1991 Vol. 4, No. 6
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1991, 4(6): 589-595.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
Standardization of nursery stock is very important for modernization of forestry production management.After studying the standard of Teak stump with experiment statistics,a new standard which is different from the national one promulgated in 1985 was put forward.According to the new standard,the afforesting survival percentage is as high as that of national one,or even better grown in the inferior conditions,and the initial growth of the stump is much better after planting.Besides,it can also reduce the volume and weight of seedlings by 12 and 11.3 times respectively,reduce raising and planting cost by 4.3 times,enhance the economic benefit by 5.2 times and save the total afforestation investment by 17.6%~22.0%.
Standardization of nursery stock is very important for modernization of forestry production management.After studying the standard of Teak stump with experiment statistics,a new standard which is different from the national one promulgated in 1985 was put forward.According to the new standard,the afforesting survival percentage is as high as that of national one,or even better grown in the inferior conditions,and the initial growth of the stump is much better after planting.Besides,it can also reduce the volume and weight of seedlings by 12 and 11.3 times respectively,reduce raising and planting cost by 4.3 times,enhance the economic benefit by 5.2 times and save the total afforestation investment by 17.6%~22.0%.
1991, 4(6): 596-601.
Abstract:
The paper presents a taxonomic study on the genus Polyrhachis Mayr in China.Three species are new to science.Two former varieties are elevated to specific rank.One new synonym is proposed.Five species are recorded for the first time in China.A key to the genus Polyrhachis in China is presented.All the type specimens are kept in the Research Institute of Forestry CAF.1.Polyrhachis jianghuaensis Wang et Wu,new species (figs.1,4,5,9) The species resembles P.bicolor,but the new species differs from P.bicolor in very sparse hairs;mandibles,antennae and legs black;and the pronotal and propodeal spines directed backward and upward.Holotype: worker,Jianghua Co.,Hunan Province,7-VI-1978,Peng Jianwen and Yin Shicai legs.Gynetype: Female,same as the Holotype.Paratypes: 2 workers same as the holotype.2.Polyrhachis rubigastica Wu et Wang,new species (figs.2,6,8) This species is close to P.moesta but differs from the latter in thefollowing characters: without teeth between the petiole spines;frontal crinae closer;and color of antennal scapes and gaster paler.Holotype: worker,Qinzhou city,Guanxi Autonomous Region,2-VII-1984,Xi Fusheng leg.,Paratype: 1 worker,same as the holotype.3.Polyrhachis dives Smith Polyrhachis vicina Roger,1863,Verz.Form,Gatt.u.Art.(Bent,ent.zeit.Vol.7) p.7,Syn.n.Bingham says P.vicina is very allied to P.dives,but differs from the latter in having 3 not 2 teeth between petiole spines.We find out that the ants with 2 or 3 teeth between petiole spines are existed in a colony.Their body length,shape of alitrunk and leg thickness vary in a certain degree.In our opinion,P.vicina is a synonym of P.dives.Dr.Wolfgang Dorow (Zoologisches Institut,J.W.Goethe-Universitat,Federal Republic of Germany) expressed the same opinion (private communification).4.Polyrhachis armata (Le Guillou),new record Distribution: Longchuan Co.and Ruili Co.,Yunnan Province.5.Polyrhachis bicolor Smith,new record Distribution: Mengla Co.,Yunnan Province.6.Polyrhachis moesta Emery,new status P.hippomanes var.moesta Emery 1887,Ann.Mus.Civ.Geneva 26:237.In moesta pronotal angles have short teeth,which lacks in hippomanes.It is a clear difference between the two species.So we elevate moesta to specific rank.7.Polyrhachis laevigata Smith,new record Distribution;Mengla Co.,Yunnan Province.8.Polyrhachis dorsorugösa Forel,new status P.latona var.dorsorugosa Forel,1913,Arch.f.Natur.79,A,6:202.The main difference between latona and dorsorugosa lies in the longitu-dal ridges in the head except front and clypeus.We think that this is a stable specific character and it is more appropriate to take dorsorugosa as an independant species.9.Polyrhachis punctilleta Roger,new recordDistributions: Guilin City,Guangxi Autonomous Region;Xichang City,Sichuan Province.10.Polyrhachis paracamponota Wang et Wu,new species,(figs.3,7)The new species is allied to Philippine ant parabiotica Smith in the shape of alitrink.But the new species differs from it in pronotum with two humerial teeth not spines,body subopaque,with white pubscence and throughout abundant hairs,color black with the alitrunk and petiole paler.Holotype: worker,Ningming Co.,Guangxi Autonomous Region,Zhang Peiyi leg.
