2011 Vol. 24, No. 1
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2011, 24(1): 1-7.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
The effects of restoration strategy and time on community structure and diversity were analyzed by investigating species composition, structure, and diversity of different restoration strategies and time communities. The results showed that restoration strategy had no effect on species composition and diversities of family, genera, species, tree, shrub, and liana, however, restoration time had significant effect on species composition and diversity. Species richness of family, genera, species, tree, and shrub decreased at the early stage and then increased with community succession. Species richness showed an inverse J-shape with DBH increasing in all community types, while abundance showed single peak curve with DBH increasing and an inverse J-shape with height increasing. The correlation and regression analysis among restoration strategies and times and variables of community structure and diversity showed that there were significant correlation between restoration time and variables of community structure and diversity, and no significant correlation were found between restoration strategy and most of variables of community structure and diversity, which indicated that restoration time was the major factor that affected the structure and diversity of community restored.
The effects of restoration strategy and time on community structure and diversity were analyzed by investigating species composition, structure, and diversity of different restoration strategies and time communities. The results showed that restoration strategy had no effect on species composition and diversities of family, genera, species, tree, shrub, and liana, however, restoration time had significant effect on species composition and diversity. Species richness of family, genera, species, tree, and shrub decreased at the early stage and then increased with community succession. Species richness showed an inverse J-shape with DBH increasing in all community types, while abundance showed single peak curve with DBH increasing and an inverse J-shape with height increasing. The correlation and regression analysis among restoration strategies and times and variables of community structure and diversity showed that there were significant correlation between restoration time and variables of community structure and diversity, and no significant correlation were found between restoration strategy and most of variables of community structure and diversity, which indicated that restoration time was the major factor that affected the structure and diversity of community restored.
2011, 24(1): 8-12.
Abstract:
In order to investigate maternal and paternal effects on photosynthetic characteristics of Larix kaempferi × L. olgensis hybrids, The light response curse and CO2 response curse were examined among three poly-crossed families and three full-sib families. Results demonstrated that significant differences existed in apparent quantum yield, dark respiration rate, carboxylation efficiency and very significant differences existed in light compensation point, CO2 compensation point among poly-crossed families, while very significant differences was detected only in dark respiration rate of three full-sib hybrid families. Maternal effect played a major role in determining photosynthetic characteristics of Larix kaempferi × L. olgensis hybrids. More attention should be paid to maternal effects when selecting high photosynthetic efficiency parents which are used for breeding for high photosynthetic efficiency.
In order to investigate maternal and paternal effects on photosynthetic characteristics of Larix kaempferi × L. olgensis hybrids, The light response curse and CO2 response curse were examined among three poly-crossed families and three full-sib families. Results demonstrated that significant differences existed in apparent quantum yield, dark respiration rate, carboxylation efficiency and very significant differences existed in light compensation point, CO2 compensation point among poly-crossed families, while very significant differences was detected only in dark respiration rate of three full-sib hybrid families. Maternal effect played a major role in determining photosynthetic characteristics of Larix kaempferi × L. olgensis hybrids. More attention should be paid to maternal effects when selecting high photosynthetic efficiency parents which are used for breeding for high photosynthetic efficiency.
2011, 24(1): 13-20.
