1991 Vol. 4, No. 5
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1991, 4(5): 471-478.
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Abstract:
This paper deals with the physiological problems on germination of teak (Tectona grandis) fruit. After a series of experiments and analysis, it had been found that the principal cause of the slow germination of teak fruit is the tremendous machinal resistance of its mesocarp and endocarp, and the variation existed in different individuals and types. The major conditions for germinating were decided by its genetic, physiological and biochemical characteristics, which are high, alternate changing-temperature and good aeration status.
This paper deals with the physiological problems on germination of teak (Tectona grandis) fruit. After a series of experiments and analysis, it had been found that the principal cause of the slow germination of teak fruit is the tremendous machinal resistance of its mesocarp and endocarp, and the variation existed in different individuals and types. The major conditions for germinating were decided by its genetic, physiological and biochemical characteristics, which are high, alternate changing-temperature and good aeration status.
1991, 4(5): 479-485.
Abstract:
This article shows a series of techniques for the breeding of Oil Tea tree grafted in a great number. The article also show four key points for the planting: making the grafting stronger; planting in the season with plenty of rainfall; protecting them from weeds, cattle and other's damage; planting with older grafting after breeding in the nursary for 1.5 or 2.5 years. The test indicated that in order to get rich yield, we must pay more attention to the following: planting several clones in a certain field to insure 4~5 clones flowering at the same time; growing grafting denser than the plantation with seedlings; putting high clone tree together with low one in order to get more energy from the sun; cutting the tip and selecting the side shoots to form suitable crown when they are very young; fertilizing with a suitable proportion of N, P, K; planting some kinds of plants between graftings during the first 6 years. 8 surper clones have been selected from 200 clones. The tests also show that the plantation grown with these clones could produce 210.0kg edible oil per hectare every year in general condition, and produce 375~600 kg oil in good condition. All of these techniques have been put into use in the main Oil Tea areas in our country, reaching a total area of over 330 hectares.
This article shows a series of techniques for the breeding of Oil Tea tree grafted in a great number. The article also show four key points for the planting: making the grafting stronger; planting in the season with plenty of rainfall; protecting them from weeds, cattle and other's damage; planting with older grafting after breeding in the nursary for 1.5 or 2.5 years. The test indicated that in order to get rich yield, we must pay more attention to the following: planting several clones in a certain field to insure 4~5 clones flowering at the same time; growing grafting denser than the plantation with seedlings; putting high clone tree together with low one in order to get more energy from the sun; cutting the tip and selecting the side shoots to form suitable crown when they are very young; fertilizing with a suitable proportion of N, P, K; planting some kinds of plants between graftings during the first 6 years. 8 surper clones have been selected from 200 clones. The tests also show that the plantation grown with these clones could produce 210.0kg edible oil per hectare every year in general condition, and produce 375~600 kg oil in good condition. All of these techniques have been put into use in the main Oil Tea areas in our country, reaching a total area of over 330 hectares.
1991, 4(5): 486-491.
Abstract:
In 1987 and 1989, study and analysis on the salt-harmed Populus euphratica Oliv. had been conducted by using one to two years old stocks, under the condition of water-culture with the salt concentration controlled by a conductivity meter. The results show that the order of harmful salt on stocks are Na2CO3NaHCO3NaClCaSO4MgSO4salinized soil covers composed of NaCl mainly; CaSO4 did no harm to the stocks. The symptoms were clearer on one years old stocks than those on two years old stocks when they were harmed by salts, but the general trends were the same. When salts were added into distilled water, the solutions killed the stocks, which grew new roots in distilled water, were 0.05% Na2CO3, 0.07% NaHCO3, 0.17% NaCl, 0.7% CaSO4,1.9% MgSO4 and 3.5% salinized soil covers composed of NaCl mainly. When salts were added into the salt water, the salt-resistance index of stocks which grew new roots in salt water could be raised to 1.1% NaCl, 3.5% MgSO4 and 3.7% salinized soil covers composed of NaCl mainly. It shows that the salt-resistance ability of the stocks can be raised significantly after they are treated by salt-resistance treatment.