The paper presents a taxonomic study on the genus Polyrhachis Mayr in China.Three species are new to science.Two former varieties are elevated to specific rank.One new synonym is proposed.Five species are recorded for the first time in China.A key to the genus Polyrhachis in China is presented.All the type specimens are kept in the Research Institute of Forestry CAF.1.Polyrhachis jianghuaensis Wang et Wu,new species (figs.1,4,5,9) The species resembles P.bicolor,but the new species differs from P.bicolor in very sparse hairs;mandibles,antennae and legs black;and the pronotal and propodeal spines directed backward and upward.Holotype: worker,Jianghua Co.,Hunan Province,7-VI-1978,Peng Jianwen and Yin Shicai legs.Gynetype: Female,same as the Holotype.Paratypes: 2 workers same as the holotype.2.Polyrhachis rubigastica Wu et Wang,new species (figs.2,6,8) This species is close to P.moesta but differs from the latter in thefollowing characters: without teeth between the petiole spines;frontal crinae closer;and color of antennal scapes and gaster paler.Holotype: worker,Qinzhou city,Guanxi Autonomous Region,2-VII-1984,Xi Fusheng leg.,Paratype: 1 worker,same as the holotype.3.Polyrhachis dives Smith Polyrhachis vicina Roger,1863,Verz.Form,Gatt.u.Art.(Bent,ent.zeit.Vol.7) p.7,Syn.n.Bingham says P.vicina is very allied to P.dives,but differs from the latter in having 3 not 2 teeth between petiole spines.We find out that the ants with 2 or 3 teeth between petiole spines are existed in a colony.Their body length,shape of alitrunk and leg thickness vary in a certain degree.In our opinion,P.vicina is a synonym of P.dives.Dr.Wolfgang Dorow (Zoologisches Institut,J.W.Goethe-Universitat,Federal Republic of Germany) expressed the same opinion (private communification).4.Polyrhachis armata (Le Guillou),new record Distribution: Longchuan Co.and Ruili Co.,Yunnan Province.5.Polyrhachis bicolor Smith,new record Distribution: Mengla Co.,Yunnan Province.6.Polyrhachis moesta Emery,new status P.hippomanes var.moesta Emery 1887,Ann.Mus.Civ.Geneva 26:237.In moesta pronotal angles have short teeth,which lacks in hippomanes.It is a clear difference between the two species.So we elevate moesta to specific rank.7.Polyrhachis laevigata Smith,new record Distribution;Mengla Co.,Yunnan Province.8.Polyrhachis dorsorugösa Forel,new status P.latona var.dorsorugosa Forel,1913,Arch.f.Natur.79,A,6:202.The main difference between latona and dorsorugosa lies in the longitu-dal ridges in the head except front and clypeus.We think that this is a stable specific character and it is more appropriate to take dorsorugosa as an independant species.9.Polyrhachis punctilleta Roger,new recordDistributions: Guilin City,Guangxi Autonomous Region;Xichang City,Sichuan Province.10.Polyrhachis paracamponota Wang et Wu,new species,(figs.3,7)The new species is allied to Philippine ant parabiotica Smith in the shape of alitrink.But the new species differs from it in pronotum with two humerial teeth not spines,body subopaque,with white pubscence and throughout abundant hairs,color black with the alitrunk and petiole paler.Holotype: worker,Ningming Co.,Guangxi Autonomous Region,Zhang Peiyi leg.
1991, 4(6): 602-607.
