2001 Vol. 14, No. 4
Display Method:
Study on Crown Structure and Function of Phyllostachys pubescensStands for Culm and Shoot Production
2001, 14(4): 349-355.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
The relationship between crown structure and productivity of Phyllostachys pubescens stands for culm and shoot production was studied.The results showed that with certain stock density (2 250～3 150 culms per hectare),under the disturbance of artificial management,the crown width was less influenced by density,but correlated closly with DBH,clear bole height and total height (DBHtotal heightclear bole height).Site quality had significant effect on the yield of bamboo stand,especially on stocking,but less affected the crown width. The crown layer of P.pubescens stand obeyed the vertical and horizontal distribution pattern,which benefited stocking bamboo to fully utilize the soil nutrient elements.A model for estimate the relationship between bamboo yield and stand structure factors was established:G=-302 27+42 08M-0 000 56N+15 94D+29 37h-9 32H.The crown width could be used as a factor to estimate stand productivity.
The relationship between crown structure and productivity of Phyllostachys pubescens stands for culm and shoot production was studied.The results showed that with certain stock density (2 250～3 150 culms per hectare),under the disturbance of artificial management,the crown width was less influenced by density,but correlated closly with DBH,clear bole height and total height (DBHtotal heightclear bole height).Site quality had significant effect on the yield of bamboo stand,especially on stocking,but less affected the crown width. The crown layer of P.pubescens stand obeyed the vertical and horizontal distribution pattern,which benefited stocking bamboo to fully utilize the soil nutrient elements.A model for estimate the relationship between bamboo yield and stand structure factors was established:G=-302 27+42 08M-0 000 56N+15 94D+29 37h-9 32H.The crown width could be used as a factor to estimate stand productivity.
2001, 14(4): 356-361.
Abstract:
Two Tricholoma matsutake strains,9924 and 99606 initially collected from Yunnan,China and Japan respectively,were utilized to inoculate seedlings of 6 pine species,namely Pinus yunnanensis,P.armandii,P.massoniana,P.elliottii,P.caribaea and P.taeda.Results indicated that about 75% samplings of P.yunnanensis and 78.1% of P.elliottii were infected at 90 days after inoculation.After 180 days,all inoculated saplings of the 6 pine species formed mycorrhizal association with average infective rate of 90.63%～100%,and 50 00～84 68 for Mycorrhizal Index. Morphological characteristics of mycorrhizae varied with different plant species,and they were normally occur unbranched,dichotomously branched and densely cluster like.The total mycorrhizal length also was diversified as longest in P.massoniana root system while shortest in P.armandii.Slight differences on the mantle density and the Hartig net usually found on each plant strain combination were illustrated.
Two Tricholoma matsutake strains,9924 and 99606 initially collected from Yunnan,China and Japan respectively,were utilized to inoculate seedlings of 6 pine species,namely Pinus yunnanensis,P.armandii,P.massoniana,P.elliottii,P.caribaea and P.taeda.Results indicated that about 75% samplings of P.yunnanensis and 78.1% of P.elliottii were infected at 90 days after inoculation.After 180 days,all inoculated saplings of the 6 pine species formed mycorrhizal association with average infective rate of 90.63%～100%,and 50 00～84 68 for Mycorrhizal Index. Morphological characteristics of mycorrhizae varied with different plant species,and they were normally occur unbranched,dichotomously branched and densely cluster like.The total mycorrhizal length also was diversified as longest in P.massoniana root system while shortest in P.armandii.Slight differences on the mantle density and the Hartig net usually found on each plant strain combination were illustrated.
2001, 14(4): 362-368.
Abstract:
The trial plantations with 15 Alnus cremastogyne provenances were planted in 6 sites along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River according to a split plot design.Four hundred and sixty two wood cores were sampled from 3 sites of 6 year old plantations for measuring and analyzing the wood density and fiber length of 15 A. cremastogyne provenances.The results showed that provenance means for wood density was 0.382 3 g·cm-3 and fiber length was 1 247 9 mm.It also proved that there existed significant differences among provenances in wood quality and fiber length.The interaction between provenance and site in wood density was not significant,however,that between provenance and site in fiber length was significant.Meanwhile,in Jiangxi Province,there also existed significant difference among provenances and families in fiber length,however,significant difference in wood density was only existed among provenances.Wood density and fiber length were not significantly correlated.The relationship between wood quality and growth characters was also weak,hence the selection of wood property or growth character can be conducted independently.Genetic parameter analysis showed that the provenance heritability and family heritability of wood density were 0.564 8～0.661 8 and 0.285 7～0.653 5,while that of fiber length were 0.255 3～0.789 5 and 0.290 5～0.452 8.The models of the changes of wood density and fiber length with the age and the correlation of early stage and late stage were set up.It is proved that the feasible age for genetic selection is 6 years old.From the viewpoint of wood density,the feasible age for culturing pulp wood is 10～11 years old.
