2010 Vol. 23, No. 5
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2010, 23(5): 631-636.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
16 early-fruiting walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars were developed in China in 1994. These new walnut cultivars preliminarily formed an improved variety system for Chinese walnut production. The FISH-AFLP analysis was conducted in order to investigate the sibship among the 16 Chinese early-fruiting walnut cultivars. 9 primer combinations were used to amplify the genomic DNAs. Total 1 072 AFLP fragments were obtained, in which 946 are polymorphic markers and the average percent of polymorphic bands is 88.12%. Different genotypes were detected and unique bands were found. The genetic diversity and their sibship among Chinese early-fruiting walnut cultivars were investigated and their fingerprintings were established in the research.
16 early-fruiting walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars were developed in China in 1994. These new walnut cultivars preliminarily formed an improved variety system for Chinese walnut production. The FISH-AFLP analysis was conducted in order to investigate the sibship among the 16 Chinese early-fruiting walnut cultivars. 9 primer combinations were used to amplify the genomic DNAs. Total 1 072 AFLP fragments were obtained, in which 946 are polymorphic markers and the average percent of polymorphic bands is 88.12%. Different genotypes were detected and unique bands were found. The genetic diversity and their sibship among Chinese early-fruiting walnut cultivars were investigated and their fingerprintings were established in the research.
2010, 23(5): 637-643.
Abstract:
The full length cDNA and genomic DNA of PdZFR were cloned from Populus deltoides by RACE and Visual Genome Library Walking methods respectively, according to its partial cDNA sequence. Meanwhile, the gene promoter, transcription initiation, intron and exon distribution, spice pattern, the amino acid sequence encoded and the location of this gene on chromosome were analyzed. The tissue or organ-specific expression analysis showed that this gene was related to plant development.
The full length cDNA and genomic DNA of PdZFR were cloned from Populus deltoides by RACE and Visual Genome Library Walking methods respectively, according to its partial cDNA sequence. Meanwhile, the gene promoter, transcription initiation, intron and exon distribution, spice pattern, the amino acid sequence encoded and the location of this gene on chromosome were analyzed. The tissue or organ-specific expression analysis showed that this gene was related to plant development.
2010, 23(5): 644-648.
Abstract:
The data of forest fires from 1980 to 1999 in Heilongjiang Province, NINO3.4 index and Southern Oscillation Index were analyzed by spectral analysis and correlation method, and the spectral periodicities were got individually. The periodicities of fire number and fire area were 10.00 years and 6.67 years respectively. The periodicities of both El Ni o and La Ni a were 5.00 years in these 20 years. The correlations between fire number or area and La Ni a or El Ni o were very significant. The fire area and fire number were negatively correlated with El Ni o, and the correlation coefficients were -0.523 1 and -0.659 4 respectively. The fire number and fire area were positively correlated with La Ni a, and the correlation coefficients were 0.525 4 and 0.536 3 respectively. The influence of La Ni a was less than that of El Ni o. The fire area and fire number increased abnormally after warm ENSO events year.
The data of forest fires from 1980 to 1999 in Heilongjiang Province, NINO3.4 index and Southern Oscillation Index were analyzed by spectral analysis and correlation method, and the spectral periodicities were got individually. The periodicities of fire number and fire area were 10.00 years and 6.67 years respectively. The periodicities of both El Ni o and La Ni a were 5.00 years in these 20 years. The correlations between fire number or area and La Ni a or El Ni o were very significant. The fire area and fire number were negatively correlated with El Ni o, and the correlation coefficients were -0.523 1 and -0.659 4 respectively. The fire number and fire area were positively correlated with La Ni a, and the correlation coefficients were 0.525 4 and 0.536 3 respectively. The influence of La Ni a was less than that of El Ni o. The fire area and fire number increased abnormally after warm ENSO events year.
2010, 23(5): 649-655.
Abstract:
Every spring since 2001, large areas of the new forested poplar died in north of Jiangsu Province. In poplar branches that had died or were nearly to die, there were spots similar to the symptoms of canker disease. By isolation, inoculation and re-isolating the Koch’s principle was completed and finally based on the sequence of ribosomal DNA-ITS,the pathogen was identified as Phomopsis eucommiicola C.Q. Chang, Z.D. Jiang & P.K. Chi, This paper was the first report about Phomopsis eucommiicola causing canker disease on the new poplar forestation.
Every spring since 2001, large areas of the new forested poplar died in north of Jiangsu Province. In poplar branches that had died or were nearly to die, there were spots similar to the symptoms of canker disease. By isolation, inoculation and re-isolating the Koch’s principle was completed and finally based on the sequence of ribosomal DNA-ITS,the pathogen was identified as Phomopsis eucommiicola C.Q. Chang, Z.D. Jiang & P.K. Chi, This paper was the first report about Phomopsis eucommiicola causing canker disease on the new poplar forestation.
2010, 23(5): 656-665.
Abstract:
The dynamics in different time-scale of Net Ecosystem Exchange(NEE) in poplar forest of the Yangtze River were studied by using an eddy covariance method . The following results were obtained: Daily CO2 flux was closely related to growing stages and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), and night CO2 flux showed an exponential regression relationship with 5 cm depth soil temperature. The CO2 flux between forest and atmosphere ranged from -2 mg·m-2·s-1 to 2 mg·m-2·s-1. As for the daily change of NEE in the growing season, it begin to absorb carbon dioxide and increase after 7:00 AM ,and keep stable from 11:00AM to 1:00 PM resulting from PAR then decrease and after 6:30PM change to discharge carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, lastly change gradually at night. The maximum uptake occurredat about 10 o’clock of local time in clear day. The NEE also had obviously seasonal variation that was mainly controlled by temperature. Remarkable uptake occurred in blooming growing season and weak respiration occurred in dormant season. Assimilation and respiration were nearly balanced during the transition of growing and dormant seasons. Poplar forests are one of carbon sinks. The annual carbon uptake of the ecosystem was -579 g·m-2 in 2006. It is in 2006 when the serious water logging happened that plantation still absorbed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the whole year, which shows that the poplar forest plays an important role in improving the carbon sink of terrestrial ecosystem.