Abstract:
Permanent sample plots were located under plantations in the Western Suburb of Beijing.There are three plantation soil types for the sample plots: (1) eluvial cinnamon soil under Pinus bungeana plantation;(2) eluvial cinnamon soil under Pinus tabulaeformis plantation;(3) eluvial cinnamon soil under Platycladus orientalis plantation.Observation began in 1981 and ended in 1984.It has been found that the soil moisture content of the experimental plantation field were 10~15 mm in growth season.It belongs to the sub-arid-wet soil moisture regime.Annual mean soil temperature .was 13℃,belongs to the temperate soil temperature regime.Seasonal variation of soil moisture and temperature were evident,annual variation (1981~1984) were not evident.Seasonal variation of soil CO2 content in the experimental plantation field were evident,but annual variation (1981~1984) were not evident.The variations of different stands in the experimental plantation fields were not evident enough.
Permanent sample plots were located under plantations in the Western Suburb of Beijing.There are three plantation soil types for the sample plots: (1) eluvial cinnamon soil under Pinus bungeana plantation;(2) eluvial cinnamon soil under Pinus tabulaeformis plantation;(3) eluvial cinnamon soil under Platycladus orientalis plantation.Observation began in 1981 and ended in 1984.It has been found that the soil moisture content of the experimental plantation field were 10~15 mm in growth season.It belongs to the sub-arid-wet soil moisture regime.Annual mean soil temperature .was 13℃,belongs to the temperate soil temperature regime.Seasonal variation of soil moisture and temperature were evident,annual variation (1981~1984) were not evident.Seasonal variation of soil CO2 content in the experimental plantation field were evident,but annual variation (1981~1984) were not evident.The variations of different stands in the experimental plantation fields were not evident enough.
1991, 4(6): 608-615.
Abstract:
In this report a series of biological characteristics in C.yuhsienensis which was introduced into Zhejiang Province from Hunan Province,was systematically observed.The relationships between fruit yield and major economic characteristics analysed.Various planting densities were tested.Some linear regression equations were established as follows: y=0.048 x1-4.537;y=0.034 x2-2.240(y: kg,Fruit yield of individual tree;x1: cm,Crown depth;x2: cm,Crown diameter).According to the different management types,it is suggested that the best planting density for C.yuhsienensis should be 7500~14250 trees/ha to achieve high-yielding.
In this report a series of biological characteristics in C.yuhsienensis which was introduced into Zhejiang Province from Hunan Province,was systematically observed.The relationships between fruit yield and major economic characteristics analysed.Various planting densities were tested.Some linear regression equations were established as follows: y=0.048 x1-4.537;y=0.034 x2-2.240(y: kg,Fruit yield of individual tree;x1: cm,Crown depth;x2: cm,Crown diameter).According to the different management types,it is suggested that the best planting density for C.yuhsienensis should be 7500~14250 trees/ha to achieve high-yielding.
1991, 4(6): 616-622.
Abstract:
Through a series of comparative experiments,it was shown that many pretreatments for quick germination of Tectona grandis fruit had definite effect if being used appropriately under its requirements.Some analyses or explanations were made for these pretreatments as ‘Soaking in Lime White Water’,‘Alternate Soaking in Cold Water at Night And Exposing under Sunshine at Day’,‘Treating with H2SO4 or NaOH’ etc.A series of key techniques for quick germination of good quality fruits were suggested.
Through a series of comparative experiments,it was shown that many pretreatments for quick germination of Tectona grandis fruit had definite effect if being used appropriately under its requirements.Some analyses or explanations were made for these pretreatments as ‘Soaking in Lime White Water’,‘Alternate Soaking in Cold Water at Night And Exposing under Sunshine at Day’,‘Treating with H2SO4 or NaOH’ etc.A series of key techniques for quick germination of good quality fruits were suggested.
1991, 4(6): 623-628.
Abstract:
The 8 year's data of 48 clones of Robinia pseudoacacia selected preliminarily from the poly-site experimental stands have been summarized and the interaction between genotype and environment has been made for the 13 clones from 6 experimental sites.Their genetic stability and growth adaptability have been evaluated using Eberhart ect's bi and Sd2 of the trait regressive parameters and Tai's i and i,of the structural model parameters,and the superior clones have been selected after the consideration of their productivity.A number of 10 superior clones have been selected for different regions and the average gain for the volume is 61%.