The trial plantations with 15 Alnus cremastogyne provenances were planted in 6 sites along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River according to a split plot design.Four hundred and sixty two wood cores were sampled from 3 sites of 6 year old plantations for measuring and analyzing the wood density and fiber length of 15 A. cremastogyne provenances.The results showed that provenance means for wood density was 0.382 3 g·cm-3 and fiber length was 1 247 9 mm.It also proved that there existed significant differences among provenances in wood quality and fiber length.The interaction between provenance and site in wood density was not significant,however,that between provenance and site in fiber length was significant.Meanwhile,in Jiangxi Province,there also existed significant difference among provenances and families in fiber length,however,significant difference in wood density was only existed among provenances.Wood density and fiber length were not significantly correlated.The relationship between wood quality and growth characters was also weak,hence the selection of wood property or growth character can be conducted independently.Genetic parameter analysis showed that the provenance heritability and family heritability of wood density were 0.564 8～0.661 8 and 0.285 7～0.653 5,while that of fiber length were 0.255 3～0.789 5 and 0.290 5～0.452 8.The models of the changes of wood density and fiber length with the age and the correlation of early stage and late stage were set up.It is proved that the feasible age for genetic selection is 6 years old.From the viewpoint of wood density,the feasible age for culturing pulp wood is 10～11 years old.
2001, 14(4): 369-374.
Abstract:
The study on establishment of forest corridor along railroad from Beijing to Jiulong concerns mainly on the structure and function of the plantation.Eighteen tree species of fourteen families,most of which are broad leaved species native to Lingnan areas,are employed in twelve models for improving the ecological benefits of the fotest corridor.The ratio of evergreen tree species to the deciduous is 2:1,high trees,low trees and shrubs 6:2:1,the fire protection trees to landscape species 1:2,and protection forest to scenic forest 8:13. At an attempt to construct the landscape corridor in Shenzhen scientifically and practically,the models are experimented and developed in accordance with principals of biodiversity,function complexity of forest ecosystem and landscape ecology.
The study on establishment of forest corridor along railroad from Beijing to Jiulong concerns mainly on the structure and function of the plantation.Eighteen tree species of fourteen families,most of which are broad leaved species native to Lingnan areas,are employed in twelve models for improving the ecological benefits of the fotest corridor.The ratio of evergreen tree species to the deciduous is 2:1,high trees,low trees and shrubs 6:2:1,the fire protection trees to landscape species 1:2,and protection forest to scenic forest 8:13. At an attempt to construct the landscape corridor in Shenzhen scientifically and practically,the models are experimented and developed in accordance with principals of biodiversity,function complexity of forest ecosystem and landscape ecology.
2001, 14(4): 375-382.
Abstract:
Milled wood lignins (MWLs)extracted from poplar I 214Populus×euramericana(Dode) Guineir cv.'I 214' heartwood and sapwood were characterized by elemental analysis,FTIR, 1H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy.The results showed that the methoxyl content in heartwood lignin was 8.73% higher than that in sapwood lignin,and the C 9 empirical formula for heartwood lignin and sapwood lignin were C 9H 7 16 O 2 38 (OCH3) 1 99 and C 9H 8 61 O 2 73 (OCH3) 1 33,based on methoxyl and elemental analysis.The free aliphatic hydroxyl groups per C 9 unit (OH aliph) were 78.2% in total numbers of hydroxyl groups of heartwood lignin,and the free phenolic hydroxyl groups(OH ph)were 21.8%.The OH aliph were 79.2% and the OH ph were 20.8% in sapwood lignin.The hearwood lignin showed 55.5% guaiacyl units and 44.5% syringyl units in the aromatic region.The sapwood lignin showed 61 3% guaiacyl units and 38 7% syringyl units.The FTIR, 1H and 13 C NMR spectra showed both lignins belong to typical hardwood lignin. heartwood and sapwood were characterized by elemental analysis,FTIR, 1H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy.The results showed that the methoxyl content in heartwood lignin was 8.73% higher than that in sapwood lignin,and the C 9 empirical formula for heartwood lignin and sapwood lignin were C 9H 7 16 O 2 38 (OCH3) 1 99 and C 9H 8 61 O 2 73 (OCH3) 1 33,based on methoxyl and elemental analysis.The free aliphatic hydroxyl groups per C 9 unit (OH aliph) were 78.2% in total numbers of hydroxyl groups of heartwood lignin,and the free phenolic hydroxyl groups(OH ph)were 21.8%.The OH aliph were 79.2% and the OH ph were 20.8% in sapwood lignin.The hearwood lignin showed 55.5% guaiacyl units and 44.5% syringyl units in the aromatic region.The sapwood lignin showed 61.3% guaiacyl units and 38.7% syringyl units.The FTIR, 1H and 13 C NMR spectra showed both lignins belong to typical hardwood lignin.
