2008 Vol. 21, No. 3
Display Method:
2008, 21(3): 279-288.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
The paper p resents a planningmodel for a Spruce forest in northern Germanywith a three-component objectivefunction (economic, even flow and spatial). The spatial modeling approach followed in this analysis relies on specificgeographic relations among neighboring stands, including the distance between stand centroids and the length of thecommon boundary between adjoining stands, representing a new approach in spatial optimization. The geographic data arederived from a GIS system and stored in a database, which includes also all stand options and the corresponding objectivefunction coefficients. The method is first applied, using a relative small forestwith 41 stands. 21 alternative options aredeveloped for each stand and the Simulated Annealing algorithm is used to produce an optimum schedule of operations.Solutions are presented for different objective function components and compared with maximum net presentworth. Whenthe even flow and spatial components are added in the objective function, the effects of these two componentsconsiderably improved the solution, while the economic objective is onlymoderately reduced.
The paper p resents a planningmodel for a Spruce forest in northern Germanywith a three-component objectivefunction (economic, even flow and spatial). The spatial modeling approach followed in this analysis relies on specificgeographic relations among neighboring stands, including the distance between stand centroids and the length of thecommon boundary between adjoining stands, representing a new approach in spatial optimization. The geographic data arederived from a GIS system and stored in a database, which includes also all stand options and the corresponding objectivefunction coefficients. The method is first applied, using a relative small forestwith 41 stands. 21 alternative options aredeveloped for each stand and the Simulated Annealing algorithm is used to produce an optimum schedule of operations.Solutions are presented for different objective function components and compared with maximum net presentworth. Whenthe even flow and spatial components are added in the objective function, the effects of these two componentsconsiderably improved the solution, while the economic objective is onlymoderately reduced.
2008, 21(3): 289-294.
Abstract:
Regeneration in relation to logging gap s sizes and ages was investigated in Popu lus david iana2B etulaplatyphy lla secondary forests in ChangbaiMountain. The research result showed that there were 7% ( canopy gap sarea 2 ) , 21% (50 - 100 m2 ) , 36% (100 - 150 m2 ) , 29% (150 - 200 m2 ) , 7% ( > 200 m2 ) in the p roportionof gap sizes. 28. 6% of gap s shape were rotundity and 71. 4% were oval. 55% of the oval gap s lay in N2Sdirection, 30% lay in N2E to S2W direction and 15% lay in S2E to N2W direction. Gap swere usually formed after7 - 10 trees logged which were mainly composed of Populus david iana, B etu la platyphy lla andM aackia am urensis.The seedlingswas absolutely dominated by the shrub at the initial stage of logging gap s, but the dominance of theshrub seedlings would weaken step by step. At the same time, the advantage of arbor seedlings would raisecorrespondingly with the increasing gap s age. The density, mean high and mean basilar diameter of seedlingsgrowing in the logging gap swere higher than those in non2gap. The growth of seedlingswas the best in 100 - 200 m2gap s and arbor seedlings surpassed shrub seedlings in gap s excep t 50 - 100 m2 gap s. The dominance speciesmainlycomposed of intolerant species were different in gap s of different sizes.
Regeneration in relation to logging gap s sizes and ages was investigated in Popu lus david iana2B etulaplatyphy lla secondary forests in ChangbaiMountain. The research result showed that there were 7% ( canopy gap sarea 2 ) , 21% (50 - 100 m2 ) , 36% (100 - 150 m2 ) , 29% (150 - 200 m2 ) , 7% ( > 200 m2 ) in the p roportionof gap sizes. 28. 6% of gap s shape were rotundity and 71. 4% were oval. 55% of the oval gap s lay in N2Sdirection, 30% lay in N2E to S2W direction and 15% lay in S2E to N2W direction. Gap swere usually formed after7 - 10 trees logged which were mainly composed of Populus david iana, B etu la platyphy lla andM aackia am urensis.The seedlingswas absolutely dominated by the shrub at the initial stage of logging gap s, but the dominance of theshrub seedlings would weaken step by step. At the same time, the advantage of arbor seedlings would raisecorrespondingly with the increasing gap s age. The density, mean high and mean basilar diameter of seedlingsgrowing in the logging gap swere higher than those in non2gap. The growth of seedlingswas the best in 100 - 200 m2gap s and arbor seedlings surpassed shrub seedlings in gap s excep t 50 - 100 m2 gap s. The dominance speciesmainlycomposed of intolerant species were different in gap s of different sizes.
2008, 21(3): 295-300.
Abstract:
Both L i26400 photosynthesis system and OS12FL chlorophyll fluorometer were used to measure thephotosynthesis characteristic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Cerasus hum ilis p lant under soil waterstress. The result showed: (1) The average photosynthesis rate reached the maximum under the low water stress ,while that under the high soil water stress was the least. The stomatal conductance increased as a result of theincreasing of PAR ( Photosynthetically Active Radiation) under no soil water stress conditions and didn’t variateunder the mediums and high soil water stress conditions. Diurnal variation of photosynthesis rate p resented a two2peaks curve and showed obvious noon dep ression. The variation of net photosynthesis rates under different waterstress conditions are follows: 8. 447 ±0. 831, 6. 811 ±0. 690, 2. 658 ±0. 756, 1. 474 ±0. 469 μmol·m- 2 ·s- 1.Significant variations of Pn happened between the conditions of the former two and the later two,Diurnal variations ofCond, Tr, WUE under different soil water stress conditions were similar to the variations of Pn. ( 2 ) Thefluorescence parameter of Fo, NPQ increased with the increasing ofwater stress,while the Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo dereased.Itmeans that with the increasing of the water stress, the reaction center of PSIIwas destroyed or a non2reversibledeactivation occurred so that the photosynthesis was restrained. The photosynthetic apparatus of C. hum ilis wasp rotected by exhausting the extra light energy through heat dissipation. ( 3) WUE reached its maximum ( 1. 214 ±0. 112μmol·mmol-1 ) and the physiological parameters of photosynthesiswere op timized under low soilwater stresswith water contents from 21% - 24%.