The 8 year's data of 48 clones of Robinia pseudoacacia selected preliminarily from the poly-site experimental stands have been summarized and the interaction between genotype and environment has been made for the 13 clones from 6 experimental sites.Their genetic stability and growth adaptability have been evaluated using Eberhart ect's bi and Sd2 of the trait regressive parameters and Tai's i and i,of the structural model parameters,and the superior clones have been selected after the consideration of their productivity.A number of 10 superior clones have been selected for different regions and the average gain for the volume is 61%.
1991, 4(6): 629-634.
Abstract:
Two experiments were carried out,from 1987-1990 in two Walnut orchards in Beijing and Shanxi,China,to study the effects of the integrated cultural practices to promote the high yield of mature trees of Walnut.The results showed that the integrated cultural practices not only raised the tree growth and the nut yield,but also increased the content of organic matter and improved the fertility of soil.The numbers of cultural practices integrated were positively related to the increasing scope of nut yield in some extent.The best consolidated treatments were found in two sites.The application of the cultural practices to Walnut production was also discussed.
Two experiments were carried out,from 1987-1990 in two Walnut orchards in Beijing and Shanxi,China,to study the effects of the integrated cultural practices to promote the high yield of mature trees of Walnut.The results showed that the integrated cultural practices not only raised the tree growth and the nut yield,but also increased the content of organic matter and improved the fertility of soil.The numbers of cultural practices integrated were positively related to the increasing scope of nut yield in some extent.The best consolidated treatments were found in two sites.The application of the cultural practices to Walnut production was also discussed.
1991, 4(6): 635-642.
Abstract:
Data on the growth condition and related material of 23 Poplar spp.in 277 counties with a number of 2 980 sample plots were analyzed.Cluster analysis was used to divide the whole Poplar cultivation area into 13 divisions,and the evaluation of their productivities has been made.
Data on the growth condition and related material of 23 Poplar spp.in 277 counties with a number of 2 980 sample plots were analyzed.Cluster analysis was used to divide the whole Poplar cultivation area into 13 divisions,and the evaluation of their productivities has been made.
1991, 4(6): 643-649.
Abstract:
Alnus cremastogyne Burk is a fast-growing tree species with adaptability to environment of wide range and in a large area.Its utilization as well as its growth and developmental pattern were reported.Further research,introduction and extension were suggested.
Alnus cremastogyne Burk is a fast-growing tree species with adaptability to environment of wide range and in a large area.Its utilization as well as its growth and developmental pattern were reported.Further research,introduction and extension were suggested.
1991, 4(6): 650-655.
Abstract:
The provenance test of Pinus tabulaeformis,including 36 seed sources,was conducted in 4 locations in Gansu Province.The results show that there are significant differences in growth among the provenances and the interactions between provenances and sites are also significant.Based on the growth performance,the provenances of Pinus tabulaeformis are divided into three growth-types,e.g.fastgrowing type,middle-growing type,low-growing type.The provenances from Shanxi and Henan Province are suitable because of their fastgrowth and stable performance.The provenances from the border of the distribution of Pinus tabulaeformis have unstable performance and lowgrowth.
The provenance test of Pinus tabulaeformis,including 36 seed sources,was conducted in 4 locations in Gansu Province.The results show that there are significant differences in growth among the provenances and the interactions between provenances and sites are also significant.Based on the growth performance,the provenances of Pinus tabulaeformis are divided into three growth-types,e.g.fastgrowing type,middle-growing type,low-growing type.The provenances from Shanxi and Henan Province are suitable because of their fastgrowth and stable performance.The provenances from the border of the distribution of Pinus tabulaeformis have unstable performance and lowgrowth.
1991, 4(6): 656-661.
Abstract:
Screenings of chemical herbicides to eliminate weeds in forests have been conducted in the nurseries,young stands,planting sites and fire preventing lines.In the Pine and Fir nurseries,Goal or Nitrophen was used to kill the weeds with an effect of over 90%;Pines,Firs,broa-dleaf trees and fruit trees,which are high than 1 m,were treated with leaf or needle spray of Glyphosate with an effect of over 85%;on the planting sites,leaf surface sprays of Glyphosate,2,4-DA,Glyphosate+Fosamine or Velpar+Glyphosate were treated to kill weeds and shrubs with an effect of 95%;on fire preventing lines,Glyphosate+Forsamine or Glyphosate+Velpar would achieve good results.
