1999 Vol. 12, No. 4
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1999, 12(4): 333-338.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
Based on measuring of elements contents for rock,soil and hydrochemistry flow since 1995 in Jianfengling tropical mountain rainforest, concentration values of COD,NH4+-N,phenol,Zn,Cu,Pb,Cd,Ni in precipitation and total runoff for two rainforest watershed were more low than that of the first standard of area water environment. Main consisting of the rock belongs to the potash feldspar in which content of Zn,Mn and Pb is high relatively for measuring of 8-weight metal. Elements migrating of rock in water is main chemistry effloresce with dissolve,hydrolyze and combustion in the system. Concentration content of COD,NH4+-N,phenol,Zn,As,Cd and Ni in rainfall was decreased range from32% to 82% by the canopy layer.The soil layer could bring the absorb effect on COD,Cu,Zn,Mn,Fe by net rainfall.The rainforest system could store contents of COD,NH4+-N,phenol,Cu,Zn,Cd and Fe by rainfall input of 44.4%,23.7%,40.2%,8.9%,57.0%,27.7%,88.3% respectively.The tropical mountain rainforest ecosystem has a marked purify function of water quality.
Based on measuring of elements contents for rock,soil and hydrochemistry flow since 1995 in Jianfengling tropical mountain rainforest, concentration values of COD,NH4+-N,phenol,Zn,Cu,Pb,Cd,Ni in precipitation and total runoff for two rainforest watershed were more low than that of the first standard of area water environment. Main consisting of the rock belongs to the potash feldspar in which content of Zn,Mn and Pb is high relatively for measuring of 8-weight metal. Elements migrating of rock in water is main chemistry effloresce with dissolve,hydrolyze and combustion in the system. Concentration content of COD,NH4+-N,phenol,Zn,As,Cd and Ni in rainfall was decreased range from32% to 82% by the canopy layer.The soil layer could bring the absorb effect on COD,Cu,Zn,Mn,Fe by net rainfall.The rainforest system could store contents of COD,NH4+-N,phenol,Cu,Zn,Cd and Fe by rainfall input of 44.4%,23.7%,40.2%,8.9%,57.0%,27.7%,88.3% respectively.The tropical mountain rainforest ecosystem has a marked purify function of water quality.
1999, 12(4): 339-345.
Abstract:
Field trials including nursery experiment were established in this research to determine the efficacy of antagonism of 8 ectomycorrhizal fungal isolates of 4 species to bacterial wilt pathogen. The results showed that these ectomycorrhizal fungi were effective in controlling the occurrence and development of this disease.The disease rates of mycorrhizal seedlings were reduced by 40.00%～72.78% in a nursery and 20.0%～38.9% in the field compared to those of uninoculated ones. Furthermore,the height and basal diameters growth of trees in the trials were enhanced by 11.67% to 59.7% respectively due to the contribution of inoculated fungi used in the experiments.There is a great potential to apply the techniques of mycorrhizal fungal inoculation to preventing the occurrence and development of the bacterial wilt in Eucalyptus plantations.
Field trials including nursery experiment were established in this research to determine the efficacy of antagonism of 8 ectomycorrhizal fungal isolates of 4 species to bacterial wilt pathogen. The results showed that these ectomycorrhizal fungi were effective in controlling the occurrence and development of this disease.The disease rates of mycorrhizal seedlings were reduced by 40.00%～72.78% in a nursery and 20.0%～38.9% in the field compared to those of uninoculated ones. Furthermore,the height and basal diameters growth of trees in the trials were enhanced by 11.67% to 59.7% respectively due to the contribution of inoculated fungi used in the experiments.There is a great potential to apply the techniques of mycorrhizal fungal inoculation to preventing the occurrence and development of the bacterial wilt in Eucalyptus plantations.
1999, 12(4): 346-349.
Abstract:
Cuttings of Populus × xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘ Popularis ’ 35 44 were treated with PEG solution. After fast freezing,freeze-drying,pressure infiltration with ether and embedding in plastic,K+ content were measured by X ray microanalysis in cell wall,cytoplasm and vacuole of rhizodermis, cortex and stelar parenchyma cells of roots. Compared to the controls,K+ content in all root tissues were increased by osmotic stress.In particular,the increasing K+ was largely accumulated in vacuole. The K+ accumulation induced by osmotic stress could be inhibited completely by cycloheximide.