Both L i26400 photosynthesis system and OS12FL chlorophyll fluorometer were used to measure thephotosynthesis characteristic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Cerasus hum ilis p lant under soil waterstress. The result showed: (1) The average photosynthesis rate reached the maximum under the low water stress ,while that under the high soil water stress was the least. The stomatal conductance increased as a result of theincreasing of PAR ( Photosynthetically Active Radiation) under no soil water stress conditions and didn’t variateunder the mediums and high soil water stress conditions. Diurnal variation of photosynthesis rate p resented a two2peaks curve and showed obvious noon dep ression. The variation of net photosynthesis rates under different waterstress conditions are follows: 8. 447 ±0. 831, 6. 811 ±0. 690, 2. 658 ±0. 756, 1. 474 ±0. 469 μmol·m- 2 ·s- 1.Significant variations of Pn happened between the conditions of the former two and the later two,Diurnal variations ofCond, Tr, WUE under different soil water stress conditions were similar to the variations of Pn. ( 2 ) Thefluorescence parameter of Fo, NPQ increased with the increasing ofwater stress,while the Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo dereased.Itmeans that with the increasing of the water stress, the reaction center of PSIIwas destroyed or a non2reversibledeactivation occurred so that the photosynthesis was restrained. The photosynthetic apparatus of C. hum ilis wasp rotected by exhausting the extra light energy through heat dissipation. ( 3) WUE reached its maximum ( 1. 214 ±0. 112μmol·mmol-1 ) and the physiological parameters of photosynthesiswere op timized under low soilwater stresswith water contents from 21% - 24%.
2008, 21(3): 301-307.
Abstract:
The diversity of vessel perforation p lates of p lants is important to understand how the connection ofdiversity of vessel perforation p lates with phylogeny occurs. This information will help us to understand therelationship between diversity of perforation p lates and phylogeny. For this reason , taxon of Sect. B rachycalyx ofRhododendron in the mainland of China were selected as samp les to make a study on the connection. The results ofthe study are as follows : (1) The connection of diversity of vessel perforation p lateswith phylogeny of this taxon ismore p ronounced based on the corresponding analysis of both diversity of vessel perforation p lates and phylogeny.(2) The connection of diversity of perforation p lateswith phylogeny of this taxon is revealed in three ways as follows:the first, typ ical scalariform perforation p late (A1) responds to phylogeny more clearly ; the second, reticulatescalariform perforation p late (B ) responds to phylogeny of infra rank of species ; the third, changes in area ofperforation p lates respond to phylogeny . (3) The method of corresponding analysis by combination of diversity ofperforation p lates with molecular marker sequences will enable a study to offer clear and faithful information forsystemic classification , for examp le , the results of the study suggest that species Rhododend ron daiyuenshanicum Tam should be treated as an infra rank of species. (4) The method of corresponding analysiswith molecularmarkersequences is the best way to get definite direction of evolution of perforation p lates of p lants and it suggests thatevolution of perforation p lates of Rhododendron Sect. B rachycalyx is responding to phylogeny of this taxon.
The diversity of vessel perforation p lates of p lants is important to understand how the connection ofdiversity of vessel perforation p lates with phylogeny occurs. This information will help us to understand therelationship between diversity of perforation p lates and phylogeny. For this reason , taxon of Sect. B rachycalyx ofRhododendron in the mainland of China were selected as samp les to make a study on the connection. The results ofthe study are as follows : (1) The connection of diversity of vessel perforation p lateswith phylogeny of this taxon ismore p ronounced based on the corresponding analysis of both diversity of vessel perforation p lates and phylogeny.(2) The connection of diversity of perforation p lateswith phylogeny of this taxon is revealed in three ways as follows:the first, typ ical scalariform perforation p late (A1) responds to phylogeny more clearly ; the second, reticulatescalariform perforation p late (B ) responds to phylogeny of infra rank of species ; the third, changes in area ofperforation p lates respond to phylogeny . (3) The method of corresponding analysis by combination of diversity ofperforation p lates with molecular marker sequences will enable a study to offer clear and faithful information forsystemic classification , for examp le , the results of the study suggest that species Rhododend ron daiyuenshanicum Tam should be treated as an infra rank of species. (4) The method of corresponding analysiswith molecularmarkersequences is the best way to get definite direction of evolution of perforation p lates of p lants and it suggests thatevolution of perforation p lates of Rhododendron Sect. B rachycalyx is responding to phylogeny of this taxon.
2008, 21(3): 308-313.
Abstract:
Studies were made on the vegetative p ropagation coefficient and cormelps biological characters usingeighth-excision in different development phase of Lycoris rad iate. The results showed: ( 1 ) the p ropagationcoefficientwere from 0. 8 to 6. 8 in different development phase, the highest p ropagation coefficient appeared in June, July in dormancy stage and Sep tember in initial stage of vigorous growth; (2) all of biological characters, such ascormelps fresh weight, size, height, root length, roughness and root quantities, p resented 1% significant difference.These monthswas thought to excise Lycoris rad iate by comp rehensive analysis, for instance June, July in dormancystage, Sep tember in initial stage of vigorous growth, and Ap ril in last stage of growth.
Studies were made on the vegetative p ropagation coefficient and cormelps biological characters usingeighth-excision in different development phase of Lycoris rad iate. The results showed: ( 1 ) the p ropagationcoefficientwere from 0. 8 to 6. 8 in different development phase, the highest p ropagation coefficient appeared in June, July in dormancy stage and Sep tember in initial stage of vigorous growth; (2) all of biological characters, such ascormelps fresh weight, size, height, root length, roughness and root quantities, p resented 1% significant difference.These monthswas thought to excise Lycoris rad iate by comp rehensive analysis, for instance June, July in dormancystage, Sep tember in initial stage of vigorous growth, and Ap ril in last stage of growth.
2008, 21(3): 314-319.