Screenings of chemical herbicides to eliminate weeds in forests have been conducted in the nurseries,young stands,planting sites and fire preventing lines.In the Pine and Fir nurseries,Goal or Nitrophen was used to kill the weeds with an effect of over 90%;Pines,Firs,broa-dleaf trees and fruit trees,which are high than 1 m,were treated with leaf or needle spray of Glyphosate with an effect of over 85%;on the planting sites,leaf surface sprays of Glyphosate,2,4-DA,Glyphosate+Fosamine or Velpar+Glyphosate were treated to kill weeds and shrubs with an effect of 95%;on fire preventing lines,Glyphosate+Forsamine or Glyphosate+Velpar would achieve good results.
1991, 4(6): 662-668.
Abstract:
Petrova cristata Walsingham is an important insect pest which damaged cones and shoots of Pinus massoniana in China.This paper deals with the study on its bionomics and control measures which was conducted during 1987~1990 in Zhejiang Province.The insect has 4 generations a year in Chunan County,Zhejiang Province.Pupa overwinter in damaged shoots and cones.Daily eclosion frequency and cumulative adults of P.cristata were observed.This paper describes the ecological relationships between occurrence of the insect and age of stand,natural enemy and other insect pests of boring cones and shoots.The effective measures to control this pest are blacklight trap,spraying the insecticides of SN-851 in early spring and punch-injection of SN-851.
Petrova cristata Walsingham is an important insect pest which damaged cones and shoots of Pinus massoniana in China.This paper deals with the study on its bionomics and control measures which was conducted during 1987~1990 in Zhejiang Province.The insect has 4 generations a year in Chunan County,Zhejiang Province.Pupa overwinter in damaged shoots and cones.Daily eclosion frequency and cumulative adults of P.cristata were observed.This paper describes the ecological relationships between occurrence of the insect and age of stand,natural enemy and other insect pests of boring cones and shoots.The effective measures to control this pest are blacklight trap,spraying the insecticides of SN-851 in early spring and punch-injection of SN-851.
1991, 4(6): 669-678.
Abstract:
Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes is a natural vector for genetically transforming higher plant.The results of structural and functional analyses of the T-DNA from pRi which is transferred and integrated into the genome of transformed cells in different plant species are discussed for the first time.Finally,the possible strategies for using the Ri plasmid to obtain transgenic plants are discussed.
Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes is a natural vector for genetically transforming higher plant.The results of structural and functional analyses of the T-DNA from pRi which is transferred and integrated into the genome of transformed cells in different plant species are discussed for the first time.Finally,the possible strategies for using the Ri plasmid to obtain transgenic plants are discussed.
1991, 4(6): 679-682.
Abstract:
An analysis has been made on the quality of raw Lac and seed Lac produced by the home Lac insect on 18 species of the host trees respectively after storing for 10 years.The results show that the colour-changing rate of the seed Lac from Butea monosperma,Enterolobium contusiligum and 3 other species of host trees is rather lower than that of the rest.
An analysis has been made on the quality of raw Lac and seed Lac produced by the home Lac insect on 18 species of the host trees respectively after storing for 10 years.The results show that the colour-changing rate of the seed Lac from Butea monosperma,Enterolobium contusiligum and 3 other species of host trees is rather lower than that of the rest.
1991, 4(6): 683-686.
Abstract:
This paper presents the effect of the application of rare earth to the seedlings on growth and raising the seedling quality of Chinese Fir,Chinese Gugertree,Chinese Chestnut.The differences of accumulation of N,P,K elements of Chinese Fir seedlings growing in two nuseries with different fertility levels were compared.Rare earth is a kind of regulation for seedling growth.