Cuttings of Populus × xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘ Popularis ’ 35 44 were treated with PEG solution. After fast freezing,freeze-drying,pressure infiltration with ether and embedding in plastic,K+ content were measured by X ray microanalysis in cell wall,cytoplasm and vacuole of rhizodermis, cortex and stelar parenchyma cells of roots. Compared to the controls,K+ content in all root tissues were increased by osmotic stress.In particular,the increasing K+ was largely accumulated in vacuole. The K+ accumulation induced by osmotic stress could be inhibited completely by cycloheximide.
1999, 12(4): 350-356.
Abstract:
Low yield of Xinyi(the flower bud of Magnolia)has become the main factor to hinder the development of Xinyi industry. Focused on the yield,this paper analyzes the genetic parameters of 15 characters and selective index of yield for 7 varieties of Flos Magnolia. Results of analysis show that the heretability of Y(Xinyi yield)is 0.69,genetic variation 42.9%, and genetic gain by direct selection 60.3%. Mf(mass of hundred floses)and Nf(flos number per branch),whose heretabilities are 0.73 and 0.65,genetic variations 43.7% and 82%,correlative selective efficiencies 96.1% and 96.2% respectively,are two main characters for the selection of Y, but the heretability of Nt(total number of flos)only 0.24,and the efficiency of correlative selection for Y only 1%,may not be regared as the selective character. Leaf characters have significant genetic correlation with Y,in which A1(area per leaf)and W1(width of leaf),whose selective efficiencies for Y 96.1% and 96.2% respectively,are two indirect characters for the selection of Y. Moreover,the selective index of yield,made of Nf, Mf and A1,has response(3.859 kg per tree)and genetic gain(72.1%),increase the efficiency 19.5% than by direct selection. Based on the index,the sequence of different varieties is ‘Axilliflora’,‘Sijihua’,‘Tongchui’,‘Ovata’,‘Biondii’,‘Xiaotao’and ‘Naizui’.
Low yield of Xinyi(the flower bud of Magnolia)has become the main factor to hinder the development of Xinyi industry. Focused on the yield,this paper analyzes the genetic parameters of 15 characters and selective index of yield for 7 varieties of Flos Magnolia. Results of analysis show that the heretability of Y(Xinyi yield)is 0.69,genetic variation 42.9%, and genetic gain by direct selection 60.3%. Mf(mass of hundred floses)and Nf(flos number per branch),whose heretabilities are 0.73 and 0.65,genetic variations 43.7% and 82%,correlative selective efficiencies 96.1% and 96.2% respectively,are two main characters for the selection of Y, but the heretability of Nt(total number of flos)only 0.24,and the efficiency of correlative selection for Y only 1%,may not be regared as the selective character. Leaf characters have significant genetic correlation with Y,in which A1(area per leaf)and W1(width of leaf),whose selective efficiencies for Y 96.1% and 96.2% respectively,are two indirect characters for the selection of Y. Moreover,the selective index of yield,made of Nf, Mf and A1,has response(3.859 kg per tree)and genetic gain(72.1%),increase the efficiency 19.5% than by direct selection. Based on the index,the sequence of different varieties is ‘Axilliflora’,‘Sijihua’,‘Tongchui’,‘Ovata’,‘Biondii’,‘Xiaotao’and ‘Naizui’.
1999, 12(4): 357-362.
Abstract:
A split plot,randomized complete block design with 4 replications had been used. Six spacing treatments in the main plots,and six levels of fertilizing in the split plots. The area of each plot was 0.04 hm-2(20 m×20 m). There were 144 plots in this trial. The data was collected from the first year to five years after planting. The results of analysis of variance of a two way classification show that spacing affect the growth of mean H,DBH and volume of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis(P 1%). In the 6 spacing treatments,the more of plantings,the smaller of mean H and DBH,but the more of volume. The mean H,DBH and volume of the treatment with 667 tress·hm-2 are 20 m,10.8 cm,167.85 m3·hm-2 respectively;those of 2 222 trees·hm-2 are 17.3 m,16.4 cm,119.48 m3·hm-2 respectively. The results also show that fertilizer affect the growth of mean DBH and volume of E. urophylla × E. grandis(P 1%). The mean H has no significance. In the six fertilizing treatments,the more of total fertilizer,the more of volume. Level one with the most fertilizer has the largest volume,the value reach 158.94 m3·hm-2. Level five with the smallest fertilizer has the smallest volume,the value is only 136.58 m3·hm-2. The distance between the volumes happened at two years old,and was keeping up till 5 years. Spacing × fertilizing has no significance.
