2010 Vol. 23, No. 1
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2010, 23(1): 1-5.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
CONSTANS (CO) is one of the key genes controlling flowering time of the flowering plants in Photoperiod Pathways. In current study, two primers, COS1 and COA1, based on the conserved region of Hd1 sequences from CO-like gene of rice (Oryza sativa), were employed to amplify a 1 520 bp fragment by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with genomic DNA of Dendrocalamus xishuangbannaensis D. Z. Li & H. Q. Yang. The fragment was cloned into a pGEM-T vector and then sequenced. Result of the 1 520 bp fragment cloned into a pGEM-T vector produced a fragment of gene, i.e. DxCO1, with accession number GQ358925 in GenBank. The DNA sequence analysis indicated that DxCO1 included one intron of 590 bp and two exons encoding putative 310 amino acids. Using homology analyses of DNA sequence, DxCO1 was homologous to the other six CO-like genes from Gramineae plants with 81%-91% supports, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis, based on protein sequences of DxCO1 and the known CO-like genes of seed plant in GenBank, showed that DxCO1 and other five CO-like genes from Gramineae plants clustered into a monophyly with bootstrap value of 92%. Meanwhile, there was a zinc-finger B-box (Cx2Cx8Cx7Cx2Cx4Hx8H) domain near amino terminus and a CCT (CO,CO-like, TOC1) domain near carboxy terminus in putative amino acid sequence of DxCO1. These results suggested that DxCO1 belonged to CO-like gene family, and it might have the same function of controlling flowering time like other CO homologous genes.
CONSTANS (CO) is one of the key genes controlling flowering time of the flowering plants in Photoperiod Pathways. In current study, two primers, COS1 and COA1, based on the conserved region of Hd1 sequences from CO-like gene of rice (Oryza sativa), were employed to amplify a 1 520 bp fragment by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with genomic DNA of Dendrocalamus xishuangbannaensis D. Z. Li & H. Q. Yang. The fragment was cloned into a pGEM-T vector and then sequenced. Result of the 1 520 bp fragment cloned into a pGEM-T vector produced a fragment of gene, i.e. DxCO1, with accession number GQ358925 in GenBank. The DNA sequence analysis indicated that DxCO1 included one intron of 590 bp and two exons encoding putative 310 amino acids. Using homology analyses of DNA sequence, DxCO1 was homologous to the other six CO-like genes from Gramineae plants with 81%-91% supports, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis, based on protein sequences of DxCO1 and the known CO-like genes of seed plant in GenBank, showed that DxCO1 and other five CO-like genes from Gramineae plants clustered into a monophyly with bootstrap value of 92%. Meanwhile, there was a zinc-finger B-box (Cx2Cx8Cx7Cx2Cx4Hx8H) domain near amino terminus and a CCT (CO,CO-like, TOC1) domain near carboxy terminus in putative amino acid sequence of DxCO1. These results suggested that DxCO1 belonged to CO-like gene family, and it might have the same function of controlling flowering time like other CO homologous genes.
2010, 23(1): 6-12.
Abstract:
Discussed the thinned cumulative stand basal area dynamics after every thinning happened during the past 26 years. The results indicate that (1) As long as site index with the different plots is the same, the cumulative basal area will finally converge to one; (2) The diameter classes increases with thinning processes and the residual individual trees have larger diameter class in common; (3) The plantation with 16 site index should be planted high density and thinned with high frequency so that the different size logs can be obtained and the cumulative stand basal area growth can be promoted. As for 14 site index, we should plant spare plantation so that the small- and medium-sized logs can be produced through spare stand density; (4) The thinning have little effect on the cumulative stand basal area growth with 14 site index; (5) It is possible to obtain the larger diameter classes log which plants high site quality and low stand initial density.
Discussed the thinned cumulative stand basal area dynamics after every thinning happened during the past 26 years. The results indicate that (1) As long as site index with the different plots is the same, the cumulative basal area will finally converge to one; (2) The diameter classes increases with thinning processes and the residual individual trees have larger diameter class in common; (3) The plantation with 16 site index should be planted high density and thinned with high frequency so that the different size logs can be obtained and the cumulative stand basal area growth can be promoted. As for 14 site index, we should plant spare plantation so that the small- and medium-sized logs can be produced through spare stand density; (4) The thinning have little effect on the cumulative stand basal area growth with 14 site index; (5) It is possible to obtain the larger diameter classes log which plants high site quality and low stand initial density.
2010, 23(1): 13-17.
Abstract:
Based on the growth analysis of 4—20 year-old Pinus massoniana even-aged pure plantations, it showed that the first tree height growth differentiation peak appeared during the 4—7 year, the second peak appeared during the 11—14 year, and the diameter differentiation became stable after the young plantation close. In junior and middle aged plantation, the tending focused on cutting inferior trees, but part of intermediate tree could also be cut for near-mature plantation. Thinning should retain the dominant trees while properly keep the homogeneous density. The natural thinning density was positive correlated to the stand density. The denser the density, the early the thinning, and the heavier the natural thinning. The peak period of successive annual natural thinning intensity emerged soon after the stand closed. The self-thinning intensity and time for stands with different density could be determined by the relationship between thinning intensity and time. According to the observation data, the natural thinning model related to site condition, existing tree number and stand age could be fitted, from which the natural thinning table for different site conditions could be calculated.
Based on the growth analysis of 4—20 year-old Pinus massoniana even-aged pure plantations, it showed that the first tree height growth differentiation peak appeared during the 4—7 year, the second peak appeared during the 11—14 year, and the diameter differentiation became stable after the young plantation close. In junior and middle aged plantation, the tending focused on cutting inferior trees, but part of intermediate tree could also be cut for near-mature plantation. Thinning should retain the dominant trees while properly keep the homogeneous density. The natural thinning density was positive correlated to the stand density. The denser the density, the early the thinning, and the heavier the natural thinning. The peak period of successive annual natural thinning intensity emerged soon after the stand closed. The self-thinning intensity and time for stands with different density could be determined by the relationship between thinning intensity and time. According to the observation data, the natural thinning model related to site condition, existing tree number and stand age could be fitted, from which the natural thinning table for different site conditions could be calculated.
2010, 23(1): 18-24.