In 1987 and 1989, study and analysis on the salt-harmed Populus euphratica Oliv. had been conducted by using one to two years old stocks, under the condition of water-culture with the salt concentration controlled by a conductivity meter. The results show that the order of harmful salt on stocks are Na2CO3NaHCO3NaClCaSO4MgSO4salinized soil covers composed of NaCl mainly; CaSO4 did no harm to the stocks. The symptoms were clearer on one years old stocks than those on two years old stocks when they were harmed by salts, but the general trends were the same. When salts were added into distilled water, the solutions killed the stocks, which grew new roots in distilled water, were 0.05% Na2CO3, 0.07% NaHCO3, 0.17% NaCl, 0.7% CaSO4,1.9% MgSO4 and 3.5% salinized soil covers composed of NaCl mainly. When salts were added into the salt water, the salt-resistance index of stocks which grew new roots in salt water could be raised to 1.1% NaCl, 3.5% MgSO4 and 3.7% salinized soil covers composed of NaCl mainly. It shows that the salt-resistance ability of the stocks can be raised significantly after they are treated by salt-resistance treatment.
1991, 4(5): 492-498.
Abstract:
This paper calculated with Lin method the standard genetic distance of 25 geographical provenances of Acacia mearnsii from abroad and at home, and divided them into 5 growth groups through O shortest distance cluster and drew the systemetic cluster pedigree figures. The genetic differences are small in the same group and great between various groups. The geographical provenances of high growth in various groups should selected in Nanping District, for example, 9, 12, C3, B, 18, 16, 3, 17, 4, 14, 13, 10, C4, etc.
This paper calculated with Lin method the standard genetic distance of 25 geographical provenances of Acacia mearnsii from abroad and at home, and divided them into 5 growth groups through O shortest distance cluster and drew the systemetic cluster pedigree figures. The genetic differences are small in the same group and great between various groups. The geographical provenances of high growth in various groups should selected in Nanping District, for example, 9, 12, C3, B, 18, 16, 3, 17, 4, 14, 13, 10, C4, etc.
1991, 4(5): 499-504.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the thinning trial for plantation of PopulusבBeijingensis' from 1981 to 1989. The planting spacing of the plantation was 2m×4m. The cutting was conducted beginning from the spring of 1985, and the cutting intensity was 63.0%, 47.4% and 42.0% respectively. The results showed that there was great difference in tree growth, structure and economic benefit in stands with different cutting intensity; The cutting intensity had a great influence on the diameter grade of the trees, year of maturity and stem form. The values of breast height diameter, volume growth and increment volume of the 9-year-old plantation of the check stand were 17.0cm, 0.1832m3 and 229.00 m3/ha in average respectively, while those for the stands with thinnings of 42.0%, 47.3% and 63.0% of the trees were 19.8cm, 0.2402m3, 172.94m3/ha, 21.0 cm,0.2683m3, 176.54 m3/ha and 22.4 cm, 0.3017m3, 139.39 m3/ha in average respectively; The timber yield of the check stand was the highest, though its price was low, its total production value was still the biggest: 52670.00 yuan/ha for 9-year-old plantation, 5 852.22 yuan/ha per year in average. While those for the stand with a thinning of 63% of the trees were the lowest: 38 210.75 yuan/ha and 4 245.64 yuan/ha respectively. Stands with thinning of 47.3% and 42.0% of the trees got better results among the different cutting intensities. On the whole, thinning utilization was not worth-while in the respect of timber yield and economic benefit. Spacing 2m×4m is suitable only for culturing middle-diameter timber, while 7 year clear felling is the best.