Milled wood lignins (MWLs)extracted from poplar I 214Populus×euramericana(Dode) Guineir cv.'I 214' heartwood and sapwood were characterized by elemental analysis,FTIR, 1H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy.The results showed that the methoxyl content in heartwood lignin was 8.73% higher than that in sapwood lignin,and the C 9 empirical formula for heartwood lignin and sapwood lignin were C 9H 7 16 O 2 38 (OCH3) 1 99 and C 9H 8 61 O 2 73 (OCH3) 1 33,based on methoxyl and elemental analysis.The free aliphatic hydroxyl groups per C 9 unit (OH aliph) were 78.2% in total numbers of hydroxyl groups of heartwood lignin,and the free phenolic hydroxyl groups(OH ph)were 21.8%.The OH aliph were 79.2% and the OH ph were 20.8% in sapwood lignin.The hearwood lignin showed 55.5% guaiacyl units and 44.5% syringyl units in the aromatic region.The sapwood lignin showed 61 3% guaiacyl units and 38 7% syringyl units.The FTIR, 1H and 13 C NMR spectra showed both lignins belong to typical hardwood lignin. heartwood and sapwood were characterized by elemental analysis,FTIR, 1H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy.The results showed that the methoxyl content in heartwood lignin was 8.73% higher than that in sapwood lignin,and the C 9 empirical formula for heartwood lignin and sapwood lignin were C 9H 7 16 O 2 38 (OCH3) 1 99 and C 9H 8 61 O 2 73 (OCH3) 1 33,based on methoxyl and elemental analysis.The free aliphatic hydroxyl groups per C 9 unit (OH aliph) were 78.2% in total numbers of hydroxyl groups of heartwood lignin,and the free phenolic hydroxyl groups(OH ph)were 21.8%.The OH aliph were 79.2% and the OH ph were 20.8% in sapwood lignin.The hearwood lignin showed 55.5% guaiacyl units and 44.5% syringyl units in the aromatic region.The sapwood lignin showed 61.3% guaiacyl units and 38.7% syringyl units.The FTIR, 1H and 13 C NMR spectra showed both lignins belong to typical hardwood lignin.
2001, 14(4): 383-387.
Abstract:
The daily transpiration water requirement(TR)from an apple tree in Apple crop intercropping system was estimated using the modified model of transpiration from an apple tree (Thorpe,1978),and measured by LI 1600 steady state porometer.The main results were as follows:(1) The estimated value tallies well with the measured (R 2=0 966 4),and the average relative error between them was 7.93%.(2) Both EV×LAI and D×LAI tally with TR (EV:water surface evaporation;D:saturation pressure deficit of air; LAI:leaf area index per one tree);(3)A empirical model about TR and EV×LAI was developed,and the averaged TR was 5 546 mm·d-1 from April 1 to June 4 in 1998 according to the empirical model.
The daily transpiration water requirement(TR)from an apple tree in Apple crop intercropping system was estimated using the modified model of transpiration from an apple tree (Thorpe,1978),and measured by LI 1600 steady state porometer.The main results were as follows:(1) The estimated value tallies well with the measured (R 2=0 966 4),and the average relative error between them was 7.93%.(2) Both EV×LAI and D×LAI tally with TR (EV:water surface evaporation;D:saturation pressure deficit of air; LAI:leaf area index per one tree);(3)A empirical model about TR and EV×LAI was developed,and the averaged TR was 5 546 mm·d-1 from April 1 to June 4 in 1998 according to the empirical model.
2001, 14(4): 388-395.