A split plot,randomized complete block design with 4 replications had been used. Six spacing treatments in the main plots,and six levels of fertilizing in the split plots. The area of each plot was 0.04 hm-2(20 m×20 m). There were 144 plots in this trial. The data was collected from the first year to five years after planting. The results of analysis of variance of a two way classification show that spacing affect the growth of mean H,DBH and volume of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis(P 1%). In the 6 spacing treatments,the more of plantings,the smaller of mean H and DBH,but the more of volume. The mean H,DBH and volume of the treatment with 667 tress·hm-2 are 20 m,10.8 cm,167.85 m3·hm-2 respectively;those of 2 222 trees·hm-2 are 17.3 m,16.4 cm,119.48 m3·hm-2 respectively. The results also show that fertilizer affect the growth of mean DBH and volume of E. urophylla × E. grandis(P 1%). The mean H has no significance. In the six fertilizing treatments,the more of total fertilizer,the more of volume. Level one with the most fertilizer has the largest volume,the value reach 158.94 m3·hm-2. Level five with the smallest fertilizer has the smallest volume,the value is only 136.58 m3·hm-2. The distance between the volumes happened at two years old,and was keeping up till 5 years. Spacing × fertilizing has no significance.
1999, 12(4): 363-368.
Abstract:
The paper applys Nonparametric Kernel Density Assessment to simulate yield diametric distribution,the source comes from 12 blocks of yield randoms in Wangching Jilin Province. The results show:(1)If randoms can be discribed by Webull and other distributive functions,Kernel Assessment Method can also discribe it,moreover,superior to other distributive functions;(2)Kernel Assessment Method can discribe stand when distribution functions can not discribe it,at the same time,the result is obvious;(3)Both yield and plantation can be discribed by Kernel Assessment Method to analysis stand diameter structure. Nonparametric method perhaps be useful method.
The paper applys Nonparametric Kernel Density Assessment to simulate yield diametric distribution,the source comes from 12 blocks of yield randoms in Wangching Jilin Province. The results show:(1)If randoms can be discribed by Webull and other distributive functions,Kernel Assessment Method can also discribe it,moreover,superior to other distributive functions;(2)Kernel Assessment Method can discribe stand when distribution functions can not discribe it,at the same time,the result is obvious;(3)Both yield and plantation can be discribed by Kernel Assessment Method to analysis stand diameter structure. Nonparametric method perhaps be useful method.
1999, 12(4): 369-373.
Abstract:
A study was conducted to clarify the seasonal changes in components of tannin and the relationships between the differences in tannin and fruit astringency of cultivars. Pollination constant non astringent type cultivars had high level of catechin((+)-C)which declined rather slowly during fruit development compared with that in pollination variant nonastringent(PVNA)and pollination constant astringent(PCA)type cultivars. The contents in PCNA cultivars was as 3.89 times as that in other type cultivars toward late September. PCNA type cultivars contained only 28.7 mg·kg-1 FW gallic acid(GA)which was 6.70 and 3.23 times lower than PCA and PVNA type cultivars respectively on June 25. Gallcatechin(GC)changed in different type cultivars similarly with GA and trended to disappeared in PCNA type cultivars after late June.The ratio of the area of tannin cell to parenchymatous cell was only 0.044 in ‘luotian tianshi’ fruits which was almost the same as that in PCNA type cultivars while it reached 0 147 in PCA and 0.083 in PVNA type cultivars. At the same time ‘luotian tianshi’ had high level of both(+)-C and GA which reached 162 mg·kg-1 FW and 149 mg·kg-1 FW respectively instead of only(+)-C in PCNA or GA in PCNA type cultivars. The cotent of water soluble tannin(3.8 g·kg-1 FW)was remarkably lower than PCA type cultivars(31.5 g·kg-1 FW),but it was higher than PCNA type cultivars(0.65 g·kg-1 FW). These results showed that ‘luotian tianshi’ was different from Japanese PCNA type cultivars to some extent.
