2010 Vol. 23, No. 2
Display Method:
2010, 23(2): 151-156.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
The study generated forest canopy height model (CHM) using the low-density arborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) , it sketched the stand polygons combined with the high-resolution Charge Coupled Device (CCD) digital camera image, and extracted the stand mean height by the improved recognition algorithm.The results showed that the overall accuracy of the total valid data was 74.86%, The accuracy was 75.62% for Robinia pseudoacacia, and 74.74% for Pinus tabulaeformis. The precision of broad-leaved was slightly higher than that of the conifer species owing to the influence of the point cloud density. Therefore, low-density LiDAR with high resolution CCD data can quickly and accurately extract the stand mean height.
The study generated forest canopy height model (CHM) using the low-density arborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) , it sketched the stand polygons combined with the high-resolution Charge Coupled Device (CCD) digital camera image, and extracted the stand mean height by the improved recognition algorithm.The results showed that the overall accuracy of the total valid data was 74.86%, The accuracy was 75.62% for Robinia pseudoacacia, and 74.74% for Pinus tabulaeformis. The precision of broad-leaved was slightly higher than that of the conifer species owing to the influence of the point cloud density. Therefore, low-density LiDAR with high resolution CCD data can quickly and accurately extract the stand mean height.
2010, 23(2): 157-164.
Abstract:
In this paper, a research about soil seed bank of 9 typical riparian forests in Pangquangou Nature Reserve was conducted. Seeds in soil were separated by soil analysis sieves (0.5 mm), and then germinated in laboratory. The results showed that the soil seed bank densities of 9 communities were among 684±108 - 2 696±266 seeds per square meter, about 69.27% - 88.65% seeds were saved in the layer of 0 - 5 cm. The seed density of Hippsphae cheilophila bush was the highest, and which of Salix cheilophila bush was the lowest. Among 5 level lines of different distances away riparian, the seed densities of 10 m and 20 m were higher than that at riparian and 30 m and 40 m from the riparian. The soil seed banks of all the 9 communities were composed of 40 species, which mainly were perennial herbs. Most shrubs and herbs were interference-resistant species. In addition, there were some typical wetland plants. Pioneer species Betula platyphylla was of the highest seeds density. Among 5 tree species of soil seed bank, no viable seeds of Quercus liaotungensis was found, the seeds of other tree species could remained viable in soil for 1 - 2 years. The seeds of most herbs could remain viable more than 2 years. According to seed banks similarity indexes, 9 communities were classified into 4 succession stages: stand initiation stage, stems exclusion stage, under-story initiation stage and old growth stage. The soil seed banks of 4 succession stages were different: seeds densities, species number and similarity between soil seed bank of latter stages were smaller than earlier stages. The soil seed bank is important for regeneration and restoration of forest in nature. This research would provide references for protection and reconstruction of riparian forests of Pangquangou Nature Reserve.
In this paper, a research about soil seed bank of 9 typical riparian forests in Pangquangou Nature Reserve was conducted. Seeds in soil were separated by soil analysis sieves (0.5 mm), and then germinated in laboratory. The results showed that the soil seed bank densities of 9 communities were among 684±108 - 2 696±266 seeds per square meter, about 69.27% - 88.65% seeds were saved in the layer of 0 - 5 cm. The seed density of Hippsphae cheilophila bush was the highest, and which of Salix cheilophila bush was the lowest. Among 5 level lines of different distances away riparian, the seed densities of 10 m and 20 m were higher than that at riparian and 30 m and 40 m from the riparian. The soil seed banks of all the 9 communities were composed of 40 species, which mainly were perennial herbs. Most shrubs and herbs were interference-resistant species. In addition, there were some typical wetland plants. Pioneer species Betula platyphylla was of the highest seeds density. Among 5 tree species of soil seed bank, no viable seeds of Quercus liaotungensis was found, the seeds of other tree species could remained viable in soil for 1 - 2 years. The seeds of most herbs could remain viable more than 2 years. According to seed banks similarity indexes, 9 communities were classified into 4 succession stages: stand initiation stage, stems exclusion stage, under-story initiation stage and old growth stage. The soil seed banks of 4 succession stages were different: seeds densities, species number and similarity between soil seed bank of latter stages were smaller than earlier stages. The soil seed bank is important for regeneration and restoration of forest in nature. This research would provide references for protection and reconstruction of riparian forests of Pangquangou Nature Reserve.
2010, 23(2): 165-169.
Abstract:
Three process methods (supercritical CO2 extraction, cold pressing,spiral pressing) were applied to prepare oil-tea camellia seed oil. The physicochemical property and nutritional materials of the oil, such as acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, colour value, and the content of vitamin E, β-carotene, squalene, β-sitosterol, total phosphorus and fatty acid, were investigated. The results showed that the spiral pressed oil had the highest acid value and peroxide value which were significant higher than that of the oil extracted by the other methods. The contents of vitamin E, β-carotene, squalene, and β-sitosterol in supercritical CO2 extracted oil was the highest, while the content of total phosphorus in cold pressing extracted oil was the highest which was significant higher than that of supercritical CO2 extracted oil.
Three process methods (supercritical CO2 extraction, cold pressing,spiral pressing) were applied to prepare oil-tea camellia seed oil. The physicochemical property and nutritional materials of the oil, such as acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, colour value, and the content of vitamin E, β-carotene, squalene, β-sitosterol, total phosphorus and fatty acid, were investigated. The results showed that the spiral pressed oil had the highest acid value and peroxide value which were significant higher than that of the oil extracted by the other methods. The contents of vitamin E, β-carotene, squalene, and β-sitosterol in supercritical CO2 extracted oil was the highest, while the content of total phosphorus in cold pressing extracted oil was the highest which was significant higher than that of supercritical CO2 extracted oil.
2010, 23(2): 170-176.
Abstract:
The Affymetrix whole-transcriptome ATH1 chips were used in laboratory to analyze the gene expression profiles during regeneration of secondary vascular system in poplar, and differentially expressed genes were obtained which might involve in cambium initiation, differentiation and xylem development. In this study, the authors chose 7 genes coding for MYB transcription factors that highly expressed during this process, and studied the gene function using Arabidopsis insertion mutants. One of them was found homozygous in mutant alleles and its secondary walls were clearly thickened, while the cell cavity and quantity of interfascicular fiber from inflorescence stem reduced relatively. Therefore this mutant exhibited changes in secondary cell wall deposition.
The Affymetrix whole-transcriptome ATH1 chips were used in laboratory to analyze the gene expression profiles during regeneration of secondary vascular system in poplar, and differentially expressed genes were obtained which might involve in cambium initiation, differentiation and xylem development. In this study, the authors chose 7 genes coding for MYB transcription factors that highly expressed during this process, and studied the gene function using Arabidopsis insertion mutants. One of them was found homozygous in mutant alleles and its secondary walls were clearly thickened, while the cell cavity and quantity of interfascicular fiber from inflorescence stem reduced relatively. Therefore this mutant exhibited changes in secondary cell wall deposition.
2010, 23(2): 177-183.