Abstract:
From the observation of 1eaf area index (LAI) of 7 Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation plots at 3 layers (tree canopy, shrubs and herbage) on the north slope in the vegetation period (May-Oct.) of 2009, the change of LAI along slope position, the vertical composition of LAI and its seasonal variation were studied at the semi-arid watershed of Diediegou, which locates at Liupan Mountains of Northwest China. The results showed: 1) The LAI of tree canopy decreased basically with rising slope position, from 1.52—2.95 at slope foot to 0.15—0.27 at slope top; the LAI of shrubs layer increased at first and then decreased with slope position, from 0.05—0.06 at slope foot to 0.73—1.01 at up-middle slope and 0.19—0.30 at slope top; while the LAI of herbage layer increased slowly, from 0.18—0.36 at slope foot to 0.19—0.75 at slope top. 2) The seasonal variation of LAI of tree canopy and herbage layers showed the same tendency, i.e. a one-peak curve of increase and then decrease with time. However, the LAI of tree canopy layer grew faster than that of herbage layer in the early vegetation period (May-Jun.) and slower than that of the herbage layer in the middle vegetation period (Jul.–Aug.), due to the integrated result of varying temperature and soil moisture as well as the root depth difference between trees and grasses. 3) With increasing tree canopy density, the LAI of each vegetation layer responded differently. The tree canopy LAI nearly linearly increased with canopy density; the LAI of shrubs layer increased at first and then decreased, with a maximum when the canopy density was about 0.5 and decreased to nearly zero when canopy density above 0.9; the LAI of herbage layer decreased gradually, from 0.74 to 0.35; the LAI of undergrowth (shrubs plus herbage) reached its maximum value and higher than tree canopy LAI when canopy density varied between 0.4—0.5, but decreased rapidly and lower than canopy LAI when canopy density above 0.6; the total LAI of all the 3 layers increased at first with rising canopy density, reaching its maximum and keeping relatively stable when canopy density was 0.6—0.8, and then slightly decreased with rising canopy density.
From the observation of 1eaf area index (LAI) of 7 Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation plots at 3 layers (tree canopy, shrubs and herbage) on the north slope in the vegetation period (May-Oct.) of 2009, the change of LAI along slope position, the vertical composition of LAI and its seasonal variation were studied at the semi-arid watershed of Diediegou, which locates at Liupan Mountains of Northwest China. The results showed: 1) The LAI of tree canopy decreased basically with rising slope position, from 1.52—2.95 at slope foot to 0.15—0.27 at slope top; the LAI of shrubs layer increased at first and then decreased with slope position, from 0.05—0.06 at slope foot to 0.73—1.01 at up-middle slope and 0.19—0.30 at slope top; while the LAI of herbage layer increased slowly, from 0.18—0.36 at slope foot to 0.19—0.75 at slope top. 2) The seasonal variation of LAI of tree canopy and herbage layers showed the same tendency, i.e. a one-peak curve of increase and then decrease with time. However, the LAI of tree canopy layer grew faster than that of herbage layer in the early vegetation period (May-Jun.) and slower than that of the herbage layer in the middle vegetation period (Jul.–Aug.), due to the integrated result of varying temperature and soil moisture as well as the root depth difference between trees and grasses. 3) With increasing tree canopy density, the LAI of each vegetation layer responded differently. The tree canopy LAI nearly linearly increased with canopy density; the LAI of shrubs layer increased at first and then decreased, with a maximum when the canopy density was about 0.5 and decreased to nearly zero when canopy density above 0.9; the LAI of herbage layer decreased gradually, from 0.74 to 0.35; the LAI of undergrowth (shrubs plus herbage) reached its maximum value and higher than tree canopy LAI when canopy density varied between 0.4—0.5, but decreased rapidly and lower than canopy LAI when canopy density above 0.6; the total LAI of all the 3 layers increased at first with rising canopy density, reaching its maximum and keeping relatively stable when canopy density was 0.6—0.8, and then slightly decreased with rising canopy density.
2011, 24(1): 21-27.
Abstract:
Based on the data of 14,281 shrub patches of Tibet in the year of 2002,the influencing factors were selected both at large scale (e.g. longitude, latitude and elevation) and on niche level (e.g. aspect, position and slope); the relationship between environmental factors and spatial distribution of 11 types of shrub was analyzed by Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). The results showed that the spatial distribution of shrub in Tibet was mainly influenced by longitude and elevation at large scale. Moreover, It was found that the spatial distribution of shrub was usually affected by a combination of factors on niche level. Meanwhile, the orders of the influencing factors for 11 types of shrub were listed based on discrimination measures.
Based on the data of 14,281 shrub patches of Tibet in the year of 2002,the influencing factors were selected both at large scale (e.g. longitude, latitude and elevation) and on niche level (e.g. aspect, position and slope); the relationship between environmental factors and spatial distribution of 11 types of shrub was analyzed by Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). The results showed that the spatial distribution of shrub in Tibet was mainly influenced by longitude and elevation at large scale. Moreover, It was found that the spatial distribution of shrub was usually affected by a combination of factors on niche level. Meanwhile, the orders of the influencing factors for 11 types of shrub were listed based on discrimination measures.