Abstract:
The biomass and energy of 7.5-year-old trees of Eucalyptus urophylla×E. tereticornis and other four eucalypt clones, growing in Shiling Forest Farm of Lianjiang City in Guangdong Province were studied. The results showed that the biomass of various above and below ground components of trees were significantly different with stem-wood having the highest biomass and leaves the lowest; biomasses of branches, roots and bark were intermediate between that of stem-wood and leaves. The order of various components by decreasing biomass for the clones of E.camaldulensis, E.urophylla×E.tereticornis and E. grandis×E. urophylla was stem-wood＞roots＞branches＞bark＞leaves. For the clone E. Leizhou No.1 the order was stem-wood＞roots＞bark＞branches＞leaves and for the clone of E. urophylla the order was stem-wood＞branches＞roots＞bark＞leaves. The clones by decreasing order of total retained biomass of plantation were: E.urophylla×E. tereticornis (161.60 t·hm-2)＞E. grandis×E. urophylla (127.96 t·hm-2)＞E. urophylla (112.60 t·hm-2)＞E. camaldulensis (83.81 t·hm-2)＞E. Leizhou No.1 (71.36 t·hm-2). Ash contents of leaves of different clones ranged from 4.08% to 6.88%, and were the highest of all components, whilst the ash contents of stem-wood of different clones ranged from 0.17% to 0.43% and were the lowest of all components. Gross caloric values (GCV) and ash free caloric values (AFCV) of different components ranged from 17.94 to 21.06 kJ·g-1 and 18.57 to 22.12 kJ·g-1 respectively. Of all the components, leaves had the highest GVCs and AFCVs. The average GVC and AFCV of the five clones ranged from 19.02 to 19.32 kJ·g-1 and 19.49 to 19.85 kJ·g-1 respectively. The order of five clones by decreasing GCV was E. Leizhou No.1＞E. urophylla＞E. urophylla×E. tereticornis＞E. camaldulensis＞E. grandis×E. urophylla and by decreasing AFCV the order was E. leizhou No.1＞E. camaldulensis＞E. urophylla＞E. urophylla×E. tereticornis＞E. grandis×E. urophylla. The average energy values of five clone plantations ranged from 1 360.73 to 3 067.47 GJ·hm-2 with the decreasing order: E. urophylla×E. tereticornis＞E. grandis×E. urophylla＞E. urophylla＞E. camaldulensis＞E. Leizhou No.1. According to biomass and energy, E. urophylla×E. tereticornis was the best clone for bioenergy, followed by both the E.grandis×E. urophylla and E.urophylla and the poorest were E. camaldulensis and E.Leizhou No.1.
The biomass and energy of 7.5-year-old trees of Eucalyptus urophylla×E. tereticornis and other four eucalypt clones, growing in Shiling Forest Farm of Lianjiang City in Guangdong Province were studied. The results showed that the biomass of various above and below ground components of trees were significantly different with stem-wood having the highest biomass and leaves the lowest; biomasses of branches, roots and bark were intermediate between that of stem-wood and leaves. The order of various components by decreasing biomass for the clones of E.camaldulensis, E.urophylla×E.tereticornis and E. grandis×E. urophylla was stem-wood＞roots＞branches＞bark＞leaves. For the clone E. Leizhou No.1 the order was stem-wood＞roots＞bark＞branches＞leaves and for the clone of E. urophylla the order was stem-wood＞branches＞roots＞bark＞leaves. The clones by decreasing order of total retained biomass of plantation were: E.urophylla×E. tereticornis (161.60 t·hm-2)＞E. grandis×E. urophylla (127.96 t·hm-2)＞E. urophylla (112.60 t·hm-2)＞E. camaldulensis (83.81 t·hm-2)＞E. Leizhou No.1 (71.36 t·hm-2). Ash contents of leaves of different clones ranged from 4.08% to 6.88%, and were the highest of all components, whilst the ash contents of stem-wood of different clones ranged from 0.17% to 0.43% and were the lowest of all components. Gross caloric values (GCV) and ash free caloric values (AFCV) of different components ranged from 17.94 to 21.06 kJ·g-1 and 18.57 to 22.12 kJ·g-1 respectively. Of all the components, leaves had the highest GVCs and AFCVs. The average GVC and AFCV of the five clones ranged from 19.02 to 19.32 kJ·g-1 and 19.49 to 19.85 kJ·g-1 respectively. The order of five clones by decreasing GCV was E. Leizhou No.1＞E. urophylla＞E. urophylla×E. tereticornis＞E. camaldulensis＞E. grandis×E. urophylla and by decreasing AFCV the order was E. leizhou No.1＞E. camaldulensis＞E. urophylla＞E. urophylla×E. tereticornis＞E. grandis×E. urophylla. The average energy values of five clone plantations ranged from 1 360.73 to 3 067.47 GJ·hm-2 with the decreasing order: E. urophylla×E. tereticornis＞E. grandis×E. urophylla＞E. urophylla＞E. camaldulensis＞E. Leizhou No.1. According to biomass and energy, E. urophylla×E. tereticornis was the best clone for bioenergy, followed by both the E.grandis×E. urophylla and E.urophylla and the poorest were E. camaldulensis and E.Leizhou No.1.
2010, 23(1): 25-30.
Abstract:
Growth differences of four seven-year-old pine hybrids (PTA×PCH, PTA×PCB, PEE×PCH, and PEE×PCB) in Northern Zhejiang and six nine-year-old pine hybrids (PTA×PCH, PTA×PCC, PTA×PCB, PEE×PCH, PEE×PCC, and PEE×PCB) in Southern Anhui were studied. The results revealed that there were significant differences in height, DBH and timber volume among these hibrids in different sites. Early selection indicated that PTA×PCH was the better hybrid type in mid-subtropical area of northern China (Test site: Hangzhou City, Zhejiang; 30°27'N,119°48'E), and PTCH20, PTCH12, PTCH41, PTCH17, PTCH61 and PTCH16 had good performance in stock volume among the PTA×PCH hybrids on this sites. While PEE×PCC(Such as PECC1-37, PECC18-55, PECC18-32, PECC10-6) had better performance in stock volume in northern subtropical area of China (Test site: Taihu County, Anhui; 30°30'N, 116°12'E). And some PEE×PCH, PTA×PCH hybrids (such as PECH12-9, PECH42, PTCH13-24) had good performance in northern subtropical, too. The stock volume of better hybrid progenies above exceeded the control (CK) by 40%. All the conclusion was consistent with the international research results about the adaption and heterosis of pine hybrids and could provide references in the selection of hybrid type in southern China.
Growth differences of four seven-year-old pine hybrids (PTA×PCH, PTA×PCB, PEE×PCH, and PEE×PCB) in Northern Zhejiang and six nine-year-old pine hybrids (PTA×PCH, PTA×PCC, PTA×PCB, PEE×PCH, PEE×PCC, and PEE×PCB) in Southern Anhui were studied. The results revealed that there were significant differences in height, DBH and timber volume among these hibrids in different sites. Early selection indicated that PTA×PCH was the better hybrid type in mid-subtropical area of northern China (Test site: Hangzhou City, Zhejiang; 30°27'N,119°48'E), and PTCH20, PTCH12, PTCH41, PTCH17, PTCH61 and PTCH16 had good performance in stock volume among the PTA×PCH hybrids on this sites. While PEE×PCC(Such as PECC1-37, PECC18-55, PECC18-32, PECC10-6) had better performance in stock volume in northern subtropical area of China (Test site: Taihu County, Anhui; 30°30'N, 116°12'E). And some PEE×PCH, PTA×PCH hybrids (such as PECH12-9, PECH42, PTCH13-24) had good performance in northern subtropical, too. The stock volume of better hybrid progenies above exceeded the control (CK) by 40%. All the conclusion was consistent with the international research results about the adaption and heterosis of pine hybrids and could provide references in the selection of hybrid type in southern China.