Abstract:
The breeding and hybridization among exotic p ines were studied in this paper. 8 F1-hybrids of Pinuselliottii var. elliottii ( PEE) ×Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis ( PCH) and 47 F1-hybrids of Pinus taeda ( PT) ×Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis ( PCH) , which were selected from 17 crosses of PEE ×PCH and 75 crosses of PT ×PCH according to the height order of seedling, were growed for filial generation test with a randomly block design.All trees in the test were measured for height at the age of 3 and 5. The results of variance analysis (ANOVA)revealed that no differences existed among the hybrids on the average height at the age of 3 because of the lowercold2endurance of some young trees, but significant differences appeared at the age of 5 among the crosses,especially the growth differences of PT ×PCH crosseswere extremely significant. Thus the assessment of F1 hybridswould begin 4 years after p lanted in fields. The height of better F1 families of PT ×PCH were higher than 4. 0meters, which exceeds the national standard of good conifer trees. In conclusion, better p ine varieties can beselected effectively through hybridization in exotic p ines.
The breeding and hybridization among exotic p ines were studied in this paper. 8 F1-hybrids of Pinuselliottii var. elliottii ( PEE) ×Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis ( PCH) and 47 F1-hybrids of Pinus taeda ( PT) ×Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis ( PCH) , which were selected from 17 crosses of PEE ×PCH and 75 crosses of PT ×PCH according to the height order of seedling, were growed for filial generation test with a randomly block design.All trees in the test were measured for height at the age of 3 and 5. The results of variance analysis (ANOVA)revealed that no differences existed among the hybrids on the average height at the age of 3 because of the lowercold2endurance of some young trees, but significant differences appeared at the age of 5 among the crosses,especially the growth differences of PT ×PCH crosseswere extremely significant. Thus the assessment of F1 hybridswould begin 4 years after p lanted in fields. The height of better F1 families of PT ×PCH were higher than 4. 0meters, which exceeds the national standard of good conifer trees. In conclusion, better p ine varieties can beselected effectively through hybridization in exotic p ines.
2008, 21(3): 320-324.
Abstract:
The cross－compatibility between yellow－bract and red2bract p lants of M usella lasiocarpa was studied indifferent aspects: the pollen fertility, the fruiting characteristics, the germination of pollen and growth of pollentube. The results showed that the pollen viability could reach 95% while the germination was about 23%. Theinflorescenceswith bag developed no seed. The fruiting rate of open-pollinated treatment was 93% in-yellow bractp lants and 90% in red-bract p lants, while fruiting rate of hand-pollinated treatmentwas from 95% to 97%. It couldbe a concluded that the cross between yellow2bract and red2bract p lants ofM usella lasiocarpa was compatible.
The cross－compatibility between yellow－bract and red2bract p lants of M usella lasiocarpa was studied indifferent aspects: the pollen fertility, the fruiting characteristics, the germination of pollen and growth of pollentube. The results showed that the pollen viability could reach 95% while the germination was about 23%. Theinflorescenceswith bag developed no seed. The fruiting rate of open-pollinated treatment was 93% in-yellow bractp lants and 90% in red-bract p lants, while fruiting rate of hand-pollinated treatmentwas from 95% to 97%. It couldbe a concluded that the cross between yellow2bract and red2bract p lants ofM usella lasiocarpa was compatible.
2008, 21(3): 325-330.
Abstract:
An insect cell bank management system was established using Microsoft Visual Basic 2005 and SQLServer 2005 in order to overcome the deficiency of management in insect cell bank. Its main task is to realizecentralized management of experimental data, and p rovide p ractical utilities for the user to make data acquisition andp rocessing easier. The major functions of the system include basic information management of cell lines, imagemanagement, documentmanagement, karyotype analysis, cell cryop reservation and anabiosis operation, drawing ofcell growth curve, and etc. It was well established for its powerful functions and flexible operations. Thedevelopment of this system gives a powerful boost to the management standards of cell bank and lays foundation forlong-term effectively management of the insect cell lines bank.
An insect cell bank management system was established using Microsoft Visual Basic 2005 and SQLServer 2005 in order to overcome the deficiency of management in insect cell bank. Its main task is to realizecentralized management of experimental data, and p rovide p ractical utilities for the user to make data acquisition andp rocessing easier. The major functions of the system include basic information management of cell lines, imagemanagement, documentmanagement, karyotype analysis, cell cryop reservation and anabiosis operation, drawing ofcell growth curve, and etc. It was well established for its powerful functions and flexible operations. Thedevelopment of this system gives a powerful boost to the management standards of cell bank and lays foundation forlong-term effectively management of the insect cell lines bank.
2008, 21(3): 331-334.
Abstract:
The size of survey area is very important to p roper exp ress the characteristics of the forest communities.This paper studied on the research p lot dataset which composed by tree spatial positions data and tree speciescomposition from China, Mongolia, Myanmar, South Africa and Germany, a new app roach on determining the forestcommunities’minimum survey area p resented bymodel and mathematicsmethod. By setting quadrate samp le in thecenter of p lot and then enlarging its edge length interval 10 m to get the data of species-area curve and establish thespecies-area model, the minimum survey area can be determined bymaking the value of second derivative model iszero or app roximate zero ( 1 ×10-6 ). The study also found that the relationship of minimum area with maximumspecies can be well described by semi-logarithm and the model can be directly estimated the survey minimum areaby using potential tree species quantity in p ractice.
The size of survey area is very important to p roper exp ress the characteristics of the forest communities.This paper studied on the research p lot dataset which composed by tree spatial positions data and tree speciescomposition from China, Mongolia, Myanmar, South Africa and Germany, a new app roach on determining the forestcommunities’minimum survey area p resented bymodel and mathematicsmethod. By setting quadrate samp le in thecenter of p lot and then enlarging its edge length interval 10 m to get the data of species-area curve and establish thespecies-area model, the minimum survey area can be determined bymaking the value of second derivative model iszero or app roximate zero ( 1 ×10-6 ). The study also found that the relationship of minimum area with maximumspecies can be well described by semi-logarithm and the model can be directly estimated the survey minimum areaby using potential tree species quantity in p ractice.
2008, 21(3): 335-339.