2011, 24(1): 28-32.
Abstract:
The population structure and spatial distribution patterns of Schima superba on 1 hm2 permanent sample plot located at Qingliangfeng Nature Reserve were analyzed by measuring ,registering, tagging, identifying and mapping all the trees with DBH≥1 cm in the 1 hm2 permanent sample plot. The result indicated the percentage of Schima superba with DBH≤17.5 cm and DBH>27.5 cm was 80.5%, 8.4%. With self-renewal ability, the population was stable. Based on analysis of population size class structure, the trend of population density of Schima superba changing with individual DBH was similar to skew normal distribution. Possibly attributed to the choice of plot, Schima superba, distribution of which took on obvious spatial heterogeneity, mostly gathered at slope and ridge. The analysis of population spatial association indicated there was negative correlation between individuals with DBH≥16.1 cm and those with 1 cm≤DBH＜16.1 cm at scales≤8 m, and no correlation at larger scales. Importance values of Schima superba in 25 little plots were 0-34.35%, and the average was 8.24%. The great difference among little plots was due to aggregation of spatial distribution of Schima superba.
The population structure and spatial distribution patterns of Schima superba on 1 hm2 permanent sample plot located at Qingliangfeng Nature Reserve were analyzed by measuring ,registering, tagging, identifying and mapping all the trees with DBH≥1 cm in the 1 hm2 permanent sample plot. The result indicated the percentage of Schima superba with DBH≤17.5 cm and DBH>27.5 cm was 80.5%, 8.4%. With self-renewal ability, the population was stable. Based on analysis of population size class structure, the trend of population density of Schima superba changing with individual DBH was similar to skew normal distribution. Possibly attributed to the choice of plot, Schima superba, distribution of which took on obvious spatial heterogeneity, mostly gathered at slope and ridge. The analysis of population spatial association indicated there was negative correlation between individuals with DBH≥16.1 cm and those with 1 cm≤DBH＜16.1 cm at scales≤8 m, and no correlation at larger scales. Importance values of Schima superba in 25 little plots were 0-34.35%, and the average was 8.24%. The great difference among little plots was due to aggregation of spatial distribution of Schima superba.
2011, 24(1): 33-38.
Abstract:
Mangroves on Qi’ao Island had suffered heavy losses due to the chilling injury in 2008, and almost all the Sonneratia caseolaris trees were frozen to death. After 18 months of the chilling injury, nature vegetation of Sonneratia caseolaris plantation in the chilling injury areas are chiefly Acanthus ilicifolius and Spartina alterniflora, with a few other plants associated, 10 species which belong to 9 genera and 7 families were found in the mud flats. Vegetation on the chilling injury areas can be divided into five types according to its characteristics, they are Acanthus ilicifolius+Spartina alterniflora community, the consociation Spartina alterniflora community, the consociation Acanthus ilicifolius community, Acanthus ilicifolius sparse community and bare flat. Plants in the first three communities all have the characteristics of high vegetation coverage and high density, which is harmful for the dispersal of mangrove seedlings such as Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum. Spartina alterniflora has the trend of expansion to Acanthus ilicifolius communities and bare mudflats by vegetative propagation after they first settled on the mudflats. Acanthus ilicifolius and Spartina alterniflora multiplied rapidly in the chilling injury areas of Sonneratia caseolaris plantation, and they could occupy the mudflats for a long term.