2010, 23(1): 31-37.
Abstract:
This paper briefly introduces the research progress and achievements of Chinas poplar breeding,and tries to identify the main factors restraining poplar breeding in China. Strategies for the development of poplar breeding in China were proposed: Making systematic breeding programmes by combining long and short-term objectives under the guidance of the society needs;Paying attention to the parent choices; Enriching and creating the genetic base of poplar breeding; Maintaining genetic diversity in breeding programs and promoting selection and breeding for high efficient resources use; Based on constant innovation in breeding theory and technology, the modern poplar breeding system is going to be established. And new breakthroughs will be achived in China’s poplar breeding.
This paper briefly introduces the research progress and achievements of Chinas poplar breeding,and tries to identify the main factors restraining poplar breeding in China. Strategies for the development of poplar breeding in China were proposed: Making systematic breeding programmes by combining long and short-term objectives under the guidance of the society needs;Paying attention to the parent choices; Enriching and creating the genetic base of poplar breeding; Maintaining genetic diversity in breeding programs and promoting selection and breeding for high efficient resources use; Based on constant innovation in breeding theory and technology, the modern poplar breeding system is going to be established. And new breakthroughs will be achived in China’s poplar breeding.
2010, 23(1): 38-43.
Abstract:
Effects of environmental factors including temperature, illumination and water content of substrate on egg hatching of Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire were studied in artificial climate chambers and room temperature. The results showed that the eggs could hatch out from 12 ℃ to 28 ℃, the development duration was shortened and the developmental rate increased with the rise of temperature from 12 ℃ to 28 ℃. The optimal temperature was between 12—25 ℃. Eggs could not hatch at the temperature below 8 ℃ or over 31 ℃. The developmental threshold temperature required for eggs was 10.08±0.93 ℃, and the effective accumulated temperature was 99.91±8.11 degree-day. Among constant illumination of 0—12 000 lx, the hatching rates were reduced with the increase of illumination, and larvae were not found after treating eggs with constant illumination over or equal to 8 000 lx. In the experiment of temperature and water content of substrate, both the temperature and water content of substrate and their interaction effect influenced significantly on the hatching rate. The optimal combinations of substrate temperature and water content were selected based by multiple comparisons. The climatic factors limiting eggs hatching of this insect in Yunnan were also discussed in this paper.
Effects of environmental factors including temperature, illumination and water content of substrate on egg hatching of Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire were studied in artificial climate chambers and room temperature. The results showed that the eggs could hatch out from 12 ℃ to 28 ℃, the development duration was shortened and the developmental rate increased with the rise of temperature from 12 ℃ to 28 ℃. The optimal temperature was between 12—25 ℃. Eggs could not hatch at the temperature below 8 ℃ or over 31 ℃. The developmental threshold temperature required for eggs was 10.08±0.93 ℃, and the effective accumulated temperature was 99.91±8.11 degree-day. Among constant illumination of 0—12 000 lx, the hatching rates were reduced with the increase of illumination, and larvae were not found after treating eggs with constant illumination over or equal to 8 000 lx. In the experiment of temperature and water content of substrate, both the temperature and water content of substrate and their interaction effect influenced significantly on the hatching rate. The optimal combinations of substrate temperature and water content were selected based by multiple comparisons. The climatic factors limiting eggs hatching of this insect in Yunnan were also discussed in this paper.
2010, 23(1): 44-52.
Abstract:
Effects of different water treatments(waterlogging stress, light-waterlogging stress,normal water supply)on growth and physiology of multiple transgenic Populus× euramericana 'Guariento’(D5-9,D5-18,D5-19,D5-20,D5-21,D5-24,D5-26)were studied. The results showed that: Along with waterlogging stress intensifying, high growth, root growth and biomass accumulation of the multiple transgenic plants decreased, and the diameter of stem increased. Net photosynthetic rate decreased: The minimum was CK in the light-waterlogging stress treatment (11.99 μmol·m-2·s-1,14.0% lower than normal water supply) and the waterlogging stress treatment (10.37 μmol·m-2·s-1,25.6 % lower than normal water supply), whereas the maximum was D5-26(13.95 μmol·m-2·s-1) in the light-waterlogging stress treatment and D5-19(12.01 μmol·m-2·s-1) under waterlogging stress.Transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal limit, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, total chlorophyll content, PSⅡ photochemical efficiency, electron transfer rate, potential fluorescence efficiency and maximum fluorescence efficiency of the multiple transgenic plants all decreased, but the reduction of chlorophyll a content was lower than chlorophyll b content. However, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2, minimal fluorescence and maximum fluorescence increased. Waterlogging stress suppressed the growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence, and effects of the multiple transgenic plants were lighter and different. Growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were used to comprehensive evaluation of all the plants, the sequence of waterlogging resistance ability was: D5-26>D5-19>D5-18>D5-21>D5-9>D5-20>D5-24>CK.
Effects of different water treatments(waterlogging stress, light-waterlogging stress,normal water supply)on growth and physiology of multiple transgenic Populus× euramericana 'Guariento’(D5-9,D5-18,D5-19,D5-20,D5-21,D5-24,D5-26)were studied. The results showed that: Along with waterlogging stress intensifying, high growth, root growth and biomass accumulation of the multiple transgenic plants decreased, and the diameter of stem increased. Net photosynthetic rate decreased: The minimum was CK in the light-waterlogging stress treatment (11.99 μmol·m-2·s-1,14.0% lower than normal water supply) and the waterlogging stress treatment (10.37 μmol·m-2·s-1,25.6 % lower than normal water supply), whereas the maximum was D5-26(13.95 μmol·m-2·s-1) in the light-waterlogging stress treatment and D5-19(12.01 μmol·m-2·s-1) under waterlogging stress.Transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal limit, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, total chlorophyll content, PSⅡ photochemical efficiency, electron transfer rate, potential fluorescence efficiency and maximum fluorescence efficiency of the multiple transgenic plants all decreased, but the reduction of chlorophyll a content was lower than chlorophyll b content. However, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2, minimal fluorescence and maximum fluorescence increased. Waterlogging stress suppressed the growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence, and effects of the multiple transgenic plants were lighter and different. Growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were used to comprehensive evaluation of all the plants, the sequence of waterlogging resistance ability was: D5-26>D5-19>D5-18>D5-21>D5-9>D5-20>D5-24>CK.
2010, 23(1): 53-58.