Abstract:
The wood anatomical and physical-mechanical p roperties ofDa lberg ia sissoo Roxb. introduced from Nepalp lanting in Yuan J iang in Yunnan Province were studied. Results indicated Dalbergia sissoo was diffuse2porouswood, the form of fiberwas even and in average length 1. 43 mm. The micro fibril angle was 12. 24°. The air2driedand p rofile density were respectively 0. 746 g·cm-3 and 0. 634 g·cm-3 in average. The air2dried and oven2driedof variance shrinkage were 1. 75 and 1. 55 respectively. The comp rehensive quality coefficient of Da lberg ia sissoowas 2 309 ×105 Pa, and a high quality wood for higher levelmaterial.
The wood anatomical and physical-mechanical p roperties ofDa lberg ia sissoo Roxb. introduced from Nepalp lanting in Yuan J iang in Yunnan Province were studied. Results indicated Dalbergia sissoo was diffuse2porouswood, the form of fiberwas even and in average length 1. 43 mm. The micro fibril angle was 12. 24°. The air2driedand p rofile density were respectively 0. 746 g·cm-3 and 0. 634 g·cm-3 in average. The air2dried and oven2driedof variance shrinkage were 1. 75 and 1. 55 respectively. The comp rehensive quality coefficient of Da lberg ia sissoowas 2 309 ×105 Pa, and a high quality wood for higher levelmaterial.
2008, 21(3): 340-345.
Abstract:
Population dynamics ofmajor Coleop tera insects in mature and immature p ine forest distributed under thealtitude of 100 m in northern p iedmont of Kuocang Mountain were investigated by using trap s and attractant in2005—2006. Results showed that there were 33 Coleop tera species, belonging to 9 families, damaging massonp ine, either p ine needles or branches and trunk, and 1 natural enemy species. Of the insect pests, 3 were victors ofthe fatal p ine disease PWN, i. e. M onocham us alterna tus, Spondy lis buprestoides, and S hirahoshizo patruelis. In thetrial forest compartments, Cerabycida, Curculionidae and Scolytidea were the dominant group s with both speciesnumber and total insect individuals attracted. Important adult characteristics of major species, esp. M onocham usalternatus were analyzed and suggestions on p revention and control of these major species were given.
Population dynamics ofmajor Coleop tera insects in mature and immature p ine forest distributed under thealtitude of 100 m in northern p iedmont of Kuocang Mountain were investigated by using trap s and attractant in2005—2006. Results showed that there were 33 Coleop tera species, belonging to 9 families, damaging massonp ine, either p ine needles or branches and trunk, and 1 natural enemy species. Of the insect pests, 3 were victors ofthe fatal p ine disease PWN, i. e. M onocham us alterna tus, Spondy lis buprestoides, and S hirahoshizo patruelis. In thetrial forest compartments, Cerabycida, Curculionidae and Scolytidea were the dominant group s with both speciesnumber and total insect individuals attracted. Important adult characteristics of major species, esp. M onocham usalternatus were analyzed and suggestions on p revention and control of these major species were given.
2008, 21(3): 346-352.
Abstract:
The amount and rhythm of litter falls inM ytilaria laosensis, B etu la a lnoides, Castanopsis hystrix, M icheliam acclurei, Pinus m assoniana, and Cunningham ia lanceola ta p lantations located at Experimental Center of Trop icalForestry, CAF, were studied. The results showed that there existed different dynamic change and litter fall amountfor different tree p lantation. Among 6 stands, M ytilaria laosensis had the most leaf and miscellaneous litter falls,which were 4 748. 23 and 1 881. 07 kg·hm-2 ·a-1 , and B etula alnoides had the lowest, which were 2 641. 32 and153. 88 kg·hm-2 ·a-1. Pinusm assoniana had the most leaf litter fall, which was 902. 94 kg·hm-2 ·a-1 , whileCunningham ia lanceolata the lowest, which were 149. 93 kg·hm-2 ·a-1. For annual total litter fall amount,M ytilaria laosensis was the highest (7 095. 76 kg·hm-2 ·a-1 ) and B etula alnoides the lowest (3 309. 05 kg·hm-2 ·a-1 ). The annual total litter fall amounts of Castanopsis hystrix, M ichelia m acclurei, Pinusm asson iana, andCunningham ia lanceolata were similar, ranged between 5 555. 61 - 5 864. 87 kg·hm-2 ·a-1. The ANOVA resultsof the annual total litter fall amount showed that there existed extremely significant differences among tree species.By multip le comparisons, it was showed that there existed extremely significant difference in annual total litter fall amount betweenM y tila ria laosensis and the other 5 species, between Castanopsis hystrix, Cunn ingham ia lanceolataand B etula alnoides and M ichelia m acclurei and Pinus m asson iana, and between M ichelia m acclu rei, Pinusm assoniana and B etula alnoides.
The amount and rhythm of litter falls inM ytilaria laosensis, B etu la a lnoides, Castanopsis hystrix, M icheliam acclurei, Pinus m assoniana, and Cunningham ia lanceola ta p lantations located at Experimental Center of Trop icalForestry, CAF, were studied. The results showed that there existed different dynamic change and litter fall amountfor different tree p lantation. Among 6 stands, M ytilaria laosensis had the most leaf and miscellaneous litter falls,which were 4 748. 23 and 1 881. 07 kg·hm-2 ·a-1 , and B etula alnoides had the lowest, which were 2 641. 32 and153. 88 kg·hm-2 ·a-1. Pinusm assoniana had the most leaf litter fall, which was 902. 94 kg·hm-2 ·a-1 , whileCunningham ia lanceolata the lowest, which were 149. 93 kg·hm-2 ·a-1. For annual total litter fall amount,M ytilaria laosensis was the highest (7 095. 76 kg·hm-2 ·a-1 ) and B etula alnoides the lowest (3 309. 05 kg·hm-2 ·a-1 ). The annual total litter fall amounts of Castanopsis hystrix, M ichelia m acclurei, Pinusm asson iana, andCunningham ia lanceolata were similar, ranged between 5 555. 61 - 5 864. 87 kg·hm-2 ·a-1. The ANOVA resultsof the annual total litter fall amount showed that there existed extremely significant differences among tree species.By multip le comparisons, it was showed that there existed extremely significant difference in annual total litter fall amount betweenM y tila ria laosensis and the other 5 species, between Castanopsis hystrix, Cunn ingham ia lanceolataand B etula alnoides and M ichelia m acclurei and Pinus m asson iana, and between M ichelia m acclu rei, Pinusm assoniana and B etula alnoides.
