion, it is a useful method to eliminate its imagoes by spraying diluted solution of 80%DDVP 1:1000.
1988, 1(3): 285-288.
Abstract:
The thin-sections of ultramicro structure of Bacillus thuringiensis belonging to 30 subspecies of 23 H-serotypes and 3 straines isolated from the soil were examined by electron microscopy. The result showed that the forming position, the form and the quantity of spore and crystal of the 30 subspecies in sporangium vary from each other. In most of the species, the spore is located on one side of the sporangium and outside of exosporium. The crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies finitimus is located inside of exosporium. The form of crystal in the sporangium of various subspecies varyes greatly, which is usually dipyramidal, spheroidal, cuboidal or irregular in shape and most of them were single one.In the 3 strains isolated from soil, 87052 strain is similar to H23 (Subsp. japonensis), 85020 and 85040 strains were different from the 30 subspecies.
The thin-sections of ultramicro structure of Bacillus thuringiensis belonging to 30 subspecies of 23 H-serotypes and 3 straines isolated from the soil were examined by electron microscopy. The result showed that the forming position, the form and the quantity of spore and crystal of the 30 subspecies in sporangium vary from each other. In most of the species, the spore is located on one side of the sporangium and outside of exosporium. The crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies finitimus is located inside of exosporium. The form of crystal in the sporangium of various subspecies varyes greatly, which is usually dipyramidal, spheroidal, cuboidal or irregular in shape and most of them were single one.In the 3 strains isolated from soil, 87052 strain is similar to H23 (Subsp. japonensis), 85020 and 85040 strains were different from the 30 subspecies.
1988, 1(3): 289-293.
Abstract:
The male flowers of Populus lasiocarpa survive the winter in PMCs stage. Meanwhile, a large number of starch grains accumulate in the outer wall layers show a successive decrease in starch grains content in them, but retaining rich starch grains in the inner ones. Finally, all of the starch grains disappear from the wall layers and high concentration of soluble polysacchaddes is further synthesized and maintained in tapetum and PMCs. Tapetal cells always contain rich DNA, RNA and protein. The changes of the content and the distribution of RNA are similar to those of the protein during microsporogenesis.Callose spots are deposited among PMCs at leptotene stage. Gradually the spots connect with each other to form plates which completely surround the PMCs at metaphase I . By metaphase Ⅱ and anaphase Ⅱ, the callose plates deposit at its maximum of thickness. With the formation of tetrads, callose deposition starts on the center of the tetrads, and then extends rapidly along the four cells, separating them from each other. A great majority of tetrads are tetrahedral, seldom isobilateral.
The male flowers of Populus lasiocarpa survive the winter in PMCs stage. Meanwhile, a large number of starch grains accumulate in the outer wall layers show a successive decrease in starch grains content in them, but retaining rich starch grains in the inner ones. Finally, all of the starch grains disappear from the wall layers and high concentration of soluble polysacchaddes is further synthesized and maintained in tapetum and PMCs. Tapetal cells always contain rich DNA, RNA and protein. The changes of the content and the distribution of RNA are similar to those of the protein during microsporogenesis.Callose spots are deposited among PMCs at leptotene stage. Gradually the spots connect with each other to form plates which completely surround the PMCs at metaphase I . By metaphase Ⅱ and anaphase Ⅱ, the callose plates deposit at its maximum of thickness. With the formation of tetrads, callose deposition starts on the center of the tetrads, and then extends rapidly along the four cells, separating them from each other. A great majority of tetrads are tetrahedral, seldom isobilateral.
1988, 1(3): 294-300.
Abstract:
Propagating techniques in vitro for the nine species of plants, Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb.) Endl, Cryptomeria fortunei. Rhododendron hybridum,Daphne adora var. marginota, Phalaenopsis sp., Hedera helix L. cv. Cauendishii, Begonia mecculata, Vitis vinifera L. cv. and Actinidia chinensis, are dealt with in this paper. The keys of the techniques for proliferating, rooting and transplanting are described. Success in vitro propagations of Cryptomeria fortunci and Hedera helix L. cv. Cavendishii have been first accomplished in China. In vitro propagation of some species achieved the level of mass production.
