1988 Vol. 1, No. 6
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1988, 1(6): 579-587.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
The store of teak stump,which was used to be studied by Hocking and Nyland in 1971,has been carried out for three years from 1985-1987.We need to accumulate a large amount of nutriment in root of teak seedling.Expanding the main-root and inhibiting the growth of main-shoot can be obtained by decrease of the space,watering and manuring.Since the stump seedlings had turned to dormancy,they were stored in sandy pond where the safe moisture content must be controled.The results showed that after storing for 14 months,the survival percent of planting can be high as 90-100%;after storing for 18 months and packing transportation for 21 days,it still keeps at 83-95%,this storing period is twice as long as that obtained by A.Kaosa-ard in 1975,Thailand.In comparison of the traditional,using teak stump not only decreases the planting costs but also enhances the survival percentage and early growth.This technigue can be able to use in a large scale nursery centre and transplanting in any season.It is the best way for intensive management and breeding,mitigating the contradiction of labours in planting season and solving overwintering of the teak seedlings in high latitudinal districts.
The store of teak stump,which was used to be studied by Hocking and Nyland in 1971,has been carried out for three years from 1985-1987.We need to accumulate a large amount of nutriment in root of teak seedling.Expanding the main-root and inhibiting the growth of main-shoot can be obtained by decrease of the space,watering and manuring.Since the stump seedlings had turned to dormancy,they were stored in sandy pond where the safe moisture content must be controled.The results showed that after storing for 14 months,the survival percent of planting can be high as 90-100%;after storing for 18 months and packing transportation for 21 days,it still keeps at 83-95%,this storing period is twice as long as that obtained by A.Kaosa-ard in 1975,Thailand.In comparison of the traditional,using teak stump not only decreases the planting costs but also enhances the survival percentage and early growth.This technigue can be able to use in a large scale nursery centre and transplanting in any season.It is the best way for intensive management and breeding,mitigating the contradiction of labours in planting season and solving overwintering of the teak seedlings in high latitudinal districts.
1988, 1(6): 588-597.
Abstract:
The study was conducted at the Poplar Forest Farm of Guan County,Shandong Province.The result demonstrated the relationship between the law of growth of P.tomentosa and different kinds of soil condition.More knowledge about the bioecological characteristics of P.tomentosa will be of help to get high yield and better cultivation.P.tomentosa is a native tree species in China.It is mainly distributed over the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.They are planted in different kinds of soil in the old riverbed of ,the Yellow River in the western part of Shangdong Province.Their growth is closely related with different kinds of soil condition and their increments vary greatly.According to the results in terms of annual increment:its growth in Cinnamonic Chao soil with loam texture that in Chao soil with silt loam texture that in Chao soil with the whole sand texture that in Cinnamonic Chao soil with clay texture that in Wind-sand soil.It's growth in volume in Cinnamonic Chao soil with loam texture is 4 times as much as that in Wind-sand soil.Mature age of P.tomentosa stand in Chao soil with loam texture is 13 years after plantation,but in the other kinds of impoverished soil is from 7-9 years.The fast-growing period may continue for more than 12 years for the Stand in Chao soil with loam texture,while in other kinds of soil,it may continue from 4-9 years.Observations have been made in the fixed plots.The peak growth stage in thickness is obvious,the growth in thickness appears in May every year,making up 40%-60% increase of the total in the whole year.The peak growth in height occurs from June to July every year.The increment of P.tomentosa stand raises with the increase of age of the stand.It grows fast from the second to the tenth year,then slows down gradually.It's increment slows down after 10-14 year.
The study was conducted at the Poplar Forest Farm of Guan County,Shandong Province.The result demonstrated the relationship between the law of growth of P.tomentosa and different kinds of soil condition.More knowledge about the bioecological characteristics of P.tomentosa will be of help to get high yield and better cultivation.P.tomentosa is a native tree species in China.It is mainly distributed over the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.They are planted in different kinds of soil in the old riverbed of ,the Yellow River in the western part of Shangdong Province.Their growth is closely related with different kinds of soil condition and their increments vary greatly.According to the results in terms of annual increment:its growth in Cinnamonic Chao soil with loam texture that in Chao soil with silt loam texture that in Chao soil with the whole sand texture that in Cinnamonic Chao soil with clay texture that in Wind-sand soil.It's growth in volume in Cinnamonic Chao soil with loam texture is 4 times as much as that in Wind-sand soil.Mature age of P.tomentosa stand in Chao soil with loam texture is 13 years after plantation,but in the other kinds of impoverished soil is from 7-9 years.The fast-growing period may continue for more than 12 years for the Stand in Chao soil with loam texture,while in other kinds of soil,it may continue from 4-9 years.Observations have been made in the fixed plots.The peak growth stage in thickness is obvious,the growth in thickness appears in May every year,making up 40%-60% increase of the total in the whole year.The peak growth in height occurs from June to July every year.The increment of P.tomentosa stand raises with the increase of age of the stand.It grows fast from the second to the tenth year,then slows down gradually.It's increment slows down after 10-14 year.