This paper presents the effect of the application of rare earth to the seedlings on growth and raising the seedling quality of Chinese Fir,Chinese Gugertree,Chinese Chestnut.The differences of accumulation of N,P,K elements of Chinese Fir seedlings growing in two nuseries with different fertility levels were compared.Rare earth is a kind of regulation for seedling growth.
1991, 4(6): 687-691.
Abstract:
The yield of this seed orchard has been fluctuating in about 30 kg/ha for five years since 1984.It was found,through several investigations,that the main cause of low yield were: improper fertilization after fruiting that caused excessive growth of trees;unfavourable climate in pollination period;the damage by insects and diseases.The yield rapidly raised up to 84.15 kg/ha in 1989 and over 60kg in 1990,after the integrated measurements had been adopted,that were: changing the make up of fertilizers-increasing the content of P and K;artificial complement pollination;bonding with wire and cutting bark in half-ring like on trunk and controlling of insects and diseases.
The yield of this seed orchard has been fluctuating in about 30 kg/ha for five years since 1984.It was found,through several investigations,that the main cause of low yield were: improper fertilization after fruiting that caused excessive growth of trees;unfavourable climate in pollination period;the damage by insects and diseases.The yield rapidly raised up to 84.15 kg/ha in 1989 and over 60kg in 1990,after the integrated measurements had been adopted,that were: changing the make up of fertilizers-increasing the content of P and K;artificial complement pollination;bonding with wire and cutting bark in half-ring like on trunk and controlling of insects and diseases.
1991, 4(6): 692-695.
Abstract:
In the early stage of the planted Poplars,the changes of relative water content in cortex,xylem or trunk are different.For the cutting top Poplars and the checks,the change of relative water content in xylem is the biggest,and that in the cortex the smallest.Before the spread of the leaves,the main water loss is due to the trunk transpiration.The surface of the cutting top Poplar is smaller than that of the check,so the water loss in the treated Poplar is less than that of the check.This is one of of main reasons why the incidence of the Poplar canker disease was reduced in the cutting top Poplar plantation.
In the early stage of the planted Poplars,the changes of relative water content in cortex,xylem or trunk are different.For the cutting top Poplars and the checks,the change of relative water content in xylem is the biggest,and that in the cortex the smallest.Before the spread of the leaves,the main water loss is due to the trunk transpiration.The surface of the cutting top Poplar is smaller than that of the check,so the water loss in the treated Poplar is less than that of the check.This is one of of main reasons why the incidence of the Poplar canker disease was reduced in the cutting top Poplar plantation.
1991, 4(6): 696-700.
Abstract:
Two strains of Frankia 86001 and 86002,were isolated from Casuarina eqvisetifolia.Their optimum cultural conditions for growth were tested.The results showed that the optimum medium for Frankia 86001 and 86002 was Bap;the optimum carbon source sodium propionate;the optimum nitrogen source casamino acids and NH4Cl for Frankia 86001 while for Frankia 86002 it was casamino acids and beef extract.The pH range was similar for both two Frankia strains.The media containing NaCl can promote growth of Frankia 86001 and Frankia 86002.
Two strains of Frankia 86001 and 86002,were isolated from Casuarina eqvisetifolia.Their optimum cultural conditions for growth were tested.The results showed that the optimum medium for Frankia 86001 and 86002 was Bap;the optimum carbon source sodium propionate;the optimum nitrogen source casamino acids and NH4Cl for Frankia 86001 while for Frankia 86002 it was casamino acids and beef extract.The pH range was similar for both two Frankia strains.The media containing NaCl can promote growth of Frankia 86001 and Frankia 86002.
1991, 4(6): 701-704.
Abstract:
Erionota sp.is a pest infesting Palm tree in Hunan Province.It occurs 2 generations a year,1~2 instar larvae overwintering in the curly Palm leaves.It can be effectively controlled by spraying the solutions of 1:500 Dicofol,1:1000 Methamidophos or 1:300 Omethoate.
Erionota sp.is a pest infesting Palm tree in Hunan Province.It occurs 2 generations a year,1~2 instar larvae overwintering in the curly Palm leaves.It can be effectively controlled by spraying the solutions of 1:500 Dicofol,1:1000 Methamidophos or 1:300 Omethoate.
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