Abstract:
Promoter plays a key role not only in regulating the level of gene expression but also in controlling the expression in a spatial and temporal manner. According to the expression profile generated using Arabidopsis ATH1 genechip to analyze genes involved in the regeneration of the secondary vascular system in Populus tomentosa Carr, a differentially expressed gene NST3 was chosen and its homologous gene NAC068 in poplar were found using BLAST software against poplar EST database (PopulusDB). Then the 5′- upstream sequence of this gene was cloned from Populus tomentosa Carr. and put into the plant expression vector pBI121 to replace the 35S promoter to control the reporter gene gus. After transformation of polar 84K via Agrobactera, the GUS activity was detected in cambium zone, suggesting this promoter could control gene expression in secondary vascular system thus should be useful in genetic engineering to control exogenous gene specific expression in vascular system.
Promoter plays a key role not only in regulating the level of gene expression but also in controlling the expression in a spatial and temporal manner. According to the expression profile generated using Arabidopsis ATH1 genechip to analyze genes involved in the regeneration of the secondary vascular system in Populus tomentosa Carr, a differentially expressed gene NST3 was chosen and its homologous gene NAC068 in poplar were found using BLAST software against poplar EST database (PopulusDB). Then the 5′- upstream sequence of this gene was cloned from Populus tomentosa Carr. and put into the plant expression vector pBI121 to replace the 35S promoter to control the reporter gene gus. After transformation of polar 84K via Agrobactera, the GUS activity was detected in cambium zone, suggesting this promoter could control gene expression in secondary vascular system thus should be useful in genetic engineering to control exogenous gene specific expression in vascular system.
2010, 23(2): 184-190.
Abstract:
Using the data of the fifth continuous forest inventory of Yunnan province, and based on ecological function analysis methods, the authors assessed the ecosystem services values of forests in Yunnan province. The total value of ecosystem services was 12 353.80×108 yuan per year, in which the indirect product value was 12 224.36×108 yuan per year, accounting for 98.95% of the total, the product value was 129.44×108 yuan per year, accounting for 1.05%. The ecosystem service value was 94.41 times of product value. The forest area and ecosystem value in Yunnan province account for 10.02% and 12.21% of China's total. The ecosystem service per hectare of forest in Yunnan was 6.77×104 yuan per year, which was higher than the average value of China (5.52×104 yuan per year).
Using the data of the fifth continuous forest inventory of Yunnan province, and based on ecological function analysis methods, the authors assessed the ecosystem services values of forests in Yunnan province. The total value of ecosystem services was 12 353.80×108 yuan per year, in which the indirect product value was 12 224.36×108 yuan per year, accounting for 98.95% of the total, the product value was 129.44×108 yuan per year, accounting for 1.05%. The ecosystem service value was 94.41 times of product value. The forest area and ecosystem value in Yunnan province account for 10.02% and 12.21% of China's total. The ecosystem service per hectare of forest in Yunnan was 6.77×104 yuan per year, which was higher than the average value of China (5.52×104 yuan per year).
2010, 23(2): 191-194.
Abstract:
Climatic factors are the leading factors which influence Dalbergia sissoo's growth. The result of a study on climatic adaptability of Dalbergia sissoo showed that Dalbergia sissoo could be planted in the district which annual average temperature is 20 - 27 ℃, extremely lowest temperature is above 0 ℃, extremely highest temperature is 39 - 43 ℃ and annual average precipitation is above 600 mm. Dalbergia sissoo can be adaptable in dry-hot valley areas.
Climatic factors are the leading factors which influence Dalbergia sissoo's growth. The result of a study on climatic adaptability of Dalbergia sissoo showed that Dalbergia sissoo could be planted in the district which annual average temperature is 20 - 27 ℃, extremely lowest temperature is above 0 ℃, extremely highest temperature is 39 - 43 ℃ and annual average precipitation is above 600 mm. Dalbergia sissoo can be adaptable in dry-hot valley areas.
2010, 23(2): 195-201.
Abstract:
Rhus chinensis and Cotinus coggygria as reference species, the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of leaves of R. typhina and aqueous extract of under forest soil of R. typhina stands on seed germination and seedling growth of 6 different plant species were studied in order to objectively evaluate its biological invasion. The results indicated that the germination capacity and germination potential of Brassica chinensis treated by aqueous intact fresh leaf extract of R. typhina were 88.0% and 82.5% respectively,with no significance compared with those of the control, while water extract of fresh broken leaves showed a very significant effect on germination of B. chinensis,with germination capacity and germination potential being reduced to 24.8% and 5.0% respectively. The allelopathic effect of dry leaves was weaker than that of fresh leaves. Wheat seed germination capacity and germination potential markedly decreased as 12.0% and 94.9% as those of the control by water extract of broken fresh leaves, while water extract of broken dry leaves only inhibited germination potential, which was 26.1% lesser than that of the control. The inhibition of water extract of broken fresh leaves of R. typhina on young wheat stem growth and radicle growth was stronger than that of R. chinensis and C. coggygria. Water extract of broken leaf of R. typhina displayed inhibition on seed germination of four native tree species in different degrees with significant impact on germination capacity of Toona sinensis and Ailanthus altissima. Water extract of broken fresh leaves of R. typhina did not influence the stem growth of young seedlings of four tree species, as well as the radical growth of Pinus tabulaeformis, but it significantly inhibited the radicle elongation of Platycladus orientalis, T. sinensis and A. altissima. Water extract of surface soil under R. typhina stands showed no inhibition on wheat seedling growth and the growth of T. sinensis was significantly promoted to 8.63 cm in height when it was cultivated for 55 days with the soil under R. typhina stands, compared to the control with 5.14 cm in height.
Rhus chinensis and Cotinus coggygria as reference species, the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of leaves of R. typhina and aqueous extract of under forest soil of R. typhina stands on seed germination and seedling growth of 6 different plant species were studied in order to objectively evaluate its biological invasion. The results indicated that the germination capacity and germination potential of Brassica chinensis treated by aqueous intact fresh leaf extract of R. typhina were 88.0% and 82.5% respectively,with no significance compared with those of the control, while water extract of fresh broken leaves showed a very significant effect on germination of B. chinensis,with germination capacity and germination potential being reduced to 24.8% and 5.0% respectively. The allelopathic effect of dry leaves was weaker than that of fresh leaves. Wheat seed germination capacity and germination potential markedly decreased as 12.0% and 94.9% as those of the control by water extract of broken fresh leaves, while water extract of broken dry leaves only inhibited germination potential, which was 26.1% lesser than that of the control. The inhibition of water extract of broken fresh leaves of R. typhina on young wheat stem growth and radicle growth was stronger than that of R. chinensis and C. coggygria. Water extract of broken leaf of R. typhina displayed inhibition on seed germination of four native tree species in different degrees with significant impact on germination capacity of Toona sinensis and Ailanthus altissima. Water extract of broken fresh leaves of R. typhina did not influence the stem growth of young seedlings of four tree species, as well as the radical growth of Pinus tabulaeformis, but it significantly inhibited the radicle elongation of Platycladus orientalis, T. sinensis and A. altissima. Water extract of surface soil under R. typhina stands showed no inhibition on wheat seedling growth and the growth of T. sinensis was significantly promoted to 8.63 cm in height when it was cultivated for 55 days with the soil under R. typhina stands, compared to the control with 5.14 cm in height.