1988, 1(6): 598-606.
Abstract:
The research refers to the application of standard SPOT false colour composite images and NOAA-AVHRR images as main information resource to analyse the forest fire behavior of Great Xingan Mountains worst forest fire which happened during 6th,May to 2nd,June,1987.The analysis method is.using visual interpretation of the above mentioned remote sensing images and computer-assisted enhancement of special area images (for reference) combined with topographic and meteorological data; and on the basis of SPOT images visual interpretation and delineation,the general stratified sampling method and moderate ground sample plots enumeration are applied to estimate timber stock damage,forest fire area and its intensity in the Amuer Forest Bureau.The results show that the application of SPOT and NOAA-AVHRR data to research the process of forest fire,forest fire behavior and to estimate forest fire damage is a very effective method with which the necessary information can be obtained quickly and economically with requested precision.
The research refers to the application of standard SPOT false colour composite images and NOAA-AVHRR images as main information resource to analyse the forest fire behavior of Great Xingan Mountains worst forest fire which happened during 6th,May to 2nd,June,1987.The analysis method is.using visual interpretation of the above mentioned remote sensing images and computer-assisted enhancement of special area images (for reference) combined with topographic and meteorological data; and on the basis of SPOT images visual interpretation and delineation,the general stratified sampling method and moderate ground sample plots enumeration are applied to estimate timber stock damage,forest fire area and its intensity in the Amuer Forest Bureau.The results show that the application of SPOT and NOAA-AVHRR data to research the process of forest fire,forest fire behavior and to estimate forest fire damage is a very effective method with which the necessary information can be obtained quickly and economically with requested precision.
1988, 1(6): 607-613.
Abstract:
Principal component analysis was used to ordinate 216 weather stations in area of oil-tea camellia,and to group them into geographical climatic regions.Regional variation of temperature and summer precipitation show their significance in the first and second components which have been used to stratify the climatic regions.A scheme of 5 geographical climatic regions has been proposed,namely,northern region (N),central region (C),central southern region (CS),southern region (S) and western region (W).
Principal component analysis was used to ordinate 216 weather stations in area of oil-tea camellia,and to group them into geographical climatic regions.Regional variation of temperature and summer precipitation show their significance in the first and second components which have been used to stratify the climatic regions.A scheme of 5 geographical climatic regions has been proposed,namely,northern region (N),central region (C),central southern region (CS),southern region (S) and western region (W).
1988, 1(6): 614-624.
Abstract:
A diallel crossing design which contained seven parents of Cunninghamia lanceolata was carried out.From statistical analysis of general and special combining ability,effect in back and self crossing,and heterosis of five characters——height,breast-diameter,numbers of knot and branch,crown-diameterin four year's Cunninghamia lanceolata,the results obtained are as follows:(1) These five quantitative characters are mainly controlled by the effect of general combining ability; (2) There are also some effect of special combining ability and back crosses among the detinite parent's combinations; (3) Chinese Fir has considerable self-crossing rate but its failing effect is common,which we should pay attention to avoid or apply in the practice of breeding good strains and in the study on long term breeding; (4) It appears frequently the super-parent positive heterosis.These heterosis often related to general combining ability which could be acted as a standard of selecting parent when we make use of heterosis to breeding.
A diallel crossing design which contained seven parents of Cunninghamia lanceolata was carried out.From statistical analysis of general and special combining ability,effect in back and self crossing,and heterosis of five characters——height,breast-diameter,numbers of knot and branch,crown-diameterin four year's Cunninghamia lanceolata,the results obtained are as follows:(1) These five quantitative characters are mainly controlled by the effect of general combining ability; (2) There are also some effect of special combining ability and back crosses among the detinite parent's combinations; (3) Chinese Fir has considerable self-crossing rate but its failing effect is common,which we should pay attention to avoid or apply in the practice of breeding good strains and in the study on long term breeding; (4) It appears frequently the super-parent positive heterosis.These heterosis often related to general combining ability which could be acted as a standard of selecting parent when we make use of heterosis to breeding.