2008, 21(3): 353-356.
Abstract:
By using the ground samp le p lots of 2006 Continuous Forest Inventory in Tibet, two compatible modelsystems for deleted volume rates ( total removals rate, mortality rate, and cut rate) of natural Sp ruce forest ( Picealik iangensis var. hirtella, Picea likiangensis var. balfou riana)were established based on the app roach of non2lineardependent estimation. The model systems can be used for p redicting the stand volume consump tion of natural Sp ruceforest in Tibet, and the method for building compatible model system can be referenced to establish similarmodels.
By using the ground samp le p lots of 2006 Continuous Forest Inventory in Tibet, two compatible modelsystems for deleted volume rates ( total removals rate, mortality rate, and cut rate) of natural Sp ruce forest ( Picealik iangensis var. hirtella, Picea likiangensis var. balfou riana)were established based on the app roach of non2lineardependent estimation. The model systems can be used for p redicting the stand volume consump tion of natural Sp ruceforest in Tibet, and the method for building compatible model system can be referenced to establish similarmodels.
2008, 21(3): 357-361.
Abstract:
Five dominant species of natural and artificial-origins shrubs in the northeastern Ulanbuh Desert,Amm opiptan thus m ongolicus, Ha loxy lon amm odend ron, N itraria tangu torum, Zygophy llum xanthoxylum, Caraganakorsh insk ii, were chosen for the research. The photosynthetic gas exchange indices, photosynthetic response curvesand growth indiceswere measured. The differences among different species and originswere analyzed. The ANOVAresults showed that between natural and artificial origins, the remarkable differences exist in the gas exchangeindices, net photosynthetic rate ( Pn ) , stomatal conductance ( Gs ) , transp iration rate ( E ) , water utilizationefficiency(WUE) , and the growth indices, shrub height (H) , shrub diameter (D) , shrub canopy(C). and the gasexchange indices of artificial origins were bigger than that of natural origins, but the growth indices smaller thannatural origins. Among the five species, the difference ofWUE is not remarkable, but the remarkable differencesexist in the gas exchange indices, Pn, Gs, Ci, E, and the growth indices, H, D, C. Some photosynthetic responsecurves parameters, such asmaximum photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum yield, light compensation point, light saturation point, dark resp iration rate, CO2 compensation point, carboxylation efficiency, were calculated based onthe measured light and CO2 response curves for five shrubs of two origins. And the diversification of thephotosynthetic response curves parameters for different species and origins exist. And some suggestions for artificialshrub cultivation and natural shrub p rotection measures were put forward.
Five dominant species of natural and artificial-origins shrubs in the northeastern Ulanbuh Desert,Amm opiptan thus m ongolicus, Ha loxy lon amm odend ron, N itraria tangu torum, Zygophy llum xanthoxylum, Caraganakorsh insk ii, were chosen for the research. The photosynthetic gas exchange indices, photosynthetic response curvesand growth indiceswere measured. The differences among different species and originswere analyzed. The ANOVAresults showed that between natural and artificial origins, the remarkable differences exist in the gas exchangeindices, net photosynthetic rate ( Pn ) , stomatal conductance ( Gs ) , transp iration rate ( E ) , water utilizationefficiency(WUE) , and the growth indices, shrub height (H) , shrub diameter (D) , shrub canopy(C). and the gasexchange indices of artificial origins were bigger than that of natural origins, but the growth indices smaller thannatural origins. Among the five species, the difference ofWUE is not remarkable, but the remarkable differencesexist in the gas exchange indices, Pn, Gs, Ci, E, and the growth indices, H, D, C. Some photosynthetic responsecurves parameters, such asmaximum photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum yield, light compensation point, light saturation point, dark resp iration rate, CO2 compensation point, carboxylation efficiency, were calculated based onthe measured light and CO2 response curves for five shrubs of two origins. And the diversification of thephotosynthetic response curves parameters for different species and origins exist. And some suggestions for artificialshrub cultivation and natural shrub p rotection measures were put forward.
2008, 21(3): 362-369.
Abstract:
In this paper itwas described that twenty-two species, three varieties and twelve forms of the introducedBambusoidease taxa in China and their bionomics, geological distribution as well as utilization.
In this paper itwas described that twenty-two species, three varieties and twelve forms of the introducedBambusoidease taxa in China and their bionomics, geological distribution as well as utilization.
2008, 21(3): 370-373.
Abstract:
Longhorned beetle, Eurypoda antennata, was one of the main insect pests that were detrimental to ancient woodybuildings. In Longyou Country of Zhejiang Province, it p roduced only one generation every year, the pest of all stageswerefeeding in wood. Larvae experienced six instars, of which 2～4 instar overwintered in boring tunnels, and the fourth instarlarvae accounted for 78%. E. antennata began to moult atmid-June and reached the peak in early July, ended atmid-July.The molted was active at night and acquired nutrient from originally-destroyed wood, no migration was observed at themoment. Average eggs of femaleswere 80. 17 ( range from 27 to 148) , they laid eggs solitarily or dispersally between woodgaps, in feeding tunnels and occasionally on the surface of the wood. Dried, ventilated old buildingwas suitable for the pestsurvival. 8% Lv-se-weilei (200 ) integrated with strict quarantineswere effectively methods against the pest.