The dynamics in different time-scale of Net Ecosystem Exchange(NEE) in poplar forest of the Yangtze River were studied by using an eddy covariance method . The following results were obtained: Daily CO2 flux was closely related to growing stages and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), and night CO2 flux showed an exponential regression relationship with 5 cm depth soil temperature. The CO2 flux between forest and atmosphere ranged from -2 mg·m-2·s-1 to 2 mg·m-2·s-1. As for the daily change of NEE in the growing season, it begin to absorb carbon dioxide and increase after 7:00 AM ,and keep stable from 11:00AM to 1:00 PM resulting from PAR then decrease and after 6:30PM change to discharge carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, lastly change gradually at night. The maximum uptake occurredat about 10 o’clock of local time in clear day. The NEE also had obviously seasonal variation that was mainly controlled by temperature. Remarkable uptake occurred in blooming growing season and weak respiration occurred in dormant season. Assimilation and respiration were nearly balanced during the transition of growing and dormant seasons. Poplar forests are one of carbon sinks. The annual carbon uptake of the ecosystem was -579 g·m-2 in 2006. It is in 2006 when the serious water logging happened that plantation still absorbed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the whole year, which shows that the poplar forest plays an important role in improving the carbon sink of terrestrial ecosystem.
2010, 23(5): 666-670.
Abstract:
In order to evaluate the effects of different cryoprotectants and durations on post-thaw cytoactives (including cell viability, circularity and recovery time) of two dipteral insect cell lines, 3 kinds of cryoprotectants (Formula I: 10% DMSO + 90% FBS; Formula II: 10% DMSO; Formula III: 10% glycerol) were used to preserve the cells of SL2 from embryo of Drosophila melanogaster and NIH-SaPe-4 from embryo of Sarcophaga peregrine in liquid nitrogen separately. The results showed that the post-thaw viability of these two cell lines decreased with the cryopreservation time expended. In long-term cryopreservation, the effect of Formula I for preserving SL2 cells was better than the others. Formula II was suitable for NIH-SaPe-4. Using glycerol as cryoprotectant was unsuitable for these two insect cell lines.
In order to evaluate the effects of different cryoprotectants and durations on post-thaw cytoactives (including cell viability, circularity and recovery time) of two dipteral insect cell lines, 3 kinds of cryoprotectants (Formula I: 10% DMSO + 90% FBS; Formula II: 10% DMSO; Formula III: 10% glycerol) were used to preserve the cells of SL2 from embryo of Drosophila melanogaster and NIH-SaPe-4 from embryo of Sarcophaga peregrine in liquid nitrogen separately. The results showed that the post-thaw viability of these two cell lines decreased with the cryopreservation time expended. In long-term cryopreservation, the effect of Formula I for preserving SL2 cells was better than the others. Formula II was suitable for NIH-SaPe-4. Using glycerol as cryoprotectant was unsuitable for these two insect cell lines.
2010, 23(5): 671-677.
Abstract:
The long-term dynamic changes of the values for ecological service function of Pinus kesiya forest in China since 1987 had been studied. The results suggested that the area of Pinus kesiya had decreased and its value for ecological service function had also decreased from 365.1×108 yuan per year to 313.50×108 yuan per year from 1987 to 2002. Afterward, the value increased to 328.39×108 yuan per year at 2007 with the regeneration of Pinus kesiya forest. The value for ecological service function of Pinus kesiya per unit area had increased during the past 20 years from per hectare 5.44×104 yuan per year in 1987 to 5.56×104 yuan per year in 2007,and the average annual increase is 0.11%. Generally, the value showed strong positive correlation with the increasing per unit stock volume of Pinus kesiya, which indicated that the service value will increase with the improving of stand quality.
The long-term dynamic changes of the values for ecological service function of Pinus kesiya forest in China since 1987 had been studied. The results suggested that the area of Pinus kesiya had decreased and its value for ecological service function had also decreased from 365.1×108 yuan per year to 313.50×108 yuan per year from 1987 to 2002. Afterward, the value increased to 328.39×108 yuan per year at 2007 with the regeneration of Pinus kesiya forest. The value for ecological service function of Pinus kesiya per unit area had increased during the past 20 years from per hectare 5.44×104 yuan per year in 1987 to 5.56×104 yuan per year in 2007,and the average annual increase is 0.11%. Generally, the value showed strong positive correlation with the increasing per unit stock volume of Pinus kesiya, which indicated that the service value will increase with the improving of stand quality.
2010, 23(5): 678-684.
Abstract:
In order to explore the dispersal pattern and the dynamics of Anoplophora glabripennis population in the nature, the authors studied the dispersal regulations of A. glabripennis by using the mark-recapture method in Yongjing County, Gansu Province. On the basis of collecting the dispersal data by the time-series process of A. glabripennis adult population, the dispersal pattern of A. glabripennis adults in poplar shelter forest network was studied and the factors effecting the dispersal were analyzed. The results indicated that the population dispersal had obvious direction was caused mainly by the environment. Meteorological factor analysis showed that the dispersal pattern was affected mainly by the wind direction. The amount of recapture at all direction had negative relationship with the same wind direction and positive relationship with the opposite wind direction, while it had no close relationship with wind speed, temperature and relative humidity. The dispersal density of adults decreased with the increase of distance and time, the relationship between the dispersal distance and the amount of adults could be described by the mathematic model y=4 203.568 3x-1.117 56. The population average dispersal distance was 423.7 m. There was no difference of dispersal direction and distance between male and female adults, only the recapture rate of male was higher than female. Adults could disperse to more than 2 000 m and even more. The farthest dispersal distance observed was 2 644 m.