Propagating techniques in vitro for the nine species of plants, Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb.) Endl, Cryptomeria fortunei. Rhododendron hybridum,Daphne adora var. marginota, Phalaenopsis sp., Hedera helix L. cv. Cauendishii, Begonia mecculata, Vitis vinifera L. cv. and Actinidia chinensis, are dealt with in this paper. The keys of the techniques for proliferating, rooting and transplanting are described. Success in vitro propagations of Cryptomeria fortunci and Hedera helix L. cv. Cavendishii have been first accomplished in China. In vitro propagation of some species achieved the level of mass production.
1988, 1(3): 301-308.
Abstract:
The productivity of various forest zones and the influential factors on its production were studied. The result showed that there are significant differences among these forest zones, of which the highest production occurs in the tropical mountain rain forest while the evergreen monsoon forest is lower and the least production appears in the dwarf mountainous woodland. No significant difference of production was detected between forest types within the same forest zone, where the tree form has no great variance as the natural forest has reached its mature stage. Therefore the major influential factors on the total production are mean diameter, tree height and density of stands.It is owing to younger age of the secondary forest stand so that the production at present is low but it will obtain high production if better care of management should be taken, its wide range of area is a resource of reserve forest which should not be neglected. In order to promote its mature earlier intensive management must be taken.
The productivity of various forest zones and the influential factors on its production were studied. The result showed that there are significant differences among these forest zones, of which the highest production occurs in the tropical mountain rain forest while the evergreen monsoon forest is lower and the least production appears in the dwarf mountainous woodland. No significant difference of production was detected between forest types within the same forest zone, where the tree form has no great variance as the natural forest has reached its mature stage. Therefore the major influential factors on the total production are mean diameter, tree height and density of stands.It is owing to younger age of the secondary forest stand so that the production at present is low but it will obtain high production if better care of management should be taken, its wide range of area is a resource of reserve forest which should not be neglected. In order to promote its mature earlier intensive management must be taken.
1988, 1(3): 309-314.
Abstract:
One of the Chinese gallnuts is the gall caused by horned gall aphid, Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell), which amounts to about 80 per cent of the total output of gallnuts. Life of the aphid in the gall lasted some 4.5-5 months with three forms and four generations, stem-mother, two generations of apterous female, and autumn-form winged viviparous female. The gall grows gradually with an increase in quantity of the aphids, and the increase of aphids has been doubled and redoubled during the period from the beginning to the end of the reproduction of two generations of papterous viviparous female but the growth of the gall does not do so. In the later stage of growth of the gall, though the number of the aphids increases a little, sometimes even does not increase any more, the gall grows speedily still. Therefore, the longer the growth period, the bigger the gall size before natural burst of the gall.
One of the Chinese gallnuts is the gall caused by horned gall aphid, Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell), which amounts to about 80 per cent of the total output of gallnuts. Life of the aphid in the gall lasted some 4.5-5 months with three forms and four generations, stem-mother, two generations of apterous female, and autumn-form winged viviparous female. The gall grows gradually with an increase in quantity of the aphids, and the increase of aphids has been doubled and redoubled during the period from the beginning to the end of the reproduction of two generations of papterous viviparous female but the growth of the gall does not do so. In the later stage of growth of the gall, though the number of the aphids increases a little, sometimes even does not increase any more, the gall grows speedily still. Therefore, the longer the growth period, the bigger the gall size before natural burst of the gall.
1988, 1(3): 315-319.
Abstract:
The pattern of isopreoxidase and isoestrase separated by gel electrophoresis were applied as "genetic marker" to study various forms collected from a P. thunbergii" plantation in Shandong province, which has been introduced for over 70 years and is near to a P. densiflora plantation.14 various isopreoxidase patterns have been found in 19 various forms of P. thunbergii, which show a combination of different degree and manner of both P. thunb and P. densif. A new form of P. thunb selected from those possesses a resistance to Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kwana) and Dendrolimus spectabilis Butter better than P. thunb. Its isopreoxidase pattern of the needles possesses complementary bands of both P.thunb and P.densif. Its isoestrase pattern of seeds is segregated into two parts:1/2 pattern of the new form and 1/2 pattern of P. thunb. All of these come to a conclusion that there are various forms of taxonomic hybrid of P. thunb and P. densif in the plantation.Key words:isozyme;various form;taxonomic hybrid;genetic marker
The pattern of isopreoxidase and isoestrase separated by gel electrophoresis were applied as "genetic marker" to study various forms collected from a P. thunbergii" plantation in Shandong province, which has been introduced for over 70 years and is near to a P. densiflora plantation.14 various isopreoxidase patterns have been found in 19 various forms of P. thunbergii, which show a combination of different degree and manner of both P. thunb and P. densif. A new form of P. thunb selected from those possesses a resistance to Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kwana) and Dendrolimus spectabilis Butter better than P. thunb. Its isopreoxidase pattern of the needles possesses complementary bands of both P.thunb and P.densif. Its isoestrase pattern of seeds is segregated into two parts:1/2 pattern of the new form and 1/2 pattern of P. thunb. All of these come to a conclusion that there are various forms of taxonomic hybrid of P. thunb and P. densif in the plantation.Key words:isozyme;various form;taxonomic hybrid;genetic marker
1988, 1(3): 320-324.