Longhorned beetle, Eurypoda antennata, was one of the main insect pests that were detrimental to ancient woodybuildings. In Longyou Country of Zhejiang Province, it p roduced only one generation every year, the pest of all stageswerefeeding in wood. Larvae experienced six instars, of which 2～4 instar overwintered in boring tunnels, and the fourth instarlarvae accounted for 78%. E. antennata began to moult atmid-June and reached the peak in early July, ended atmid-July.The molted was active at night and acquired nutrient from originally-destroyed wood, no migration was observed at themoment. Average eggs of femaleswere 80. 17 ( range from 27 to 148) , they laid eggs solitarily or dispersally between woodgaps, in feeding tunnels and occasionally on the surface of the wood. Dried, ventilated old buildingwas suitable for the pestsurvival. 8% Lv-se-weilei (200 ) integrated with strict quarantineswere effectively methods against the pest.
2008, 21(3): 374-378.
Abstract:
To realize the vines resources of Shunhuang Mountain Nature Reserve in Hu’nan Province, we studied thediversity of species, their families/genera, their habits, their areal-types and their climbingmodes in this area. The resultsare as fouows : (1) There were 247 species, belonging to 97 genera and 41 families in the area. (2) Ligneous vineswerethe p redominant, about 51.5% of the genera; (3)Vine climbing mechanics fall into 5 tybes, among which twining madeup 52.2% of the total vines; curling , hooking, adhering and mixed type were 25.1% , 17.4% , 2.0% and 3.3%respectively. (4) There were about 20 essential vine species which had the high value of exp loitation and utilization1andcould be used in urban horticulture1
To realize the vines resources of Shunhuang Mountain Nature Reserve in Hu’nan Province, we studied thediversity of species, their families/genera, their habits, their areal-types and their climbingmodes in this area. The resultsare as fouows : (1) There were 247 species, belonging to 97 genera and 41 families in the area. (2) Ligneous vineswerethe p redominant, about 51.5% of the genera; (3)Vine climbing mechanics fall into 5 tybes, among which twining madeup 52.2% of the total vines; curling , hooking, adhering and mixed type were 25.1% , 17.4% , 2.0% and 3.3%respectively. (4) There were about 20 essential vine species which had the high value of exp loitation and utilization1andcould be used in urban horticulture1
2008, 21(3): 379-385.
Abstract:
The salt tolerance of tissue cultured p lantlet differentiation ofmodified trip loid Chinese white pop larwhich PLD /AtNHXI gene of saline resistance were transformed into were tested within 4 - 11 g·kg-1 salt concentration of 8 levels.Tissue cultured p lantlets rooting were tested within 2 - 10 g·kg-1 salt concentration of 9 levels. One year pot seedlingswere tested salt tolerance within 3 - 12 g · kg-1 salt concentration of 10 levels. The results showed that when saltconcentration reached 8 g · kg-1 , the genetically modified trip loid Chinese white pop lar began to have effects ondifferential growth, leaves color of tissue cultured p lantlets, number of differentiation buds and length of new growth, anddifferentiation of bottle seedlingswas restrained, gotwithered or dead with increasing of salt concentration, and that leavescolor had little effect, but rooting and new growth began to be restrained and rootage obviously reduced when tissuecultured p lantlets grew in rooting culture medium of 7 g·kg-1 salt concentration for 20 days, and that when pot seedlingsgrew for 32 days in the soil of 7 g·kg-1 salt concentration, they began to appear salt injury.
The salt tolerance of tissue cultured p lantlet differentiation ofmodified trip loid Chinese white pop larwhich PLD /AtNHXI gene of saline resistance were transformed into were tested within 4 - 11 g·kg-1 salt concentration of 8 levels.Tissue cultured p lantlets rooting were tested within 2 - 10 g·kg-1 salt concentration of 9 levels. One year pot seedlingswere tested salt tolerance within 3 - 12 g · kg-1 salt concentration of 10 levels. The results showed that when saltconcentration reached 8 g · kg-1 , the genetically modified trip loid Chinese white pop lar began to have effects ondifferential growth, leaves color of tissue cultured p lantlets, number of differentiation buds and length of new growth, anddifferentiation of bottle seedlingswas restrained, gotwithered or dead with increasing of salt concentration, and that leavescolor had little effect, but rooting and new growth began to be restrained and rootage obviously reduced when tissuecultured p lantlets grew in rooting culture medium of 7 g·kg-1 salt concentration for 20 days, and that when pot seedlingsgrew for 32 days in the soil of 7 g·kg-1 salt concentration, they began to appear salt injury.
2008, 21(3): 386-390.
Abstract:
The biologic characteristics and control of M imela specularis in chestnut p lantations were studied. The resultsshowed that there was one generation per year forM. specularis. The adult emerged from the late February to the middleAp ril. It fed on tender leaf and bud, and madeserious damage on the growth of chestnut. The damege of the populationdensity was: light loam >medium loam > sandy loam; and weeds > crop s > shrubs, among different intercropp ing systems.The op timum soil water content that the scarab developed was 15% ～20%. 3 000 dilution 10% Imidaclop rid or 1 000dilution 25% Chlorfenapyr had good efficacies in terms of killing the adult, and Margosan2O or Rotenone had strongrepellent and antifeedant effects against the adult.
The biologic characteristics and control of M imela specularis in chestnut p lantations were studied. The resultsshowed that there was one generation per year forM. specularis. The adult emerged from the late February to the middleAp ril. It fed on tender leaf and bud, and madeserious damage on the growth of chestnut. The damege of the populationdensity was: light loam >medium loam > sandy loam; and weeds > crop s > shrubs, among different intercropp ing systems.The op timum soil water content that the scarab developed was 15% ～20%. 3 000 dilution 10% Imidaclop rid or 1 000dilution 25% Chlorfenapyr had good efficacies in terms of killing the adult, and Margosan2O or Rotenone had strongrepellent and antifeedant effects against the adult.
2008, 21(3): 391-396.