2010, 23(2): 202-208.
Abstract:
Selecting Leuce Duby and Aigeiros Duby seedlings as materials, this paper analyzed the responses of gas exchange parameters(Pn、Tr、WUE) and fluorescence parameters(Fv/Fm、Fmv/Fms) of five breeds of aspen and Crossbreed to Drought Stress, and comprehensively evaluated the drought-resistant characteristics of five breeds. It was found that the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of five breeds obviously descended with the descend of leaf water potentials, at the initial stage of water stress, the net photosynthetic rate of Populus nigra and P. alba showed a obvious increasing trend. Before midium drought stressing,the water using efficiency of all the five breeds all showed the phenomenon of increasing with the descending of leaf water potential, the drought-resistance characteristics maybe a regular reflection of these breeds. Fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm of different breed wholly gradually descended with the descending of leaf water potential, the value of leaf water potential at the sudden descending point of Fv/Fm might become a new index to compare the drought-resistant capacity of different breeds. Compared with Fv/Fm, fluorescence parameter Fmv/Fms could directly inflect the practical solar energy capture capacity. While the leaf water potential of seedlings -1.5 MPa, the comprehensive evaluation result of drought-resistant capacity of the five breeds were: transgenic P. nigra carried Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene > P. nigra > P. alba > P.×canescens Smith, P. tremula, which was same to the result while water using efficiency was only adopted, and near to net photosynthesis rate, water using efficiency had proved to be a relatively reliable index.
Selecting Leuce Duby and Aigeiros Duby seedlings as materials, this paper analyzed the responses of gas exchange parameters(Pn、Tr、WUE) and fluorescence parameters(Fv/Fm、Fmv/Fms) of five breeds of aspen and Crossbreed to Drought Stress, and comprehensively evaluated the drought-resistant characteristics of five breeds. It was found that the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of five breeds obviously descended with the descend of leaf water potentials, at the initial stage of water stress, the net photosynthetic rate of Populus nigra and P. alba showed a obvious increasing trend. Before midium drought stressing,the water using efficiency of all the five breeds all showed the phenomenon of increasing with the descending of leaf water potential, the drought-resistance characteristics maybe a regular reflection of these breeds. Fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm of different breed wholly gradually descended with the descending of leaf water potential, the value of leaf water potential at the sudden descending point of Fv/Fm might become a new index to compare the drought-resistant capacity of different breeds. Compared with Fv/Fm, fluorescence parameter Fmv/Fms could directly inflect the practical solar energy capture capacity. While the leaf water potential of seedlings -1.5 MPa, the comprehensive evaluation result of drought-resistant capacity of the five breeds were: transgenic P. nigra carried Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene > P. nigra > P. alba > P.×canescens Smith, P. tremula, which was same to the result while water using efficiency was only adopted, and near to net photosynthesis rate, water using efficiency had proved to be a relatively reliable index.
2010, 23(2): 209-214.
Abstract:
To study the effect of bagging on fruit quality of non-astringent persimmon, nine kinds of bags were used on 'Fuyu' fruit on July 10th, the bags were taken off on Oct. 7th and the fruit were harvested on Nov. 7th. The results showed that removing the bags 30 days ahead of harvest was beneficial to fruit color, the fruit pericarp of treatment 5 showed typical orange color. Pericarp pigment was significantly correlated to color. Treatment 7 significantly reduced the spots rate and the incidence of brown spots of fruits. All bags decreased the content of soluble solids and reducing sugar, the effect of double-layer bags was more obvious. Single-layer bags and treatment 6 significantly increased the total soluble sugars and vitamin C contents. Bagging improved the contents of free amino acids and proteins, treatment 7 made the protein content reach 6.1 × 10-3 mg·g-1 which reached significant difference level. Treatment 6 significantly increased the levels of the mineral elements except Zn. Considering the various indicators, white single-layer composite paper bag was most suited to improve the internal and external fruit quality, followed by outer yellow and inner white double-layer bag.
To study the effect of bagging on fruit quality of non-astringent persimmon, nine kinds of bags were used on 'Fuyu' fruit on July 10th, the bags were taken off on Oct. 7th and the fruit were harvested on Nov. 7th. The results showed that removing the bags 30 days ahead of harvest was beneficial to fruit color, the fruit pericarp of treatment 5 showed typical orange color. Pericarp pigment was significantly correlated to color. Treatment 7 significantly reduced the spots rate and the incidence of brown spots of fruits. All bags decreased the content of soluble solids and reducing sugar, the effect of double-layer bags was more obvious. Single-layer bags and treatment 6 significantly increased the total soluble sugars and vitamin C contents. Bagging improved the contents of free amino acids and proteins, treatment 7 made the protein content reach 6.1 × 10-3 mg·g-1 which reached significant difference level. Treatment 6 significantly increased the levels of the mineral elements except Zn. Considering the various indicators, white single-layer composite paper bag was most suited to improve the internal and external fruit quality, followed by outer yellow and inner white double-layer bag.
2010, 23(2): 215-220.
Abstract:
ISSR (intro-simple sequence repeat) were employed to detect the GD (genetic distance) among 13 Pinus massoniana parent clones and the relationship between GD and hybrid performance. There was significant positive correlation between GD and hybrid performance on condition when GD ranged 0.264 - 0.529, and the relationship between GD and growth traits including height, DBH and volume index followed a linear equation, implying the potential value of ISSR in the molecular assisting selection (MAS) of Pinus massoniana. The correlation coefficient was larger when GD ranged between 0.357 - 0.529 than between 0.264 - 0.529. However, the correlation coefficient was lower than 0.700, and more effective model is needed to achieve more efficient molecular assisting selection for Pinus massoniana.
ISSR (intro-simple sequence repeat) were employed to detect the GD (genetic distance) among 13 Pinus massoniana parent clones and the relationship between GD and hybrid performance. There was significant positive correlation between GD and hybrid performance on condition when GD ranged 0.264 - 0.529, and the relationship between GD and growth traits including height, DBH and volume index followed a linear equation, implying the potential value of ISSR in the molecular assisting selection (MAS) of Pinus massoniana. The correlation coefficient was larger when GD ranged between 0.357 - 0.529 than between 0.264 - 0.529. However, the correlation coefficient was lower than 0.700, and more effective model is needed to achieve more efficient molecular assisting selection for Pinus massoniana.
2010, 23(2): 221-226.
Abstract:
The physiological and biochemical responding of four dwarf bamboos (Pleioblastus kongosanensis f. aureostriatus, Sasa fortunei, Sasa argenteostriatus and Sasa auricoma) to drought stress by withholding water were studied. The results indicated that the free proline contents, cell membrane permeability and the MDA contents of bamboo leaves increased with the prolongation of the stress time, the soluble sugar contents and the activity of SOD, POD and CAT showed increasing at the beginning and decreasing at the end. The physiological and biochemical indexes were measured to assess the drought-resistant ability of dwarf bamboos by Membership Function. The results showed that the four dwarf bamboos were ordered in sequence from strong to weak as: P. kongosanensis f. aureostratus Muroi et Y. Tanaka (e)>S. fortunei>S.auricoma>S. argenteostriatus, and the result was consistent with the morphological character.