Abstract:
The present implement of remote sensing in practical forest inventory dont take advantage of imagery processing and analysis technology of remote sensing, and is inefficient. Aimed to the auto-delineation of the boundary of forest sub-compartment for actual application, an imagery segmentation method was studied. SPOT5 imagery was segmented by four protocols, evaluation with nine features separately based on ultimate measurement accuracy, and synthetical evaluation of similarity based on Euclidean distance(ED) were used to evaluate the segmentation, here the features were roundness(RO), compactness(CO), shape index(SI), radius of smallest enclosing ellipse(RE), elliptic fit(EF) and form factor(P2A), relative error of area(RA), relative error of perimeter(RP) and displacement of the center of polygon(DC), while area(A), perimeter(P), RO, CO, SI, RE, EF, P2A were used to calculating ED. The result indicated that segmentation on raw imagery was better than that on histogram equalization imagery, the weights of input layers would affect the output of segmentation, and it would get better result by segmentation with the weight based on the standard deviation than that based on the information content of input imagery layers. It is feasible that preparing draft map for forest resources inventory through boundary auto-delineation based on imagery segmentation, for it is not only efficient and low labor intensity, but also improve the division precision of boundary and area accuracy of forest sub-compartment.
The present implement of remote sensing in practical forest inventory dont take advantage of imagery processing and analysis technology of remote sensing, and is inefficient. Aimed to the auto-delineation of the boundary of forest sub-compartment for actual application, an imagery segmentation method was studied. SPOT5 imagery was segmented by four protocols, evaluation with nine features separately based on ultimate measurement accuracy, and synthetical evaluation of similarity based on Euclidean distance(ED) were used to evaluate the segmentation, here the features were roundness(RO), compactness(CO), shape index(SI), radius of smallest enclosing ellipse(RE), elliptic fit(EF) and form factor(P2A), relative error of area(RA), relative error of perimeter(RP) and displacement of the center of polygon(DC), while area(A), perimeter(P), RO, CO, SI, RE, EF, P2A were used to calculating ED. The result indicated that segmentation on raw imagery was better than that on histogram equalization imagery, the weights of input layers would affect the output of segmentation, and it would get better result by segmentation with the weight based on the standard deviation than that based on the information content of input imagery layers. It is feasible that preparing draft map for forest resources inventory through boundary auto-delineation based on imagery segmentation, for it is not only efficient and low labor intensity, but also improve the division precision of boundary and area accuracy of forest sub-compartment.
2010, 23(1): 59-64.
Abstract:
In this paper, some applications of IFS method in trees modeling were analyzed, and with the characteristics of trees architecture, an investigation method for the trees modality data was presented. Taking Cunninghamia lanceolata as an example, an investigation was conducted in Huangfengqiao Forest Farm of Youxian, Hunan province. By analyzing the data, some input parameters including the length, diameter, elevation angle and azimuth angle of its first-level, second-level branch were obtained, in order to make up three-dimensional topology of Cunninghamia lanceolata. The Cunninghamia lanceolata modeling system based on. NET frame and DIRECTX 9.0 was established, so as the Cunninghamia lanceolata three-dimensional simulating was realized.
In this paper, some applications of IFS method in trees modeling were analyzed, and with the characteristics of trees architecture, an investigation method for the trees modality data was presented. Taking Cunninghamia lanceolata as an example, an investigation was conducted in Huangfengqiao Forest Farm of Youxian, Hunan province. By analyzing the data, some input parameters including the length, diameter, elevation angle and azimuth angle of its first-level, second-level branch were obtained, in order to make up three-dimensional topology of Cunninghamia lanceolata. The Cunninghamia lanceolata modeling system based on. NET frame and DIRECTX 9.0 was established, so as the Cunninghamia lanceolata three-dimensional simulating was realized.
2010, 23(1): 65-70.
Abstract:
Tree size distribution and species diversity of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata community at the hinterland and the edge on Xiaolongshan forest area in the west of Qinling is studied.The result showed that the number of the large trees took a large part at the forest hinterland area, which proportion was 73.54%. The frequency distribution peak of large trees was between 7—19 m, The proportion of the seedlings and saplings under 3 m was 18.43%.The shrub and large tree had great effect on the seedling germination.The feature of the seedlings and saplings under 3 m at the forest edge area was similar to the forest hinterland.These trees with height over than 3 m, especially mature trees were less and the community was unstable.The species composition of different layer in the forest hinterland was abundance and the species number was higher than that at forest edge. The community diversity of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata community on forest hinterland was in the order of shrub layers > herb layer > arbor layer, the community diversity on forest edge was in the order of herb layer > shrub layer > arbor layer.
Tree size distribution and species diversity of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata community at the hinterland and the edge on Xiaolongshan forest area in the west of Qinling is studied.The result showed that the number of the large trees took a large part at the forest hinterland area, which proportion was 73.54%. The frequency distribution peak of large trees was between 7—19 m, The proportion of the seedlings and saplings under 3 m was 18.43%.The shrub and large tree had great effect on the seedling germination.The feature of the seedlings and saplings under 3 m at the forest edge area was similar to the forest hinterland.These trees with height over than 3 m, especially mature trees were less and the community was unstable.The species composition of different layer in the forest hinterland was abundance and the species number was higher than that at forest edge. The community diversity of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata community on forest hinterland was in the order of shrub layers > herb layer > arbor layer, the community diversity on forest edge was in the order of herb layer > shrub layer > arbor layer.
2010, 23(1): 71-76.
Abstract:
The underground and aboveground standing biomass and productivity of Populus×xiaohei plantation with different densities and stand ages were measured by the methods of sampling typical plot and allometric dimension analysis in Xuejiazhuang Forest Farm in Shanxi Province. It showed that the rationale density of Populus×xiaohei plantation was 500 trees per hectare. The biomass of 29 years old Populus×xiaohei plantation with 1 000, 500, 250 trees per hectare was 85.31 t·hm-2, 102.60 t·hm-2, and 86.74 t·hm-2, respectively. The productivity of Populus×xiaohei plantation was 3.16 t·hm-2·a-1, 3.80 t·hm-2·a-1, and 3.21 t·hm-2·a-1, respectively. The proportion of tissue biomass had little difference in the 29 years old stand. The proportion of aboveground biomass ranged from 83％ to 86％, the proportion of stem ranged from 57％ to 62％,the branch ranged from 11％ to 16％,the leaf ranged from 2％ to 3％,and the bark ranged from 8％ to 10％;the proportion of underground biomass ranged from 14％ to 20％. The biomass and productivity of 27 years old Populus×xiaohei plantation was higher than the that of 23 years old Populus×xiaohei plantation. The biomass increased by 59.74% in 27 years old plantations, and productivity increased by 36.20%. The proportion of leaf and root in the 23 years old plantations was significantly higher than that of 27 years old plantations, but the proportion of stem biomass in the 23 years old plantations was lower than that of 27 years old plantation, which showed that the 23 years old plantation was in rapid growth period. Therefore, the rotation of Populus×xiaohei plantation should be longer than 27 years. There was a very significant correlation between the biomass of Populus×xiaohei and the canopy indexes. The relationship between tree stem biomass and tree canopy indexes could be described as y=ax+b. Applying remote sensing techniques in biomass estimation was practicable, and it could provide the basis data for remote sensing techniques in wood properties estimation.