Mangroves on Qi’ao Island had suffered heavy losses due to the chilling injury in 2008, and almost all the Sonneratia caseolaris trees were frozen to death. After 18 months of the chilling injury, nature vegetation of Sonneratia caseolaris plantation in the chilling injury areas are chiefly Acanthus ilicifolius and Spartina alterniflora, with a few other plants associated, 10 species which belong to 9 genera and 7 families were found in the mud flats. Vegetation on the chilling injury areas can be divided into five types according to its characteristics, they are Acanthus ilicifolius+Spartina alterniflora community, the consociation Spartina alterniflora community, the consociation Acanthus ilicifolius community, Acanthus ilicifolius sparse community and bare flat. Plants in the first three communities all have the characteristics of high vegetation coverage and high density, which is harmful for the dispersal of mangrove seedlings such as Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum. Spartina alterniflora has the trend of expansion to Acanthus ilicifolius communities and bare mudflats by vegetative propagation after they first settled on the mudflats. Acanthus ilicifolius and Spartina alterniflora multiplied rapidly in the chilling injury areas of Sonneratia caseolaris plantation, and they could occupy the mudflats for a long term.
2011, 24(1): 39-44.
Abstract:
The life cycle of orb-weaver spider, Araneus ventricosus( Arachnida: Araneae,Araneidae) takes for two years stretching over three years in Jilin province, China. The spider overwinters in the first to second and the six to seven instars. Except for the egg stage and the first to second instars, the other young instars and the mature spiders spin webs so they can catch insects and other small animals for their food. The spider favorites light place in the habitat, and spin vertical circular nets in the forest edge, forest gap, roadside, resting in the daytime and feeding in the night. Even in the light rain condition they are active normally. The spider can prey directly small insects, however, for large insect they can feed it after web capture silk is twined. The spider feed many larch insect pests, including the moths of Coleophora obducta (Meyrick), Dendrolimus superans (Butler), Malacosoma neustria testacea Motschulsky, Lymantria dispar L., Lymantria mathura Moore, Laspeyresia grunertiana (Ratzburg), Laspeyresia zebeana (Ratzeburg), and the sawflies of Pachynematus itoi Okutani, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig). Thus, the spider potentially becomes an effective natural enemy of larch insect pests.
The life cycle of orb-weaver spider, Araneus ventricosus( Arachnida: Araneae,Araneidae) takes for two years stretching over three years in Jilin province, China. The spider overwinters in the first to second and the six to seven instars. Except for the egg stage and the first to second instars, the other young instars and the mature spiders spin webs so they can catch insects and other small animals for their food. The spider favorites light place in the habitat, and spin vertical circular nets in the forest edge, forest gap, roadside, resting in the daytime and feeding in the night. Even in the light rain condition they are active normally. The spider can prey directly small insects, however, for large insect they can feed it after web capture silk is twined. The spider feed many larch insect pests, including the moths of Coleophora obducta (Meyrick), Dendrolimus superans (Butler), Malacosoma neustria testacea Motschulsky, Lymantria dispar L., Lymantria mathura Moore, Laspeyresia grunertiana (Ratzburg), Laspeyresia zebeana (Ratzeburg), and the sawflies of Pachynematus itoi Okutani, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig). Thus, the spider potentially becomes an effective natural enemy of larch insect pests.
2011, 24(1): 45-50.
Abstract:
The responses and feedbacks of the forest climate ecosystem into the future global climate change have become very attractive issues. Analysis of historic climate data from 1952 to 2009 of Guangzhou and that from 2004 to 2009 in Maofengshan Mt forest ecosystem by using statistical method and seasonal decomposition additive model confirms that the climate in Guangzhou has recently been warming at a rate of 0.21 ℃ per decade; The results showed that the temperatures in Guangzhou and Maofengshan Mt were significantly positive correlated, the air temperature change in 2004—2009 had a decreasing trend at a rate of -0.008 ℃·a-1 and -0.293 ℃·a-1; The temperature change of Maofengshan Mt subtropical evergreen broad-leaves forest climate ecosystem positively responsed to regional climate change of Guangzhou. Occasionally, its responses appeared negative feedback before the abnormal weather, for example, before the winter-weather disaster in January and February 2008. Climate change is threatening the health of forests around the world. As temperature rises, the negative impacts of climate change are expected to far outweigh any benefits. The advanced fields need to be developed were discussed.