1988, 1(6): 625-632.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the results of a provenance trial of larch (Larix) at the age of eight.In this trial,larix gmelini (Rupr.) Rupr.of 4 provenances,Larix olgensis Henry of 6 provenances,larix sibirica Led.of 2 provenances,larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr of 9 provenances,and larix leptolepis (Sieb.et Zuce.) Gord.of 7 secondary provenances were involved.The analysis of variance suggested that the difference among and within species are high for many characters studied,i.e.height at age 2,8,survival at age 3 and 8,and phenological phases.Geographic variables of the seed sources,e.g.latitude and longitude were not related to those characters mentioned above,i.e.the genetic variation pattern of larch appeared to be random.Japanese larch had a height advantage over the other four species up to age 8.Auto-correlations of height growth among species and among provenances of each species at different ages are large enough to encourage the use of early results to predict future performances.The high correlation coefficent (r=0.998 5**) of tree height between two planting sites established with same seedlots in this provenance test showed that the experimental results were reliable.
This paper deals with the results of a provenance trial of larch (Larix) at the age of eight.In this trial,larix gmelini (Rupr.) Rupr.of 4 provenances,Larix olgensis Henry of 6 provenances,larix sibirica Led.of 2 provenances,larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr of 9 provenances,and larix leptolepis (Sieb.et Zuce.) Gord.of 7 secondary provenances were involved.The analysis of variance suggested that the difference among and within species are high for many characters studied,i.e.height at age 2,8,survival at age 3 and 8,and phenological phases.Geographic variables of the seed sources,e.g.latitude and longitude were not related to those characters mentioned above,i.e.the genetic variation pattern of larch appeared to be random.Japanese larch had a height advantage over the other four species up to age 8.Auto-correlations of height growth among species and among provenances of each species at different ages are large enough to encourage the use of early results to predict future performances.The high correlation coefficent (r=0.998 5**) of tree height between two planting sites established with same seedlots in this provenance test showed that the experimental results were reliable.
1988, 1(6): 633-640.
Abstract:
Hippota dorsalis (Stal) belongs to the family Pentatomidae,which is a main pest of bamboo discovered recently and caused severe damage in bamboo grove.In Zhejiang Province,its infested area was only 13 ha in 1984,but enlarged to 12.9 thousand ha in 1987.The mortality of infested bamboo could be as high as 76%,and the brow-height circumference of new culm in next year would have a reduction from 13.18% to 54.78%.It has one generation a year.2-4 instar nymphs overwinter under the litter,among which 4 instar ones reach around 95%.In the following year,in early and mid-April when the mean day temperature is above 10℃,the nymphs will climb up to bamboo culm and feed in aggregation.There is a close relationshop between the number of nymphs climbing to bamboo culms and the relative humidity,which is a linear regression as Y=75.89-0.77x.If the temperature decreases or it is windy and rainy,the nymphs will climb down from the bamboo culms and try to hide themselves.Adults appear from the end of May to the beginning of June.Both the overwintered nymphs and the adults feed the old culms at the same time,and they have a habit of feigned death.After feeding for 15-35 days,the adults start to mate.The female may couple with the male for several times and then oviposit eggs on the back of the new culm's leaves in 30-45 days.A female may lay 30-60 eggs.The starting temperature and day accumulative temperature for the egg's development are 20.3℃ and 39.2℃ day-1 respectively,1-instar nymph does not feed.There are 5 instars in the nymphal stage.The life span of the female is around 70 days.The nymph dropped down to the ground and overwinter under the litter.
Hippota dorsalis (Stal) belongs to the family Pentatomidae,which is a main pest of bamboo discovered recently and caused severe damage in bamboo grove.In Zhejiang Province,its infested area was only 13 ha in 1984,but enlarged to 12.9 thousand ha in 1987.The mortality of infested bamboo could be as high as 76%,and the brow-height circumference of new culm in next year would have a reduction from 13.18% to 54.78%.It has one generation a year.2-4 instar nymphs overwinter under the litter,among which 4 instar ones reach around 95%.In the following year,in early and mid-April when the mean day temperature is above 10℃,the nymphs will climb up to bamboo culm and feed in aggregation.There is a close relationshop between the number of nymphs climbing to bamboo culms and the relative humidity,which is a linear regression as Y=75.89-0.77x.If the temperature decreases or it is windy and rainy,the nymphs will climb down from the bamboo culms and try to hide themselves.Adults appear from the end of May to the beginning of June.Both the overwintered nymphs and the adults feed the old culms at the same time,and they have a habit of feigned death.After feeding for 15-35 days,the adults start to mate.The female may couple with the male for several times and then oviposit eggs on the back of the new culm's leaves in 30-45 days.A female may lay 30-60 eggs.The starting temperature and day accumulative temperature for the egg's development are 20.3℃ and 39.2℃ day-1 respectively,1-instar nymph does not feed.There are 5 instars in the nymphal stage.The life span of the female is around 70 days.The nymph dropped down to the ground and overwinter under the litter.
