2008 Vol. 21, No. 1
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2008, 21(1): 1-6.
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Abstract:
The spacing trial with 5 treatments ( 1 ) 2 222 tree ·hm-2 , ( 2 ) 1 667 tree ·hm-2 , ( 3 ) 1 250 tree ·hm-2 , (4) 883 tree·hm-2 and (5) 667 tree·hm-2was established at Guangxi Dongmen Forest Farm in 1993, thegrowth data were collected up to 12 years old and calculated CA I, MA I, Volume with different top diameter, NPVand IRR. The results showed that the volume growth of 5 spacings were high significant up to 6. 3 yrs, not significant from 8. 3 yrs. The age of quantitative maturity of spacing 2 222 tree·hm-2 , 1 667 tree·hm-2 and 1 250 tree·hm-2 was 6 yrs, 6. 5 yrs for spacing 883 tree·hm-2 and 7 yrs for spacing 667 tree·hm-2. The denser the initial spacingwas, the more the amount of small diameter timber and the less the big diameter timber. The harvest rotations of spacing 2 222 tree·hm-2 , 1 667 tree·hm-2 , 1 250 tree·hm-2 , 883 tree·hm-2 and 667 tree·hm-2were 6 yrs, 7 yrs, 7 yrs, 7 yrs and 8 yrs respectively, the NPV were 17 661、18 457、22 257、24 755 and 24 007 RMB·hm-2 respectively and IRR were 56%, 50%, 55% , 58% and 51% respectively. Spacing 883 tree·hm-2 had themost NPV and IRR among the 5 spacing treatments, the rest in the order from high to low were 667 tree·hm-2 ,1 250 tree·hm-2 , 1 667 tree·hm-2 and 2 222 tree·hm-2.
The spacing trial with 5 treatments ( 1 ) 2 222 tree ·hm-2 , ( 2 ) 1 667 tree ·hm-2 , ( 3 ) 1 250 tree ·hm-2 , (4) 883 tree·hm-2 and (5) 667 tree·hm-2was established at Guangxi Dongmen Forest Farm in 1993, thegrowth data were collected up to 12 years old and calculated CA I, MA I, Volume with different top diameter, NPVand IRR. The results showed that the volume growth of 5 spacings were high significant up to 6. 3 yrs, not significant from 8. 3 yrs. The age of quantitative maturity of spacing 2 222 tree·hm-2 , 1 667 tree·hm-2 and 1 250 tree·hm-2 was 6 yrs, 6. 5 yrs for spacing 883 tree·hm-2 and 7 yrs for spacing 667 tree·hm-2. The denser the initial spacingwas, the more the amount of small diameter timber and the less the big diameter timber. The harvest rotations of spacing 2 222 tree·hm-2 , 1 667 tree·hm-2 , 1 250 tree·hm-2 , 883 tree·hm-2 and 667 tree·hm-2were 6 yrs, 7 yrs, 7 yrs, 7 yrs and 8 yrs respectively, the NPV were 17 661、18 457、22 257、24 755 and 24 007 RMB·hm-2 respectively and IRR were 56%, 50%, 55% , 58% and 51% respectively. Spacing 883 tree·hm-2 had themost NPV and IRR among the 5 spacing treatments, the rest in the order from high to low were 667 tree·hm-2 ,1 250 tree·hm-2 , 1 667 tree·hm-2 and 2 222 tree·hm-2.
2008, 21(1): 7-12.
Abstract:
A p rovenance-by-p lanting density-interaction trial ofmasson p ine at age nine on mid2fertility field inWuping of Fujian was used to investigate growth response pattern of five superior p rovenances to initial p lanting density.Results showed that the growth response to p lanting density varied largelywith p rovenances tested. Chongyi of J iangxi andWup ing of Fujian were the p rovenances with higher sensitivity to p lanting density, while Cenxi of Guangxiand Gaozhou of Guangdong were the p rovenanceswith less sensitivity to p lanting density, and the growth sensitivityof Xinyi of Guangdong to p lanting densitywas found to be moderate. Analysis indicated that three south p rovenancesincluding Cenxi of Guangxi, Gaozhou and Xinyi of Guangdong were suitable for short rotation management underhigh p lanting density of 1. 5 m ×2. 0 m with high growth increment of height, DBH and timber volume per area, andwere also fit for low p lanting density of 2. 0 m ×2. 5 m to cultivate big-diameter timber. Both p rovenances ofChongyi of J iangxi andWup ing of Fujian exhibited well atmoderate p lanting density of 2. 0 m ×2. 0 m. Growth dif2ferentiation among p rovenanceswas found to be related to initial p lanting density and to be great under high or lowp lanting density. Early selection of p rovenances seemed to have great efficiency under higher p lanting density. Itwasalso showed that p rovenance ×density interaction and block ×p rovenance ×density interaction were remarkable,thus different p lanting densitieswere needed according to different soils and different p rovenances for op timizing thelayout of superior p rovenances and p lanting density.
A p rovenance-by-p lanting density-interaction trial ofmasson p ine at age nine on mid2fertility field inWuping of Fujian was used to investigate growth response pattern of five superior p rovenances to initial p lanting density.Results showed that the growth response to p lanting density varied largelywith p rovenances tested. Chongyi of J iangxi andWup ing of Fujian were the p rovenances with higher sensitivity to p lanting density, while Cenxi of Guangxiand Gaozhou of Guangdong were the p rovenanceswith less sensitivity to p lanting density, and the growth sensitivityof Xinyi of Guangdong to p lanting densitywas found to be moderate. Analysis indicated that three south p rovenancesincluding Cenxi of Guangxi, Gaozhou and Xinyi of Guangdong were suitable for short rotation management underhigh p lanting density of 1. 5 m ×2. 0 m with high growth increment of height, DBH and timber volume per area, andwere also fit for low p lanting density of 2. 0 m ×2. 5 m to cultivate big-diameter timber. Both p rovenances ofChongyi of J iangxi andWup ing of Fujian exhibited well atmoderate p lanting density of 2. 0 m ×2. 0 m. Growth dif2ferentiation among p rovenanceswas found to be related to initial p lanting density and to be great under high or lowp lanting density. Early selection of p rovenances seemed to have great efficiency under higher p lanting density. Itwasalso showed that p rovenance ×density interaction and block ×p rovenance ×density interaction were remarkable,thus different p lanting densitieswere needed according to different soils and different p rovenances for op timizing thelayout of superior p rovenances and p lanting density.