This paper deals with the thinning trial for plantation of PopulusבBeijingensis' from 1981 to 1989. The planting spacing of the plantation was 2m×4m. The cutting was conducted beginning from the spring of 1985, and the cutting intensity was 63.0%, 47.4% and 42.0% respectively. The results showed that there was great difference in tree growth, structure and economic benefit in stands with different cutting intensity; The cutting intensity had a great influence on the diameter grade of the trees, year of maturity and stem form. The values of breast height diameter, volume growth and increment volume of the 9-year-old plantation of the check stand were 17.0cm, 0.1832m3 and 229.00 m3/ha in average respectively, while those for the stands with thinnings of 42.0%, 47.3% and 63.0% of the trees were 19.8cm, 0.2402m3, 172.94m3/ha, 21.0 cm,0.2683m3, 176.54 m3/ha and 22.4 cm, 0.3017m3, 139.39 m3/ha in average respectively; The timber yield of the check stand was the highest, though its price was low, its total production value was still the biggest: 52670.00 yuan/ha for 9-year-old plantation, 5 852.22 yuan/ha per year in average. While those for the stand with a thinning of 63% of the trees were the lowest: 38 210.75 yuan/ha and 4 245.64 yuan/ha respectively. Stands with thinning of 47.3% and 42.0% of the trees got better results among the different cutting intensities. On the whole, thinning utilization was not worth-while in the respect of timber yield and economic benefit. Spacing 2m×4m is suitable only for culturing middle-diameter timber, while 7 year clear felling is the best.
1991, 4(5): 505-511.
Abstract:
Small rectangular Mao bamboo pieces were incubated after natural inoculation and artificial inoculation separately under different temperatures and relative humidities (RH) to test the effects of main environmental factors on bamboo timber moulding. The results from the multiple contrasts of the tests showed that under temperatures of 26℃ to 32℃, most sorious moulding of Mao bamboo timber occurred at 100% RH; the extent of moulding was positively correlated to RH; the moulding extent of Mao bamboo ripped timber exposed in July, February and January was significantly lower than that exposed in other months of the year.The two laboratory inoculation methods are recommended for the first time for rapid testing of the natural resistance of bamboo timber to moulds and evaluation of mould control treatments of bamboos. Also a primary standard for grading the extent of bamboo timber moulding was put forward for current use.Suggestions were made to store bamboo timber in a warehouse of special structure, with high base pillars under the floor and large windows; to put the bamboo timber and handcrafts in cross-ways in order to maximize air circulation and decrease the humidity at the surface of bamboo goods and choose suitable processing season to reduce mould damage.
Small rectangular Mao bamboo pieces were incubated after natural inoculation and artificial inoculation separately under different temperatures and relative humidities (RH) to test the effects of main environmental factors on bamboo timber moulding. The results from the multiple contrasts of the tests showed that under temperatures of 26℃ to 32℃, most sorious moulding of Mao bamboo timber occurred at 100% RH; the extent of moulding was positively correlated to RH; the moulding extent of Mao bamboo ripped timber exposed in July, February and January was significantly lower than that exposed in other months of the year.The two laboratory inoculation methods are recommended for the first time for rapid testing of the natural resistance of bamboo timber to moulds and evaluation of mould control treatments of bamboos. Also a primary standard for grading the extent of bamboo timber moulding was put forward for current use.Suggestions were made to store bamboo timber in a warehouse of special structure, with high base pillars under the floor and large windows; to put the bamboo timber and handcrafts in cross-ways in order to maximize air circulation and decrease the humidity at the surface of bamboo goods and choose suitable processing season to reduce mould damage.
1991, 4(5): 512-516.
Abstract:
This paper reports a method for mass micropropagation of jojoba. Plant growth regulators, basal media and sugar level were examined to determine their effects on shoot growth, shoot multiplication and rooting in vitro. The results showed that the nodel explants from 1 year old seedlings grown in spring and 6 years old, high yield, individual trees were cultured on MS medium supplemented with ZT 1~3mg/L or BA 1~3 mg/L and NAA 0.01~0.1 mg/L. Shoots were obtained from all the axillary buds after 30~40 days of culture. Shoots measuring about 4~6cm can be excised and rooted in 1/2 MS medium added with NAA following one week in dark for rooting. About 93% rooting was achieved after one month. The plantlets were placed into moist chamber with sand-soil medium successfully. No major differences on in vitro propagation between young seedlings and adult plants of jojoba were found. It appears that the method may not be limited by genotype.