The physiological and biochemical responding of four dwarf bamboos (Pleioblastus kongosanensis f. aureostriatus, Sasa fortunei, Sasa argenteostriatus and Sasa auricoma) to drought stress by withholding water were studied. The results indicated that the free proline contents, cell membrane permeability and the MDA contents of bamboo leaves increased with the prolongation of the stress time, the soluble sugar contents and the activity of SOD, POD and CAT showed increasing at the beginning and decreasing at the end. The physiological and biochemical indexes were measured to assess the drought-resistant ability of dwarf bamboos by Membership Function. The results showed that the four dwarf bamboos were ordered in sequence from strong to weak as: P. kongosanensis f. aureostratus Muroi et Y. Tanaka (e)>S. fortunei>S.auricoma>S. argenteostriatus, and the result was consistent with the morphological character.
2010, 23(2): 227-233.
Abstract:
The results showed that: the curves of diurna1 variations of net photosynthetic rate for South-typed Populus deltoides had one single peak curve in May and September, the peak values were respectively 15.79 and 14.13 μmol·m-2·s-1, while it showed two-peak curve in July, the biggest value was 22.03 μmol·m-2·s-1. North-typed P. deltoides showed a two-peak curve in the three months, the biggest value was respectively 13.46, 18.08, 12.91 μmol·m-2·s-1 and North-typed P. deltoides had the phenomenon of "photosynthetic midday depression"; while South-typed had the phenomenon only in July. The photosynthetic characteristics of North- and South-type P.deltoides in different months had a certain similarity, both was summer(July)> spring(May)> autumn(September), In October, the net photosynthetic rate of South-typed P. deltoides was 12.7 μmol·m-2·s-1, while the North-typed P. deltoides had already no leaves left. By using the methods of stepwise multiple regression, partial correlation and path analysis, it analyzed photosynthetic active radiation, air temperature, air relative humidity, air CO2 concentration and net photosynthetic rate of the south and north-type Populus deltoides respectively in May, July and September. PARo is the most important ecological factor influencing the net photosynthetic rate of P. deltoides.
The results showed that: the curves of diurna1 variations of net photosynthetic rate for South-typed Populus deltoides had one single peak curve in May and September, the peak values were respectively 15.79 and 14.13 μmol·m-2·s-1, while it showed two-peak curve in July, the biggest value was 22.03 μmol·m-2·s-1. North-typed P. deltoides showed a two-peak curve in the three months, the biggest value was respectively 13.46, 18.08, 12.91 μmol·m-2·s-1 and North-typed P. deltoides had the phenomenon of "photosynthetic midday depression"; while South-typed had the phenomenon only in July. The photosynthetic characteristics of North- and South-type P.deltoides in different months had a certain similarity, both was summer(July)> spring(May)> autumn(September), In October, the net photosynthetic rate of South-typed P. deltoides was 12.7 μmol·m-2·s-1, while the North-typed P. deltoides had already no leaves left. By using the methods of stepwise multiple regression, partial correlation and path analysis, it analyzed photosynthetic active radiation, air temperature, air relative humidity, air CO2 concentration and net photosynthetic rate of the south and north-type Populus deltoides respectively in May, July and September. PARo is the most important ecological factor influencing the net photosynthetic rate of P. deltoides.
2010, 23(2): 234-240.
Abstract:
The study compared the quality of DNA extracting from muscles, eggs and larvae of Blaps rhynchopetera with CTAB method, improved SDS-protease-K method, SDS-NaCl method and DNA extraction Kit. Some key factors affecting the time of digestion, dilution of pre-amplification product and the amount of selective amplification primer were studied and an optimized AFLP reaction system of B. rhynchopetera was established. High quality genomic DNA could be isolated using four methods from this beetle muscles. DNA extracted with traditional extraction method could keep for longer time than DNA extraction Kit did. The optimal reaction time for enzyme digestion(EcoR Ⅰ/Mse Ⅰ) was 2 hours for each. Products of the pre-amplification diluted 20 fold and 5 ng/35 ng(E+3/M+3) was the best amount of the selective amplification primer.
The study compared the quality of DNA extracting from muscles, eggs and larvae of Blaps rhynchopetera with CTAB method, improved SDS-protease-K method, SDS-NaCl method and DNA extraction Kit. Some key factors affecting the time of digestion, dilution of pre-amplification product and the amount of selective amplification primer were studied and an optimized AFLP reaction system of B. rhynchopetera was established. High quality genomic DNA could be isolated using four methods from this beetle muscles. DNA extracted with traditional extraction method could keep for longer time than DNA extraction Kit did. The optimal reaction time for enzyme digestion(EcoR Ⅰ/Mse Ⅰ) was 2 hours for each. Products of the pre-amplification diluted 20 fold and 5 ng/35 ng(E+3/M+3) was the best amount of the selective amplification primer.
2010, 23(2): 241-245.
Abstract:
External morphology and internal anatomical structure of pistillate flower-bud of protandrous precocious walnut cultivar of 'Liaoning 1'(Juglans regia L.) were observed during bud differentiation. External morphology presented various in size, shape and squama texture and color and so on. Internal anatomical structure could be marked into five periods. A close relationship between external morphology and anatomical structure of pistillate flower-bud was found. The pistillate flower-bud were small, flat triangle, with 3-5 soft, bright green squama in flower-bud induction period ;in the pedicel differentiation stage, the pistillate flower-bud was gradually increased to broad triangle or oblate shape, the squamas added to 5-7 layers and became hard and the young leaves formed; in the period of bract differentiation, the size and shape of pistillate flower did not change obviously, its squamas had more layers and became lignifications gradually and its color varied from yellow-green to brown; in the period of perianth differentiation, the color of pistillate flower-bud changed from brown to ash-green and its squamas spread gradually; in the period of pistil differentiation, the pistillate flower bud size increased again, its squamas spread further and young leaves extended. The external morphology of pistillate flower-bud could indirectly reflect the changes of internal structure and could serve as a convenient, fast and intuitionistic indicator for flower-bud differentiation.
External morphology and internal anatomical structure of pistillate flower-bud of protandrous precocious walnut cultivar of 'Liaoning 1'(Juglans regia L.) were observed during bud differentiation. External morphology presented various in size, shape and squama texture and color and so on. Internal anatomical structure could be marked into five periods. A close relationship between external morphology and anatomical structure of pistillate flower-bud was found. The pistillate flower-bud were small, flat triangle, with 3-5 soft, bright green squama in flower-bud induction period ;in the pedicel differentiation stage, the pistillate flower-bud was gradually increased to broad triangle or oblate shape, the squamas added to 5-7 layers and became hard and the young leaves formed; in the period of bract differentiation, the size and shape of pistillate flower did not change obviously, its squamas had more layers and became lignifications gradually and its color varied from yellow-green to brown; in the period of perianth differentiation, the color of pistillate flower-bud changed from brown to ash-green and its squamas spread gradually; in the period of pistil differentiation, the pistillate flower bud size increased again, its squamas spread further and young leaves extended. The external morphology of pistillate flower-bud could indirectly reflect the changes of internal structure and could serve as a convenient, fast and intuitionistic indicator for flower-bud differentiation.