Abstract:
Using RAPD, the phylogenetic relationship of Prim ula L. from Longchi, Kangding, Mugecuo and L itangpopulationswas studied. The results indicated that 250 DNA fragments, which ranged from 130 bp to 1 800 bp,were amp lified based on 28 RAPD p rimers, 209 polymorphic fragments (83.6% ) were detected, and the averagenumber of DNA fragments per p rimerwas 9. The mean of genetic distance was 0.660 2. The dendrogram generatedbyUPGMA clustered all the 85 materials into 4 group s. Excep t P. vialii, P. prattii, P. m onticola and P. ovalifolia,the other specieswere not separated each other by the cluster. The result showed that P. secund if lora belonged toSect. Proliferae was also sustained, and there were distinct difference between Sect. Petiolares and Sect. A leuritiawith other sections. The dendrogram indicated that Longchi population was separated for Kangding, Mugecho andLitang populations, but the latter three populations were not distinguished each other. This suggested the eco-geographic characteristcs significantly influenced the genetic diversity of Prim ula L.
Using RAPD, the phylogenetic relationship of Prim ula L. from Longchi, Kangding, Mugecuo and L itangpopulationswas studied. The results indicated that 250 DNA fragments, which ranged from 130 bp to 1 800 bp,were amp lified based on 28 RAPD p rimers, 209 polymorphic fragments (83.6% ) were detected, and the averagenumber of DNA fragments per p rimerwas 9. The mean of genetic distance was 0.660 2. The dendrogram generatedbyUPGMA clustered all the 85 materials into 4 group s. Excep t P. vialii, P. prattii, P. m onticola and P. ovalifolia,the other specieswere not separated each other by the cluster. The result showed that P. secund if lora belonged toSect. Proliferae was also sustained, and there were distinct difference between Sect. Petiolares and Sect. A leuritiawith other sections. The dendrogram indicated that Longchi population was separated for Kangding, Mugecho andLitang populations, but the latter three populations were not distinguished each other. This suggested the eco-geographic characteristcs significantly influenced the genetic diversity of Prim ula L.
2008, 21(3): 397-402.
Abstract:
This paper dealed with the app lication of the scenic beauty estimation method ( SBE) in controlling thelocation of the best view and routes in p lanning the forest landscapes. The app lication extended the SBEmethodology from p rotecting and managing to p lanning and designing. The passage included the p rocess ofdetermining the location of the best view of each landscape with SBE method , acquiring the scenic beauty of alllandscapes in the region based on the SBE method to classify them in order to control the size of each location of thebest view , contributing high scenic beauty area according to the classification and the overlapp ing of eye-catchingareas of landscapes all of which resulted in controlling the routes of the region.
This paper dealed with the app lication of the scenic beauty estimation method ( SBE) in controlling thelocation of the best view and routes in p lanning the forest landscapes. The app lication extended the SBEmethodology from p rotecting and managing to p lanning and designing. The passage included the p rocess ofdetermining the location of the best view of each landscape with SBE method , acquiring the scenic beauty of alllandscapes in the region based on the SBE method to classify them in order to control the size of each location of thebest view , contributing high scenic beauty area according to the classification and the overlapp ing of eye-catchingareas of landscapes all of which resulted in controlling the routes of the region.
2008, 21(3): 403-406.
Abstract:
The regenerated p lantlets of Acacia auriculiform is were obtained by the method of re2differentiation of thecallus from the hypocotyls exp lants. The effects of p lant regulator compositions on the induction of callus and thedifferentiation of adventitious buds in vitro culture were studied. The op timum medium for callus induction wasMSmedium containing 1. 0 or 1. 5 mg ·L-1 2, 42D and 0. 5 mg ·L-1 KT and 100% the callus induction frequencywasobtained. The op timum medium for re2differentiation of calluswasMSmedium containing 1. 5 mg ·L-1 62BA and0. 2 mg ·L-1 NAA and 84. 7% of adventitious shoot regeneration frequency with 5. 83 shoots per exp lants wasobtained. In addition, the op timum medium for the adventitious buds induced from the hypocotyls exp lants withouttransferring the calluswasMSmedium containing 2. 0 mg ·L-1 62BA, 0. 1 mg ·L-1 NAA and 0. 2 mg ·L-1 KT.Excised shootswere effectively elongated inMS medium without appending any hormones. Elongated shoots of 3. 0cm rooted when theywere transferred toMSmedium containing 0. 1 mg ·L-1 IAA and 0. 2 mg ·L-1 NAA after 30days and developed into healthy p lantlets, which resulted in a rooting rate of 85 %. The results of this study willfacilitate the app lication of genetic transformation methods in A. auricu liform is.
The regenerated p lantlets of Acacia auriculiform is were obtained by the method of re2differentiation of thecallus from the hypocotyls exp lants. The effects of p lant regulator compositions on the induction of callus and thedifferentiation of adventitious buds in vitro culture were studied. The op timum medium for callus induction wasMSmedium containing 1. 0 or 1. 5 mg ·L-1 2, 42D and 0. 5 mg ·L-1 KT and 100% the callus induction frequencywasobtained. The op timum medium for re2differentiation of calluswasMSmedium containing 1. 5 mg ·L-1 62BA and0. 2 mg ·L-1 NAA and 84. 7% of adventitious shoot regeneration frequency with 5. 83 shoots per exp lants wasobtained. In addition, the op timum medium for the adventitious buds induced from the hypocotyls exp lants withouttransferring the calluswasMSmedium containing 2. 0 mg ·L-1 62BA, 0. 1 mg ·L-1 NAA and 0. 2 mg ·L-1 KT.Excised shootswere effectively elongated inMS medium without appending any hormones. Elongated shoots of 3. 0cm rooted when theywere transferred toMSmedium containing 0. 1 mg ·L-1 IAA and 0. 2 mg ·L-1 NAA after 30days and developed into healthy p lantlets, which resulted in a rooting rate of 85 %. The results of this study willfacilitate the app lication of genetic transformation methods in A. auricu liform is.
2008, 21(3): 407-410.
Abstract:
Winter lignified stems of B auhinia galpinii were used as exp lants for tissue culture, and the effects ofdifferent hormones on inductivity rate and rooting rate were investigated by supp lementing different concentrations.The results indicated that budswere induced from a 2 cm high young p lantlet cultured inMSmedium supp lementedwith 1. 0 mg·L-1 62BA and 0. 1 mg·L-1 NAA for 20 d, and the induction rate was 100%. The mean amount ofbuds was 8. 7. The medium ofMS + 0. 4mg·L-1 NAA was used for rooting and the rooting rate was 85%. Theexperiment strategy to establish tissue culture system from lignified stem was feasible, which could be used for coldacclimation and cold resistantmutant selection.