The underground and aboveground standing biomass and productivity of Populus×xiaohei plantation with different densities and stand ages were measured by the methods of sampling typical plot and allometric dimension analysis in Xuejiazhuang Forest Farm in Shanxi Province. It showed that the rationale density of Populus×xiaohei plantation was 500 trees per hectare. The biomass of 29 years old Populus×xiaohei plantation with 1 000, 500, 250 trees per hectare was 85.31 t·hm-2, 102.60 t·hm-2, and 86.74 t·hm-2, respectively. The productivity of Populus×xiaohei plantation was 3.16 t·hm-2·a-1, 3.80 t·hm-2·a-1, and 3.21 t·hm-2·a-1, respectively. The proportion of tissue biomass had little difference in the 29 years old stand. The proportion of aboveground biomass ranged from 83％ to 86％, the proportion of stem ranged from 57％ to 62％,the branch ranged from 11％ to 16％,the leaf ranged from 2％ to 3％,and the bark ranged from 8％ to 10％;the proportion of underground biomass ranged from 14％ to 20％. The biomass and productivity of 27 years old Populus×xiaohei plantation was higher than the that of 23 years old Populus×xiaohei plantation. The biomass increased by 59.74% in 27 years old plantations, and productivity increased by 36.20%. The proportion of leaf and root in the 23 years old plantations was significantly higher than that of 27 years old plantations, but the proportion of stem biomass in the 23 years old plantations was lower than that of 27 years old plantation, which showed that the 23 years old plantation was in rapid growth period. Therefore, the rotation of Populus×xiaohei plantation should be longer than 27 years. There was a very significant correlation between the biomass of Populus×xiaohei and the canopy indexes. The relationship between tree stem biomass and tree canopy indexes could be described as y=ax+b. Applying remote sensing techniques in biomass estimation was practicable, and it could provide the basis data for remote sensing techniques in wood properties estimation.
2010, 23(1): 77-82.
Abstract:
Forest dynamics is an important theoretical base for making forest management plan. In order to know the forest growth dynamics to support the local forest management, two types of tropical secondary forest of different succession serial were studied in terms of diameter growth, basal area growth, stand volume growth and stem mortality. The result showed that with the succession progress, the growth of basal area, diameter and stem volume indicated a declining pattern and so was the stem mortality. The reason for this phenomenon is that in the early succession stage, the poineer tree species contituted very high propotion, hence showed the high mortality and growth rate, but with the succession process, the poineer tree was replaced by the climax or sub-climax tree species which caused the low growth rate and mortality. Understanding the dynamics of the secondary forest is helpful to the sustainable forest management.
Forest dynamics is an important theoretical base for making forest management plan. In order to know the forest growth dynamics to support the local forest management, two types of tropical secondary forest of different succession serial were studied in terms of diameter growth, basal area growth, stand volume growth and stem mortality. The result showed that with the succession progress, the growth of basal area, diameter and stem volume indicated a declining pattern and so was the stem mortality. The reason for this phenomenon is that in the early succession stage, the poineer tree species contituted very high propotion, hence showed the high mortality and growth rate, but with the succession process, the poineer tree was replaced by the climax or sub-climax tree species which caused the low growth rate and mortality. Understanding the dynamics of the secondary forest is helpful to the sustainable forest management.
2010, 23(1): 83-88.
Abstract:
The distribution pattern characteristics of different stand structures in herbage-Larix forest and Ledum-Larix forest were analyzed by sample plots surveying. The study indicated:(1)In the 36 - 65 years old herbage-Larix forest and 54 - 63 years old Ledum-Larix forest distribution pattern, the proportions of even distribution, random distribution and clustered distribution were 6.3%, 50% and 43.8%.(2)From a view of forest types, in herbage-Larix forest distribution pattern, both the clustered distribution and regular distribution were 11.1%, the random distribution was 77.8%, while Ledum-Larix forest distribution pattern was all followed regular distribution.(3)In herbage-Larix forest and Ledum-Larix forest with composition of 6 Larix and 4 broadleaf species to 10 Larix and no broadleaf species, the distribution pattern was mostly clustered distribution and random distribution. Cluster distribution was mainly concentrated in the composition of Larix(70%)and broadleaf species(30%)to Larix(90%)and broadleaf species(10%).
The distribution pattern characteristics of different stand structures in herbage-Larix forest and Ledum-Larix forest were analyzed by sample plots surveying. The study indicated:(1)In the 36 - 65 years old herbage-Larix forest and 54 - 63 years old Ledum-Larix forest distribution pattern, the proportions of even distribution, random distribution and clustered distribution were 6.3%, 50% and 43.8%.(2)From a view of forest types, in herbage-Larix forest distribution pattern, both the clustered distribution and regular distribution were 11.1%, the random distribution was 77.8%, while Ledum-Larix forest distribution pattern was all followed regular distribution.(3)In herbage-Larix forest and Ledum-Larix forest with composition of 6 Larix and 4 broadleaf species to 10 Larix and no broadleaf species, the distribution pattern was mostly clustered distribution and random distribution. Cluster distribution was mainly concentrated in the composition of Larix(70%)and broadleaf species(30%)to Larix(90%)and broadleaf species(10%).
Study on the Recover Effect of Remedial Measures on Moso Bamboo
Stands after Frost and Snow Disaster
2010, 23(1): 89-92.
Abstract:
The effects of remedial measures on moso bamboo stands after frost and snow disaster were studied. The investigated spots were in Huangshan County in Anhui Province where the bamboo was destroyed severely in this disaster. It was shown that the effects produced by remedial measures were different for different damaged styles and degrees. (1) For the moderately bended bamboo, the effect of topmost branches cut was not evident, but for the heavily bended ones, the effect was obvious. (2) For the cracked bamboo, the remedial measure was cutting most culm and top branches at the broken spot. When the cracked degree was moderate, the remedial measure had a greater effect on the surviving bamboo growing than surviving rate, and the ratio of bamboo growing well had increased from 11.1% to 44.4%. However, when the cracked degree was heavy, the cutting measure had a bad effect. (3) For the rhizome-upturned bamboo, when the rhizome-upturned degree was moderate, almost all could survive, but the remedial measure—soil-covering could do good to the growing. And for the heavily rhizome-upturned ones, the surviving rate was only 50%, and soil-covering remedy had an effect on both surviving and growing.
The effects of remedial measures on moso bamboo stands after frost and snow disaster were studied. The investigated spots were in Huangshan County in Anhui Province where the bamboo was destroyed severely in this disaster. It was shown that the effects produced by remedial measures were different for different damaged styles and degrees. (1) For the moderately bended bamboo, the effect of topmost branches cut was not evident, but for the heavily bended ones, the effect was obvious. (2) For the cracked bamboo, the remedial measure was cutting most culm and top branches at the broken spot. When the cracked degree was moderate, the remedial measure had a greater effect on the surviving bamboo growing than surviving rate, and the ratio of bamboo growing well had increased from 11.1% to 44.4%. However, when the cracked degree was heavy, the cutting measure had a bad effect. (3) For the rhizome-upturned bamboo, when the rhizome-upturned degree was moderate, almost all could survive, but the remedial measure—soil-covering could do good to the growing. And for the heavily rhizome-upturned ones, the surviving rate was only 50%, and soil-covering remedy had an effect on both surviving and growing.