2008, 21(1): 13-17.
Abstract:
There were no report on whether cutting root influence salinity intake in afforestation in saline-alkali soils.To further examine the response of transp iration and Na+ intake of seedling to cutting root and NaCl treatment, itwastested to leaf damage rate, transp iration rate and Na+ content in the root, branches and leaves, by cutting absorption root of the seedling of Cyclobalanopsis m y rsinaefolia and Osm anthus fragrans var. auran tiacus under the condition of 150 mmol NaCl treatment. The results showed: (1) Cutting root treatments of both C. m yrsinaefolia and O.fragrans var. auran tiacus resulted in the increase ofNa+ content and its content ratio, which leaded to the increasement of leaf damage rate. (2) If NaCl treatmentswere immediately done after cutting root, itwas significant to increase Na+ up take, caused serious salinity p roblems, and largest range of decrease of transp iration rate. In contrast,if NaCl treatmentswere done on 3 days after cutting root, Na+ intake and salinity p roblems were obviously inhibi2ted. (3) Na+ up take increased with the increase of transp iration rate in C. m y rsinaefolia and O. frag rans, and therewas a significant positive correlation ( r = 0. 613**, n = 18) between Na+ up take and transp iration rate for O. fragrans. All these suggested that it was not feasible for afforestation in saline2alkali soils to cutting root of seedling,however, if itmust be cut, it was necessary to heeling-in for a few days in the garden to p revent salinity p roblem from the rap id up take of salinity.
There were no report on whether cutting root influence salinity intake in afforestation in saline-alkali soils.To further examine the response of transp iration and Na+ intake of seedling to cutting root and NaCl treatment, itwastested to leaf damage rate, transp iration rate and Na+ content in the root, branches and leaves, by cutting absorption root of the seedling of Cyclobalanopsis m y rsinaefolia and Osm anthus fragrans var. auran tiacus under the condition of 150 mmol NaCl treatment. The results showed: (1) Cutting root treatments of both C. m yrsinaefolia and O.fragrans var. auran tiacus resulted in the increase ofNa+ content and its content ratio, which leaded to the increasement of leaf damage rate. (2) If NaCl treatmentswere immediately done after cutting root, itwas significant to increase Na+ up take, caused serious salinity p roblems, and largest range of decrease of transp iration rate. In contrast,if NaCl treatmentswere done on 3 days after cutting root, Na+ intake and salinity p roblems were obviously inhibi2ted. (3) Na+ up take increased with the increase of transp iration rate in C. m y rsinaefolia and O. frag rans, and therewas a significant positive correlation ( r = 0. 613**, n = 18) between Na+ up take and transp iration rate for O. fragrans. All these suggested that it was not feasible for afforestation in saline2alkali soils to cutting root of seedling,however, if itmust be cut, it was necessary to heeling-in for a few days in the garden to p revent salinity p roblem from the rap id up take of salinity.
2008, 21(1): 18-24.
Abstract:
The results of research on the influence to the output, quality and nutrition of the soil when taking somemeasure such as fertilizing, bagging and covering , taking the low output Citrus changshanhuyou grew 10 years inthe hilly district of red soil in Quzhou ( Zhejiang Province). The result showed that coverage imp roved the appearance and quality of the fruits of Citrus changshanhuyou. Fertilizer, p ig manure or bio-organic fertilizer could allraise the percentage of N , P , K and organic matter in soil . But the effect of taking bio-organic fertilizer and pigmanure wasmore obvious that availN , avail P and avail K in soil increased by 2 to 7 times of CK , totalN , totalP and organic matter increased by 2 to 3 times and the output increased by 60% to 97% . Taking p ig manure increased the ratio of sugar and acid, imp roved the quality of fruits. The coverage on summer decreased temperatureof soil in Citrus changshanhuyou garden and frequency of appearance of high temperature obviouslywhich made Citrus changshanhuyou in a more app rop riate environment of soil’s temperature. The average surface temperature inJuly to Sep tember decreased by about 1 ℃ and the temperature of soil 20 cm below the surface decreased by 1. 6 -119℃ . The higher the temperature raised, the more obvious the effect of the coverage making temperature lowerwas. Coverage which raised weight of single fruit by 10. 6% to 15. 0% and output of single tree by 13. 0% to 16.6%, decreased evaporation of soil’smoisture, increased water and organic matter in soil and helped fruits to grow.
The results of research on the influence to the output, quality and nutrition of the soil when taking somemeasure such as fertilizing, bagging and covering , taking the low output Citrus changshanhuyou grew 10 years inthe hilly district of red soil in Quzhou ( Zhejiang Province). The result showed that coverage imp roved the appearance and quality of the fruits of Citrus changshanhuyou. Fertilizer, p ig manure or bio-organic fertilizer could allraise the percentage of N , P , K and organic matter in soil . But the effect of taking bio-organic fertilizer and pigmanure wasmore obvious that availN , avail P and avail K in soil increased by 2 to 7 times of CK , totalN , totalP and organic matter increased by 2 to 3 times and the output increased by 60% to 97% . Taking p ig manure increased the ratio of sugar and acid, imp roved the quality of fruits. The coverage on summer decreased temperatureof soil in Citrus changshanhuyou garden and frequency of appearance of high temperature obviouslywhich made Citrus changshanhuyou in a more app rop riate environment of soil’s temperature. The average surface temperature inJuly to Sep tember decreased by about 1 ℃ and the temperature of soil 20 cm below the surface decreased by 1. 6 -119℃ . The higher the temperature raised, the more obvious the effect of the coverage making temperature lowerwas. Coverage which raised weight of single fruit by 10. 6% to 15. 0% and output of single tree by 13. 0% to 16.6%, decreased evaporation of soil’smoisture, increased water and organic matter in soil and helped fruits to grow.
2008, 21(1): 25-30.