Abstract:
Analysis on afforestation cost,output,foreign exchange risk,and repay capacity of National Afforestation Project in Zhejiang Province indicates that sufficient capital input,adoption of advanced techniques and effective project management are essential to satisfied fulfillment of project.According to measuring and calculating,the growing stock of 5～7 year old masson pine trees was per hectare 142.5%～710.7% higher than that of ministry standard.It was estimated that 23 77 million RMB yuan/5 305 RMB yuan·hm-2 of NPV and 20.1% of IRR would be achieved cutting in 20 years after afforestation.The present over 10 year stand was 6 127 5～8 811 4 RMB yuan in NPV,19.0%～23.7% in IRR,and 5 1～8 0 in output input ratio after taxed.
Analysis on afforestation cost,output,foreign exchange risk,and repay capacity of National Afforestation Project in Zhejiang Province indicates that sufficient capital input,adoption of advanced techniques and effective project management are essential to satisfied fulfillment of project.According to measuring and calculating,the growing stock of 5～7 year old masson pine trees was per hectare 142.5%～710.7% higher than that of ministry standard.It was estimated that 23 77 million RMB yuan/5 305 RMB yuan·hm-2 of NPV and 20.1% of IRR would be achieved cutting in 20 years after afforestation.The present over 10 year stand was 6 127 5～8 811 4 RMB yuan in NPV,19.0%～23.7% in IRR,and 5 1～8 0 in output input ratio after taxed.
2001, 14(4): 396-402.
Abstract:
Platylomia pieli Kato,an underground bamboo pest,completes the development of one generation in 6 years in Zhejiang,with eggs and nymph overwintering on dead branches and in soil respectively.Adults occur through late June or early July to mid September,feeding on branches of bamboo and other tree species by sap sucking.Eggs,12～21 eggs per hole,are laid in dead,2～3 year old branches,and hatch in early July of the following year.The nymphal stage has 5 instars.They live in soil with 5 to 40 cm in depth,and feed on bamboo roots.Nymphs live individually,and are aggressive and attack each other when two or more of them meet,leading to heavy wounds or death.Platylomia pieli is rich of natural enemies,of which the wasp,Eupelmus sp.,is the most important,and its larvae destroys 38.3%～41.4% Platylomia pieli eggs. Sandalus sp.,another key enemy,kills 28.7%～32.58% P.pieli larvae.Isaria cicadae Maquel is the main nymph parasitic fungi.
Platylomia pieli Kato,an underground bamboo pest,completes the development of one generation in 6 years in Zhejiang,with eggs and nymph overwintering on dead branches and in soil respectively.Adults occur through late June or early July to mid September,feeding on branches of bamboo and other tree species by sap sucking.Eggs,12～21 eggs per hole,are laid in dead,2～3 year old branches,and hatch in early July of the following year.The nymphal stage has 5 instars.They live in soil with 5 to 40 cm in depth,and feed on bamboo roots.Nymphs live individually,and are aggressive and attack each other when two or more of them meet,leading to heavy wounds or death.Platylomia pieli is rich of natural enemies,of which the wasp,Eupelmus sp.,is the most important,and its larvae destroys 38.3%～41.4% Platylomia pieli eggs. Sandalus sp.,another key enemy,kills 28.7%～32.58% P.pieli larvae.Isaria cicadae Maquel is the main nymph parasitic fungi.
2001, 14(4): 403-407.
Abstract:
Aimed at studying the influence of various patterns of site management on the productivity of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation for generations, the second generation C.lanceolata plantation was established with 5 kinds of site preparation patterns on the cleared area of first generation C.lanceolata.The results showed that:(1)The Pattern of Stem and Bark Harvesting+Double Slash had the most benefits to the growth of 3 yeat old C.lanceolata of second generation,and had the most effects on reducing soil bulk specific gravity and raising soil pH value.This is the best site management pattern followed by the Pattern of No Slash.(2)The Pattern of Whole tree Harvesting was the worst.(3)The Pattern of Stem and Bark Harvesting+Burning was better compared with the Pattern of Commercial Harvesting on the growth of C.lanceolata, but the effect was not significant.(4)The difference between Pattern of Stem and Bark Harvestimg+Burning and the Pattern of Stem+Bark Harvesting was significant in total biomass of individual tree.But the difference of growth indexes among various treatment patterns was not signigicant.