2010, 23(1): 93-97.
Abstract:
The community structure and species diversity of Toona ciliata var. pubescens natural forest were investigated. The results showed that there were abundant species diversity in T. ciliata var. pubescens community and mixed plant species belonged to 56 families, 85 genera, 122 species. The layers of arbors, shrubs, liane, and herbages could be distinguished clearly. The community of Jiulian Mountain Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province had the highest diversity indices of tree layer in four T. ciliata var. pubescens forest communities, the least was community in Changgang, Longquan of Zhejiang Province. The community of Changgang had the highest index evenness, the least was in Jiulong Mountain of Zhejiang Province. The importance value of T. ciliata var. pubescens was the highest in Changgang, Jiulian Mountain and Guanshan Mountain, while the importance value of Alniphyllum fortunei was the highest in Jiulong Mountain of Jiangxi Province. Therefore,it was suggested that the conservation of T. ciliata var. pubescens natural forest should be strengthened and attention should be paid to collect and protect genetic resources and cultivate plantation.
The community structure and species diversity of Toona ciliata var. pubescens natural forest were investigated. The results showed that there were abundant species diversity in T. ciliata var. pubescens community and mixed plant species belonged to 56 families, 85 genera, 122 species. The layers of arbors, shrubs, liane, and herbages could be distinguished clearly. The community of Jiulian Mountain Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province had the highest diversity indices of tree layer in four T. ciliata var. pubescens forest communities, the least was community in Changgang, Longquan of Zhejiang Province. The community of Changgang had the highest index evenness, the least was in Jiulong Mountain of Zhejiang Province. The importance value of T. ciliata var. pubescens was the highest in Changgang, Jiulian Mountain and Guanshan Mountain, while the importance value of Alniphyllum fortunei was the highest in Jiulong Mountain of Jiangxi Province. Therefore,it was suggested that the conservation of T. ciliata var. pubescens natural forest should be strengthened and attention should be paid to collect and protect genetic resources and cultivate plantation.
2010, 23(1): 98-101.
Abstract:
Pyrofomes demidoffii is a new recorded species of the new recorded genus in the China and Asia, and a pathogenic fungus of juniper. Adopting the liquid fermentation to study its biological characteristics such as vegetal nutrition condtion of mycelia, the results indicated that the mycelia of P. demidoffii could be produced by liquid fermentation process. Starch and bran were the optimum carbon and nitrogen source, and P, K, Mg had the effection of acceleration to the growth of mycelia, Fe, Zn inhibited its growth. The growth curve of the logistic equation was deduced: y=0.22/(1+1.019e-0.013x), the weight of the dry mycelia was 0.22 g·100 mL-1.
Pyrofomes demidoffii is a new recorded species of the new recorded genus in the China and Asia, and a pathogenic fungus of juniper. Adopting the liquid fermentation to study its biological characteristics such as vegetal nutrition condtion of mycelia, the results indicated that the mycelia of P. demidoffii could be produced by liquid fermentation process. Starch and bran were the optimum carbon and nitrogen source, and P, K, Mg had the effection of acceleration to the growth of mycelia, Fe, Zn inhibited its growth. The growth curve of the logistic equation was deduced: y=0.22/(1+1.019e-0.013x), the weight of the dry mycelia was 0.22 g·100 mL-1.
2010, 23(1): 102-107.
Abstract:
The germination percentage with different temperatures water bath treatment and virulent against Monochamus alternatus of different Metarhizium anisopliae were measured in this paper. The results showed that Metarhizium anisopliae789(Ma789)was the most virulent one. Conditions of liquid shake culture to Ma789 were studied by orthogonal test, the optimum liquid medium recipe was sucrose 20 g·L-1,yeast-extract paste 10 g·L-1,KH2PO4 3.0 g·L-1,MgSO4·7H2O 1.0 g·L-1,CaCl2 0.5 g·L-1 for mycelium culture; but for yielding spore, the optimum liquid medium recipe was sucrose 20 g·L-1, peptone 10 g·L-1,KH2PO4 1.5 g·L-1,MgSO4·7H2O 2.0 g·L-1,CaCl2 0.5 g·L-1.
The germination percentage with different temperatures water bath treatment and virulent against Monochamus alternatus of different Metarhizium anisopliae were measured in this paper. The results showed that Metarhizium anisopliae789(Ma789)was the most virulent one. Conditions of liquid shake culture to Ma789 were studied by orthogonal test, the optimum liquid medium recipe was sucrose 20 g·L-1,yeast-extract paste 10 g·L-1,KH2PO4 3.0 g·L-1,MgSO4·7H2O 1.0 g·L-1,CaCl2 0.5 g·L-1 for mycelium culture; but for yielding spore, the optimum liquid medium recipe was sucrose 20 g·L-1, peptone 10 g·L-1,KH2PO4 1.5 g·L-1,MgSO4·7H2O 2.0 g·L-1,CaCl2 0.5 g·L-1.
2010, 23(1): 108-113.
Abstract:
Effects of drought and re-water on leaf relative water content (LRWC), gas exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of Jatropha curcas seedlings in different water conditions were studied. The results are as following: with the decreasing of soil volumetric water content(SVWC), the leaf relative water content, photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs) of J. curcas declined gradually. Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) decreased at first, and then increased when SVWC was lower than 8.70%. Maximal fluorescence yield (Fm), PSII maximum quantum yield of light (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP) and actual quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSⅡ) were shown a downward trend, while the initial fluorescence (Fo) slightly increased. After re-water, the gas exchange parameters and fluorescence parameters could be quickly restored and the plant could survive, indicating that J. curcas has strong self-regulating ability and strong adaptability to the drought stress. When SVWC was between 21.91% and 15.22%, parameters of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were not significant(P>0.05) . As SVWC declined from 8.70% to 6.81%, parameters of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence changed obviously. Therefore, it is suggested that when SVWC was above 8.70%,the decreased carbon assimilation capacity of J. curcas was mainly due to stomatal limitation,and when SVWC was lower than 8.70%, the decreased carbon assimilation capacity of J. curcas was mainly due to non-stomatal limitation.