Abstract:
The wild Paphiopedilum a rm en iacum were cultivated in greenhouse for experiment in 2005, and the habitat of Paphiopedilum arm eniacum was investigated by typ ical samp ling technology in Ap ril of 2006. The result indicated that the species had well adap ted to a cool subtrop ical climate in mountain area up to 2 100 m at altitude. Thespecies p refered to live within a regenerated shrub community dominated by rhododendron and oaks, which p rovidedabundant humus on the soil developed from limestone. Its vegetative p rogeny always rep roducd from extended rootsystem and p resented its distribution pattern as a group of families. Ex situ p lanting could be a p ractical app roach ofspecies conservation. The p lants of Paphiopedilum arm eniacum grew well under condition differing from their naturaldistribution. There was no significant effect of shadow and fertilization treatments on leave chlorophyll content. However, differenceswere found in leave length and thickness as a result of fertilizing and shadowing, respectively.
The wild Paphiopedilum a rm en iacum were cultivated in greenhouse for experiment in 2005, and the habitat of Paphiopedilum arm eniacum was investigated by typ ical samp ling technology in Ap ril of 2006. The result indicated that the species had well adap ted to a cool subtrop ical climate in mountain area up to 2 100 m at altitude. Thespecies p refered to live within a regenerated shrub community dominated by rhododendron and oaks, which p rovidedabundant humus on the soil developed from limestone. Its vegetative p rogeny always rep roducd from extended rootsystem and p resented its distribution pattern as a group of families. Ex situ p lanting could be a p ractical app roach ofspecies conservation. The p lants of Paphiopedilum arm eniacum grew well under condition differing from their naturaldistribution. There was no significant effect of shadow and fertilization treatments on leave chlorophyll content. However, differenceswere found in leave length and thickness as a result of fertilizing and shadowing, respectively.
2008, 21(1): 31-36.
Abstract:
Nine p rovenances of Tsuga dum osa (D. Don) Eichlerwere collected from 5 distribution areas in Yunnan.The quantitative trait variation of different p rovenances was studied and p rovenance test was carried out. The variance analysis showed that there were significant differences in the 12 quantitative traits among the p rovenances. Itwas found that geograph, water and temperature were the main factors affecting the morphological differentiation byusing the method of p rincipal component analysis. Correlation analysis indicated that geographic variation of Tsugadum osa was continuous by altitude gradient, and the variation was random by latitude factor. After three-year cultivation, there were distinct differences in growth characteristics among 9 p rovenances. Four superior p rovenanceswere selected according to the standard height of 3-year-old seedling.
Nine p rovenances of Tsuga dum osa (D. Don) Eichlerwere collected from 5 distribution areas in Yunnan.The quantitative trait variation of different p rovenances was studied and p rovenance test was carried out. The variance analysis showed that there were significant differences in the 12 quantitative traits among the p rovenances. Itwas found that geograph, water and temperature were the main factors affecting the morphological differentiation byusing the method of p rincipal component analysis. Correlation analysis indicated that geographic variation of Tsugadum osa was continuous by altitude gradient, and the variation was random by latitude factor. After three-year cultivation, there were distinct differences in growth characteristics among 9 p rovenances. Four superior p rovenanceswere selected according to the standard height of 3-year-old seedling.
2008, 21(1): 37-43.
Abstract:
Bawangling forest area is the most typ ical trop icalmontane rain forest area in Hainan island. Due to largescale forest harvesting in the past, most of the extant forests are post harvesting trop icalmontane rain forests, whichhave the greatest resources stock and distribution areas in Bawangling. The widesp read distributed post harvestingtrop icalmontane rain forest p reviously dominated by Dacridium pierriiwas selected as the study object. The composition, size, height structure and species diversity of different post harvested forest standswere studied. Comparisonand analysiswere made among the different post harvesting stands and their virgin old-growth stands. The resultswere as follows: Compared with the virgin stand, the dominance ofmiddle or small trees and shrubs increased whilethe dominance of big trees decreased in the post harvested stands. The species richness, density and relative importance of shade intolerant trees increased with the increase of harvesting intensity or damage degree the forest experienced. The percentages of short and small trees increased while those of the tall and big trees decreased in the postharvested stands, especially canopy trees decreased with the increase of harvesting intensity or damage degree.Based on analysis on the change of some stand factors and in view of forest structure maintenance, itwas concludedthat the harvestingmethods of cuttingwhile tendering and cutting according to size classeswere better than clear cutting and strong intensive cutting. The species richness in virgin stand was greater than those in the post harvestedstands, while the Shannon-Weiner species diversity index and evenness index in the virgin stand were smaller thanthose in the post harvested stands. The post harvested stands formed by selective cutting were more similar in composition than the post harvested stands formed by clear cutting.
Bawangling forest area is the most typ ical trop icalmontane rain forest area in Hainan island. Due to largescale forest harvesting in the past, most of the extant forests are post harvesting trop icalmontane rain forests, whichhave the greatest resources stock and distribution areas in Bawangling. The widesp read distributed post harvestingtrop icalmontane rain forest p reviously dominated by Dacridium pierriiwas selected as the study object. The composition, size, height structure and species diversity of different post harvested forest standswere studied. Comparisonand analysiswere made among the different post harvesting stands and their virgin old-growth stands. The resultswere as follows: Compared with the virgin stand, the dominance ofmiddle or small trees and shrubs increased whilethe dominance of big trees decreased in the post harvested stands. The species richness, density and relative importance of shade intolerant trees increased with the increase of harvesting intensity or damage degree the forest experienced. The percentages of short and small trees increased while those of the tall and big trees decreased in the postharvested stands, especially canopy trees decreased with the increase of harvesting intensity or damage degree.Based on analysis on the change of some stand factors and in view of forest structure maintenance, itwas concludedthat the harvestingmethods of cuttingwhile tendering and cutting according to size classeswere better than clear cutting and strong intensive cutting. The species richness in virgin stand was greater than those in the post harvestedstands, while the Shannon-Weiner species diversity index and evenness index in the virgin stand were smaller thanthose in the post harvested stands. The post harvested stands formed by selective cutting were more similar in composition than the post harvested stands formed by clear cutting.
2008, 21(1): 44-48.
Abstract:
The samp les of the pecan variety were collected from Changle Tree Farm of Zhejiang Province, and thevariation and relativity of berry were studied. The result showed that pecan had great differences among differentclones. The greatest variations among the 10 participated pecan clones was the single berry weighted at 4. 60 to46141gram (CV was 19. 75 percent) , followed by the single berry-length: 2. 49 to 7. 85 centimeter (CV was 12. 78percent) , and the diameter: 1. 50 to 3. 90 centimeter (CV was 8. 42 percent). The variation of length /diameter ratiowas 0196 to 2142 (CV was 7. 29 percent) which was the smallest of all. Great linear correlation was found betweendiameter and length of different clones, i. e. the berry diameter increased with the berry length, significant linear correlation was found between the berry length and single berry-weight, berry diameter and single berry-weight. So, theweight of single fruitwas p redictable.