Winter lignified stems of B auhinia galpinii were used as exp lants for tissue culture, and the effects ofdifferent hormones on inductivity rate and rooting rate were investigated by supp lementing different concentrations.The results indicated that budswere induced from a 2 cm high young p lantlet cultured inMSmedium supp lementedwith 1. 0 mg·L-1 62BA and 0. 1 mg·L-1 NAA for 20 d, and the induction rate was 100%. The mean amount ofbuds was 8. 7. The medium ofMS + 0. 4mg·L-1 NAA was used for rooting and the rooting rate was 85%. Theexperiment strategy to establish tissue culture system from lignified stem was feasible, which could be used for coldacclimation and cold resistantmutant selection.
2008, 21(3): 411-414.
Abstract:
44 p lotswere set up in different slash p ine p lantations in J iangxi Province. The relationship between themean population density of Hylobitelus x iaoi and the mean worm hole in slash p ine were investigated and 5 functionswere found respectively. The results showed that the best suitable mathematics model could be described as: Y =0. 082x2 + 0. 2 216x + 0. 063, and the table of relationship between the mean population density of H. xiaoi and themean worm hole in slash p ine were established, which p rovided a simp ly method for number investigation andforecast of H. x iao in slash p ine p lantations.
44 p lotswere set up in different slash p ine p lantations in J iangxi Province. The relationship between themean population density of Hylobitelus x iaoi and the mean worm hole in slash p ine were investigated and 5 functionswere found respectively. The results showed that the best suitable mathematics model could be described as: Y =0. 082x2 + 0. 2 216x + 0. 063, and the table of relationship between the mean population density of H. xiaoi and themean worm hole in slash p ine were established, which p rovided a simp ly method for number investigation andforecast of H. x iao in slash p ine p lantations.
2008, 21(3): 415-418.
Abstract:
W5 eucalyp tus clones short2rotation industrial raw material forest ownered byLeizhou ForestryBureau wereselected to be the object of site quality evaluation, the relations among tree height, DBH, and age were analysed byforest resources survey data. The average height and average DBH of dominant tree in forest stand were selected to bedependent variable and independent variable of site quality evaluation model. The standard age was 3. 2 years (40months) , and the curve function was Richard function. The site quality evaluation model of eucalyp tus short-rotationindustrial raw material forest was established. The adap tability of the model was tested, correlation coefficient was0. 95, and the result showed that the difference between theoretical value and investigating value was not obvious. Theaccuracy of site quality evaluation modelwas high enough for p ractical purposes.
W5 eucalyp tus clones short2rotation industrial raw material forest ownered byLeizhou ForestryBureau wereselected to be the object of site quality evaluation, the relations among tree height, DBH, and age were analysed byforest resources survey data. The average height and average DBH of dominant tree in forest stand were selected to bedependent variable and independent variable of site quality evaluation model. The standard age was 3. 2 years (40months) , and the curve function was Richard function. The site quality evaluation model of eucalyp tus short-rotationindustrial raw material forest was established. The adap tability of the model was tested, correlation coefficient was0. 95, and the result showed that the difference between theoretical value and investigating value was not obvious. Theaccuracy of site quality evaluation modelwas high enough for p ractical purposes.
2008, 21(3): 419-423.
Abstract:
Sp lit-p lot field experiment with 2-year-old trip loid Populus tom en tosa clone S1, S6, S8 and S11 asexperimental materials and dip loid clone S10 as control was carried out in Wei County, Xintai City, HeibeiProvince. Annual change of soil nutrients in different p lantation and tree growth indices of height, DBH and volumewere determined. The results showed that soil pH increased and the content of organic matter decreased obviously ina year. Total N, available N, total P, available P, and total K decreased to some extents, while no regulation wasfound for available K. Different clones had no significant effect on the decline of the soil nutrients. Compared withthe control S10, the trip loid Populus tom entosa grew much better and took up more soil nutrients, with S8 as thebest and followed by S1 and S6.
Sp lit-p lot field experiment with 2-year-old trip loid Populus tom en tosa clone S1, S6, S8 and S11 asexperimental materials and dip loid clone S10 as control was carried out in Wei County, Xintai City, HeibeiProvince. Annual change of soil nutrients in different p lantation and tree growth indices of height, DBH and volumewere determined. The results showed that soil pH increased and the content of organic matter decreased obviously ina year. Total N, available N, total P, available P, and total K decreased to some extents, while no regulation wasfound for available K. Different clones had no significant effect on the decline of the soil nutrients. Compared withthe control S10, the trip loid Populus tom entosa grew much better and took up more soil nutrients, with S8 as thebest and followed by S1 and S6.
2008, 21(3): 424-428.
Abstract:
Comparison and analyzation of female sex pheromone that had been identified in Noctuidae suggested thatthe sex pheromones were composed by five types of components: esters, alcohols, aldehydes, hydrocarbons andepoxides. These chemicals had simp ly structure. Overlapp ing components exist in separate subfamilies, and withthe increasing in the number of subfamily which contented sharing components, the species of insects whose sexpheromone content overlapp ing components increased. Sex pheromone components were highly similar amongspecies in the same genus and largely sharing among different genera in the same subfamily. Sex pheromonecomponentswere full homology among the species in the same genera.
Comparison and analyzation of female sex pheromone that had been identified in Noctuidae suggested thatthe sex pheromones were composed by five types of components: esters, alcohols, aldehydes, hydrocarbons andepoxides. These chemicals had simp ly structure. Overlapp ing components exist in separate subfamilies, and withthe increasing in the number of subfamily which contented sharing components, the species of insects whose sexpheromone content overlapp ing components increased. Sex pheromone components were highly similar amongspecies in the same genus and largely sharing among different genera in the same subfamily. Sex pheromonecomponentswere full homology among the species in the same genera.
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