Abstract:
The present paper deals with a karyotype study of the 4 taxa of genus Viburnum. The chromosome numbers and karyotypic formulas of the species are as follows:V. dilatatum Thunb. and V. setigerum Hance:K(2n)=18=4M+2SM+10m+2sm V. foetidum Wall var. rectangulatum (Graebn.) Rehd.:K(2n)=18=4M+2SM+10m+2sm(SAT) V. ichangense (Hance) Rehd.:K(2n)=18=4M+2SM+10m+2t.The above information is reported for the first time.The 4 species belong to the same section of the genus Viburnum and are morphologically similar to each other. Results obtained through chromosome examination have shown that they also have a similar karyotype. According to Stebbins' classification of karyotype asymmetry, they all are classified to "Karyotype 2B". Therefore, it is suggested that the karyotypic pattern of sect. odontotinus is:K(2n)=18=4M+2SM+10m+2sm(or 2t).To compare the karyotype of Sect. Odontotinus with that of V. macrocephalum (Sect. Viburnum) and V. sympodiale (Sect. Pseudotinus), a great difference among them would be found though they all are bimodal karyotype, all the species of Sect. Odontotinus having two pairs of chromosomes with submedian centromeres or one pair of submediocentric chromosome and one pair of telocentric chromosome;V. macrocephalum having only one pair of chromosome with submedian centromeres, but in the complement of V. sympodiale all the centromeres being median.
The present paper deals with a karyotype study of the 4 taxa of genus Viburnum. The chromosome numbers and karyotypic formulas of the species are as follows:V. dilatatum Thunb. and V. setigerum Hance:K(2n)=18=4M+2SM+10m+2sm V. foetidum Wall var. rectangulatum (Graebn.) Rehd.:K(2n)=18=4M+2SM+10m+2sm(SAT) V. ichangense (Hance) Rehd.:K(2n)=18=4M+2SM+10m+2t.The above information is reported for the first time.The 4 species belong to the same section of the genus Viburnum and are morphologically similar to each other. Results obtained through chromosome examination have shown that they also have a similar karyotype. According to Stebbins' classification of karyotype asymmetry, they all are classified to "Karyotype 2B". Therefore, it is suggested that the karyotypic pattern of sect. odontotinus is:K(2n)=18=4M+2SM+10m+2sm(or 2t).To compare the karyotype of Sect. Odontotinus with that of V. macrocephalum (Sect. Viburnum) and V. sympodiale (Sect. Pseudotinus), a great difference among them would be found though they all are bimodal karyotype, all the species of Sect. Odontotinus having two pairs of chromosomes with submedian centromeres or one pair of submediocentric chromosome and one pair of telocentric chromosome;V. macrocephalum having only one pair of chromosome with submedian centromeres, but in the complement of V. sympodiale all the centromeres being median.
1988, 1(3): 325-330.
Abstract:
Mytilaria laosensis in Daqingshan area of Guangxi is severely invaded by Gall Mite (Eriophyes sp.). The primary infection occurs during March-April, peak infection during August-October, and then it declines. The Mite overwinters mainly on diseased spots or on petioles. Leaf inoculation under an average temperature of 29℃ and a relative humidity of 85% indicates that the incubation period is about 4-5 days and infection percentage reaches 46.6-53.3%. Indoor tests of insecticidal chemicals show that 20% Dicofol, DDVP (1:1000-1500), etc. are effective. So are some insecticidal smokes.