The samp les of the pecan variety were collected from Changle Tree Farm of Zhejiang Province, and thevariation and relativity of berry were studied. The result showed that pecan had great differences among differentclones. The greatest variations among the 10 participated pecan clones was the single berry weighted at 4. 60 to46141gram (CV was 19. 75 percent) , followed by the single berry-length: 2. 49 to 7. 85 centimeter (CV was 12. 78percent) , and the diameter: 1. 50 to 3. 90 centimeter (CV was 8. 42 percent). The variation of length /diameter ratiowas 0196 to 2142 (CV was 7. 29 percent) which was the smallest of all. Great linear correlation was found betweendiameter and length of different clones, i. e. the berry diameter increased with the berry length, significant linear correlation was found between the berry length and single berry-weight, berry diameter and single berry-weight. So, theweight of single fruitwas p redictable.
2008, 21(1): 49-54.
Abstract:
Based on 15 years inventories on wood-decaying fungi in China, 107 wood-decaying specieswere recordedon timber orwooden constructions in China, among them 24 species caused a brown rot, and theywere most growthon coniferous wood, while 83 species caused a white rot, and theywere commonly on both hardwood and softwood.The most common species on conifer logswere Antrodia xantha, Fom itopsis pin icola, Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Laetiporus sulphureus, Trichaptum abietinum; while the common decayers on hardwoods were Abundisporus fuscopurpureus, B jerkandera adusta, Cerrena unicolor, Earliella scabrosa, Funalia trogii, Oxyporus corticola, Phellinus gilvus,Pycnoporus cinnaba rinus, Schizopora f lavipora, Tram etes hirsuta, Tram etes ochracea and Tram etes versicolor. Allstudied samp leswere deposited at the herbarium of the institute of App lied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences( IFP).
Based on 15 years inventories on wood-decaying fungi in China, 107 wood-decaying specieswere recordedon timber orwooden constructions in China, among them 24 species caused a brown rot, and theywere most growthon coniferous wood, while 83 species caused a white rot, and theywere commonly on both hardwood and softwood.The most common species on conifer logswere Antrodia xantha, Fom itopsis pin icola, Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Laetiporus sulphureus, Trichaptum abietinum; while the common decayers on hardwoods were Abundisporus fuscopurpureus, B jerkandera adusta, Cerrena unicolor, Earliella scabrosa, Funalia trogii, Oxyporus corticola, Phellinus gilvus,Pycnoporus cinnaba rinus, Schizopora f lavipora, Tram etes hirsuta, Tram etes ochracea and Tram etes versicolor. Allstudied samp leswere deposited at the herbarium of the institute of App lied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences( IFP).
2008, 21(1): 55-59.
Abstract:
Wood-inhabiting fungi are the important components of forest ecosystem and p lay a key function during thewood decomposition. Postia can degrade the cellulose and semicellulose of wood and causes a brown-rot. Thebrown-rot remains are necessary for the coniferous forest renewing by their special functions. In this study, the ecological study on Postia from China was carried out. The results showed that the stages of decomposition of fallen decorticated trunkswere closely related with the distribution of species of Postia, and the quotientwas 0. 885. In addition, species in the genus p referred to coniferouswood rather than deciduouswood, about 86% specieswere foundon coniferous wood. The most suitable coniferous hosts were sp ruces and p ines. The most suitable deciduous hostswere birch and pop lar.
Wood-inhabiting fungi are the important components of forest ecosystem and p lay a key function during thewood decomposition. Postia can degrade the cellulose and semicellulose of wood and causes a brown-rot. Thebrown-rot remains are necessary for the coniferous forest renewing by their special functions. In this study, the ecological study on Postia from China was carried out. The results showed that the stages of decomposition of fallen decorticated trunkswere closely related with the distribution of species of Postia, and the quotientwas 0. 885. In addition, species in the genus p referred to coniferouswood rather than deciduouswood, about 86% specieswere foundon coniferous wood. The most suitable coniferous hosts were sp ruces and p ines. The most suitable deciduous hostswere birch and pop lar.
2008, 21(1): 60-63.
Abstract:
Random amp lified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was emp loyed to study the genetic variation and genetic relationship of 10 sweet Thai tamarind ( Tam arindus ind ica) cultivars introduced from Thailand. The RAPD analysisshowed that 34 of 52 amp lified bands (65. 38% ) were polymorphic within the species, while the mean percentageof polymorphic bandswithin cultivarswas 25. 96%. The number of alleles Ao , effective number of alleles Ae , Nei’sgene diversity H, and Shannon’s information index I for the species were 1. 653 8, 1. 199 9, 0. 137 1 and 012279, respectively, and for the cultivarswere on average 1. 259 6, 1. 164 7, 0. 094 6 and 0. 140 3, respectively. Thelargest p roportion of the total RAPD diversitywas found within, rather than among the cultivars (GST = 0. 163). Thegenetic distance between cultivars ranged from 0. 013 1 to 0. 124 4, and on average was 0. 047. An analysis of 10cultivars using UPGMA showed that the introduced sweet Thai tamarind cultivars could be divided into three group sby 0. 02 genetic distance, the first group included Zichupoton,Buangka,Barchan, Shampoo and Ziton cultivar, thesecond group included Sritong, Srichompo, Prakaythong and Sritongbao cultivar, and the third group included onlyBargeton cultivar. The basic data were p rovided for further development and imp rovement of the cultivars in thisstudy.
Random amp lified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was emp loyed to study the genetic variation and genetic relationship of 10 sweet Thai tamarind ( Tam arindus ind ica) cultivars introduced from Thailand. The RAPD analysisshowed that 34 of 52 amp lified bands (65. 38% ) were polymorphic within the species, while the mean percentageof polymorphic bandswithin cultivarswas 25. 96%. The number of alleles Ao , effective number of alleles Ae , Nei’sgene diversity H, and Shannon’s information index I for the species were 1. 653 8, 1. 199 9, 0. 137 1 and 012279, respectively, and for the cultivarswere on average 1. 259 6, 1. 164 7, 0. 094 6 and 0. 140 3, respectively. Thelargest p roportion of the total RAPD diversitywas found within, rather than among the cultivars (GST = 0. 163). Thegenetic distance between cultivars ranged from 0. 013 1 to 0. 124 4, and on average was 0. 047. An analysis of 10cultivars using UPGMA showed that the introduced sweet Thai tamarind cultivars could be divided into three group sby 0. 02 genetic distance, the first group included Zichupoton,Buangka,Barchan, Shampoo and Ziton cultivar, thesecond group included Sritong, Srichompo, Prakaythong and Sritongbao cultivar, and the third group included onlyBargeton cultivar. The basic data were p rovided for further development and imp rovement of the cultivars in thisstudy.