In order to explore the dispersal pattern and the dynamics of Anoplophora glabripennis population in the nature, the authors studied the dispersal regulations of A. glabripennis by using the mark-recapture method in Yongjing County, Gansu Province. On the basis of collecting the dispersal data by the time-series process of A. glabripennis adult population, the dispersal pattern of A. glabripennis adults in poplar shelter forest network was studied and the factors effecting the dispersal were analyzed. The results indicated that the population dispersal had obvious direction was caused mainly by the environment. Meteorological factor analysis showed that the dispersal pattern was affected mainly by the wind direction. The amount of recapture at all direction had negative relationship with the same wind direction and positive relationship with the opposite wind direction, while it had no close relationship with wind speed, temperature and relative humidity. The dispersal density of adults decreased with the increase of distance and time, the relationship between the dispersal distance and the amount of adults could be described by the mathematic model y=4 203.568 3x-1.117 56. The population average dispersal distance was 423.7 m. There was no difference of dispersal direction and distance between male and female adults, only the recapture rate of male was higher than female. Adults could disperse to more than 2 000 m and even more. The farthest dispersal distance observed was 2 644 m.
2010, 23(5): 685-689.
Abstract:
The bioassay results showed that Lophodermium conigenum, L. pinastri, L. sichuanense and L. erlangshanense fungi could produce pathotoxin that might have led to their host dying in the liquid medium. Study showed that the four mycotoxins were non-proteins components, and there were different toxicity between host needles and other several kinds of pine needles by combining with the determination of conductivity, especially the mycotoxin of L. sichuanense fungus had the strongest toxicity. The bioassay of three kinds of weeds from different family and Cedrus deodara showed that the four toxins were non-host specific.
The bioassay results showed that Lophodermium conigenum, L. pinastri, L. sichuanense and L. erlangshanense fungi could produce pathotoxin that might have led to their host dying in the liquid medium. Study showed that the four mycotoxins were non-proteins components, and there were different toxicity between host needles and other several kinds of pine needles by combining with the determination of conductivity, especially the mycotoxin of L. sichuanense fungus had the strongest toxicity. The bioassay of three kinds of weeds from different family and Cedrus deodara showed that the four toxins were non-host specific.
2010, 23(5): 690-696.
Abstract:
The biomass and energy of two different-aged Eucalyptus stands in Lianjiang city, Guangdong Province were studied. The results are as follows: The total retained biomass of plantation and the total biomass of various organs increased as the stand ages increased. The biomass of various organs were different, the stem’s biomass was the highest while the leaf’s was the lowest among five organs of different stand ages. The total retained biomass of 4.5-year-old E. leizhouensis No.1 and E. urophylla×E. grandis plantation were 77.13 t·hm-2 and 80.03 t·hm-2. The ash content (AC), gross caloric values (GCV) and ash free caloric values (AFCV) of various organs were different. The order of AC, GCV and AFCV of various organs were bark＞leaf＞root＞branch＞stem, leaf＞branch or stem＞root＞bark, leaf＞branch＞stem or root＞bark. The AC of leaf, branch, root and stem increased as the stand ages increased, the GCV of them changed oppositely. The AC of bark decreased as the stand ages increased, the GCV of them changed oppositely. The average of AC of individual had not a significant negative correlation with the stand ages, the average of GCV and AFCV of individual had not a significant positive correlation with the stand ages. The total retained energy of 4.5-year-old E. leizhouensis No.1 and E. urophylla×E. grandis plantation were 1 482.91 GJ·hm-2 and 1 515.06 GJ·hm-2. The energy of various organs at different ages changed and distributed as more or less with the biomass of plantation. The mean annual increments of the total retained biomass and energy of plantation of two Eucalyptus stands were the maximum in 3.5 years.
The biomass and energy of two different-aged Eucalyptus stands in Lianjiang city, Guangdong Province were studied. The results are as follows: The total retained biomass of plantation and the total biomass of various organs increased as the stand ages increased. The biomass of various organs were different, the stem’s biomass was the highest while the leaf’s was the lowest among five organs of different stand ages. The total retained biomass of 4.5-year-old E. leizhouensis No.1 and E. urophylla×E. grandis plantation were 77.13 t·hm-2 and 80.03 t·hm-2. The ash content (AC), gross caloric values (GCV) and ash free caloric values (AFCV) of various organs were different. The order of AC, GCV and AFCV of various organs were bark＞leaf＞root＞branch＞stem, leaf＞branch or stem＞root＞bark, leaf＞branch＞stem or root＞bark. The AC of leaf, branch, root and stem increased as the stand ages increased, the GCV of them changed oppositely. The AC of bark decreased as the stand ages increased, the GCV of them changed oppositely. The average of AC of individual had not a significant negative correlation with the stand ages, the average of GCV and AFCV of individual had not a significant positive correlation with the stand ages. The total retained energy of 4.5-year-old E. leizhouensis No.1 and E. urophylla×E. grandis plantation were 1 482.91 GJ·hm-2 and 1 515.06 GJ·hm-2. The energy of various organs at different ages changed and distributed as more or less with the biomass of plantation. The mean annual increments of the total retained biomass and energy of plantation of two Eucalyptus stands were the maximum in 3.5 years.
2010, 23(5): 697-702.
Abstract:
A pot experiment consisting of three different heterogenerous nutrient environments was designed, with homogeneous nutrient environment as control, to study the differences of foraging behavior of Pinus massoniana to N and P nutrient patches. The results showed that P. massoniana exhibited greater seedling growth, more biomass accumulation in P and whole nutrient heterogeneous environment, while it responsed unsensitively to nutrient heterogeneous environment. The root physiological and morphological plasticity played important roles when P. massoniana absorbed nutrient in P patch with poor mobility. Moreover, in P patch, root growth exhibited some characteristics, such as root proliferation, greater root scale, higher precision and sensitivity, improvement of root N and P absorption efficiency. However, its root scale, precision and sensitivity were lower in N patch, while root did not need to proliferate to acquire N with rich mobility, and N and P absorption efficiency were also low, which could illuminate that root physiological and morphological plasticity had no obvious effects on acquiring nutrients in N-enriched patch. The foraging behavior of P. massoniana in whole nutrient patch was similar with in P heterogeneous nutrient environment.