Mytilaria laosensis in Daqingshan area of Guangxi is severely invaded by Gall Mite (Eriophyes sp.). The primary infection occurs during March-April, peak infection during August-October, and then it declines. The Mite overwinters mainly on diseased spots or on petioles. Leaf inoculation under an average temperature of 29℃ and a relative humidity of 85% indicates that the incubation period is about 4-5 days and infection percentage reaches 46.6-53.3%. Indoor tests of insecticidal chemicals show that 20% Dicofol, DDVP (1:1000-1500), etc. are effective. So are some insecticidal smokes.
1988, 1(3): 331-333.
Abstract:
Four programmes for microcomputer Apple I have been established to aid the laboratory work of forest seed testing. (1). JDZD can be used for measuring the purity of seed. (2). QIZ can be used for determining the 1000-seed weight by means of 100-seed method. (3). WW2 can be used for indexing the standardized seed test techniques for major tree species. (4). Program kit TU can be used for indexing the sketch maps seed viability tests with the indigo dyeing method.
Four programmes for microcomputer Apple I have been established to aid the laboratory work of forest seed testing. (1). JDZD can be used for measuring the purity of seed. (2). QIZ can be used for determining the 1000-seed weight by means of 100-seed method. (3). WW2 can be used for indexing the standardized seed test techniques for major tree species. (4). Program kit TU can be used for indexing the sketch maps seed viability tests with the indigo dyeing method.
1988, 1(3): 334-339.
Abstract:
Liriodendron has only two species, yellow-poplar in the United States, Chinese tulip tree in China. The original of Chinese tulip tree is a second-class national protection species in our country. It distributes naturally in the south-central of the Chinese subtropical zone. There are three distribution areas and the main production one is in Xiang-E-Qian region. This paper is dealing with its ecological environment, biological characteristics, growth and development. A primary study on its young plantation's growth, biomass and thinning period has been made.Chinese tulip tree grows fast. Its timber has many uses, especially in the production of plywood and pulp. It is also a fine ornamental tree and should be planted more in the future.
Liriodendron has only two species, yellow-poplar in the United States, Chinese tulip tree in China. The original of Chinese tulip tree is a second-class national protection species in our country. It distributes naturally in the south-central of the Chinese subtropical zone. There are three distribution areas and the main production one is in Xiang-E-Qian region. This paper is dealing with its ecological environment, biological characteristics, growth and development. A primary study on its young plantation's growth, biomass and thinning period has been made.Chinese tulip tree grows fast. Its timber has many uses, especially in the production of plywood and pulp. It is also a fine ornamental tree and should be planted more in the future.
1988, 1(3): 340-344.
Abstract:
Nitrate reductase activity of several poplar clones were studied under the controlled condition both in greenhouse and field in 1986-1987. Nitrate reductase activity was minimum in the young leaves, while maximum in the mature but no senescence leaves. Studied on two poplar clones indicated:optimum pH value of NR reaction solution was 7.5 or 8.0. There are nitrate reductase in the leaves, leaf stalks and barks. The highest NRA appeared in leaves of upper shoot up to 1.185μmol NO2-g·h, the lowest in the basement:0.545μmol NO2-/g·h and with the moderation appeared in the middle (1.037μmol NO2-/g·h) In contrast, the minimum value of NRA appeared in the upper leaf stalks and barks, smaller in the middle and the maximum appeared in the lowest. The NRA of leaves contained 67.6-69.3% of total NRA of aerial parts of plants, while barks and leaf stalks contained only 26.6-28.5%, and 4.1-5.7% respectivily. The activity of nitrate reductase changes with the growth rhythm in the seasons.
Nitrate reductase activity of several poplar clones were studied under the controlled condition both in greenhouse and field in 1986-1987. Nitrate reductase activity was minimum in the young leaves, while maximum in the mature but no senescence leaves. Studied on two poplar clones indicated:optimum pH value of NR reaction solution was 7.5 or 8.0. There are nitrate reductase in the leaves, leaf stalks and barks. The highest NRA appeared in leaves of upper shoot up to 1.185μmol NO2-g·h, the lowest in the basement:0.545μmol NO2-/g·h and with the moderation appeared in the middle (1.037μmol NO2-/g·h) In contrast, the minimum value of NRA appeared in the upper leaf stalks and barks, smaller in the middle and the maximum appeared in the lowest. The NRA of leaves contained 67.6-69.3% of total NRA of aerial parts of plants, while barks and leaf stalks contained only 26.6-28.5%, and 4.1-5.7% respectivily. The activity of nitrate reductase changes with the growth rhythm in the seasons.
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