Aimed at studying the influence of various patterns of site management on the productivity of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation for generations, the second generation C.lanceolata plantation was established with 5 kinds of site preparation patterns on the cleared area of first generation C.lanceolata.The results showed that:(1)The Pattern of Stem and Bark Harvesting+Double Slash had the most benefits to the growth of 3 yeat old C.lanceolata of second generation,and had the most effects on reducing soil bulk specific gravity and raising soil pH value.This is the best site management pattern followed by the Pattern of No Slash.(2)The Pattern of Whole tree Harvesting was the worst.(3)The Pattern of Stem and Bark Harvesting+Burning was better compared with the Pattern of Commercial Harvesting on the growth of C.lanceolata, but the effect was not significant.(4)The difference between Pattern of Stem and Bark Harvestimg+Burning and the Pattern of Stem+Bark Harvesting was significant in total biomass of individual tree.But the difference of growth indexes among various treatment patterns was not signigicant.
2001, 14(4): 408-415.
Abstract:
Two provenance trials of Casuarina equisetifolia were conducted at Dongshan of Fujian Province and Yangxi of Guangdong Province in south China.The two trials were 49 seedlots with seeds from Australia Tree Seed Center.Dongshan trial was 40 seedlots which include one local seedlots,and Yangxi trial was 42 seedlots.A complete randomized block design was employed for each site,with 24 trees per plot and 4 blocks or replicates.The 33 seedlots of the same kind were used in the two trials.From 1 to 4 years old,tree height (H) and diameter breast high(DBH) were measured,and single tree volume(V) and survival rate of tree (S) were calculated.Some qualitative traits on tree stem and branch feature were observed which include stem form axis persistence (SFA),stem form straightness (SFS),permanent branches density (PBD),permanent branches thickness (PBT),permanent branches angle (PBA) and permanent branches length (PBL). The results showed that there were significant difference (P0 01) in quantitative and qualitative traits between sites,between provenances,between provenance×site (G×E) interaction,which indicated that those provenances were not only genetic variation in tree growth indexes at each site but also genotype×site interaction.Provenance broad heritability (H 2) were calculated.Using H,DBH,V,S,SFA and SFS,by the multiple objective strategic decision analysis method,provenances in each trial was optimized and ranked.Ten seedlots which was 25% of the total seedlots at Dongshan,and 8 seedlots which was 20.93% of the total seedlots at Yangxi,were screened out as better Provenances.These seedlots performance was better than the local control seedlot.The genetic variation coefficients an broad heritability of provenance in all quantitative and qualitative traits were estimated from 1 to 4 years after planting.Possible suitable areas of C.equisetifolia provenances were predicted in southern China by means of Booth's model.
Two provenance trials of Casuarina equisetifolia were conducted at Dongshan of Fujian Province and Yangxi of Guangdong Province in south China.The two trials were 49 seedlots with seeds from Australia Tree Seed Center.Dongshan trial was 40 seedlots which include one local seedlots,and Yangxi trial was 42 seedlots.A complete randomized block design was employed for each site,with 24 trees per plot and 4 blocks or replicates.The 33 seedlots of the same kind were used in the two trials.From 1 to 4 years old,tree height (H) and diameter breast high(DBH) were measured,and single tree volume(V) and survival rate of tree (S) were calculated.Some qualitative traits on tree stem and branch feature were observed which include stem form axis persistence (SFA),stem form straightness (SFS),permanent branches density (PBD),permanent branches thickness (PBT),permanent branches angle (PBA) and permanent branches length (PBL). The results showed that there were significant difference (P0 01) in quantitative and qualitative traits between sites,between provenances,between provenance×site (G×E) interaction,which indicated that those provenances were not only genetic variation in tree growth indexes at each site but also genotype×site interaction.Provenance broad heritability (H 2) were calculated.Using H,DBH,V,S,SFA and SFS,by the multiple objective strategic decision analysis method,provenances in each trial was optimized and ranked.Ten seedlots which was 25% of the total seedlots at Dongshan,and 8 seedlots which was 20.93% of the total seedlots at Yangxi,were screened out as better Provenances.These seedlots performance was better than the local control seedlot.The genetic variation coefficients an broad heritability of provenance in all quantitative and qualitative traits were estimated from 1 to 4 years after planting.Possible suitable areas of C.equisetifolia provenances were predicted in southern China by means of Booth's model.
2001, 14(4): 416-420.