A pot experiment consisting of three different heterogenerous nutrient environments was designed, with homogeneous nutrient environment as control, to study the differences of foraging behavior of Pinus massoniana to N and P nutrient patches. The results showed that P. massoniana exhibited greater seedling growth, more biomass accumulation in P and whole nutrient heterogeneous environment, while it responsed unsensitively to nutrient heterogeneous environment. The root physiological and morphological plasticity played important roles when P. massoniana absorbed nutrient in P patch with poor mobility. Moreover, in P patch, root growth exhibited some characteristics, such as root proliferation, greater root scale, higher precision and sensitivity, improvement of root N and P absorption efficiency. However, its root scale, precision and sensitivity were lower in N patch, while root did not need to proliferate to acquire N with rich mobility, and N and P absorption efficiency were also low, which could illuminate that root physiological and morphological plasticity had no obvious effects on acquiring nutrients in N-enriched patch. The foraging behavior of P. massoniana in whole nutrient patch was similar with in P heterogeneous nutrient environment.
2010, 23(5): 703-707.
Abstract:
Forest arithmetic mean height measurement plays a quite important role in the study of ecological factors and forest resource inventory, however , which is usually thought to not only cost too much labor and time, but be low accuracy. A new sampling technique introduced by Yojiro Ueno is that without knowing the exact number of trees , it can efficiently and easily estimate the arithmetic mean height . Based on computer simulation, the paper applied this technique into plots from Larix plantations and Mongolian oak forest in Changbaishan mountains. The results from different repeat times showed that 1) the differences of mean relative error as [AKP-] and variation coefficient as CV between different repeat times tended fo decrease as the number of sampling points increased. This sampling technique was efficient by doing only one time when the number of sampling points was big enough. 2)[AKP-] and CV had similar decreasing trends as the number of sampling points was increasing , which showed that they decreased remarkably before the number of sampling points reached a certain value , after that the speed of decreasing slowed down .Their fluctuation degrees also decreased as the number of sampling points increased. 3) This technique used in Larix plantations was better than in Mongolian oak forest. It was demonstrated that the lower CV, the larger the number of all trees , the better effectivity this sampling technique had.
Forest arithmetic mean height measurement plays a quite important role in the study of ecological factors and forest resource inventory, however , which is usually thought to not only cost too much labor and time, but be low accuracy. A new sampling technique introduced by Yojiro Ueno is that without knowing the exact number of trees , it can efficiently and easily estimate the arithmetic mean height . Based on computer simulation, the paper applied this technique into plots from Larix plantations and Mongolian oak forest in Changbaishan mountains. The results from different repeat times showed that 1) the differences of mean relative error as [AKP-] and variation coefficient as CV between different repeat times tended fo decrease as the number of sampling points increased. This sampling technique was efficient by doing only one time when the number of sampling points was big enough. 2)[AKP-] and CV had similar decreasing trends as the number of sampling points was increasing , which showed that they decreased remarkably before the number of sampling points reached a certain value , after that the speed of decreasing slowed down .Their fluctuation degrees also decreased as the number of sampling points increased. 3) This technique used in Larix plantations was better than in Mongolian oak forest. It was demonstrated that the lower CV, the larger the number of all trees , the better effectivity this sampling technique had.
2010, 23(5): 708-712.
Abstract:
The endophytic bacterium XZNUM 033 has a strong inhibitory activity against poplar sapstain pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae.The physicochemical property of the fermentation broth was detected. The result showed that fermentation broth with the pH 7.0 had the strongest anti-fungal activity and was stable against heat, light and ultraviolet. According to the morphological observation, gram staining, spore staining, physicochemical property and the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strain XZNUM 033 was identified as a known species of the genus Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
The endophytic bacterium XZNUM 033 has a strong inhibitory activity against poplar sapstain pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae.The physicochemical property of the fermentation broth was detected. The result showed that fermentation broth with the pH 7.0 had the strongest anti-fungal activity and was stable against heat, light and ultraviolet. According to the morphological observation, gram staining, spore staining, physicochemical property and the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strain XZNUM 033 was identified as a known species of the genus Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
2010, 23(5): 713-718.
Abstract:
The eco-hydrological effects of bamboo plantation in Miaoshanwu Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province, were observed and studied from March to October of 2009 at the level of stand and runoff plot. The results showed that: (1) The total precipitation during the observation period was 1 220.8 mm, the through-fall, stem-flow and canopy interception contributed to 78.2%, 7.3%, and 14.5% of total precipitation, respectively. With the precipitation increasing, the through-fall and stem-flow increased linearly, while the canopy interception increased abruptly at the beginning till the precipitation reached about 10 mm when the canopy interception steadily varied from 5mm to 6 mm; (2) The litterfall on forest floor was 4.37 t·hm-2. The maximum water retention ratio and water-holding capacity of litter were 223% and 0.975 mm; (3) The surface runoff of plot was low and only 2.41 mm, accounting for 0.20% of the total precipitation. The total sediment was 126.3 kg·hm-2, implying a soil erosion of 1.034 kg·hm-2·mm-1. It is concluded that the function of soil and water conservation of bamboo plantation on the plot is pretty good.
The eco-hydrological effects of bamboo plantation in Miaoshanwu Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province, were observed and studied from March to October of 2009 at the level of stand and runoff plot. The results showed that: (1) The total precipitation during the observation period was 1 220.8 mm, the through-fall, stem-flow and canopy interception contributed to 78.2%, 7.3%, and 14.5% of total precipitation, respectively. With the precipitation increasing, the through-fall and stem-flow increased linearly, while the canopy interception increased abruptly at the beginning till the precipitation reached about 10 mm when the canopy interception steadily varied from 5mm to 6 mm; (2) The litterfall on forest floor was 4.37 t·hm-2. The maximum water retention ratio and water-holding capacity of litter were 223% and 0.975 mm; (3) The surface runoff of plot was low and only 2.41 mm, accounting for 0.20% of the total precipitation. The total sediment was 126.3 kg·hm-2, implying a soil erosion of 1.034 kg·hm-2·mm-1. It is concluded that the function of soil and water conservation of bamboo plantation on the plot is pretty good.
2010, 23(5): 719-726.