This paper reports a method for mass micropropagation of jojoba. Plant growth regulators, basal media and sugar level were examined to determine their effects on shoot growth, shoot multiplication and rooting in vitro. The results showed that the nodel explants from 1 year old seedlings grown in spring and 6 years old, high yield, individual trees were cultured on MS medium supplemented with ZT 1~3mg/L or BA 1~3 mg/L and NAA 0.01~0.1 mg/L. Shoots were obtained from all the axillary buds after 30~40 days of culture. Shoots measuring about 4~6cm can be excised and rooted in 1/2 MS medium added with NAA following one week in dark for rooting. About 93% rooting was achieved after one month. The plantlets were placed into moist chamber with sand-soil medium successfully. No major differences on in vitro propagation between young seedlings and adult plants of jojoba were found. It appears that the method may not be limited by genotype.
1991, 4(5): 517-522.
Abstract:
In artificial seedling wood of poplar, Cryptorrhynchus lapathi Linne is a serious insect pest. Study was conducted in the plantation,where the damaged plant rate was over 80%. The aim was to select fine trees which were mainly resistant to C. lapathi and combined with the comprehensive target of fast-growing and high-yield. In laboratory, artificial inoculation and natural infection were carried out for the 3-year-old generation of the fine trees. The results showed that the diameter, height and volume of the selected fine tree No.106 was 9%, 7% and 61% bigger or higher than the average of those of the 3 surrounding trees respectivly. As to the artificial inoculation for the 3-year-old generation, the attracted no. of insects and feeding holes in the branches of No.106 were lesser. As to the artificial inoculation in the field, the tree-with-insect rate of No.106 was 40% lower than that of the check, and the damage index 69% lower than that of the check. As to the natural infection, the tree-with-insect rate of No.106 was 54% lower than that of the check, and damage index over 50% lower than that of the check. The volume-growth of No.106 was much more than that of its original species, Populus berolinensis Dipp., but lower than that of P. xiaohei T. S. Hwang, et Liang. According to the analysis of its bark, it's considered that the resistance of the tree was related to the amount of the content of fructose and phenolic acid.
In artificial seedling wood of poplar, Cryptorrhynchus lapathi Linne is a serious insect pest. Study was conducted in the plantation,where the damaged plant rate was over 80%. The aim was to select fine trees which were mainly resistant to C. lapathi and combined with the comprehensive target of fast-growing and high-yield. In laboratory, artificial inoculation and natural infection were carried out for the 3-year-old generation of the fine trees. The results showed that the diameter, height and volume of the selected fine tree No.106 was 9%, 7% and 61% bigger or higher than the average of those of the 3 surrounding trees respectivly. As to the artificial inoculation for the 3-year-old generation, the attracted no. of insects and feeding holes in the branches of No.106 were lesser. As to the artificial inoculation in the field, the tree-with-insect rate of No.106 was 40% lower than that of the check, and the damage index 69% lower than that of the check. As to the natural infection, the tree-with-insect rate of No.106 was 54% lower than that of the check, and damage index over 50% lower than that of the check. The volume-growth of No.106 was much more than that of its original species, Populus berolinensis Dipp., but lower than that of P. xiaohei T. S. Hwang, et Liang. According to the analysis of its bark, it's considered that the resistance of the tree was related to the amount of the content of fructose and phenolic acid.
1991, 4(5): 523-527.
Abstract:
Studies on the effect and feasibility of application of ectomy-corrhizal fungi on seedlings of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litvin in high-frigid region by inoculating the pure culture of ectomycorrhizal fungi have been conducted. Through three years experiments, it was concluded that ectomycorrhizal fungi could accelerate the growth of the newly planted and replanted seedling. The seedling's height, ground stem, lateral root.number, dry weight and mycorrhization are obviously increased. The longer the period of seedling growth, the more obvious the effect. Analyzing various growing indices, we selcted some good fungi as follows: Russula foetens, Boletus sp., Gomphidius rutilus.