A study was conducted to clarify the seasonal changes in components of tannin and the relationships between the differences in tannin and fruit astringency of cultivars. Pollination constant non astringent type cultivars had high level of catechin((+)-C)which declined rather slowly during fruit development compared with that in pollination variant nonastringent(PVNA)and pollination constant astringent(PCA)type cultivars. The contents in PCNA cultivars was as 3.89 times as that in other type cultivars toward late September. PCNA type cultivars contained only 28.7 mg·kg-1 FW gallic acid(GA)which was 6.70 and 3.23 times lower than PCA and PVNA type cultivars respectively on June 25. Gallcatechin(GC)changed in different type cultivars similarly with GA and trended to disappeared in PCNA type cultivars after late June.The ratio of the area of tannin cell to parenchymatous cell was only 0.044 in ‘luotian tianshi’ fruits which was almost the same as that in PCNA type cultivars while it reached 0 147 in PCA and 0.083 in PVNA type cultivars. At the same time ‘luotian tianshi’ had high level of both(+)-C and GA which reached 162 mg·kg-1 FW and 149 mg·kg-1 FW respectively instead of only(+)-C in PCNA or GA in PCNA type cultivars. The cotent of water soluble tannin(3.8 g·kg-1 FW)was remarkably lower than PCA type cultivars(31.5 g·kg-1 FW),but it was higher than PCNA type cultivars(0.65 g·kg-1 FW). These results showed that ‘luotian tianshi’ was different from Japanese PCNA type cultivars to some extent.
1999, 12(4): 374-378.
Abstract:
Significant advances have been made in the development of peat based,vermiculite based and alginate bead Frankia inoculum. Investigations of storage conditions for peat,vermiculite and alginate Frankia inoculum showed that the inoculant of Frankia 9022 in vermiculite maintained high viability and infectivity for up to 6 months when stored at room temperature;the inoculant of Frankia 287 in alginate bead maintained high viability and infectivity for up to 6 months when stored at 4℃. Determination the number of potentially infective units for Frankia 9022 vermiculite inoculant of 24 months storage at room temperature were 4.8×103/g inoculant.
Significant advances have been made in the development of peat based,vermiculite based and alginate bead Frankia inoculum. Investigations of storage conditions for peat,vermiculite and alginate Frankia inoculum showed that the inoculant of Frankia 9022 in vermiculite maintained high viability and infectivity for up to 6 months when stored at room temperature;the inoculant of Frankia 287 in alginate bead maintained high viability and infectivity for up to 6 months when stored at 4℃. Determination the number of potentially infective units for Frankia 9022 vermiculite inoculant of 24 months storage at room temperature were 4.8×103/g inoculant.
1999, 12(4): 379-385.
Abstract:
Longpeduncled alder(Alnus cremastogyne)occurs naturally in Shichuan Basin and mountain area around the basin,ranging from 26° to 33°N lat. and from102° to 110°E long. Within its natural range,topography,climatic and edaphic conditions vary greatly. Growth performances,morphological and other characters,such as peduncle length,shape and size of pseudo-strobile,1000 seeds weight,basic density and colour of increment core,bole form and bark type,were investigated for 21 locations,having different environmemt conditions. Significant variations within and among stands were found. Variation components between trees within stands were greater than ones among stands for morphological characters and wood density. Rich phenotypic diversity imply that improvement potential would be attractive. According to the cluster analysis for the 8-trait means of stands(locations),the natural range of longpeduncled alder could be divided into 4 districts.
Longpeduncled alder(Alnus cremastogyne)occurs naturally in Shichuan Basin and mountain area around the basin,ranging from 26° to 33°N lat. and from102° to 110°E long. Within its natural range,topography,climatic and edaphic conditions vary greatly. Growth performances,morphological and other characters,such as peduncle length,shape and size of pseudo-strobile,1000 seeds weight,basic density and colour of increment core,bole form and bark type,were investigated for 21 locations,having different environmemt conditions. Significant variations within and among stands were found. Variation components between trees within stands were greater than ones among stands for morphological characters and wood density. Rich phenotypic diversity imply that improvement potential would be attractive. According to the cluster analysis for the 8-trait means of stands(locations),the natural range of longpeduncled alder could be divided into 4 districts.
1999, 12(4): 386-391.