Abstract:
The community structure characteristics of natural mixed Yunnan Pine (Pinus yunnanensis) forests were studied in Diaolinshan Natural Reserve, Middle Yunnan Plateau. The results indicated that mean DBH of all trees and Yunnan Pine, and the densities of all large trees (DBH≥30 cm) and Yunnan Pine showed significant differences on various soils and were in the order of dark-red soil>yellow-red soil>red soil. The stumpage densities of all trees and Yunnan Pine indicated significant differences on various soils and those on red soil ranked the top one. As for total basal areas of all trees and the percentage of Yunnan Pine’s basal areas, they indicated significant differences on various soils and presented the tendency of dark-red soil>red soil>yellow-red soil for the former and just the reverse for the latter. The coverage of herb layer showed significant differences on various soils and those on dark-red soil and yellow-red soil were remarkably higher than that on red soil. The forest was divided into 4 layers on dark-red soil but only 3 layers on yellow-red soil and red soil. Individual DBH distributions of tree layers showed a typical reverse "J" shape. Except that very few individuals of P. armandi, Lithocarpus leucostachyus and Ternstroemia gymnanthera distributed in the size class of DBH≥40 cm on dark-red soil, almost all individuals occupied the size class of DBH≥30 cm with Yunnan Pine. Main tree species of DBHleucostachyus, T. gymnanthera and Ilex polyneura, whereas on yellow-red soil and red soil were Keteleeria evelyniana, Cyclobalanopsis delavayi, Quercus acutissima and Q. aliena. Population structure of Yunnan Pine was characterized as constant type on dark-red soil and red soils, but was featured as recessionary type on yellow-red soil. Keteleeria evelyniana,C. delavayi, Q. aliena and Castanopsis delavayi on red soil featured as interim population type, and other main tree species on dark-red and yellow-red soils characterized as constant or incremental population types.
The community structure characteristics of natural mixed Yunnan Pine (Pinus yunnanensis) forests were studied in Diaolinshan Natural Reserve, Middle Yunnan Plateau. The results indicated that mean DBH of all trees and Yunnan Pine, and the densities of all large trees (DBH≥30 cm) and Yunnan Pine showed significant differences on various soils and were in the order of dark-red soil>yellow-red soil>red soil. The stumpage densities of all trees and Yunnan Pine indicated significant differences on various soils and those on red soil ranked the top one. As for total basal areas of all trees and the percentage of Yunnan Pine’s basal areas, they indicated significant differences on various soils and presented the tendency of dark-red soil>red soil>yellow-red soil for the former and just the reverse for the latter. The coverage of herb layer showed significant differences on various soils and those on dark-red soil and yellow-red soil were remarkably higher than that on red soil. The forest was divided into 4 layers on dark-red soil but only 3 layers on yellow-red soil and red soil. Individual DBH distributions of tree layers showed a typical reverse "J" shape. Except that very few individuals of P. armandi, Lithocarpus leucostachyus and Ternstroemia gymnanthera distributed in the size class of DBH≥40 cm on dark-red soil, almost all individuals occupied the size class of DBH≥30 cm with Yunnan Pine. Main tree species of DBHleucostachyus, T. gymnanthera and Ilex polyneura, whereas on yellow-red soil and red soil were Keteleeria evelyniana, Cyclobalanopsis delavayi, Quercus acutissima and Q. aliena. Population structure of Yunnan Pine was characterized as constant type on dark-red soil and red soils, but was featured as recessionary type on yellow-red soil. Keteleeria evelyniana,C. delavayi, Q. aliena and Castanopsis delavayi on red soil featured as interim population type, and other main tree species on dark-red and yellow-red soils characterized as constant or incremental population types.
2010, 23(5): 727-732.
Abstract:
Applying the theories and methods of phytosociology, the authors investigated and studied seed plants flower resources in western slope of Sejila Mountain, Tibet, China. The results show that the western slope of Sejila Mountain has 52 families, 133 genera and 219 species of flower plants; The Compositae is the most dominant family and the Rhododendron is the most dominant genus in this region; Among all the tree flower species,Abies georgei is the most resources and the most widely distributed species; Among all the shrub flowers, the species with the highest important value and the most wide distribution is Lonicera inconspicua.The herb and climbing flower show a trend that the species owed higher important value has a narrow distribution and the species with a wide distribution has a lower important value; From the point of vertical height, that with the most average number of species of flower plant is 3 500 m and with the highest diversity of species is 4 200 - 4 800 m; Of all the flower species 20 species are included in China Species Red List and two species are Chinese protected plantsⅡ. The authors also proposed some management recommendations according to the status quo of the flower resources.
Applying the theories and methods of phytosociology, the authors investigated and studied seed plants flower resources in western slope of Sejila Mountain, Tibet, China. The results show that the western slope of Sejila Mountain has 52 families, 133 genera and 219 species of flower plants; The Compositae is the most dominant family and the Rhododendron is the most dominant genus in this region; Among all the tree flower species,Abies georgei is the most resources and the most widely distributed species; Among all the shrub flowers, the species with the highest important value and the most wide distribution is Lonicera inconspicua.The herb and climbing flower show a trend that the species owed higher important value has a narrow distribution and the species with a wide distribution has a lower important value; From the point of vertical height, that with the most average number of species of flower plant is 3 500 m and with the highest diversity of species is 4 200 - 4 800 m; Of all the flower species 20 species are included in China Species Red List and two species are Chinese protected plantsⅡ. The authors also proposed some management recommendations according to the status quo of the flower resources.
2010, 23(5): 733-737.
Abstract:
To investigate the effect of exogenous Methyl Jasmonate (MJ) on drought-resistance of Chrysanthemum Cuttage 'xia huang’, the main drought-resistance physiological indexes were studied under natural drought stress. The results are as follows: Compared to the control, 1 mg·L-1 MJ could increase the water content of leaves and reduce the MDA content, the chlorophyll content increased significantly with 8-12 days treatment. At 12 days treatment, the proline content increased significantly, and reached 2.7 mg·L-1, the SOD, POD enzyme activity were 29.6% and 70.5% higher than that of the control. Over all, Spraying 1 mg·L-1 MJ 4-8 days before transplanting was the best for the drought resistance of Chrysanthemum cottage.