2008, 21(1): 64-68.
Abstract:
Because of Pb pollution , the vegetation changed greatly and a large number of p lants died excep t a fewspecies that showed higher tolerance to Pb around a lead smeltery located in Lian-Hua County of J iangxi Province ,China. With investigation and analysis of these changes , some results were obtained as follows: (1) The specieswith higher Pb toleration was in the order of N erium indicum > Clerodend rum cy rtophyllum > Phy tolacca acinosa;(2) Experiments of p lant tolerance to Pb indicated that the stem phloem ofwoody p lantwas the highest one to accumulate Pb from soil , followed by the stalk of herb p lant. In addition, various organs and tissues of p lant showeddifferences in accumulation of Pb. In this paper it was described that the order of up take of Pb was stem phloem >root > leaf > stem xylem in Clerodendrum cyrtophy llum , and N erium ind icum had another order of up take of Pbwhich was stem phloem > root > stem xylem > leaf . These two species had differences of accumulation of Pb between their stem xylems and between their roots. The rate of up take of Pb of N erium ind icum was the highest at thefirst fourmonths during its growing. (3) Because Pb wasmainly distributed within the dep th of 0210 cm of soil andthe way to lead extensiveness of Pb pollution was that Pb followed water to enter streams , rivers and so on , therefore it is necessary to take the measures of construction engineering for revegetation in the district of heavy Pb pollution and at the same time , seedings of fibrous root and seedings of cuttage and seedings of herb p lant are very im2portant to make more effective revegetation and control of Pb pollution.
Because of Pb pollution , the vegetation changed greatly and a large number of p lants died excep t a fewspecies that showed higher tolerance to Pb around a lead smeltery located in Lian-Hua County of J iangxi Province ,China. With investigation and analysis of these changes , some results were obtained as follows: (1) The specieswith higher Pb toleration was in the order of N erium indicum > Clerodend rum cy rtophyllum > Phy tolacca acinosa;(2) Experiments of p lant tolerance to Pb indicated that the stem phloem ofwoody p lantwas the highest one to accumulate Pb from soil , followed by the stalk of herb p lant. In addition, various organs and tissues of p lant showeddifferences in accumulation of Pb. In this paper it was described that the order of up take of Pb was stem phloem >root > leaf > stem xylem in Clerodendrum cyrtophy llum , and N erium ind icum had another order of up take of Pbwhich was stem phloem > root > stem xylem > leaf . These two species had differences of accumulation of Pb between their stem xylems and between their roots. The rate of up take of Pb of N erium ind icum was the highest at thefirst fourmonths during its growing. (3) Because Pb wasmainly distributed within the dep th of 0210 cm of soil andthe way to lead extensiveness of Pb pollution was that Pb followed water to enter streams , rivers and so on , therefore it is necessary to take the measures of construction engineering for revegetation in the district of heavy Pb pollution and at the same time , seedings of fibrous root and seedings of cuttage and seedings of herb p lant are very im2portant to make more effective revegetation and control of Pb pollution.
2008, 21(1): 69-73.
Abstract:
The genetic variations of basic density and tracheid features of 10 Japanese larch clones at 10 yearswereinvestigated. The result revealed that the basic density, tracheid width of earlywood and latewood and tracheidlength2width ratio of earlywood had significant differences among clones. The basic density, tracheid length of earlywood and latewood, tracheid width of earlywood had latewood and tracheid length-width ratio of earlywood and latewood followed the same pattern. The radial variation curveswere increased from p ith to bark , which showed wavessometimes. The tracheid wall thickness of earlywood and latewood and tracheid dull wall thickness-diameter ratiofollowed the same pattern. The latewood was constantly bigger than the earlywood. The radial variation curves of earlywood were slowly increased close to line from p ith to bark. The latewood was increased by curve from p ith to bark.The variation range was large at the initial stages and then became lever variety and slimly waves in a certain age.The variation pattern of wood p ropertity was well fitted by logarithm, power and exponential equations. The repeatabilities of wood p roperty were over 0. 5 excep t tracheid dull wall thickness-diameter ratio of latewood and tracheid wall thickness of earlywood, indicating thatwood p roperty traitswere moderately of strongly genetic control. The genetic gains of tracheid length-width ratio of latewood and tracheid length were higher if 20% of the best cloneswasselected.
The genetic variations of basic density and tracheid features of 10 Japanese larch clones at 10 yearswereinvestigated. The result revealed that the basic density, tracheid width of earlywood and latewood and tracheidlength2width ratio of earlywood had significant differences among clones. The basic density, tracheid length of earlywood and latewood, tracheid width of earlywood had latewood and tracheid length-width ratio of earlywood and latewood followed the same pattern. The radial variation curveswere increased from p ith to bark , which showed wavessometimes. The tracheid wall thickness of earlywood and latewood and tracheid dull wall thickness-diameter ratiofollowed the same pattern. The latewood was constantly bigger than the earlywood. The radial variation curves of earlywood were slowly increased close to line from p ith to bark. The latewood was increased by curve from p ith to bark.The variation range was large at the initial stages and then became lever variety and slimly waves in a certain age.The variation pattern of wood p ropertity was well fitted by logarithm, power and exponential equations. The repeatabilities of wood p roperty were over 0. 5 excep t tracheid dull wall thickness-diameter ratio of latewood and tracheid wall thickness of earlywood, indicating thatwood p roperty traitswere moderately of strongly genetic control. The genetic gains of tracheid length-width ratio of latewood and tracheid length were higher if 20% of the best cloneswasselected.
2008, 21(1): 74-78.