1988, 1(6): 645-649.
Abstract:
The study on relationship between Major and secondary defoliators as well as their natural enemies in the pine plantation was carried out in Jinshishan Forest Farm and other nine Forest Farms in Anhui Province from the year 1964 to 1985.The results of observation and experiment have shown that there are eight defoliators,in which,the pine caterpillar (Dendrolimus punctatus Walker) is the major pest and the others are secondary defoliators,There are 38 species of natural enemies including parasites and predators.The pine caterpillar and five secondary defoliators are the same hosts and prey of 31 species of natural enemies.At least,there are six food chains and 48 energy flows along the food chains.
The study on relationship between Major and secondary defoliators as well as their natural enemies in the pine plantation was carried out in Jinshishan Forest Farm and other nine Forest Farms in Anhui Province from the year 1964 to 1985.The results of observation and experiment have shown that there are eight defoliators,in which,the pine caterpillar (Dendrolimus punctatus Walker) is the major pest and the others are secondary defoliators,There are 38 species of natural enemies including parasites and predators.The pine caterpillar and five secondary defoliators are the same hosts and prey of 31 species of natural enemies.At least,there are six food chains and 48 energy flows along the food chains.
1988, 1(6): 650-656.
Abstract:
The author used polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method to compare the esterase isozymes of 47 isolates of 5 Meloidogyne spp.originated from 14 provinces (cities) in China.Some factors which maybe affect enzyme phenotypes were also studied.The result showed that the esterase phenotypes of egg-laying female were evident,stable and species specific.It was stable intro species too.Comparison of studies on inoculated plants,origin of isolates,physiological races,culture in greenhouse and from plants inffected naturally,different nutritions etc.showed that all of them didn't affect the species specific phenotypes.So the esterase phenotypes could be used as a taxonomic criteria.Since the phenotypes were not the same in different developmental stages for the same species,it was suggested that use of egg-laying females for identification is simple and reliable.
The author used polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method to compare the esterase isozymes of 47 isolates of 5 Meloidogyne spp.originated from 14 provinces (cities) in China.Some factors which maybe affect enzyme phenotypes were also studied.The result showed that the esterase phenotypes of egg-laying female were evident,stable and species specific.It was stable intro species too.Comparison of studies on inoculated plants,origin of isolates,physiological races,culture in greenhouse and from plants inffected naturally,different nutritions etc.showed that all of them didn't affect the species specific phenotypes.So the esterase phenotypes could be used as a taxonomic criteria.Since the phenotypes were not the same in different developmental stages for the same species,it was suggested that use of egg-laying females for identification is simple and reliable.
1988, 1(6): 657-664.
Abstract:
Many researchers in the world have paid more and more attention to the studies of phenotypic variation of forest trees in natural stands,and have done many studies in this field.A review of its history progress,importance as well as methodology was made in the paper.In addition,suggestion of doing this study in China was put forward.
Many researchers in the world have paid more and more attention to the studies of phenotypic variation of forest trees in natural stands,and have done many studies in this field.A review of its history progress,importance as well as methodology was made in the paper.In addition,suggestion of doing this study in China was put forward.
1988, 1(6): 665-670.
Abstract:
This paper summarized the relationship between acid rain and death of Pinus armandi.In severe affect areas of Liziping Forest Farm,Wushan County,the average acidity in the rain per month,from May to August were pH 6.06,5.80,6.05 and 5.78 respectively.Experiments were conducted by simulation testing,spraying diluted sulphuric acids in pH 3.5,4.5 and 5.5 on the trees.Results showed that there were no harmful effects either on growth,dry weight or chlorophyl contents of P.armandi.It demonstrated that so called'acid rain' was not the causal agent responsible for the death of trees in vast eastern mountainous area 1600m above sea level in Sichuan Province.