The responses and feedbacks of the forest climate ecosystem into the future global climate change have become very attractive issues. Analysis of historic climate data from 1952 to 2009 of Guangzhou and that from 2004 to 2009 in Maofengshan Mt forest ecosystem by using statistical method and seasonal decomposition additive model confirms that the climate in Guangzhou has recently been warming at a rate of 0.21 ℃ per decade; The results showed that the temperatures in Guangzhou and Maofengshan Mt were significantly positive correlated, the air temperature change in 2004—2009 had a decreasing trend at a rate of -0.008 ℃·a-1 and -0.293 ℃·a-1; The temperature change of Maofengshan Mt subtropical evergreen broad-leaves forest climate ecosystem positively responsed to regional climate change of Guangzhou. Occasionally, its responses appeared negative feedback before the abnormal weather, for example, before the winter-weather disaster in January and February 2008. Climate change is threatening the health of forests around the world. As temperature rises, the negative impacts of climate change are expected to far outweigh any benefits. The advanced fields need to be developed were discussed.
2011, 24(1): 51-55.
Abstract:
Thespesia populnea seedlings were treated with seven salt gradients including 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, and 23 g·kg-1 in greenhouse. The increment, biomass, physiological indexes and photosynthetic rate of Thespesia populnea seedlings with different salinity treatments were determined, combined with the adaptability analysis of physiological indexes. The results showed that the height, stem, leaf, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight and total biomass decreased with increasing of the salt, and they kept high values when the treatment salt were 5 and 8 g·kg-1, but they decreased suddenly when the treatment salt were more than 11 g·kg-1. The photosynthesis of Thespesia populnea seedlings were high under the salt treatment of 5, 8 and 11 g·kg-1, and the maximum value was under the salt treatment of 8 g·kg-1.With the increasing of salinity, the SOD, free proline and MDA increased, but chlorophyll, chlorophyll A and root activity decreased. The adaptability analysis of physiological indicator showed that Thespesia populnea seedlings grew normally when the treatment salt was no more than 8 g·kg-1, and the growth would be inhibited when the salinity was more than 11 g·kg-1.
Thespesia populnea seedlings were treated with seven salt gradients including 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, and 23 g·kg-1 in greenhouse. The increment, biomass, physiological indexes and photosynthetic rate of Thespesia populnea seedlings with different salinity treatments were determined, combined with the adaptability analysis of physiological indexes. The results showed that the height, stem, leaf, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight and total biomass decreased with increasing of the salt, and they kept high values when the treatment salt were 5 and 8 g·kg-1, but they decreased suddenly when the treatment salt were more than 11 g·kg-1. The photosynthesis of Thespesia populnea seedlings were high under the salt treatment of 5, 8 and 11 g·kg-1, and the maximum value was under the salt treatment of 8 g·kg-1.With the increasing of salinity, the SOD, free proline and MDA increased, but chlorophyll, chlorophyll A and root activity decreased. The adaptability analysis of physiological indicator showed that Thespesia populnea seedlings grew normally when the treatment salt was no more than 8 g·kg-1, and the growth would be inhibited when the salinity was more than 11 g·kg-1.
2011, 24(1): 56-62.
Abstract:
Taxus wallichiana var. mairei provenance trails consisting of 24 seed sources were conducted in shaded farmland located at Mingxi of Fujian and Longquan of Zhejiang, aiming at elucidationg the provenance differences and geographic variation patterns for growth, branch trait, fresh biomass yield and taxol contents at young harvest stage and selecting the superior medical provenances. The results showed significant differences existed among provenances for tree height, root collar diameter, crown width, the size and number of branches and taxol contents of the fresh branch leaves, whereas obvious geographic variation patterns were not observed. The provenances from warmer and less rainfall areas grew faster and had more branches as well as thicker crown. In comparison, the provenances from the areas with lower annual mean temperature and ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature had higher taxol content in branches and leaves, whereas significant effect of annual rainfall of the seed sources on the taxol content was not found. Besides significant provenance variation, significant location effect and provenance by location interaction on growth and branch traits were also demonstrated. Better planting site combined with rich water and heat resource and suitable planting density were favorable to accelerate young tree growth and promote fresh biomass harvest yield. Significant positive correlation between young tree growth rate and branch traits was detected; however, the taxol content in branches and leaves was weakly related to the growth rate, branch traits and harvest yield, which were beneficial to the selection of provenances with higher harvest yield and taxol content. Based on the taxol content and the harvest yield, superior medical provenances including Liping of Guizhou, Shiping of Yunnan, Huangshan of Anhui, Zherong of Fujian, Sangzhi of Hunan were selected, all of which exhibited higher taxol content (≥97 mg·kg-1) and taxol yield (17.65%-25.77% higher than the average) in branches and leaves.