Abstract:
Based on the multip le fungi biopulp ing technology, the wood basic density (WBD) , fibre form and chemical components of 10 pop lar clones were used to study the biopulp ing feasibility of pop lar minirotation copp iceshoot. The result showed that the wood quality characteristics of 1 and 2 years－old pop lar could fulfill the technicalrequirement of pulp ing and papermaking. Copp ice shoots can be used to biopulp ing. The pulp yield of biopulp ingwas between 65. 0% and 72. 0%, and the quality of pulp was up to the par of state standard Bk－C level of broadleave wood pulp. The differences of wood quality characteristics are so significant among clones that it is much important to select a fast－growing, good quality ofwood and well adap ted clone of populuswhen establishing the minirotation pop lar pulp stand.
Based on the multip le fungi biopulp ing technology, the wood basic density (WBD) , fibre form and chemical components of 10 pop lar clones were used to study the biopulp ing feasibility of pop lar minirotation copp iceshoot. The result showed that the wood quality characteristics of 1 and 2 years－old pop lar could fulfill the technicalrequirement of pulp ing and papermaking. Copp ice shoots can be used to biopulp ing. The pulp yield of biopulp ingwas between 65. 0% and 72. 0%, and the quality of pulp was up to the par of state standard Bk－C level of broadleave wood pulp. The differences of wood quality characteristics are so significant among clones that it is much important to select a fast－growing, good quality ofwood and well adap ted clone of populuswhen establishing the minirotation pop lar pulp stand.
2008, 21(1): 79-83.
Abstract:
For p robing into the effects of different Rhizobia inoculated on Acacia crassica rpa tissue－cultured p lantlets,different Rhizobia were inoculated on Acacia crassicarpa tissue－cultured p lantlets. The results showed that the effectsof different Rhizobia on the p lantlet’s height growth, biomass, chlorophyll contents and nodulat rate were markedness. There were different appetency between different Rhizobia and host species. The strains HO6 and HA4 wereselected as superior strains based the mensuration results of the p lantlets.
For p robing into the effects of different Rhizobia inoculated on Acacia crassica rpa tissue－cultured p lantlets,different Rhizobia were inoculated on Acacia crassicarpa tissue－cultured p lantlets. The results showed that the effectsof different Rhizobia on the p lantlet’s height growth, biomass, chlorophyll contents and nodulat rate were markedness. There were different appetency between different Rhizobia and host species. The strains HO6 and HA4 wereselected as superior strains based the mensuration results of the p lantlets.
2008, 21(1): 84-90.
Abstract:
Based on the material basis constituting and reflecting the forest resource quality, and by analyzing the major factors influencing and deciding the regional forest resource quality, the expert conference method and Delphimethod were used to establish and determine 5 main aspects describing regional forest resource quality and thematerialbasis, with p resent forest resource investigation measurements and research achievements obtained. The 5 main aspects are: forest distribution, forest structure, forest p roductivity, forest health and comp rehensive forest utilization,including 15 indicators and 19 classified indictors and 10 sub－classified indicators, which formed a 5－level evaluationsystem. Based on the resultsmentioned above, a new and objective regional forest resource quality comp rehensive evaluation method was put forward.
Based on the material basis constituting and reflecting the forest resource quality, and by analyzing the major factors influencing and deciding the regional forest resource quality, the expert conference method and Delphimethod were used to establish and determine 5 main aspects describing regional forest resource quality and thematerialbasis, with p resent forest resource investigation measurements and research achievements obtained. The 5 main aspects are: forest distribution, forest structure, forest p roductivity, forest health and comp rehensive forest utilization,including 15 indicators and 19 classified indictors and 10 sub－classified indicators, which formed a 5－level evaluationsystem. Based on the resultsmentioned above, a new and objective regional forest resource quality comp rehensive evaluation method was put forward.
2008, 21(1): 91-95.
Abstract:
Based on the characteristic that branchlets of Casuarina is capable of forming roots bywater culture, rooted cuttings of 9 Casuarina cloneswere immersed by various concentration of salt solutions for stress treatments, then6 physiological or biochemical variables related to salt stresswere measured, and salt2tolerance ability among different Casuarina cloneswere compared. The results showed that: The critical salt concentration that p revent rooted cuttings from rooting very significantly was 5—10 g·kg- 1. 3 variables, namely Fp ro, EC and POD activity were determined asmain app raising indexes that evaluating salt-tolerace ability of Casua rina clones by p rincipal componentanalysis. And 3 superior salt-tolerance Casua rina cloneswere selected by means of compositive evaluation.
Based on the characteristic that branchlets of Casuarina is capable of forming roots bywater culture, rooted cuttings of 9 Casuarina cloneswere immersed by various concentration of salt solutions for stress treatments, then6 physiological or biochemical variables related to salt stresswere measured, and salt2tolerance ability among different Casuarina cloneswere compared. The results showed that: The critical salt concentration that p revent rooted cuttings from rooting very significantly was 5—10 g·kg- 1. 3 variables, namely Fp ro, EC and POD activity were determined asmain app raising indexes that evaluating salt-tolerace ability of Casua rina clones by p rincipal componentanalysis. And 3 superior salt-tolerance Casua rina cloneswere selected by means of compositive evaluation.
2008, 21(1): 96-100.
Abstract:
Adventitious shootswere successfully regenerated from cotyledon petioles, hypocotyl exp lants and leaf ex2p lants of in vitro cultures of Parthenocissus quinquefolia. They were cultured on half strengthMurashine and Skoog(MS) , B5 and Heller basalmedium supp lemented with various p lant growth regulators. Auxins, α2naphthaleneace2tic acid (NAA) and in combination with three cytokinins, benzylaminopurine (BA) , kinetin (KT) and thidiazuron( TDZ) were tried. The study showed that the highest regeneration rate were obtained by cotyledon petioles segmentsnear to the hypocotyl under dark time of 30 days cultured on half strengthMS basalmedium supp lemented with 0. 3mg·L -1BA (64. 67%) , hypocotyl exp lants cultured on half strengthMS basalmedium supp lemented with 2. 0 mg·L - 1 KT and 0. 05 mg·L -1NAA and Heller basalmedium supp lemented with 0. 5 mg·L -1BA and 0. 1 mg·L -1NAA ( both about 24% ). Leaf exp lants cultured on B5 basal medium supp lemented with 0. 5 mg·L -1 TDZ and0105 mg·L -1 NAA, the differentiation rate of adventitious budswas as high as 17. 7%. Using half strengthMS asthe multip lication medium for buds supp lemented with 0. 5 mg·L -1 62BA and 0. 1 mg·L -1 NAA, the multip lica2tion coefficient was 3 - 5. Half strengthMS and 0. 5 mg·L -1 IBA and 500 mg·L -1 activated carbon was suitablefor the rooting of regenerated p lantlets, and nearly 100% of these p lantlets survived after transp lanted.