Abstract:
The chemical composition of the essential oil of Platycladus orientalis and its resistance to termite were studied.The results showed that:(1) The content of the essential oil was high.The essential oil with fragrant smell had resistance to both termite and mite and could refresh the air.(2)Thirty eight components were identified in the essential oil. (3)The ethanol extractive of the tree species had absorption on the wavelength (268±2) nm and (411±2) nm of UV,which could identify the tree species.
The chemical composition of the essential oil of Platycladus orientalis and its resistance to termite were studied.The results showed that:(1) The content of the essential oil was high.The essential oil with fragrant smell had resistance to both termite and mite and could refresh the air.(2)Thirty eight components were identified in the essential oil. (3)The ethanol extractive of the tree species had absorption on the wavelength (268±2) nm and (411±2) nm of UV,which could identify the tree species.
2001, 14(4): 421-424.
Abstract:
Dragonflise are common insects distributed widely.Parts of their larvae are edible.The research results showed that there is custom of eating dragonfly larvae in many places of Yunnan.The common edible species are Crocothemis servilia,Gomphus cuneatus and Lestes praemorsa.The larvae contain protein,fat,amino acids and microelements.The average contents of protein,fat and amino acids are 58.92%,25.37% and 46.03% respectively.The content of 8 kinds amino acids necessary for human body is 16.41% in average,which accounts for 35.69% of the total amount of amino acids.The content of potassium,zinc,calciun and ferrum are 2 960 mg·kg-1,125 4 mg·kg-1,2 616 9 mg·kg-1 and 796 2 mg·kg-1.Therefore the dragonfly larva is one of nutritive edible insect resources.
Dragonflise are common insects distributed widely.Parts of their larvae are edible.The research results showed that there is custom of eating dragonfly larvae in many places of Yunnan.The common edible species are Crocothemis servilia,Gomphus cuneatus and Lestes praemorsa.The larvae contain protein,fat,amino acids and microelements.The average contents of protein,fat and amino acids are 58.92%,25.37% and 46.03% respectively.The content of 8 kinds amino acids necessary for human body is 16.41% in average,which accounts for 35.69% of the total amount of amino acids.The content of potassium,zinc,calciun and ferrum are 2 960 mg·kg-1,125 4 mg·kg-1,2 616 9 mg·kg-1 and 796 2 mg·kg-1.Therefore the dragonfly larva is one of nutritive edible insect resources.
2001, 14(4): 425-429.
Abstract:
Based on the data of cone distribution of 78 Cunninghamia lanceolata trees belonging to 26 clones at 2 seed orchards in Guangdong and Anhui provinces, the cone distribution in different age phases were studied. The law of cone growth of C. lanceolata clone was further identified, which could offer some references for the clone re selection of high generation C.lanceolata seed orchard.
Based on the data of cone distribution of 78 Cunninghamia lanceolata trees belonging to 26 clones at 2 seed orchards in Guangdong and Anhui provinces, the cone distribution in different age phases were studied. The law of cone growth of C. lanceolata clone was further identified, which could offer some references for the clone re selection of high generation C.lanceolata seed orchard.
2001, 14(4): 430-434.
Abstract:
Betula alnoides is a valuable fast growing timber species with good perspectives in tropical and warm subtropical areas.A three years trial was conducted on its seed storage under dry condition,in package sealed or not and under a serial temperature treatment respectively.It is concluded that (1) different package has no remarkable effect on its seed storage;(2) seeds lose their vigor after three month under controlled treatment (no treatment) in Guangzhou, P.R. China while when stored under dry condition,their germination rate do not decline obviously in ten months;(3) seeds nearly lose their germination capacity in 10 months when stored under the temperature of 15 °C,and (4) seeds have been kept well under the temperature of 10 °C,5 °C,0 °C and-5 °C for three years,thus 10 °C seems to be the critical temperature for low temperature method to store the seeds.The results will provide a reference for seed storage of Betula alnoides,and probability to save genetic resource of the species vs.seed in the long term,and will prompt the extension and genetic resource conservation of this species.
Betula alnoides is a valuable fast growing timber species with good perspectives in tropical and warm subtropical areas.A three years trial was conducted on its seed storage under dry condition,in package sealed or not and under a serial temperature treatment respectively.It is concluded that (1) different package has no remarkable effect on its seed storage;(2) seeds lose their vigor after three month under controlled treatment (no treatment) in Guangzhou, P.R. China while when stored under dry condition,their germination rate do not decline obviously in ten months;(3) seeds nearly lose their germination capacity in 10 months when stored under the temperature of 15 °C,and (4) seeds have been kept well under the temperature of 10 °C,5 °C,0 °C and-5 °C for three years,thus 10 °C seems to be the critical temperature for low temperature method to store the seeds.The results will provide a reference for seed storage of Betula alnoides,and probability to save genetic resource of the species vs.seed in the long term,and will prompt the extension and genetic resource conservation of this species.