2010, 23(2): 246-251.
Abstract:
The soil moisture is a most important ecological factor on the earth's surface ecological process. It plays an important role in ecological environment protection in Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The geostatistics method was used to determine and quantify the spatial variability of soil water(0.00 - 20.00 cm)for analysis of spatial patters of soil moisture in two typical forest communities (30.00 m×30.00 m)i.e.Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana mixed forest(A), Pinus massoniana pure forest(B)in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Using the grid sampling method(3.00 m×3.00 m space),98 sampling points were fixed in tota1.Based on autocorrelation analysis, the spatial correlation structure of these soil moisture patterns was calculated with the aid of the Moran's I index.The results showed that:(1) the spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture was different obviously between the two forest types, the spatial heterogeneity of plot B was stronger than that of plot A; (2) the analysis of semivariogram at all types had good semivariogram structure. Significant differences were found on spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture between plot A and B. Two semivariance graphs could be expressed by spherical model. There were significant differences in the ranges of spatial autocorrelation between the two types communities, the effective ranges of soil moisture were 51.00 m and 12.37 m, respectively. Autocorrelated spatial heterogeneity was a main component of the spatial heterogeneity. Their spatial pattern came out as obvious patches from the spatial framework maps; (3) The soil moisture spatial variability in this region mostly contributed to the influencing factors, such as vegetation topography and micro-physiognomy.
The soil moisture is a most important ecological factor on the earth's surface ecological process. It plays an important role in ecological environment protection in Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The geostatistics method was used to determine and quantify the spatial variability of soil water(0.00 - 20.00 cm)for analysis of spatial patters of soil moisture in two typical forest communities (30.00 m×30.00 m)i.e.Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana mixed forest(A), Pinus massoniana pure forest(B)in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Using the grid sampling method(3.00 m×3.00 m space),98 sampling points were fixed in tota1.Based on autocorrelation analysis, the spatial correlation structure of these soil moisture patterns was calculated with the aid of the Moran's I index.The results showed that:(1) the spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture was different obviously between the two forest types, the spatial heterogeneity of plot B was stronger than that of plot A; (2) the analysis of semivariogram at all types had good semivariogram structure. Significant differences were found on spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture between plot A and B. Two semivariance graphs could be expressed by spherical model. There were significant differences in the ranges of spatial autocorrelation between the two types communities, the effective ranges of soil moisture were 51.00 m and 12.37 m, respectively. Autocorrelated spatial heterogeneity was a main component of the spatial heterogeneity. Their spatial pattern came out as obvious patches from the spatial framework maps; (3) The soil moisture spatial variability in this region mostly contributed to the influencing factors, such as vegetation topography and micro-physiognomy.
2010, 23(2): 252-258.
Abstract:
The concentrations of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium in different organs of Phyllostachys edulis with various ages and the amount of soil nutrients and enzymatic activities were analyzed in Yongan County, Fujian Province.The results showed that the contents of two nutrition elements(nitrogen,phosphorus,calcium, magnesium)in different organs were in the order as:leaf>branch>stem>root;while for potassium:leaf>root >stem >branch.The abundance of different elements in leaf, in branch and in stem respectively ranged as:nitrogen>potassium >magnesium >calcium >phosphorus,while for root ranged as: potassium >nitrogen >magnesium>calcium>phosphorus.The nutrients element of bamboo organs varied with different ages. The nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium of bamboo culms and roots increased firstly, and then decreased with ages. The nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium of branches decreased-increased-decreased with ages. The nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium of leaves changed in the shape of "W". The potassium in bamboo organs decreased with ages besides the maximum contents in bamboo culms with two years. The nutrition elements in various organs of Phyllostachys edulis were interrelated one another at some extent, significant(PPPhylbstachys edulis and the phosphates in the soil, and great significant correlation between the nitrogen, phosphorus elements in leaves of Phylbstachys edulis and the catalase in the soil. The biochemical process was affected by the soil enzyme, and the degradation process of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus needed the activity of soil enzyme. A great significant correlation existed between soil capillary and the nitrogen elements in stems, while significant correlation between other index of physics and other index of chemistry.
The concentrations of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium in different organs of Phyllostachys edulis with various ages and the amount of soil nutrients and enzymatic activities were analyzed in Yongan County, Fujian Province.The results showed that the contents of two nutrition elements(nitrogen,phosphorus,calcium, magnesium)in different organs were in the order as:leaf>branch>stem>root;while for potassium:leaf>root >stem >branch.The abundance of different elements in leaf, in branch and in stem respectively ranged as:nitrogen>potassium >magnesium >calcium >phosphorus,while for root ranged as: potassium >nitrogen >magnesium>calcium>phosphorus.The nutrients element of bamboo organs varied with different ages. The nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium of bamboo culms and roots increased firstly, and then decreased with ages. The nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium of branches decreased-increased-decreased with ages. The nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium of leaves changed in the shape of "W". The potassium in bamboo organs decreased with ages besides the maximum contents in bamboo culms with two years. The nutrition elements in various organs of Phyllostachys edulis were interrelated one another at some extent, significant(PPPhylbstachys edulis and the phosphates in the soil, and great significant correlation between the nitrogen, phosphorus elements in leaves of Phylbstachys edulis and the catalase in the soil. The biochemical process was affected by the soil enzyme, and the degradation process of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus needed the activity of soil enzyme. A great significant correlation existed between soil capillary and the nitrogen elements in stems, while significant correlation between other index of physics and other index of chemistry.
2010, 23(2): 259-265.
Abstract:
The litter amount and its water holding characteristic parameters,such as the maximum water holding capacity,water absorption rate and the modified interception amount under different typical bamboo plantations (Cunninghamia lanceolata and Phyllostachys edulis mixed stands, P. edulis pure stands and P. edulis and hardwood mixed stands) were studied by regarding C. lanceolata stands and evergreen broadleaved forests as contrasts in northern Fujian Province. The results were as follows:(1)The total amount, maximum water holding capacity and modified interception of litter under different stands were different in undecomposed, half-decomposed and decomposed litters, they were all biggest in half-decomposed litter and the least in undecomposed litter for all the five testing stands, and they were also all the biggest in C. lanceolata pure plantation which followed by P. edulis and hardwood mixed stands and the least in P. edulis pure stands. The total amount, maximum water holding capacity and modified interception of litter were 14.6 t·hm-2, 7.0 t·hm-2 and 4.7 t·hm-2, 2.668 mm, 1.298 mm and 0.916 m, 1.43 mm, 0.76 mm and 0.58 mm respectively in C. lanceolata stands, P. edulis and hardwood mixed stands and P. edulis stands.(2)By analyzing, the relationsip between water holding capacity of litter and immersion time followed the equation of:S=kln(t)+p in five stands, and the litter water capacity increased rapidly within the first two hours, then it increased slowly. While, the equation of the litter absorption rate and immersion time was:V=at-1+b, and the litter water absobtion rate dropped rapidly within the first hour, then it decreased slowly. (3)Although the litter water holding capacity in P.edulis and hardwood mixed stands was lower than that in C. lanceolata stands, it was the highest among bamboo forests, so it must be fully considered in stands improvement and ecological management of bamboo stands.