Adventitious shootswere successfully regenerated from cotyledon petioles, hypocotyl exp lants and leaf ex2p lants of in vitro cultures of Parthenocissus quinquefolia. They were cultured on half strengthMurashine and Skoog(MS) , B5 and Heller basalmedium supp lemented with various p lant growth regulators. Auxins, α2naphthaleneace2tic acid (NAA) and in combination with three cytokinins, benzylaminopurine (BA) , kinetin (KT) and thidiazuron( TDZ) were tried. The study showed that the highest regeneration rate were obtained by cotyledon petioles segmentsnear to the hypocotyl under dark time of 30 days cultured on half strengthMS basalmedium supp lemented with 0. 3mg·L -1BA (64. 67%) , hypocotyl exp lants cultured on half strengthMS basalmedium supp lemented with 2. 0 mg·L - 1 KT and 0. 05 mg·L -1NAA and Heller basalmedium supp lemented with 0. 5 mg·L -1BA and 0. 1 mg·L -1NAA ( both about 24% ). Leaf exp lants cultured on B5 basal medium supp lemented with 0. 5 mg·L -1 TDZ and0105 mg·L -1 NAA, the differentiation rate of adventitious budswas as high as 17. 7%. Using half strengthMS asthe multip lication medium for buds supp lemented with 0. 5 mg·L -1 62BA and 0. 1 mg·L -1 NAA, the multip lica2tion coefficient was 3 - 5. Half strengthMS and 0. 5 mg·L -1 IBA and 500 mg·L -1 activated carbon was suitablefor the rooting of regenerated p lantlets, and nearly 100% of these p lantlets survived after transp lanted.
2008, 21(1): 101-105.
Abstract:
Five endophytic diazotrophs with high and stable nitrogenase activity screened from Guangdong bamboo(B am busa blum eana J. A. et J. H. Schult. f. )were studied by physiological test, the adap tability to environmentsand the growth-p romoting effects on rice. The results showed that these strains could grow well at 18—40 ℃and hadnitrogenase activity at 26—37 ℃for op timum growth under nitrogen-free medium. Strains also showed nitrogenaseactivity at a pH range of 5. 0 to 8. 0, at a saline (NaCl) concentration range of 0. 5—2. 5 g·L -1 and at a range of0. 05—0. 50 g·L -1 (NH4 ) 2 SO4. Strains can secrete acid or alkali substance as neutralizer at pH 8. 0 and 5. 0 respectively. Experiments of inoculation on rice showed that strains had obviously effects on p romoting the growth ofp lants.
Five endophytic diazotrophs with high and stable nitrogenase activity screened from Guangdong bamboo(B am busa blum eana J. A. et J. H. Schult. f. )were studied by physiological test, the adap tability to environmentsand the growth-p romoting effects on rice. The results showed that these strains could grow well at 18—40 ℃and hadnitrogenase activity at 26—37 ℃for op timum growth under nitrogen-free medium. Strains also showed nitrogenaseactivity at a pH range of 5. 0 to 8. 0, at a saline (NaCl) concentration range of 0. 5—2. 5 g·L -1 and at a range of0. 05—0. 50 g·L -1 (NH4 ) 2 SO4. Strains can secrete acid or alkali substance as neutralizer at pH 8. 0 and 5. 0 respectively. Experiments of inoculation on rice showed that strains had obviously effects on p romoting the growth ofp lants.
2008, 21(1): 106-109.
Abstract:
The soil physic-chemical p roperties of natural mixed stand of conifer and broad-leaved trees in differentcutting operation site after 10 years ( high intensity, 45. 8%; over-high intensity 67. 1%; clear cutting)were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that the bulk density of soil and the damage rate of soil structure increased,while the saturated water retention of soil and the total porosity of soil decreased. The content of soil nutrient generally decreased. The soil aggregate, soilwater content p roperty and porosity, and soil nutrientwere not recovered after 10 years. With the felling intensity increasing, the destruction has deteriorated.
The soil physic-chemical p roperties of natural mixed stand of conifer and broad-leaved trees in differentcutting operation site after 10 years ( high intensity, 45. 8%; over-high intensity 67. 1%; clear cutting)were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that the bulk density of soil and the damage rate of soil structure increased,while the saturated water retention of soil and the total porosity of soil decreased. The content of soil nutrient generally decreased. The soil aggregate, soilwater content p roperty and porosity, and soil nutrientwere not recovered after 10 years. With the felling intensity increasing, the destruction has deteriorated.
2008, 21(1): 110-113.
Abstract:
A kind ofmixed bacterialmanure was p repared, which was composed of four bacterium, namely, B acillusm egatherium var. phospha ticum , B. m ucilaginosus, Azorhizobium sp. and cellulose-decomposing microorganisms.Preservation experiments of the mixed bacterialmanure were carried out under different temperature conditions. Theresults showed thatwhen the temperature was 4, 18 and 28 ℃, the colony counts of each p reserved bacterium increased until 30 days and then almost all of them began to decline, and the total colony counts of the bacterialmanure varied little among 30 days and its growth curve reached a peak and a valley when the temperature was 4 and38 ℃ respectively. This results suggested that the bacterial manure was op timum to be p reserved at 4 ℃ and bekep t for 30 days, and the conditions 4—28 ℃ and 10—90 dayswere the matched ranges for its p reservation. Potting experiments showed that at room temperature and the amount of inoculation was ≤5‰, the growth curves ofAzorhizobium sp. and cellulose2decomposing microorganisms were very similar and both hadn’t a great change, butthat of B. m ega therium var. phosphaticum and B. m ucilaginosus varied significantlywith the increasing amount of inoculation. This suggested that at room temperature, the total colony counts of the bacterial manure would increasewhen the amount of inoculation was ≤5‰ and reached the highest value 90 days later after soil inoculation.