To investigate the effect of exogenous Methyl Jasmonate (MJ) on drought-resistance of Chrysanthemum Cuttage 'xia huang’, the main drought-resistance physiological indexes were studied under natural drought stress. The results are as follows: Compared to the control, 1 mg·L-1 MJ could increase the water content of leaves and reduce the MDA content, the chlorophyll content increased significantly with 8-12 days treatment. At 12 days treatment, the proline content increased significantly, and reached 2.7 mg·L-1, the SOD, POD enzyme activity were 29.6% and 70.5% higher than that of the control. Over all, Spraying 1 mg·L-1 MJ 4-8 days before transplanting was the best for the drought resistance of Chrysanthemum cottage.
2010, 23(5): 738-743.
Abstract:
The fixed-effect model for individual tree basal area growth modeling for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) in spacing plantations was developed using panel data. The heterogeneity of individual increment basal area among the different blocks was analyzed with independent variables (diameter of breast height (DBH) and live-crown ratio (LCR)), dummy variables with stand planting density, competition indices, and site and stand age effects. The result indicates that there is a strong relationship between stand planting density and competition indices, but both of them are important factors impacting individual increment tree basal area growth. The impact of site condition and stand age varies with different stand density. The fitting deviation of the average individual increment basal area increases along with site indices and stand ages.
The fixed-effect model for individual tree basal area growth modeling for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) in spacing plantations was developed using panel data. The heterogeneity of individual increment basal area among the different blocks was analyzed with independent variables (diameter of breast height (DBH) and live-crown ratio (LCR)), dummy variables with stand planting density, competition indices, and site and stand age effects. The result indicates that there is a strong relationship between stand planting density and competition indices, but both of them are important factors impacting individual increment tree basal area growth. The impact of site condition and stand age varies with different stand density. The fitting deviation of the average individual increment basal area increases along with site indices and stand ages.
2010, 23(5): 744-749.
Abstract:
The effects of different growth regulators (GA3,NAA, and ABA) on Cattleya flowering date and flower quality were studied by injecting different concentrations of growth regulators into flower sheathes.The results showed that injecting 60 mg·kg-1 or 120 mg·kg-1 GA3 of resulted in earlier flowering date (13.34 days and 22.34 days, respectively), as well as significantly increased the lengthes of flower sepal, petal, pedicel and scape, in comparison with controls injected with deionised water. Injecting 10 mg·kg-1 NAA also significantly increased flower size. In contrast, injecting ABA had no influence on flowering date. Moreover, when injecting high concentration of ABA (40 mg·kg-1),both the flowering rate and flower size were decreased. Overall, injecting 60 mg·kg-1 GA3 or 10 mg·kg-1 NAA, which not only advanced flowering date, but also enlarged flower size and maintained high flowering rate, could serve as a valuable way to regulate the date of floresence.
The effects of different growth regulators (GA3,NAA, and ABA) on Cattleya flowering date and flower quality were studied by injecting different concentrations of growth regulators into flower sheathes.The results showed that injecting 60 mg·kg-1 or 120 mg·kg-1 GA3 of resulted in earlier flowering date (13.34 days and 22.34 days, respectively), as well as significantly increased the lengthes of flower sepal, petal, pedicel and scape, in comparison with controls injected with deionised water. Injecting 10 mg·kg-1 NAA also significantly increased flower size. In contrast, injecting ABA had no influence on flowering date. Moreover, when injecting high concentration of ABA (40 mg·kg-1),both the flowering rate and flower size were decreased. Overall, injecting 60 mg·kg-1 GA3 or 10 mg·kg-1 NAA, which not only advanced flowering date, but also enlarged flower size and maintained high flowering rate, could serve as a valuable way to regulate the date of floresence.
2010, 23(5): 750-755.
Abstract:
Fractal features of soil particles, soil microbe number and enzyme activity were measured to understand the relationship between fractal dimension of soil particles and soil fertility under slope farmland (CK) and its four de-farming patterns, including Neosinocalamus affinis plantation (NAP), Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis oldhami plantation (BDP), Alnus crenastogyne + Neosinocalamus affinis plantation (ANP) and abandoned farmland (AFL), in southern Sichuan province of China. The results showed that after 5 years’ de-farming, soil organic matter and clay (＜0.001 mm) contents, fractal dimension of soil particle, ratio of soil physical clay (＜0.01 mm) and physical sand (＞0.01 mm), bacteria, fungi, actinomycete and total microbe number, and invertase, phosphatase and urase activities followed the order of NAP＞BDP＞ANP＞AFL＞CK. The fractal dimension of soil particle and ratio of soil physical clay and physical sand were well correlated with soil organic matter, microbe number and enzyme activity, and there were close relationships between fractal dimension of soil particle and ratio of soil physical clay and physical sand. This indicates that the de-farming of slope farmland was beneficial for soil clay content increase,soil fertility and proportion of particle composition improvement; fractal dimension of soil particle could be used as a comprehensive quantitative index to evaluate soil fertility for slope farmland de-farming; the ratio of soil physical clay and physical sand in particle composition could reflect soil fertility characteristics and also could be used to evaluate soil fertility for slope farmland de-farming.
Fractal features of soil particles, soil microbe number and enzyme activity were measured to understand the relationship between fractal dimension of soil particles and soil fertility under slope farmland (CK) and its four de-farming patterns, including Neosinocalamus affinis plantation (NAP), Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis oldhami plantation (BDP), Alnus crenastogyne + Neosinocalamus affinis plantation (ANP) and abandoned farmland (AFL), in southern Sichuan province of China. The results showed that after 5 years’ de-farming, soil organic matter and clay (＜0.001 mm) contents, fractal dimension of soil particle, ratio of soil physical clay (＜0.01 mm) and physical sand (＞0.01 mm), bacteria, fungi, actinomycete and total microbe number, and invertase, phosphatase and urase activities followed the order of NAP＞BDP＞ANP＞AFL＞CK. The fractal dimension of soil particle and ratio of soil physical clay and physical sand were well correlated with soil organic matter, microbe number and enzyme activity, and there were close relationships between fractal dimension of soil particle and ratio of soil physical clay and physical sand. This indicates that the de-farming of slope farmland was beneficial for soil clay content increase,soil fertility and proportion of particle composition improvement; fractal dimension of soil particle could be used as a comprehensive quantitative index to evaluate soil fertility for slope farmland de-farming; the ratio of soil physical clay and physical sand in particle composition could reflect soil fertility characteristics and also could be used to evaluate soil fertility for slope farmland de-farming.