Studies on the effect and feasibility of application of ectomy-corrhizal fungi on seedlings of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litvin in high-frigid region by inoculating the pure culture of ectomycorrhizal fungi have been conducted. Through three years experiments, it was concluded that ectomycorrhizal fungi could accelerate the growth of the newly planted and replanted seedling. The seedling's height, ground stem, lateral root.number, dry weight and mycorrhization are obviously increased. The longer the period of seedling growth, the more obvious the effect. Analyzing various growing indices, we selcted some good fungi as follows: Russula foetens, Boletus sp., Gomphidius rutilus.
1991, 4(5): 528-532.
Abstract:
In the experiment, four species of ECM fungi, Lactarius insulsus Fr., Russula delica Fr., Cortinarius russus Fr. and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker et Couch, were isolated from the fruit bodies collected from different forest types. The species were cultured in different media and inoculated on the seedlings of Pinus tabulaeiormis Carr., P. massoniana Lamb., Larix gmelini (Rupr.) Rupr., P. sylvestris var. mongolica Litv., P. koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., P. taeda L., P. elliottii Engelm.The results indicated that PDMA and PD were suitable media for the four ECM fungi. Saw-dust, wheat brans, rice brans, corn folur, vermicul-ate, peat,perlite were suitable solid media for the development of the ECM fungi.The four species of ECM fungi could enhance the growth of 5 pines. An excellent fungus for symbiont of the pines was C. russus, then L. insul-sus, R. delica, P. tinctorius successively. For P. taeda, the best one was L. insulus, successively R. delica, P. tinctorius. The seedling growth of P. elliottii is better than that of the controls. P. sylvestris var. mongolica possessed the strongest adaptibility to the infection of these mycorrhizal fungi,
In the experiment, four species of ECM fungi, Lactarius insulsus Fr., Russula delica Fr., Cortinarius russus Fr. and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker et Couch, were isolated from the fruit bodies collected from different forest types. The species were cultured in different media and inoculated on the seedlings of Pinus tabulaeiormis Carr., P. massoniana Lamb., Larix gmelini (Rupr.) Rupr., P. sylvestris var. mongolica Litv., P. koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., P. taeda L., P. elliottii Engelm.The results indicated that PDMA and PD were suitable media for the four ECM fungi. Saw-dust, wheat brans, rice brans, corn folur, vermicul-ate, peat,perlite were suitable solid media for the development of the ECM fungi.The four species of ECM fungi could enhance the growth of 5 pines. An excellent fungus for symbiont of the pines was C. russus, then L. insul-sus, R. delica, P. tinctorius successively. For P. taeda, the best one was L. insulus, successively R. delica, P. tinctorius. The seedling growth of P. elliottii is better than that of the controls. P. sylvestris var. mongolica possessed the strongest adaptibility to the infection of these mycorrhizal fungi,
1991, 4(5): 534-538.
Abstract:
Geometridae is one of the three big families in Jianfengling, Hainan Island. At present, more than 440 species had been collected and 126 subspecies and species belonging to 87 genera had been identified. Among them, five genera of Comibaena, Luxiaria, Semiothisa, Tanaorhinus and Terpna are dominant and 16 species of Clear a determinate, Fascellina chromataria, Hemerophila subplagiata and the others are of dominant species. As compared with other families of the moths, much more population densities are found in Geometridae according to the moth-killing lamp collection, their ecological distributions in the four forest types are found to have the most in species quantities in the tropical mountain rain forest. The adults occur in April and May having the most in species but the appearances of the population quantities are the most in January and May.