Abstract:
Based on 540 one year old sample seedlings from18 provenances of Camptotheca acuminata,the biomass of different organs and the relevant relationship among different organs were analysed.The results indicate that the proportions of the biomass(dry)of stems,branches,leaves,roots and barks were 29.54%,9.20%,30.75%,22.74% and 7.77% respectively,thus,the leaves has the highest proportion.Provenance 4 from Fujian,8 and 9 from Jiangxi and 11 and 12 from Hunan has considerably high biomass,among which provenance 8 from Nanchang City,Jiangxi Province has both highest total biomass and leave biomass.The regression equations of biomass to diameter at the base(D)and height of seedlings(H)were established for estimating the leave biomass(m1)and total biomass(m2):The four regression equations m=aDbHc,m=aDbeCH + d/H,m=a + D2(b + cH + dH2)and m=D2/(a + bD + cD2),especially the regression equation m=D2/(a + bD + cD2),can be used for estimating the leave biomass(m1)and total biomass(m2),with considreably accurate results.
Based on 540 one year old sample seedlings from18 provenances of Camptotheca acuminata,the biomass of different organs and the relevant relationship among different organs were analysed.The results indicate that the proportions of the biomass(dry)of stems,branches,leaves,roots and barks were 29.54%,9.20%,30.75%,22.74% and 7.77% respectively,thus,the leaves has the highest proportion.Provenance 4 from Fujian,8 and 9 from Jiangxi and 11 and 12 from Hunan has considerably high biomass,among which provenance 8 from Nanchang City,Jiangxi Province has both highest total biomass and leave biomass.The regression equations of biomass to diameter at the base(D)and height of seedlings(H)were established for estimating the leave biomass(m1)and total biomass(m2):The four regression equations m=aDbHc,m=aDbeCH + d/H,m=a + D2(b + cH + dH2)and m=D2/(a + bD + cD2),especially the regression equation m=D2/(a + bD + cD2),can be used for estimating the leave biomass(m1)and total biomass(m2),with considreably accurate results.
1999, 12(4): 392-397.
Abstract:
This article deals with the varied regulations of soil properties under slash pine plantation in Shanxia Forest Farm,Dagangshan,Jiangxi Province when it comes to the middle-age and near-matured age after planting on the slashing with cleared brush and other second plantation.The result shows that soil volume weight of the second plantation is obviously higher than that of the middle-aged and near-matured slash pine plantation,but maximum water holding capacity,non-capillary pore and total capillary pore are just contrary.Quantity of bacteria and actinomycetes is the lowest in the middle-aged soil and quantity of fungi rises while time goes by.Activity of oxido reductase in the middle-aged slash pine plantation is obviously lower than that in the near-matured aged plantation and second plantation.Organic nutrient runs higher when trees come older,but content of available phosphate in reverse.
This article deals with the varied regulations of soil properties under slash pine plantation in Shanxia Forest Farm,Dagangshan,Jiangxi Province when it comes to the middle-age and near-matured age after planting on the slashing with cleared brush and other second plantation.The result shows that soil volume weight of the second plantation is obviously higher than that of the middle-aged and near-matured slash pine plantation,but maximum water holding capacity,non-capillary pore and total capillary pore are just contrary.Quantity of bacteria and actinomycetes is the lowest in the middle-aged soil and quantity of fungi rises while time goes by.Activity of oxido reductase in the middle-aged slash pine plantation is obviously lower than that in the near-matured aged plantation and second plantation.Organic nutrient runs higher when trees come older,but content of available phosphate in reverse.
1999, 12(4): 398-402.
Abstract:
The volume of 15 year old superior hybrid pine at Zhanjiang(Pinus caribaea var. caribaea ×Pinus elliottii var. elliottii mixed pollen,PCC×PEE)is 2.3 times greater than its parents 1.66 times greater than its female parent(PCC).This superior hybrid pine cross combination could be used in our tropical coast region.The average 3 families of the volume of 7 year old hybrid pine(PEE× Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis,PEE×PCC)from Queensland,Australia is 2.0 times greater than the average volume of 60 families of PEE.This hybrid pine could be used in our southern subtropical regions.Wood densitometry and fibre length measurement for PCC,PEE hybrid pine showed that:the average ring density and latewood% of hybrid pine lay between those of PCC PEE;the radial variation patterns of the 3 woods were about the same,an increase trend started from the pith level off at the 8th to 9th ring;near the pith,fibre length of the hybrid pine was greater than that of the PCC PEE;while near the bark,between them.Our climate site conditions are more complex than Queensland,so that we must select different superior cross combination of hybrid pine for the different climatic zone.Using vegetative propagation,hybrid pine could be used in the operational forestry.