2010, 23(5): 756-761.
Abstract:
Reared by Monochamus alternatus larvae in small test tube and twigs of Pinus massoniana, the host-selectivity of several generations of Sclerodermus sichuanensis was studied. The Y-tube olfactometer and scanning electron microscope were used to detect the diversification of the host-selectivity. The results showed that the host-selectivity of reared generations could be improved with varying degrees. The antennal sensilla of Sclerodermus sichuanensis was observed through electron microscope, which showed that the ultrastructure of sensilla placoclea and sensilla ampullaceal of some adults were deformed.
Reared by Monochamus alternatus larvae in small test tube and twigs of Pinus massoniana, the host-selectivity of several generations of Sclerodermus sichuanensis was studied. The Y-tube olfactometer and scanning electron microscope were used to detect the diversification of the host-selectivity. The results showed that the host-selectivity of reared generations could be improved with varying degrees. The antennal sensilla of Sclerodermus sichuanensis was observed through electron microscope, which showed that the ultrastructure of sensilla placoclea and sensilla ampullaceal of some adults were deformed.
2010, 23(5): 762-769.
Abstract:
To explore the microbial flora and its seasonal variation on different types of Pinus massoniana stand, the cultivable bacteria and fungi in the forest air and on the leaf and bark surface of near-matured forest, middle-aged forest and plantation in Yunyang County of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area were analyzed. The results showed that in the aboveground of the three types of pine forest,the microorganisms were consistent with the seasons, the quantities of microorganism in summer and autumn were higher than in winter and spring, the quantities of microorganism in middle-aged natural forest were the largest and the seasonal change was also the largest; the quantity and species of dominant population varied with the seasons and forest types. The fungal species in the air of plantation were 4,3,4,3 respectively in autumn, winter, spring and summer season, while, in near-matured forest and middle-aged forest, the fungal species were 3. The dominant species diversity in plantation was higher than that in near-matured forest and middle-aged forest. The bacterial dominant species on leaf surface in near-matured forest and middle-aged forest were Pseudomonas veronii and Serratia marcescens and in plantation was Enterobacter sp. The fungi species of dominant population on the leaf surface in the middle-aged natural forest and plantation were the same in four seasons, which including Aspergillus versicolor, Pestalotiopsis neglecta and Aspergillus nomius. However, they were Aspergillus versicolor, Pestalotiopsis neglecta and Aspergillus sydowii in the near-matured forest. The dominant bacteria population on the bark surface in near-matured forest was Pseudomonas sp., which took the highest percentage in the dominant species among the three types of forest lands and were 69.05%, 65.58%, 57.08% and 80.57% respectively in autumn, winter, spring and summer. The dominant bacteria species in the middle-aged natural forest was Bacillus subtilis and in plantation was Neisseria sp. The dominant fungi species on the bark surface in near-matured forest were Penicillium waksmanii and Pestalotiopsis neglecta, and in plantation were Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp., but in middle-aged forest, there was only one species of Mucorales, its quantity percentage in autumn, winter, spring and summer were 63.38%, 65.76%, 51.23% and 84%, respectively, which was significantly higher than those in the other two types of forest.
To explore the microbial flora and its seasonal variation on different types of Pinus massoniana stand, the cultivable bacteria and fungi in the forest air and on the leaf and bark surface of near-matured forest, middle-aged forest and plantation in Yunyang County of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area were analyzed. The results showed that in the aboveground of the three types of pine forest,the microorganisms were consistent with the seasons, the quantities of microorganism in summer and autumn were higher than in winter and spring, the quantities of microorganism in middle-aged natural forest were the largest and the seasonal change was also the largest; the quantity and species of dominant population varied with the seasons and forest types. The fungal species in the air of plantation were 4,3,4,3 respectively in autumn, winter, spring and summer season, while, in near-matured forest and middle-aged forest, the fungal species were 3. The dominant species diversity in plantation was higher than that in near-matured forest and middle-aged forest. The bacterial dominant species on leaf surface in near-matured forest and middle-aged forest were Pseudomonas veronii and Serratia marcescens and in plantation was Enterobacter sp. The fungi species of dominant population on the leaf surface in the middle-aged natural forest and plantation were the same in four seasons, which including Aspergillus versicolor, Pestalotiopsis neglecta and Aspergillus nomius. However, they were Aspergillus versicolor, Pestalotiopsis neglecta and Aspergillus sydowii in the near-matured forest. The dominant bacteria population on the bark surface in near-matured forest was Pseudomonas sp., which took the highest percentage in the dominant species among the three types of forest lands and were 69.05%, 65.58%, 57.08% and 80.57% respectively in autumn, winter, spring and summer. The dominant bacteria species in the middle-aged natural forest was Bacillus subtilis and in plantation was Neisseria sp. The dominant fungi species on the bark surface in near-matured forest were Penicillium waksmanii and Pestalotiopsis neglecta, and in plantation were Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp., but in middle-aged forest, there was only one species of Mucorales, its quantity percentage in autumn, winter, spring and summer were 63.38%, 65.76%, 51.23% and 84%, respectively, which was significantly higher than those in the other two types of forest.
2010, 23(5): 770-777.
Abstract:
This article reviews four aspects on research progress in the field of the oviposition behavioral ecology of herbivorous insects, including searching and location host plants for female insects, the identification and acceptance of the suitable hosts, the direct and indirect defensive responses developed by host plant and the insect oviposition-deterring pheromones which are used to reduce the competition of their offspring. The perspective of oviposition behavior of the herbivorous insects used in plant protection were also described.
This article reviews four aspects on research progress in the field of the oviposition behavioral ecology of herbivorous insects, including searching and location host plants for female insects, the identification and acceptance of the suitable hosts, the direct and indirect defensive responses developed by host plant and the insect oviposition-deterring pheromones which are used to reduce the competition of their offspring. The perspective of oviposition behavior of the herbivorous insects used in plant protection were also described.