The litter amount and its water holding characteristic parameters,such as the maximum water holding capacity,water absorption rate and the modified interception amount under different typical bamboo plantations (Cunninghamia lanceolata and Phyllostachys edulis mixed stands, P. edulis pure stands and P. edulis and hardwood mixed stands) were studied by regarding C. lanceolata stands and evergreen broadleaved forests as contrasts in northern Fujian Province. The results were as follows:(1)The total amount, maximum water holding capacity and modified interception of litter under different stands were different in undecomposed, half-decomposed and decomposed litters, they were all biggest in half-decomposed litter and the least in undecomposed litter for all the five testing stands, and they were also all the biggest in C. lanceolata pure plantation which followed by P. edulis and hardwood mixed stands and the least in P. edulis pure stands. The total amount, maximum water holding capacity and modified interception of litter were 14.6 t·hm-2, 7.0 t·hm-2 and 4.7 t·hm-2, 2.668 mm, 1.298 mm and 0.916 m, 1.43 mm, 0.76 mm and 0.58 mm respectively in C. lanceolata stands, P. edulis and hardwood mixed stands and P. edulis stands.(2)By analyzing, the relationsip between water holding capacity of litter and immersion time followed the equation of:S=kln(t)+p in five stands, and the litter water capacity increased rapidly within the first two hours, then it increased slowly. While, the equation of the litter absorption rate and immersion time was:V=at-1+b, and the litter water absobtion rate dropped rapidly within the first hour, then it decreased slowly. (3)Although the litter water holding capacity in P.edulis and hardwood mixed stands was lower than that in C. lanceolata stands, it was the highest among bamboo forests, so it must be fully considered in stands improvement and ecological management of bamboo stands.
2010, 23(2): 266-271.
Abstract:
The CEPA , GA3, PP333 and B9 were sprayed on the shoot needles of Pinus massoniana, P. thunbergii, P. elliottii and P. taeda with different concentrations in order to observe their effects on pine shoots growth.The results showed that GA3 (2 500 mg·L-1) promoted the shoots length of all species significantly (except to P. elliottii. in Experiment 3). In contrast, the shoots length of P. massoniana, P. elliottii and P. thunbergii were restrained significantly by PP333 (5 000 mg·L-1), and the shoots length of P. elliottii and P. taeda were restrained significantly by the complex preparation of 5 000 mg·L-1 PP333 and 5 000 mg·L-1 B9 (1∶ 1),in different experiments. And they were the best growth substances for each specie. The tropism responses of Dioryctria rubella to the volatiles of pine shoots were investigated with "Y"-tube olfactometer, the results were obvious compared with CK. The field survey showed the damage rate of the treated pine shoots were lower than that of control obviously.
The CEPA , GA3, PP333 and B9 were sprayed on the shoot needles of Pinus massoniana, P. thunbergii, P. elliottii and P. taeda with different concentrations in order to observe their effects on pine shoots growth.The results showed that GA3 (2 500 mg·L-1) promoted the shoots length of all species significantly (except to P. elliottii. in Experiment 3). In contrast, the shoots length of P. massoniana, P. elliottii and P. thunbergii were restrained significantly by PP333 (5 000 mg·L-1), and the shoots length of P. elliottii and P. taeda were restrained significantly by the complex preparation of 5 000 mg·L-1 PP333 and 5 000 mg·L-1 B9 (1∶ 1),in different experiments. And they were the best growth substances for each specie. The tropism responses of Dioryctria rubella to the volatiles of pine shoots were investigated with "Y"-tube olfactometer, the results were obvious compared with CK. The field survey showed the damage rate of the treated pine shoots were lower than that of control obviously.
2010, 23(2): 272-277.
Abstract:
The fresh pollen of Paeonia lutea was employed as experimental material to study the pollen viability. The effects of different concentration of sucrose, boron, calcium, magnesium and potassium on the germination of P. lutea's pollen were compared through simple factorial experiment. Based on these, the orthogonal design was used to compare the effects of sucrose, boron and calcium on the germination of P. lutea's pollen. Carmine acetate staining, I2-KI staining, and TTC staining were compared in order to seek for a fast determination method of P. lutea's pollen viability. The results showed that the sucrose and boron had great effects on the germination of P. lutea's pollen. Under the optimum pH 6.0 values, the optimum culture solution was sucrose 150 g·L-1 + H3BO3 30 mg·L-1 + CaCl2 20 mg·L-1, the germination rate was 68.7%. When cultured in pure water, the protoplasm of the pollen wouldn't split, and the substance inside wouldn't flow out, but its germination rate was very low. When cultured in the solution with high concentration of sucrose or salt, the protoplasm would dehydrate and separate from the cell wall. These two would inhibit the germination of P. lutea's pollen. And TTC staining showed that the viability rate was 64.9% which was the optimum staining for the fast determination of P. lutea's pollen viability.
The fresh pollen of Paeonia lutea was employed as experimental material to study the pollen viability. The effects of different concentration of sucrose, boron, calcium, magnesium and potassium on the germination of P. lutea's pollen were compared through simple factorial experiment. Based on these, the orthogonal design was used to compare the effects of sucrose, boron and calcium on the germination of P. lutea's pollen. Carmine acetate staining, I2-KI staining, and TTC staining were compared in order to seek for a fast determination method of P. lutea's pollen viability. The results showed that the sucrose and boron had great effects on the germination of P. lutea's pollen. Under the optimum pH 6.0 values, the optimum culture solution was sucrose 150 g·L-1 + H3BO3 30 mg·L-1 + CaCl2 20 mg·L-1, the germination rate was 68.7%. When cultured in pure water, the protoplasm of the pollen wouldn't split, and the substance inside wouldn't flow out, but its germination rate was very low. When cultured in the solution with high concentration of sucrose or salt, the protoplasm would dehydrate and separate from the cell wall. These two would inhibit the germination of P. lutea's pollen. And TTC staining showed that the viability rate was 64.9% which was the optimum staining for the fast determination of P. lutea's pollen viability.
2010, 23(2): 278-282.
Abstract:
The rooting ability of the cuttings of semi-lignified branches of Aquilaria sinensis by different treatments were studied in this paper. The treatments included the solutions of IAA, IBA, NAA and ABT-1 with the concentrations of 500,1 000 mg·L-1 and 1 500 mg·L-1. The results showed that there were significant differences in the rooting ratio among different treatments. The rooting ratio of cuttings with IAA 1 500 mg·L-1 treatment was the highest at 43.08%, followed by the cuttings with IBA 1 500 mg·L-1. The adventitious roots of the cuttings mostly appeared in the callus tissue of the cuttings' bottom section and the position of 0.5 cm away from lower cut section.