Effects of drought and re-water on leaf relative water content (LRWC), gas exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of Jatropha curcas seedlings in different water conditions were studied. The results are as following: with the decreasing of soil volumetric water content(SVWC), the leaf relative water content, photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs) of J. curcas declined gradually. Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) decreased at first, and then increased when SVWC was lower than 8.70%. Maximal fluorescence yield (Fm), PSII maximum quantum yield of light (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP) and actual quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSⅡ) were shown a downward trend, while the initial fluorescence (Fo) slightly increased. After re-water, the gas exchange parameters and fluorescence parameters could be quickly restored and the plant could survive, indicating that J. curcas has strong self-regulating ability and strong adaptability to the drought stress. When SVWC was between 21.91% and 15.22%, parameters of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were not significant(P>0.05) . As SVWC declined from 8.70% to 6.81%, parameters of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence changed obviously. Therefore, it is suggested that when SVWC was above 8.70%,the decreased carbon assimilation capacity of J. curcas was mainly due to stomatal limitation,and when SVWC was lower than 8.70%, the decreased carbon assimilation capacity of J. curcas was mainly due to non-stomatal limitation.
2010, 23(1): 114-119.
Abstract:
Frass of longhorned beetle larvae plays an important role in natural enemies searching for their cerambycid hosts. By periodically collecting larval frass of Anoplophora glabripennis in field from April to June, the quantities of frass extruded by longhorned beetle larvae were studied. The result showed that the quantity of frass extruded by larvae firstly increased then decreased during investigation period before adult emergence. The average quantity of frass per hole per day was (0.030 2±0.002 1)g, and the maximum of frass quantity per hole per day was 0.319 4 g. The relationship between frass quantity, diameter at breast height of host tree, thickness and water quantities of bark, and diameter of frass-extruded hole were studied. Results showed that total frass quantity or maximal frass quantity per day of every frass-extruded hole only had direct relation with the size of hole during investigation period and were independent of other factors. In order to collect frass during investigation, adhesive tapes were used to cover frass holes, so micro-habitats under tape were established. More than thirty adults of Dastarcus helophoroides, an important natural enemy of A. glabripennis, were collected under tape during the investigation period. Results indicated that occurrence of D. helophoroides were consist with host mature larval stage or pupae stage for more parasitizing chances.
Frass of longhorned beetle larvae plays an important role in natural enemies searching for their cerambycid hosts. By periodically collecting larval frass of Anoplophora glabripennis in field from April to June, the quantities of frass extruded by longhorned beetle larvae were studied. The result showed that the quantity of frass extruded by larvae firstly increased then decreased during investigation period before adult emergence. The average quantity of frass per hole per day was (0.030 2±0.002 1)g, and the maximum of frass quantity per hole per day was 0.319 4 g. The relationship between frass quantity, diameter at breast height of host tree, thickness and water quantities of bark, and diameter of frass-extruded hole were studied. Results showed that total frass quantity or maximal frass quantity per day of every frass-extruded hole only had direct relation with the size of hole during investigation period and were independent of other factors. In order to collect frass during investigation, adhesive tapes were used to cover frass holes, so micro-habitats under tape were established. More than thirty adults of Dastarcus helophoroides, an important natural enemy of A. glabripennis, were collected under tape during the investigation period. Results indicated that occurrence of D. helophoroides were consist with host mature larval stage or pupae stage for more parasitizing chances.
2010, 23(1): 120-124.
Abstract:
Filed trials at different altitudes and consisting of different fertilization treatments were conducted using different aged young trees of Taxus chinensis var. mairei at different growing seasons. The effects of age, organ, position, and season of harvesting, as well as cultivation method on the taxol content in T. chinensis var. mairei seedling in short-rotation plantation were also studied. Significant differences in taxol content were demonstrated among young trees of different ages, organs and positions. The taxol content in branches and leaves of 1—2 years old seedlings was significantly higher than that in 3—4 years old seedling. The taxol content in root bark was the highest, followed by the stem bark and branch bark. By contrast, the taxol content in leaves and stem xylem was the lowest. Among different parts of crown, the taxol content in the upper branches and leaves was the highest, followed by the middle and the lower part. For different growing seasons, the taxol content in branches and leaves was relatively higher in January, May and the period from September to December, whereas it was low in growing stage from July to August, when the temperature was hot and the light radiation was strong. Considering the necessity of trunk-cutting-off, the appropriate harvesting seasons for T. chinensis var. mairei were November, December and January. The altitudes of planting sites had significant effect on the taxol content in the branches and leaves of young trees, as the higher altitude was beneficial to the biosynthesis of taxol. It was demonstrated that organic fertilizers could be applied to promote the growth and biomass accumulation of T. chinensis var. mairei seedlings, without the impact on the biosynthesis of taxol.
Filed trials at different altitudes and consisting of different fertilization treatments were conducted using different aged young trees of Taxus chinensis var. mairei at different growing seasons. The effects of age, organ, position, and season of harvesting, as well as cultivation method on the taxol content in T. chinensis var. mairei seedling in short-rotation plantation were also studied. Significant differences in taxol content were demonstrated among young trees of different ages, organs and positions. The taxol content in branches and leaves of 1—2 years old seedlings was significantly higher than that in 3—4 years old seedling. The taxol content in root bark was the highest, followed by the stem bark and branch bark. By contrast, the taxol content in leaves and stem xylem was the lowest. Among different parts of crown, the taxol content in the upper branches and leaves was the highest, followed by the middle and the lower part. For different growing seasons, the taxol content in branches and leaves was relatively higher in January, May and the period from September to December, whereas it was low in growing stage from July to August, when the temperature was hot and the light radiation was strong. Considering the necessity of trunk-cutting-off, the appropriate harvesting seasons for T. chinensis var. mairei were November, December and January. The altitudes of planting sites had significant effect on the taxol content in the branches and leaves of young trees, as the higher altitude was beneficial to the biosynthesis of taxol. It was demonstrated that organic fertilizers could be applied to promote the growth and biomass accumulation of T. chinensis var. mairei seedlings, without the impact on the biosynthesis of taxol.
2010, 23(1): 125-133.
Abstract:
Forest is an important component part of ecosystem and therefore forest health is crucial to the stability of ecosystem. However, different countries has different emphases on forest health, furthermore, evaluation criteria and diagnostic methods of forest health are inconsistency, especially diagnosing sub-healthy forest betimes is still a scientific problem need to be solved urgently. The paper reviewed the host selection mechanisms and rules of xylophagous insects and their application foreground in forest health evaluation. According to the rule that some secondary xylophagous insects always accompany with trees which are sub-healthy or unhealthy, ideas of diagnosing and evaluating forest health betimes using xylophagous insects were posed. Mathematical models would be established based mainly on interactions between quantity of xylophagous insect populations and status of forest health, interspecific interactions(community structure, biodiversity) and environmental factors(climatic change, soil property) were also added as supplementary parameters, in order to quantitatively analyzing and comprehensively evaluating forest health and its developing trend.