The volume of 15 year old superior hybrid pine at Zhanjiang(Pinus caribaea var. caribaea ×Pinus elliottii var. elliottii mixed pollen,PCC×PEE)is 2.3 times greater than its parents 1.66 times greater than its female parent(PCC).This superior hybrid pine cross combination could be used in our tropical coast region.The average 3 families of the volume of 7 year old hybrid pine(PEE× Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis,PEE×PCC)from Queensland,Australia is 2.0 times greater than the average volume of 60 families of PEE.This hybrid pine could be used in our southern subtropical regions.Wood densitometry and fibre length measurement for PCC,PEE hybrid pine showed that:the average ring density and latewood% of hybrid pine lay between those of PCC PEE;the radial variation patterns of the 3 woods were about the same,an increase trend started from the pith level off at the 8th to 9th ring;near the pith,fibre length of the hybrid pine was greater than that of the PCC PEE;while near the bark,between them.Our climate site conditions are more complex than Queensland,so that we must select different superior cross combination of hybrid pine for the different climatic zone.Using vegetative propagation,hybrid pine could be used in the operational forestry.
1999, 12(4): 403-410.
Abstract:
Biston robustum has one generation a year in Rongcheng of Shandong Province,overwinters in pupal stage underground.The adults emerge in early April of the following year. The number of copulation for the female moths is only one,while the male moths 1～2 times.Each female lays 1 054～1 072 eggs.The female moths may live 9～11 days and male 7～8 days.The eggs hatching peak is 4～10 days.Eggs duration is 28～46 days.There are 8 larval instars,the time is 112～126 days.Feeding amount of each larva is 440.6～483.2 cm2.Pupal period is 232～249 days.Their predators are Hierodula patellifera,Calosoma maderae chinense,Arma custos,Misumenops tricuspidatus,Clubiona japonicola,Oxyopes sertatus. The parasitoid complexs are Meteorus pulchricornis,Exorista sorbillans. It is proved that the larvae were killed about 97.5% by 2.5 deltamethrin,20% fenvalerate(1:6 000, V/V),50% monocrotophos(1∶1 500, V/V),80% dichlorvos and 90% tricholorphon(1∶1 000, V/V).
Biston robustum has one generation a year in Rongcheng of Shandong Province,overwinters in pupal stage underground.The adults emerge in early April of the following year. The number of copulation for the female moths is only one,while the male moths 1～2 times.Each female lays 1 054～1 072 eggs.The female moths may live 9～11 days and male 7～8 days.The eggs hatching peak is 4～10 days.Eggs duration is 28～46 days.There are 8 larval instars,the time is 112～126 days.Feeding amount of each larva is 440.6～483.2 cm2.Pupal period is 232～249 days.Their predators are Hierodula patellifera,Calosoma maderae chinense,Arma custos,Misumenops tricuspidatus,Clubiona japonicola,Oxyopes sertatus. The parasitoid complexs are Meteorus pulchricornis,Exorista sorbillans. It is proved that the larvae were killed about 97.5% by 2.5 deltamethrin,20% fenvalerate(1:6 000, V/V),50% monocrotophos(1∶1 500, V/V),80% dichlorvos and 90% tricholorphon(1∶1 000, V/V).
1999, 12(4): 411-421.
Abstract:
Canopy structural factors with radiation distribution and canopy photosynthetic modelling inclued crown shape,leaf angle distribution,leaf distribution within canopy,penumbra effect,reflection and scattering of leaf on radiation etc.The radiation within canopy was mainly described with Poisson distribution or binomial distribution,depending on the uniformity of leaf distribution.Crown shape was closely related to radiation transfer and canopy photosynthesis,however,influenced by latitude,sun height and stand density,there were no specific crown shape that was absolutely favorable for canopy photosynthesis.Leaf angle was believed to be important at leaf scale but could be neglected at canopy scale.Spherical and /or elliptical leaf angle distribation were proposed hypothesis in canopy radiation and photosynthetic modelling.Leaf distribution within canopy was one of the most important structural factors affecting radiation transfer and canopy photosynthesis.The uneven canopy surface,clumped,regular and/or random crown distribution,and clustered or random leaf distribution within crown would greatly influence radiation transfer and canopy photosynthetic modelling.Penumbra effect within high canopy with small leaf were believed to be significant,however,since penumbra effect was currently estimated on circular leaf,it is necessary to develop a more practical estimation method particularly for coniferous forest. The reflection and scattering of leaf on radiation are also important factors in radiation transfer and canopy photosynthetic modelling although they account for only several percent of total radiation.