A kind ofmixed bacterialmanure was p repared, which was composed of four bacterium, namely, B acillusm egatherium var. phospha ticum , B. m ucilaginosus, Azorhizobium sp. and cellulose-decomposing microorganisms.Preservation experiments of the mixed bacterialmanure were carried out under different temperature conditions. Theresults showed thatwhen the temperature was 4, 18 and 28 ℃, the colony counts of each p reserved bacterium increased until 30 days and then almost all of them began to decline, and the total colony counts of the bacterialmanure varied little among 30 days and its growth curve reached a peak and a valley when the temperature was 4 and38 ℃ respectively. This results suggested that the bacterial manure was op timum to be p reserved at 4 ℃ and bekep t for 30 days, and the conditions 4—28 ℃ and 10—90 dayswere the matched ranges for its p reservation. Potting experiments showed that at room temperature and the amount of inoculation was ≤5‰, the growth curves ofAzorhizobium sp. and cellulose2decomposing microorganisms were very similar and both hadn’t a great change, butthat of B. m ega therium var. phosphaticum and B. m ucilaginosus varied significantlywith the increasing amount of inoculation. This suggested that at room temperature, the total colony counts of the bacterial manure would increasewhen the amount of inoculation was ≤5‰ and reached the highest value 90 days later after soil inoculation.
2008, 21(1): 114-117.
Abstract:
Based on the land utilization data, the distribution pattern of forest green-land with different area andtypes in Nanyang City, Henan Province were analyzed. The result showed that (1) the area of forestwas relativelysmall in Nanyang City; (2) the patches of forest landswere fragmented and distributed un-uniformly; and (3) thedensity and average area of forest patched varied greatly. Enforcing large-scale vegetation patches construction andsmall patches connection will be the emphasis of urban forest construction in the future.
Based on the land utilization data, the distribution pattern of forest green-land with different area andtypes in Nanyang City, Henan Province were analyzed. The result showed that (1) the area of forestwas relativelysmall in Nanyang City; (2) the patches of forest landswere fragmented and distributed un-uniformly; and (3) thedensity and average area of forest patched varied greatly. Enforcing large-scale vegetation patches construction andsmall patches connection will be the emphasis of urban forest construction in the future.
2008, 21(1): 118-121.
Abstract:
The influence of cultivation measures, such as adjustment of bamboo strand structure, sun bathing of thebamboo shots and top-p runing on shoot, on culm morphologywere studied. The resultswere summarized as follows:The individual numbers per clump was negative correlated with malformation rate of culm, the op timal individualnumbers per clump was 4 - 5. From high malformation rate of new bamboo with different shooting period to low mal2formation rate, there appeared in turn earlier shooting, middle shooting and latter shooting. Some measures such asremoval of weak and small shoot and normal culm shoot increased malformation numbers, malformation rate andground diameter of new bamboo by 39. 2% , 118. 3% and 151. 9% respectively. Sun bathing of the bamboo shotsincreased the number of shoot, bamboo emerging, malformation and malformation rate by 17. 6% , 35. 4% , 79. 8% ,33. 0% respectively. Top2p runing on time was negative correlated with the number of shoot, bamboo emerging andmalformation rate, and the op timal height of top2p runing is 10 - 15 cm.
The influence of cultivation measures, such as adjustment of bamboo strand structure, sun bathing of thebamboo shots and top-p runing on shoot, on culm morphologywere studied. The resultswere summarized as follows:The individual numbers per clump was negative correlated with malformation rate of culm, the op timal individualnumbers per clump was 4 - 5. From high malformation rate of new bamboo with different shooting period to low mal2formation rate, there appeared in turn earlier shooting, middle shooting and latter shooting. Some measures such asremoval of weak and small shoot and normal culm shoot increased malformation numbers, malformation rate andground diameter of new bamboo by 39. 2% , 118. 3% and 151. 9% respectively. Sun bathing of the bamboo shotsincreased the number of shoot, bamboo emerging, malformation and malformation rate by 17. 6% , 35. 4% , 79. 8% ,33. 0% respectively. Top2p runing on time was negative correlated with the number of shoot, bamboo emerging andmalformation rate, and the op timal height of top2p runing is 10 - 15 cm.
2008, 21(1): 122-125.
Abstract:
The calluses induced from bluegrass seedswere treated with different concentrations of NaCl to test theirsurvival rate and quality. The results showed that the suitable concentration was 15 g·L -1 forNaCl-tolerant callusselecting. The analysis of survival rate and growth of callus showed that the most op timal subculture timeswere 6 forNaCl-tolerant callus induction of bluegrass under the suitable NaCl concentration. NaCl-tolerant stability test p rovedthat the gained bluegrass callus had steady NaCl-tolerance.
The calluses induced from bluegrass seedswere treated with different concentrations of NaCl to test theirsurvival rate and quality. The results showed that the suitable concentration was 15 g·L -1 forNaCl-tolerant callusselecting. The analysis of survival rate and growth of callus showed that the most op timal subculture timeswere 6 forNaCl-tolerant callus induction of bluegrass under the suitable NaCl concentration. NaCl-tolerant stability test p rovedthat the gained bluegrass callus had steady NaCl-tolerance.
2008, 21(1): 126-130.
Abstract:
Yunnan Pine is the p redominant woody tree in southwestern China as well as one of important forest resource in China. The paper give a study to Yunnan p ine forest in mid2Yunnan p rovince and Weibull distributionwereβ distribution were used to fit and forecast the diametral distribution regularity of natural and man-made Yunnan p ine forest. All distributionswere checked by xcheckingmethod. The results showed thatWeibull andβ distribution could describe the diametral distribution well. The curves’measure of skewness is left, and kurtosis value ispositive. The curves have the features of high p recision and good adap tability. Between them, Weibull distribution’s fitting is better thanβ distribution and could be used to forecast the yield, woody quantity and to evaluate management.
Yunnan Pine is the p redominant woody tree in southwestern China as well as one of important forest resource in China. The paper give a study to Yunnan p ine forest in mid2Yunnan p rovince and Weibull distributionwereβ distribution were used to fit and forecast the diametral distribution regularity of natural and man-made Yunnan p ine forest. All distributionswere checked by xcheckingmethod. The results showed thatWeibull andβ distribution could describe the diametral distribution well. The curves’measure of skewness is left, and kurtosis value ispositive. The curves have the features of high p recision and good adap tability. Between them, Weibull distribution’s fitting is better thanβ distribution and could be used to forecast the yield, woody quantity and to evaluate management.
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