Forest is an important component part of ecosystem and therefore forest health is crucial to the stability of ecosystem. However, different countries has different emphases on forest health, furthermore, evaluation criteria and diagnostic methods of forest health are inconsistency, especially diagnosing sub-healthy forest betimes is still a scientific problem need to be solved urgently. The paper reviewed the host selection mechanisms and rules of xylophagous insects and their application foreground in forest health evaluation. According to the rule that some secondary xylophagous insects always accompany with trees which are sub-healthy or unhealthy, ideas of diagnosing and evaluating forest health betimes using xylophagous insects were posed. Mathematical models would be established based mainly on interactions between quantity of xylophagous insect populations and status of forest health, interspecific interactions(community structure, biodiversity) and environmental factors(climatic change, soil property) were also added as supplementary parameters, in order to quantitatively analyzing and comprehensively evaluating forest health and its developing trend.
2010, 23(1): 134-137.
Abstract:
This paper dealt with an experiment on container seedlings culture with nonwoven and light medium for Cupressus funebris, a precious timber tree species, through orthogonal design. The effects of container height, quantities of controlled release fertilizer and the medium proportion on seedling quality of Cupressus funebri were studied. The results showed that seedling height, ground diamater, divarication number and the ratio of seedling height to ground diameter of Cupressus funebri were significantly affected by the height of container and the quantities of controlled release fertilizer, and little influenced by the medium proportion. There were significant different influences on seedling growth among different treatment combinations. The treatment combination No.9 was the best one with averaged seedling height, ground diamater, divarication number and the ratio of seedling height to ground diameter of 21.75 cm, 0.271 cm, 10.7 branches and 80.29, respectively. The treatment combination of No.6, No.3 and No. 5 were relatively good treatment. The length of seedling container of nonwoven with diameter of 5 cm for Cupressus funebris, could be selected as 10—12 cm. The quantities of controlled release fertilizer of 3 kg·m-3 and the seedlings density of 215—220 plants·m-2 could be the optimal for nursing seedling with high quality. The costs of medium proportion on several container seedlings base of Zhejiang Province were compared and analyzed.
This paper dealt with an experiment on container seedlings culture with nonwoven and light medium for Cupressus funebris, a precious timber tree species, through orthogonal design. The effects of container height, quantities of controlled release fertilizer and the medium proportion on seedling quality of Cupressus funebri were studied. The results showed that seedling height, ground diamater, divarication number and the ratio of seedling height to ground diameter of Cupressus funebri were significantly affected by the height of container and the quantities of controlled release fertilizer, and little influenced by the medium proportion. There were significant different influences on seedling growth among different treatment combinations. The treatment combination No.9 was the best one with averaged seedling height, ground diamater, divarication number and the ratio of seedling height to ground diameter of 21.75 cm, 0.271 cm, 10.7 branches and 80.29, respectively. The treatment combination of No.6, No.3 and No. 5 were relatively good treatment. The length of seedling container of nonwoven with diameter of 5 cm for Cupressus funebris, could be selected as 10—12 cm. The quantities of controlled release fertilizer of 3 kg·m-3 and the seedlings density of 215—220 plants·m-2 could be the optimal for nursing seedling with high quality. The costs of medium proportion on several container seedlings base of Zhejiang Province were compared and analyzed.
2010, 23(1): 138-142.
Abstract:
Through Ulmus pumila cv. 'Jinye’ container-growing seedling cultivation experiment with 4 types of media or 9 media formulas, the seedling height, the stem and crown diameter indexes of U. pumila cv. jinye were measured. These indexes were significantly or extreme significantly different among various media. The growth of seedling root system varied with different media. The rooting and root number in soft media were much better than that in dense media. According to the growth traits of above-ground and underground parts of U. pumila cv. jinye seedlings, the medium suitable for U. pumila cv. jinye seedling growth was defined as media type I, whose ratio of C/N was 17.7—18.1, the density was higher than 0.26 g·cm-3. Grown on this medium, the height, stem diameter and crown diameter of U. pumila cv. jiny were 1.34—1.57 m, 1.36—1.50 cm and 59.6—73.9 cm, respectively. The results of experiment showed also that the physical property played an active role in cultural media, so a good initial medium could provide great assistance of fertilization and water management in seedling culture.
Through Ulmus pumila cv. 'Jinye’ container-growing seedling cultivation experiment with 4 types of media or 9 media formulas, the seedling height, the stem and crown diameter indexes of U. pumila cv. jinye were measured. These indexes were significantly or extreme significantly different among various media. The growth of seedling root system varied with different media. The rooting and root number in soft media were much better than that in dense media. According to the growth traits of above-ground and underground parts of U. pumila cv. jinye seedlings, the medium suitable for U. pumila cv. jinye seedling growth was defined as media type I, whose ratio of C/N was 17.7—18.1, the density was higher than 0.26 g·cm-3. Grown on this medium, the height, stem diameter and crown diameter of U. pumila cv. jiny were 1.34—1.57 m, 1.36—1.50 cm and 59.6—73.9 cm, respectively. The results of experiment showed also that the physical property played an active role in cultural media, so a good initial medium could provide great assistance of fertilization and water management in seedling culture.
2010, 23(1): 143-146.
Abstract:
Investigation was conducted to analyze the effect of management measures such as trunk cutting and fertilization on frost resistant capability of young paulownia (Paulownia sp. ) plantation which had been undergone heavy frost damage in early 2008 in southern China. Experimental sites were located in the Paulownia fortunei forest consisting of 2-poplar clonal plantations in Chaling County. Paulownia fortunei, treated by root planting, trunk cutting and fertilization was called 2B; the contrast was called 1B. The results showed that the tree height, DBH, height under branch and lateral branch diameter in 2B were, respectively, 19.19%, 11.36%, 180% and 13.8% higher than those in 1B. The number of lateral branches in 1B was 2.8 times that in 2B. The icicle pressure beared by 2B was only 60.21% of that in 1B. There was nearly no potential damage in the 9treatment plot with 98% of the plants in the freeze injury grade I. In contrast, 50% and 36% of the plants in the control plot were observed, respectively, in freeze injury grades II and Ⅲ. Based on the present investigation, it can to be concluded that the applied management measures are effective in enhancing the resistant capability of young poplar plantations to frost damage.
Investigation was conducted to analyze the effect of management measures such as trunk cutting and fertilization on frost resistant capability of young paulownia (Paulownia sp. ) plantation which had been undergone heavy frost damage in early 2008 in southern China. Experimental sites were located in the Paulownia fortunei forest consisting of 2-poplar clonal plantations in Chaling County. Paulownia fortunei, treated by root planting, trunk cutting and fertilization was called 2B; the contrast was called 1B. The results showed that the tree height, DBH, height under branch and lateral branch diameter in 2B were, respectively, 19.19%, 11.36%, 180% and 13.8% higher than those in 1B. The number of lateral branches in 1B was 2.8 times that in 2B. The icicle pressure beared by 2B was only 60.21% of that in 1B. There was nearly no potential damage in the 9treatment plot with 98% of the plants in the freeze injury grade I. In contrast, 50% and 36% of the plants in the control plot were observed, respectively, in freeze injury grades II and Ⅲ. Based on the present investigation, it can to be concluded that the applied management measures are effective in enhancing the resistant capability of young poplar plantations to frost damage.
2010, 23(1): 147-150.
Abstract:
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