Geometridae is one of the three big families in Jianfengling, Hainan Island. At present, more than 440 species had been collected and 126 subspecies and species belonging to 87 genera had been identified. Among them, five genera of Comibaena, Luxiaria, Semiothisa, Tanaorhinus and Terpna are dominant and 16 species of Clear a determinate, Fascellina chromataria, Hemerophila subplagiata and the others are of dominant species. As compared with other families of the moths, much more population densities are found in Geometridae according to the moth-killing lamp collection, their ecological distributions in the four forest types are found to have the most in species quantities in the tropical mountain rain forest. The adults occur in April and May having the most in species but the appearances of the population quantities are the most in January and May.
1991, 4(5): 539-544.
Abstract:
In three different kinds of planting spacing of Poplar plantations, the input-output and financial maturity were studied and discussed in Yinan County, Shandong Province. In the plantation rotation, some input were finished once; and some input needed to be done every year. The former of the input were 2331.00 yuan/ha, and the ground preparation counted for 84%. The latter, the mean annual inputs were 253.21 yuan/ ha·a, and 75 percent of them were the expenses of the top application. The interest of the expenses and the net income were calculated. The annual input, annual income, annual net income and the mean annual net income were studied in the different kinds of planting spacing of Poplar plantations, and some incomes were showed with equations by statistical regression. Generally, we can get net income at third year after afforestation. The number of years for the quantity rotation were 6~10 years, and the highest mean annual income was 25.2521 m3/ha.a. The number of years for the financial rotation were 6~7 years, and the highest mean annual fixed net income was 6110.00yuan/ha·a. The financial maturity mainly depended on the input and planting spacing.
In three different kinds of planting spacing of Poplar plantations, the input-output and financial maturity were studied and discussed in Yinan County, Shandong Province. In the plantation rotation, some input were finished once; and some input needed to be done every year. The former of the input were 2331.00 yuan/ha, and the ground preparation counted for 84%. The latter, the mean annual inputs were 253.21 yuan/ ha·a, and 75 percent of them were the expenses of the top application. The interest of the expenses and the net income were calculated. The annual input, annual income, annual net income and the mean annual net income were studied in the different kinds of planting spacing of Poplar plantations, and some incomes were showed with equations by statistical regression. Generally, we can get net income at third year after afforestation. The number of years for the quantity rotation were 6~10 years, and the highest mean annual income was 25.2521 m3/ha.a. The number of years for the financial rotation were 6~7 years, and the highest mean annual fixed net income was 6110.00yuan/ha·a. The financial maturity mainly depended on the input and planting spacing.
1991, 4(5): 545-549.
Abstract:
The allocation of biomass and energy in nine different 3-year-old stands was studied in a mixed planting trial with four tree species namely Eucalyptus leizhou No.1, E. exserta, Acacia auriculiformis and A. mearnsii. Comparing the contribution of various components to the total biomass production among the trial stands showed that 58%~66% biomass production was recorded in stem-wood, and 6%~14%, 5%~9%, 13%~16% and 4%~8% biomass production was produced by branch-wood, leaves, roots and litter, respectively. Results obtained for energy content is similar to the result of biomass production. Among the nine stands studied, the mixed stand of E. leizhou No.1 and A. auriculiformis with the mixed proportion of 1:1 by rows found to be the most productive planting system adapted for large-scale plantation management.
The allocation of biomass and energy in nine different 3-year-old stands was studied in a mixed planting trial with four tree species namely Eucalyptus leizhou No.1, E. exserta, Acacia auriculiformis and A. mearnsii. Comparing the contribution of various components to the total biomass production among the trial stands showed that 58%~66% biomass production was recorded in stem-wood, and 6%~14%, 5%~9%, 13%~16% and 4%~8% biomass production was produced by branch-wood, leaves, roots and litter, respectively. Results obtained for energy content is similar to the result of biomass production. Among the nine stands studied, the mixed stand of E. leizhou No.1 and A. auriculiformis with the mixed proportion of 1:1 by rows found to be the most productive planting system adapted for large-scale plantation management.
1991, 4(5): 550-554.