The rooting ability of the cuttings of semi-lignified branches of Aquilaria sinensis by different treatments were studied in this paper. The treatments included the solutions of IAA, IBA, NAA and ABT-1 with the concentrations of 500,1 000 mg·L-1 and 1 500 mg·L-1. The results showed that there were significant differences in the rooting ratio among different treatments. The rooting ratio of cuttings with IAA 1 500 mg·L-1 treatment was the highest at 43.08%, followed by the cuttings with IBA 1 500 mg·L-1. The adventitious roots of the cuttings mostly appeared in the callus tissue of the cuttings' bottom section and the position of 0.5 cm away from lower cut section.
2010, 23(2): 283-287.
Abstract:
Taking Chinese fir as researched object and Richards function as basic model,the models of single site index and polymorphic site index were established to analyze the affect of stand standard age on the result of site quality evaluation with the ways of ANOVA, multicompare,curve tourning point and change of dominant tree height between site classes. The result showed that with the site class getting higher,curve tourning point volue getting lower,it was impossible to define the standard age before stand growth reached steady. If stand standard age is too small, it would lead to a higher site calss in polymorphic site index evaluation; The difference was notable among stand dominant height from difference standard age,if standard age is too small, it would lead to a lower site class in single site index evalution. Taking the age steady-grown stand as standard age would not make notable affect on the result of site quality evaluation.
Taking Chinese fir as researched object and Richards function as basic model,the models of single site index and polymorphic site index were established to analyze the affect of stand standard age on the result of site quality evaluation with the ways of ANOVA, multicompare,curve tourning point and change of dominant tree height between site classes. The result showed that with the site class getting higher,curve tourning point volue getting lower,it was impossible to define the standard age before stand growth reached steady. If stand standard age is too small, it would lead to a higher site calss in polymorphic site index evaluation; The difference was notable among stand dominant height from difference standard age,if standard age is too small, it would lead to a lower site class in single site index evalution. Taking the age steady-grown stand as standard age would not make notable affect on the result of site quality evaluation.
2010, 23(2): 288-292.
Abstract:
The growth characteristics and correlation between the canopy index and growth characteristics of Populus×xiaohei plantation with different densities and stand ages were studied by the methods of sampling typical plot and allometric dimension analysis in Xuejiazhuang Forest Farm in Shanxi Province. The results showed that the DBHs of Populus×xiaohei plantations with various tree densities were different. The Logistic growth model could accurately describe the tree height and DBH growth of Populus×xiaohei. The fast growing period of tree height was obviously earlier and longer than that of DBH. The dh value decreased with the increase of tree age, the DBH and the tree density. The correlation coefficient between tree canopy and the DBH was increased with the tree densities. The DBH could be estimated by the canopy size in stands with low density. Therefore, the medium density Populus×xiaohei plantation should be selected for satellite image interpretation of tree canopy.
The growth characteristics and correlation between the canopy index and growth characteristics of Populus×xiaohei plantation with different densities and stand ages were studied by the methods of sampling typical plot and allometric dimension analysis in Xuejiazhuang Forest Farm in Shanxi Province. The results showed that the DBHs of Populus×xiaohei plantations with various tree densities were different. The Logistic growth model could accurately describe the tree height and DBH growth of Populus×xiaohei. The fast growing period of tree height was obviously earlier and longer than that of DBH. The dh value decreased with the increase of tree age, the DBH and the tree density. The correlation coefficient between tree canopy and the DBH was increased with the tree densities. The DBH could be estimated by the canopy size in stands with low density. Therefore, the medium density Populus×xiaohei plantation should be selected for satellite image interpretation of tree canopy.
2010, 23(2): 293-297.
Abstract:
The tender leafstalks of Ledum palustre var. dilatatum were used as explants for the experiment. Uniform design for the most suitable media for shoots regeneration immediately at base of tender leafstalks, rooting and germplasm conservation in vitro was screened. The results showed that N6+ZT 2.65 mg·L-1+IAA 0.05 mg·L-1 was fits for shoots regeneration, the frequency of shoots induction was higher than 92.5%; MS(modified)+IAA 0.1 mg·L-1+Kt 0.75 mg·L-1 for rooting, the rate of rooting was 98%; N-68+B9 2.5 mg·L-1+ Phloridzin 1.0 mg·L-1 for germplasm conservation in vitro for 46 months. Stems each with one node were cut from regenerated shoots and cultured for propagation, and a 90-fold proliferation rate was achieved within 30 days. The method of "deferring growth with dwarfing" was utilized for germplasm conservation in vitro at normal temperature. In vitro culture and germplasm conservation in vitro system of Ledum palustre var. dilatatum was established.
The tender leafstalks of Ledum palustre var. dilatatum were used as explants for the experiment. Uniform design for the most suitable media for shoots regeneration immediately at base of tender leafstalks, rooting and germplasm conservation in vitro was screened. The results showed that N6+ZT 2.65 mg·L-1+IAA 0.05 mg·L-1 was fits for shoots regeneration, the frequency of shoots induction was higher than 92.5%; MS(modified)+IAA 0.1 mg·L-1+Kt 0.75 mg·L-1 for rooting, the rate of rooting was 98%; N-68+B9 2.5 mg·L-1+ Phloridzin 1.0 mg·L-1 for germplasm conservation in vitro for 46 months. Stems each with one node were cut from regenerated shoots and cultured for propagation, and a 90-fold proliferation rate was achieved within 30 days. The method of "deferring growth with dwarfing" was utilized for germplasm conservation in vitro at normal temperature. In vitro culture and germplasm conservation in vitro system of Ledum palustre var. dilatatum was established.
2010, 23(2): 298-301.
Abstract:
The nutritional components and poisonous elements in flowers of Camellia chekiangoleosa, C. polydonta, C. semiserrata and C. azalea were studied. The results indicated that the soluble sugar content of the four Camellia flowers had no difference. The maximum protein content was 82.9 g·kg-1, detected in the flower of C. semiserrata. And the minimum protein content was 56.8 g·kg-1, found in C. azalea. Vitamin C and β-carotene contents in C. azalea and C. semiserrata were higher, and in C. polydonta and C. chekiangoleosa were lower. The total amino acid contents of the four Camellia were 68.41、67.26、50.77、66.87 g·kg-1 respectively, the essential amino acid contents were 33.86、32.70、27.21、33.79 g·kg-1 respectively, and the proportion of essential amino acid in total amino acid of the four Camellia were 49.50%, 48.62%, 53.59% and 50.53% respectively. The contents of Ca, Mn and Cu in C. chekiangoleosa were the highest. Zn and Se contents were the maximum and Ca was the minimum in C. polydonta. The contents of Fe and Se were the lowest in C. semiserrata. Fe content were the maximum and Mn, Zn and Cu the minimum in C. azalea. The trace element contents in the flower of the four Camellia species followed the order of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, but the content of Fe was higher than that of Mn in C. azalea. The contents of Pb, Cd, As and Hg of the four Camellia flower were all lower than the permissible amount.