2010, 23(5): 778-781.
Abstract:
An aqueous enzymatic extraction method was used to extract oil from oil-tea camellia seed (Camellia oleifera). The factors influencing the yield rate such as enzyme kind, addition methods, concentration of enzyme, enzymatic hydrolysis time and temperature, and ration of solid to liquid were investigated. The results are as following: The acid protease and cellulase have higher oil yield rate than the other treatments, but there is no significant difference between acid protease and cellulase (Pw/w); the enzymolysis temperature and time, 55 ℃ and 3 h, respectively; and the ratio of solid to liquid, 1∶ 10.
An aqueous enzymatic extraction method was used to extract oil from oil-tea camellia seed (Camellia oleifera). The factors influencing the yield rate such as enzyme kind, addition methods, concentration of enzyme, enzymatic hydrolysis time and temperature, and ration of solid to liquid were investigated. The results are as following: The acid protease and cellulase have higher oil yield rate than the other treatments, but there is no significant difference between acid protease and cellulase (Pw/w); the enzymolysis temperature and time, 55 ℃ and 3 h, respectively; and the ratio of solid to liquid, 1∶ 10.
2010, 23(5): 782-786.
Abstract:
The physiological and biochemical responses of Camellia oleifera to low phosphorus stress were investigated in this study, and the different phosphorus concentrations of the treatments were conducted by using a single factor experiment with water culture in the greenhouse. Results showed that the activity of APA in leaves tissues and those secreted by the roots all increased under P deficiency, which respectively increased by 16.49% - 86.47% and 28.7% - 58.7% compared with those of the control. The increase of APA may be an active adaptive response of Camellia oleifera to low phosphorus stress.Under the situation of low phosphorus stress, the concentrations of soluble sugar and free proline increased whereas the soluble protein decreased,those showed that normal protein synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism were blocked under the situation of low phosphorus stress; Moreover, the homeostasis established by the increase of MDA concent and protective enzyme (SOD) activity in leaves was the mechanism of the adaptive response for Camellia oleifera to low phosphorus stress.
The physiological and biochemical responses of Camellia oleifera to low phosphorus stress were investigated in this study, and the different phosphorus concentrations of the treatments were conducted by using a single factor experiment with water culture in the greenhouse. Results showed that the activity of APA in leaves tissues and those secreted by the roots all increased under P deficiency, which respectively increased by 16.49% - 86.47% and 28.7% - 58.7% compared with those of the control. The increase of APA may be an active adaptive response of Camellia oleifera to low phosphorus stress.Under the situation of low phosphorus stress, the concentrations of soluble sugar and free proline increased whereas the soluble protein decreased,those showed that normal protein synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism were blocked under the situation of low phosphorus stress; Moreover, the homeostasis established by the increase of MDA concent and protective enzyme (SOD) activity in leaves was the mechanism of the adaptive response for Camellia oleifera to low phosphorus stress.
2010, 23(5): 787-790.
Abstract:
Contiguous grid quadrates method was used to set up permanent plot to analyze the population structure and distribution pattern of Cinnamomum rigidissimum in Jianfengling, Hainan Island. The results show that the age structure of C. rigidissimum follow a pyramid form. And it is a steady increasing population with relatively more young trees. For the population distribution pattern, the number of individuals from seedling to big tree reduces step by step. And only few individuals can become big trees. At the stage of big tree, the competitiveness of C. rigidissimum enhances and mortality decreases. The number of survival individuals in the stage of super big tree are larger than those in the stage of big tree. The dynamics of population distribution pattern of C. rigidissimum changes from aggregation to random, when trees grow up gradually. For the young trees, the population distribution follows a clump pattern, which is mainly decided by the biological characteristics of themselves and the environment conditions. For the big trees, the population distribution follows a random pattern, which is mainly decided by interpopulation competition and environmental resources conditions.
Contiguous grid quadrates method was used to set up permanent plot to analyze the population structure and distribution pattern of Cinnamomum rigidissimum in Jianfengling, Hainan Island. The results show that the age structure of C. rigidissimum follow a pyramid form. And it is a steady increasing population with relatively more young trees. For the population distribution pattern, the number of individuals from seedling to big tree reduces step by step. And only few individuals can become big trees. At the stage of big tree, the competitiveness of C. rigidissimum enhances and mortality decreases. The number of survival individuals in the stage of super big tree are larger than those in the stage of big tree. The dynamics of population distribution pattern of C. rigidissimum changes from aggregation to random, when trees grow up gradually. For the young trees, the population distribution follows a clump pattern, which is mainly decided by the biological characteristics of themselves and the environment conditions. For the big trees, the population distribution follows a random pattern, which is mainly decided by interpopulation competition and environmental resources conditions.
2010, 23(5): 791-795.
Abstract:
In order to understand the dynamic change of soil chemical characteristics along with the succession stages for supporting forest restoration,the soil chemical characteristics in different succession stages were compared and analyzed. The results indicated that with the progress of succession, pH value, available P,and total K showed a decreasing trend while organic matters, total P, total N, alkaline hydrolytic N, and available K showed a trend of increase. The correlation analysis indicated that there was an significant correlation between soil chemical characteristics such as total N, alkaline hydrolytic N, available P and organic matters of different horizon in different succession stages. The correlation analysis somehow signified the main source of soil N and P was organic matters. During the forest restoration process, forest litters should be protected so as to increase soil organic matter and improve soil fertilization.
In order to understand the dynamic change of soil chemical characteristics along with the succession stages for supporting forest restoration,the soil chemical characteristics in different succession stages were compared and analyzed. The results indicated that with the progress of succession, pH value, available P,and total K showed a decreasing trend while organic matters, total P, total N, alkaline hydrolytic N, and available K showed a trend of increase. The correlation analysis indicated that there was an significant correlation between soil chemical characteristics such as total N, alkaline hydrolytic N, available P and organic matters of different horizon in different succession stages. The correlation analysis somehow signified the main source of soil N and P was organic matters. During the forest restoration process, forest litters should be protected so as to increase soil organic matter and improve soil fertilization.
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