Abstract:
To determine the effects of fertilization upon the growth of rattan seedlings, a fertilizer application experiment on the seedlings of Daemonorops margaritae Hance was carried out at nursery from September 1988 to August 1989. Four levels of fertilizer applications and four replicates were designed for the trial. Analysis of variance and policy-decision of multi-objective were employed to analyze the data obtained from the experiment. The results showed that the seedlings grew better in T3 (1.3g of urea+ 2 g of superphosphate + 2 g of potassium chloride) than in other treatments. In a proper range of fertilizer application, accumulation of major nutrient elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and ash content of seedling was a positive correlation with the increase of fertilizer applications. However, the relatively increasing rate of both ash content and whole nutrient elements of the seedling were decreased sharply with the increase of fertilizer applications.
To determine the effects of fertilization upon the growth of rattan seedlings, a fertilizer application experiment on the seedlings of Daemonorops margaritae Hance was carried out at nursery from September 1988 to August 1989. Four levels of fertilizer applications and four replicates were designed for the trial. Analysis of variance and policy-decision of multi-objective were employed to analyze the data obtained from the experiment. The results showed that the seedlings grew better in T3 (1.3g of urea+ 2 g of superphosphate + 2 g of potassium chloride) than in other treatments. In a proper range of fertilizer application, accumulation of major nutrient elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and ash content of seedling was a positive correlation with the increase of fertilizer applications. However, the relatively increasing rate of both ash content and whole nutrient elements of the seedling were decreased sharply with the increase of fertilizer applications.
1991, 4(5): 555-559.
Abstract:
Studies have been conducted on the physical and chemical properties of the lac produced by Kerria sindica (Mahdihassan) Varshney. Experiments have shown that the lac produced by Sindica on different host trees in China keeps its original properties as compared with that in Bangladesh. The resin content is 5.63% higher and the colour index 2.96 lower. The shellac made from Sindica lac is superior to that from the Yunn-anensis lac. The colour index of the Sindica lac is lower by 3 or 4 numbers and the colour-changing rate is 1.5~3.5 times slower.
Studies have been conducted on the physical and chemical properties of the lac produced by Kerria sindica (Mahdihassan) Varshney. Experiments have shown that the lac produced by Sindica on different host trees in China keeps its original properties as compared with that in Bangladesh. The resin content is 5.63% higher and the colour index 2.96 lower. The shellac made from Sindica lac is superior to that from the Yunn-anensis lac. The colour index of the Sindica lac is lower by 3 or 4 numbers and the colour-changing rate is 1.5~3.5 times slower.
1991, 4(5): 560-564.
Abstract:
The seeds of 137 Chinese Fir fine families selected through progeny test were collected from ten seed orchards in the southern provinces of our country. Then the seedlings and forests cultivated by these seeds were observed in this study. 5~7 years after having been planted, 35 fast-growing and strong-resistance families were selected, which are suited for use in the northern margin of mid-subtropical region and north-subtropical region. It has an average gain of 19.4% for height and 24.1% for DBH at the age of seven years, as compared with checks of mixed seeds from local orchard. The study also revealed that 5% of volume genetic gain could be obtained again in Huangshan area if we make a further regional selection of these fine families.
The seeds of 137 Chinese Fir fine families selected through progeny test were collected from ten seed orchards in the southern provinces of our country. Then the seedlings and forests cultivated by these seeds were observed in this study. 5~7 years after having been planted, 35 fast-growing and strong-resistance families were selected, which are suited for use in the northern margin of mid-subtropical region and north-subtropical region. It has an average gain of 19.4% for height and 24.1% for DBH at the age of seven years, as compared with checks of mixed seeds from local orchard. The study also revealed that 5% of volume genetic gain could be obtained again in Huangshan area if we make a further regional selection of these fine families.
1991, 4(5): 565-569.
Abstract:
This paper reports ① In Kunyushan Forest Farm, the forest has been closed for 16 years successively to tender the trees and made it a thoroughly mixed forest. The result was that the trees grew well, there were a lot of natural enemies. ② The numbers of Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana) and Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler were in a state of low population.