The nutritional components and poisonous elements in flowers of Camellia chekiangoleosa, C. polydonta, C. semiserrata and C. azalea were studied. The results indicated that the soluble sugar content of the four Camellia flowers had no difference. The maximum protein content was 82.9 g·kg-1, detected in the flower of C. semiserrata. And the minimum protein content was 56.8 g·kg-1, found in C. azalea. Vitamin C and β-carotene contents in C. azalea and C. semiserrata were higher, and in C. polydonta and C. chekiangoleosa were lower. The total amino acid contents of the four Camellia were 68.41、67.26、50.77、66.87 g·kg-1 respectively, the essential amino acid contents were 33.86、32.70、27.21、33.79 g·kg-1 respectively, and the proportion of essential amino acid in total amino acid of the four Camellia were 49.50%, 48.62%, 53.59% and 50.53% respectively. The contents of Ca, Mn and Cu in C. chekiangoleosa were the highest. Zn and Se contents were the maximum and Ca was the minimum in C. polydonta. The contents of Fe and Se were the lowest in C. semiserrata. Fe content were the maximum and Mn, Zn and Cu the minimum in C. azalea. The trace element contents in the flower of the four Camellia species followed the order of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, but the content of Fe was higher than that of Mn in C. azalea. The contents of Pb, Cd, As and Hg of the four Camellia flower were all lower than the permissible amount.
2010, 23(2): 302-307.
Abstract:
Camellia oleifera is one of the important oil tree species in south China, and C. oleifera industry is quickly developed with the support of the national policies in recent years. The disorder of C. oleifera varieties is one of the key issues restricting the development of C. oleifera industry. Because of high polymorphism, good repeatability, less use of DNA and so on, SRAP as a new marker was used in identification of cultivars, analysis of genetic resources and genetic diversity in recent years. In this paper, the orthogonal design was used to optimize SRAP-PCR system for C. oleifera by 5 factors (Mg2+, dNTPs, primer, Taq polymerase, DNA template) and 4 levels, respectively. The data were analyzed by software SPSS V13.0. A suitable SRAP-PCR system (20 μL) was established as: 75 ng DNA template, 1.5 mmol·L-1 Mg2+, 0.15 mmol·L-1 dNTPs, 1U Taq DNA polymerase, 0.4 μmol·L-1 primer, 1×PCR buffer. The result of optimal SRAP-PCR system will provide a foundation for the identification of C. oleifera cultivars.
Camellia oleifera is one of the important oil tree species in south China, and C. oleifera industry is quickly developed with the support of the national policies in recent years. The disorder of C. oleifera varieties is one of the key issues restricting the development of C. oleifera industry. Because of high polymorphism, good repeatability, less use of DNA and so on, SRAP as a new marker was used in identification of cultivars, analysis of genetic resources and genetic diversity in recent years. In this paper, the orthogonal design was used to optimize SRAP-PCR system for C. oleifera by 5 factors (Mg2+, dNTPs, primer, Taq polymerase, DNA template) and 4 levels, respectively. The data were analyzed by software SPSS V13.0. A suitable SRAP-PCR system (20 μL) was established as: 75 ng DNA template, 1.5 mmol·L-1 Mg2+, 0.15 mmol·L-1 dNTPs, 1U Taq DNA polymerase, 0.4 μmol·L-1 primer, 1×PCR buffer. The result of optimal SRAP-PCR system will provide a foundation for the identification of C. oleifera cultivars.
2010, 23(2): 308-312.
Abstract:
In this study, we investigated the optimal concentration of nutrient-mist and NaHSO3 for cutting propagation of Juniperus squamata 'Blue Star' , as well as the variation in the contents of chlorophyll in leaves, and solubility carbohydrate,soluble protein and other nutrition in leaves and bases of cuttings during rooting. Cuttings of grade Ⅲ (the lenghth of cutting bases lignified from 0.1 to 0.2 cm) was treated by 1/4MS+NaHSO3(200 mg·L-1),and the rooting rate rose 35% and root qualities were improved compared with control experiment, for there were different effects among three grade cuttings. The treatment of grade Ⅲ cuttings also resulted in higher content of soluble sugar and starch of those bases during rooting, especially obviously different for fifteen days, but less effect on the chlorophyll and some nutrition content of cutting leaves.
In this study, we investigated the optimal concentration of nutrient-mist and NaHSO3 for cutting propagation of Juniperus squamata 'Blue Star' , as well as the variation in the contents of chlorophyll in leaves, and solubility carbohydrate,soluble protein and other nutrition in leaves and bases of cuttings during rooting. Cuttings of grade Ⅲ (the lenghth of cutting bases lignified from 0.1 to 0.2 cm) was treated by 1/4MS+NaHSO3(200 mg·L-1),and the rooting rate rose 35% and root qualities were improved compared with control experiment, for there were different effects among three grade cuttings. The treatment of grade Ⅲ cuttings also resulted in higher content of soluble sugar and starch of those bases during rooting, especially obviously different for fifteen days, but less effect on the chlorophyll and some nutrition content of cutting leaves.
2010, 23(2): 313-316.
Abstract:
Pyemotes sp. and Scleroderma guani were used to control the larvae of Semanotus bifasciatus. The results as follows: (1) the suitable control time of Pyemotes sp.was from early April to early May. The reason was that in this time, the larvae of S. bifasciatus were young and not bored into xylem that was so easy to be parasitized by Pyemotes sp. With the parasitic rate 80% in average. Indoor experiment showed that the Pyemotes sp. had the same tropism selection to every instar for the host, but the parasitic rate was higher in low instar than other instars.(2)Using Scleroderma guani to control S. bjfasciatus, the suitable time was from mid May to mid June, the optimal ratio of host and parasite was 1∶ 1. Indoor experiment showed that Scleroderma guani had strong tropism toward middle-aged and elder larvae, the parasite linger around them and choose suitable position on hosts where they could lay eggs successfully. This behavior showed that Scleroderma guani had strict selectivity for their hosts. In experiment, the authors found a phenomenon that in one trap wood, both the Pyemotes sp. and Scleroderma guani could be found at the same time, they themselves did not affect each other and otherwise they could increase the parasitic rate for host. So, the authors suggested that in practice to control pests especially for boring pests, the Scleroderma guani and Pyemotes sp could be used at the same time.
Pyemotes sp. and Scleroderma guani were used to control the larvae of Semanotus bifasciatus. The results as follows: (1) the suitable control time of Pyemotes sp.was from early April to early May. The reason was that in this time, the larvae of S. bifasciatus were young and not bored into xylem that was so easy to be parasitized by Pyemotes sp. With the parasitic rate 80% in average. Indoor experiment showed that the Pyemotes sp. had the same tropism selection to every instar for the host, but the parasitic rate was higher in low instar than other instars.(2)Using Scleroderma guani to control S. bjfasciatus, the suitable time was from mid May to mid June, the optimal ratio of host and parasite was 1∶ 1. Indoor experiment showed that Scleroderma guani had strong tropism toward middle-aged and elder larvae, the parasite linger around them and choose suitable position on hosts where they could lay eggs successfully. This behavior showed that Scleroderma guani had strict selectivity for their hosts. In experiment, the authors found a phenomenon that in one trap wood, both the Pyemotes sp. and Scleroderma guani could be found at the same time, they themselves did not affect each other and otherwise they could increase the parasitic rate for host. So, the authors suggested that in practice to control pests especially for boring pests, the Scleroderma guani and Pyemotes sp could be used at the same time.
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