2001, 14(4): 435-440.
Abstract:
By observing and analyzing the leaves anatomical structure of Neem (Azadirachta india),it was found that Neem possessing the characters of xeromorphic structure,i.e.a) thick cuticle; b) a large amount of water storage parenchyma; c) flourishing palisade tissue; d)leave tissues forming tight; e) developed conducting tissue; f) thick epidermis and dense stomata; g)a lot of crystal cells.So Neem is belonging to drought resistant plants,which are adaptable to the dry and hot valley area in China.
By observing and analyzing the leaves anatomical structure of Neem (Azadirachta india),it was found that Neem possessing the characters of xeromorphic structure,i.e.a) thick cuticle; b) a large amount of water storage parenchyma; c) flourishing palisade tissue; d)leave tissues forming tight; e) developed conducting tissue; f) thick epidermis and dense stomata; g)a lot of crystal cells.So Neem is belonging to drought resistant plants,which are adaptable to the dry and hot valley area in China.
2001, 14(4): 441-445.
Abstract:
Fig trees are a keystone species in the ecosystem of tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna.Fig trees provide habitats and food for many animals.Among figphagous animals,the frugivorous animal has the largest size except pollinators and others are leafphagous animals and trunkphagous ones sequently.Fig trees have a high comprehensive utilization value.Its shoot can be used as vegetable.Many parts of the fig tree can be used as medicine such as root,bark,leaf and syrup.Figs can be consumed as fresh fruit and are a good kind of stock food. The fig nutritional elements of Ficus recemosa L.and Ficus semicordata Buch. Ham. were analyzed. They are rich in mineral elements and amino acids besides common nutritional components such as sugar,grease and protein.Particularly,there is very rich vitamin C in the figs comparing with other common tropical fruits. The amount of Vc in the two figs mentioned above are 0.68 mg·g-1 and 0.28 mg·g-1 respectively.The richest mineral elements are K,Ca and Mg.Figs can provide a full and balanced diet for frugivorous animals. They are rich in quantity and available all the year. Figs play an inportant role in the food chain in tropical rain forest ecosystem.
Fig trees are a keystone species in the ecosystem of tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna.Fig trees provide habitats and food for many animals.Among figphagous animals,the frugivorous animal has the largest size except pollinators and others are leafphagous animals and trunkphagous ones sequently.Fig trees have a high comprehensive utilization value.Its shoot can be used as vegetable.Many parts of the fig tree can be used as medicine such as root,bark,leaf and syrup.Figs can be consumed as fresh fruit and are a good kind of stock food. The fig nutritional elements of Ficus recemosa L.and Ficus semicordata Buch. Ham. were analyzed. They are rich in mineral elements and amino acids besides common nutritional components such as sugar,grease and protein.Particularly,there is very rich vitamin C in the figs comparing with other common tropical fruits. The amount of Vc in the two figs mentioned above are 0.68 mg·g-1 and 0.28 mg·g-1 respectively.The richest mineral elements are K,Ca and Mg.Figs can provide a full and balanced diet for frugivorous animals. They are rich in quantity and available all the year. Figs play an inportant role in the food chain in tropical rain forest ecosystem.
2001, 14(4): 446-454.
Abstract:
It have been proved that 4 genera 23 species or varieties bacteria,4 genera 11 species or varieties fungi and a virus have ice nucleation activity. Bacterial ice nuclei are proteins,named ice nucleating proteins, coded by ice nucleating genes.Ice nucleating genes of 11 species bacteria have been cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli.Ice nucleation activity of ice protein is very weak,ice protein is decorated and assembled into powerful active ice nucleation by lipids and carbohydrates. Fungal ice nuclei are possibly protein, it differs from bacterial ice nuclei in some basic characteristics. Bacterial ice nucleation activity is influenced by some factors,such as cell consistence, growth medium composition,incubation temperature,culture age and pH value, et al.Biological ice nuclei are important factors causing and increasing plant frost and freezing injury, and inducing plant disease. Treatments that reduce the numbers or the ice nucleation activity (or both) of ice nucleation active microorganisms on plant are effective in decreasing plant frost and freezing injury, and controlling plant disease.Biological ice nuclei are significant natural resources,it have been used in man made snow, refrigeration and diagnostic. It will be also wide prospective taking advantage of biological ice nuclei in preventing insect pests by accelerating insect body freezing.