This paper reports ① In Kunyushan Forest Farm, the forest has been closed for 16 years successively to tender the trees and made it a thoroughly mixed forest. The result was that the trees grew well, there were a lot of natural enemies. ② The numbers of Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana) and Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler were in a state of low population.
1991, 4(5): 570-573.
Abstract:
Two chemotypes of Cinnamomum tenuipilum Kostern are involved in this study. The essential oil from leaves in one type is composed principally of geraniol, and in the other, it is very rich in linanol. Their progeny was obtained by open hybridization. However the main composition of essential oil from the progeny is methyleugenol or elemicin, quite different from that of the parents. Isoperoxidase exhibited little variation among progenies. In addition, enzyme extraction and preparation available for electrophoresis are studied and discussed in this paper. Viscous extracts of the leaves treated by an enzyme give a satisfactory result for isozymes banding.
Two chemotypes of Cinnamomum tenuipilum Kostern are involved in this study. The essential oil from leaves in one type is composed principally of geraniol, and in the other, it is very rich in linanol. Their progeny was obtained by open hybridization. However the main composition of essential oil from the progeny is methyleugenol or elemicin, quite different from that of the parents. Isoperoxidase exhibited little variation among progenies. In addition, enzyme extraction and preparation available for electrophoresis are studied and discussed in this paper. Viscous extracts of the leaves treated by an enzyme give a satisfactory result for isozymes banding.
1991, 4(5): 574-577.
Abstract:
The cold resistance of 9 provenances of P. ussuriensis Kom has been measured by conductivity gauge. The results are as follows: There is significant difference in the cold resistance of different provenances of P. ussuriensis. Cold resistance is directly proportional to the latitude, annual average temperature and January average temperature of the location of the seed sources, the higher the latitude, the stronger the cold resistance.
The cold resistance of 9 provenances of P. ussuriensis Kom has been measured by conductivity gauge. The results are as follows: There is significant difference in the cold resistance of different provenances of P. ussuriensis. Cold resistance is directly proportional to the latitude, annual average temperature and January average temperature of the location of the seed sources, the higher the latitude, the stronger the cold resistance.
1991, 4(5): 578-581.
Abstract:
Study on the nutritional indices of three essential elements (N, P, K) of walnut was conducted in Qi County, Shanxi Province from 1986 to 1990. According to the study, the best leaf samples for nutritional diagnosis should be taken, in mid May because the leaves have reached physiological maturity at this time. The analysis of these samples is sure to give the best indices and show the yield of the trees.
Study on the nutritional indices of three essential elements (N, P, K) of walnut was conducted in Qi County, Shanxi Province from 1986 to 1990. According to the study, the best leaf samples for nutritional diagnosis should be taken, in mid May because the leaves have reached physiological maturity at this time. The analysis of these samples is sure to give the best indices and show the yield of the trees.
1991, 4(5): 582-584.
Abstract:
The population natural mortality is an important index of ecology and biology for studying lac insect. The natural mortality and its mechanism of lac insect population are discussed in this paper. The results have shown that the natural mortality of lac insect is about 85%,and high mortality is one of specific character of lac insect. The main fatal factor of lac insect is the natural regulation of population. In the larval stage, the lac insect individuals with weak adaptive ability to the environment are eliminated because of individual variation determined by genetic character, which conforms the theory "spreading of risk". In the adult stage, the natural regulation of lac insect population is that individuality contend for limited space resource.
The population natural mortality is an important index of ecology and biology for studying lac insect. The natural mortality and its mechanism of lac insect population are discussed in this paper. The results have shown that the natural mortality of lac insect is about 85%,and high mortality is one of specific character of lac insect. The main fatal factor of lac insect is the natural regulation of population. In the larval stage, the lac insect individuals with weak adaptive ability to the environment are eliminated because of individual variation determined by genetic character, which conforms the theory "spreading of risk". In the adult stage, the natural regulation of lac insect population is that individuality contend for limited space resource.
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