Canopy structural factors with radiation distribution and canopy photosynthetic modelling inclued crown shape,leaf angle distribution,leaf distribution within canopy,penumbra effect,reflection and scattering of leaf on radiation etc.The radiation within canopy was mainly described with Poisson distribution or binomial distribution,depending on the uniformity of leaf distribution.Crown shape was closely related to radiation transfer and canopy photosynthesis,however,influenced by latitude,sun height and stand density,there were no specific crown shape that was absolutely favorable for canopy photosynthesis.Leaf angle was believed to be important at leaf scale but could be neglected at canopy scale.Spherical and /or elliptical leaf angle distribation were proposed hypothesis in canopy radiation and photosynthetic modelling.Leaf distribution within canopy was one of the most important structural factors affecting radiation transfer and canopy photosynthesis.The uneven canopy surface,clumped,regular and/or random crown distribution,and clustered or random leaf distribution within crown would greatly influence radiation transfer and canopy photosynthetic modelling.Penumbra effect within high canopy with small leaf were believed to be significant,however,since penumbra effect was currently estimated on circular leaf,it is necessary to develop a more practical estimation method particularly for coniferous forest. The reflection and scattering of leaf on radiation are also important factors in radiation transfer and canopy photosynthetic modelling although they account for only several percent of total radiation.
1999, 12(4): 422-427.
Abstract:
Fire ecology is a branch of ecology.As a ecological factor,fire is getting important to people.Fire interfere can not be excluded completely in forest ecology system,and it is necessary to maintain some forest ecosystems in the world.This paper reviews the development history of fire ecology,and divided the research course into three phases:(1)From1900 to 1960,it is initial stage;(2)From1961 to 1985,it is the second phase——changing the cognizance to fire;(3)After 1985,it is the phase to form the branch subject of fire ecology.The conception and study content of fire ecology are also discussed in the paper.Fire effects were recounted to plants,soil,hydrology,animals and ecosystems respectively.Application and practice of fire ecology are emphasized especially,and the application and effects of prescribed burning are also discussed.In the end,the prospect of fire ecology is forecasted.
Fire ecology is a branch of ecology.As a ecological factor,fire is getting important to people.Fire interfere can not be excluded completely in forest ecology system,and it is necessary to maintain some forest ecosystems in the world.This paper reviews the development history of fire ecology,and divided the research course into three phases:(1)From1900 to 1960,it is initial stage;(2)From1961 to 1985,it is the second phase——changing the cognizance to fire;(3)After 1985,it is the phase to form the branch subject of fire ecology.The conception and study content of fire ecology are also discussed in the paper.Fire effects were recounted to plants,soil,hydrology,animals and ecosystems respectively.Application and practice of fire ecology are emphasized especially,and the application and effects of prescribed burning are also discussed.In the end,the prospect of fire ecology is forecasted.
1999, 12(4): 428-432.
Abstract:
Eight provenances and 190 open pollinated families of Eucalyptus urophylla were studied at ages of 1,1.5,2 and 3.5 years.There were significant differences among provenances in volume and among families in height, DBH and volume.The variations of growth characters are moderately inheritable.Based on the results of age to age genotypic and phenotypic correlations,the early selection for E. urophylla can be implemented at the age of 2 years.Superior provenances and families were selected on the basis of performance level.Selection results were also presented in this paper.
Eight provenances and 190 open pollinated families of Eucalyptus urophylla were studied at ages of 1,1.5,2 and 3.5 years.There were significant differences among provenances in volume and among families in height, DBH and volume.The variations of growth characters are moderately inheritable.Based on the results of age to age genotypic and phenotypic correlations,the early selection for E. urophylla can be implemented at the age of 2 years.Superior provenances and families were selected on the basis of performance level.Selection results were also presented in this paper.
1999, 12(4): 433-437.
Abstract:
Growth of Anjibaicha(Camellia sinensis cv. anjibaicha)plantation in the four kinds of agroforestry models of Anjibaicha intercropping with trees has been investigated respectively in February and May of 1997 in the Forest Research Institute of Anji County,Zhejiang Province. The result indicates that although it has restrained to sprout the amount of buds of Anjibaicha tree,the agroforestry models of Anjibaicha intercropping with sweet scented osmanthus(Osmanthus fragrans),an evergreen tree species with thick branches and leaves and low and small crown,can not only greatly reduce the damage proportion of tender sprouts and new leaves suffered from early spring chill and sunlight burn in early summer during the white leaf stage of Anjibacha, but also provide with favourable conditions for prolonging the time of its albescent stage in spring. Thus,it becomes possible to obtain higher and stabler yields of Anjibaicha plantation.