It have been proved that 4 genera 23 species or varieties bacteria,4 genera 11 species or varieties fungi and a virus have ice nucleation activity. Bacterial ice nuclei are proteins,named ice nucleating proteins, coded by ice nucleating genes.Ice nucleating genes of 11 species bacteria have been cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli.Ice nucleation activity of ice protein is very weak,ice protein is decorated and assembled into powerful active ice nucleation by lipids and carbohydrates. Fungal ice nuclei are possibly protein, it differs from bacterial ice nuclei in some basic characteristics. Bacterial ice nucleation activity is influenced by some factors,such as cell consistence, growth medium composition,incubation temperature,culture age and pH value, et al.Biological ice nuclei are important factors causing and increasing plant frost and freezing injury, and inducing plant disease. Treatments that reduce the numbers or the ice nucleation activity (or both) of ice nucleation active microorganisms on plant are effective in decreasing plant frost and freezing injury, and controlling plant disease.Biological ice nuclei are significant natural resources,it have been used in man made snow, refrigeration and diagnostic. It will be also wide prospective taking advantage of biological ice nuclei in preventing insect pests by accelerating insect body freezing.
2001, 14(4): 455-458.
Abstract:
A Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) pure stand and a mixed stand of Chinese fir and Alniphyllum fortunei planted on the poor site in Jianou of Fujian Province were used to analyze the dynamic growth process.The result indicated that the increments of tree heighe,DBH and volume of pure stand and mixed stand were similar in the first 3 years after planting,and soon the former exceeded the latter greatly. Compared with pure stand the tree volume of mixed stand at age 16 increased by 63 88%.The peak growth was found to appeared earlier with bigger peak value and longer fast growth period in mixed stand.The results suggests that interplanting with Alniphyllum fortunei could accelerate stem growth of Chinese fir and is a effective way of cultivating large diameter wood.
A Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) pure stand and a mixed stand of Chinese fir and Alniphyllum fortunei planted on the poor site in Jianou of Fujian Province were used to analyze the dynamic growth process.The result indicated that the increments of tree heighe,DBH and volume of pure stand and mixed stand were similar in the first 3 years after planting,and soon the former exceeded the latter greatly. Compared with pure stand the tree volume of mixed stand at age 16 increased by 63 88%.The peak growth was found to appeared earlier with bigger peak value and longer fast growth period in mixed stand.The results suggests that interplanting with Alniphyllum fortunei could accelerate stem growth of Chinese fir and is a effective way of cultivating large diameter wood.
2001, 14(4): 459-462.
Abstract:
The laboratory experiment results showed that the mite, Schizotetranychus nanjingensis, could not survive below-10 °C and above 41 °C. Its optimum temperature for it was 20～25 °C. It had very high survival rate at 2 °C.The survive, development and reproduction of the mite varied with photoperiod. The development could not complete in darkness, but the eclosion of eggs was normal. The highest survival rate from egg to adult mite was in a photoperiod of ≥12 h. The shortest period (13 91 d) from young mite to adult female mite was in a photoperiod of 8 h and the longest period (32 33 d) was in 5 h.In the photoperiod of 8 h,≥12 h, the female mite could oviposit normally and the quantity of eggs were 9 13 and 12 67,respectively.The adult female could not oviposit and had the shortest longevity (10 d) in a photoperiod of 5 h.
The laboratory experiment results showed that the mite, Schizotetranychus nanjingensis, could not survive below-10 °C and above 41 °C. Its optimum temperature for it was 20～25 °C. It had very high survival rate at 2 °C.The survive, development and reproduction of the mite varied with photoperiod. The development could not complete in darkness, but the eclosion of eggs was normal. The highest survival rate from egg to adult mite was in a photoperiod of ≥12 h. The shortest period (13 91 d) from young mite to adult female mite was in a photoperiod of 8 h and the longest period (32 33 d) was in 5 h.In the photoperiod of 8 h,≥12 h, the female mite could oviposit normally and the quantity of eggs were 9 13 and 12 67,respectively.The adult female could not oviposit and had the shortest longevity (10 d) in a photoperiod of 5 h.
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