This paper summarized the relationship between acid rain and death of Pinus armandi.In severe affect areas of Liziping Forest Farm,Wushan County,the average acidity in the rain per month,from May to August were pH 6.06,5.80,6.05 and 5.78 respectively.Experiments were conducted by simulation testing,spraying diluted sulphuric acids in pH 3.5,4.5 and 5.5 on the trees.Results showed that there were no harmful effects either on growth,dry weight or chlorophyl contents of P.armandi.It demonstrated that so called'acid rain' was not the causal agent responsible for the death of trees in vast eastern mountainous area 1600m above sea level in Sichuan Province.
1988, 1(6): 671-676.
Abstract:
Eucalyptus leizhou No.1,E.cxserta and Acacia auriculiformis,A.mearnsii were planted in a 1:1 and 2:1 mixture by rows with a spacing of 1×1.5 mat one location.Through 3 years observation,mixed stand of E.leizhou No.1,and A.auriculiformis with an average above ground biomass of 92.6t/ha was very successful.The production in 1:1 mixture was much more than those in 2:1 mixture and the pure eucalyptus stands.A.auriculiformis was cut at a stump height of 60cm and it sprouted satisfactorily after harvest under eucalyptus.Mixed spacing experiment of E.exserta and A.auriculiformis in 1:1 mixture by rows was carried out at another location.The experimental results 3how that the best mixed spacing is 1×1×1m.
Eucalyptus leizhou No.1,E.cxserta and Acacia auriculiformis,A.mearnsii were planted in a 1:1 and 2:1 mixture by rows with a spacing of 1×1.5 mat one location.Through 3 years observation,mixed stand of E.leizhou No.1,and A.auriculiformis with an average above ground biomass of 92.6t/ha was very successful.The production in 1:1 mixture was much more than those in 2:1 mixture and the pure eucalyptus stands.A.auriculiformis was cut at a stump height of 60cm and it sprouted satisfactorily after harvest under eucalyptus.Mixed spacing experiment of E.exserta and A.auriculiformis in 1:1 mixture by rows was carried out at another location.The experimental results 3how that the best mixed spacing is 1×1×1m.
1988, 1(6): 677-680.
Abstract:
Studies on the quantities and compositions of actinomyces in soil were carried out in the tropical forests at Jianfeng area,Hainan Island.The result showed that the populations of actinomyces in the soil of the three different forest types varied as follows:the tropical semi-deciduous monsoon forest,the most; the tropical mountain rain forest,the less and the tropical evergreen monsoon forest,the least.In addition,The maximum quantity of actinomyces was found in dry season while minimum in rain season.Streptomyces was dominant among the composition of actinomyces in the soil.
Studies on the quantities and compositions of actinomyces in soil were carried out in the tropical forests at Jianfeng area,Hainan Island.The result showed that the populations of actinomyces in the soil of the three different forest types varied as follows:the tropical semi-deciduous monsoon forest,the most; the tropical mountain rain forest,the less and the tropical evergreen monsoon forest,the least.In addition,The maximum quantity of actinomyces was found in dry season while minimum in rain season.Streptomyces was dominant among the composition of actinomyces in the soil.
1988, 1(6): 681-687.
Abstract:
Callus was induced from Panax ginseng seed,primary root,young stem and leaf.Effects of temperature,illumination,carbon sources,organic nitrogen sources and plant hormone on its growth were studied.The callus induced from young stem is the best cultural material.The optimum temperature of culture is at 20-24℃,and the optimum illumination is at 2000 lx,and the best carbon source is 3% sugar added with 0.5% glucose.Organic nitrogen source is not necessary for growth of callus and suspension cell in Panax ginseng,and beef extract is injurious to Panax ginseng callus.2,4-D is a necessary hormone for growth of callus and suspension cell,and the optimum concentration is at 0.5-1.0mg/L.The fresh weight of callus increased 4-6 times in solid-gass phase culture for 6 weeks,and the fresh weight of suspension cultural cell increased 100 times for 20 days.
Callus was induced from Panax ginseng seed,primary root,young stem and leaf.Effects of temperature,illumination,carbon sources,organic nitrogen sources and plant hormone on its growth were studied.The callus induced from young stem is the best cultural material.The optimum temperature of culture is at 20-24℃,and the optimum illumination is at 2000 lx,and the best carbon source is 3% sugar added with 0.5% glucose.Organic nitrogen source is not necessary for growth of callus and suspension cell in Panax ginseng,and beef extract is injurious to Panax ginseng callus.2,4-D is a necessary hormone for growth of callus and suspension cell,and the optimum concentration is at 0.5-1.0mg/L.The fresh weight of callus increased 4-6 times in solid-gass phase culture for 6 weeks,and the fresh weight of suspension cultural cell increased 100 times for 20 days.
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