Growth of Anjibaicha(Camellia sinensis cv. anjibaicha)plantation in the four kinds of agroforestry models of Anjibaicha intercropping with trees has been investigated respectively in February and May of 1997 in the Forest Research Institute of Anji County,Zhejiang Province. The result indicates that although it has restrained to sprout the amount of buds of Anjibaicha tree,the agroforestry models of Anjibaicha intercropping with sweet scented osmanthus(Osmanthus fragrans),an evergreen tree species with thick branches and leaves and low and small crown,can not only greatly reduce the damage proportion of tender sprouts and new leaves suffered from early spring chill and sunlight burn in early summer during the white leaf stage of Anjibacha, but also provide with favourable conditions for prolonging the time of its albescent stage in spring. Thus,it becomes possible to obtain higher and stabler yields of Anjibaicha plantation.
1999, 12(4): 438-441.
Abstract:
A species test with 8 native broadleaved species was set up on the hill country, having rather poorer soil conditions,in Longquan City of Zhejiang Province in 1983. After eight years from planting,survival percents of all 8 species were above 95%,but significant growth differences among species were found. Chinese Tupelo(Nyssa sinensis)and Axillary Choerospondias(Choerospondias axillaris)performed best for height and diameter growth. Sylvestral Elaeocarpus(Elaeocarpus sylvestrics),Maudia Michelia(Michelia maudiae)and Calyxless Sweetqum(Liquidambar acalycina)were middle. Huangshan Mountain Magnolia(Magnolia cylindrica),Yulan Magnolia(M. denudata)and Chinese Tuliptree(Liriodendron chinensis)performed poorest. But,second measurment at fifth growth season showed that Sylvestral Elaeocarpus and Maudia Michelia became best,especially for its diameter growth. The growth spead of Chinese Tupelo had decreased,but total growth increment remaind better. While Axillary Choerospondias and Chinese Tuliptree has serious growth degradation,and many trees died. Other three species had lower growth spead.
A species test with 8 native broadleaved species was set up on the hill country, having rather poorer soil conditions,in Longquan City of Zhejiang Province in 1983. After eight years from planting,survival percents of all 8 species were above 95%,but significant growth differences among species were found. Chinese Tupelo(Nyssa sinensis)and Axillary Choerospondias(Choerospondias axillaris)performed best for height and diameter growth. Sylvestral Elaeocarpus(Elaeocarpus sylvestrics),Maudia Michelia(Michelia maudiae)and Calyxless Sweetqum(Liquidambar acalycina)were middle. Huangshan Mountain Magnolia(Magnolia cylindrica),Yulan Magnolia(M. denudata)and Chinese Tuliptree(Liriodendron chinensis)performed poorest. But,second measurment at fifth growth season showed that Sylvestral Elaeocarpus and Maudia Michelia became best,especially for its diameter growth. The growth spead of Chinese Tupelo had decreased,but total growth increment remaind better. While Axillary Choerospondias and Chinese Tuliptree has serious growth degradation,and many trees died. Other three species had lower growth spead.
1999, 12(4): 442-445.
Abstract:
A field study for controlling termite damage to ornamental trees in gardens was undertaken in Linping Garden,Yuhang,Zhejiang,China from1996 to 1998. The approach to termite control was designed on the consideration of avoiding over interference to the garden ecosystem and the treatments were achieved by using repellents including 0.8% chlorpyrifos emulsion,2.5% LX gradual-releasing granule and lime.The results showed that all treatments were effective at different levels against termite damage,with the best controlling from chlorpyrifos treatment.In the latter case,the treated trees were totally free from termite damage for three years after treatment,while termite activities were not interfered on the ground one meter away from the trees.
A field study for controlling termite damage to ornamental trees in gardens was undertaken in Linping Garden,Yuhang,Zhejiang,China from1996 to 1998. The approach to termite control was designed on the consideration of avoiding over interference to the garden ecosystem and the treatments were achieved by using repellents including 0.8% chlorpyrifos emulsion,2.5% LX gradual-releasing granule and lime.The results showed that all treatments were effective at different levels against termite damage,with the best controlling from chlorpyrifos treatment.In the latter case,the treated trees were totally free from termite damage for three years after treatment,while termite activities were not interfered on the ground one meter away from the trees.
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