Taxus wallichiana var. mairei provenance trails consisting of 24 seed sources were conducted in shaded farmland located at Mingxi of Fujian and Longquan of Zhejiang, aiming at elucidationg the provenance differences and geographic variation patterns for growth, branch trait, fresh biomass yield and taxol contents at young harvest stage and selecting the superior medical provenances. The results showed significant differences existed among provenances for tree height, root collar diameter, crown width, the size and number of branches and taxol contents of the fresh branch leaves, whereas obvious geographic variation patterns were not observed. The provenances from warmer and less rainfall areas grew faster and had more branches as well as thicker crown. In comparison, the provenances from the areas with lower annual mean temperature and ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature had higher taxol content in branches and leaves, whereas significant effect of annual rainfall of the seed sources on the taxol content was not found. Besides significant provenance variation, significant location effect and provenance by location interaction on growth and branch traits were also demonstrated. Better planting site combined with rich water and heat resource and suitable planting density were favorable to accelerate young tree growth and promote fresh biomass harvest yield. Significant positive correlation between young tree growth rate and branch traits was detected; however, the taxol content in branches and leaves was weakly related to the growth rate, branch traits and harvest yield, which were beneficial to the selection of provenances with higher harvest yield and taxol content. Based on the taxol content and the harvest yield, superior medical provenances including Liping of Guizhou, Shiping of Yunnan, Huangshan of Anhui, Zherong of Fujian, Sangzhi of Hunan were selected, all of which exhibited higher taxol content (≥97 mg·kg-1) and taxol yield (17.65%-25.77% higher than the average) in branches and leaves.
2011, 24(1): 63-67.
Abstract:
Different preserve methods for the sexuale number and survival rate of Chinese horned gall aphid, Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell), were examined. The results demonstrated that the columnar aphid bag filled with corn husks increased the sexuale number and survival rate of sexuale. Compared with the triangle-shaped aphid bag filled with palm fibre, the sexual female number, sexual female/fundatrix survival number, sexual male number and total sexuale number of the columnar bag filled with corn husks increased by 107.6%, 229.1%, 71.1% and 87.5%, respectively; and the female/fundatrix survival rate increased 21.1% at the same time. The numbers of sexual female, sexual male and sexuale of the aphid bags had significantly negative correlations with the spring migrant number. The sexual female/fundatrix number and survival number had significantly positive correlations with the sexual male number, sexuale number and the female and male ratio. Environmental factors could influence the emergence period of spring migrant aphid obviously, but could not influence the sexuale number.
Different preserve methods for the sexuale number and survival rate of Chinese horned gall aphid, Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell), were examined. The results demonstrated that the columnar aphid bag filled with corn husks increased the sexuale number and survival rate of sexuale. Compared with the triangle-shaped aphid bag filled with palm fibre, the sexual female number, sexual female/fundatrix survival number, sexual male number and total sexuale number of the columnar bag filled with corn husks increased by 107.6%, 229.1%, 71.1% and 87.5%, respectively; and the female/fundatrix survival rate increased 21.1% at the same time. The numbers of sexual female, sexual male and sexuale of the aphid bags had significantly negative correlations with the spring migrant number. The sexual female/fundatrix number and survival number had significantly positive correlations with the sexual male number, sexuale number and the female and male ratio. Environmental factors could influence the emergence period of spring migrant aphid obviously, but could not influence the sexuale number.
2011, 24(1): 68-73.
Abstract:
The improvement on the dominant height growth implies in better productivity estimation due to the forest height growth is directly related with the site characteristics and forest productivity. A modified Richards growth model with nonlinear mixed effects is simulated used SAS software for modeling fir plantation dominant height growth in conjunction with different plantation density in Dagangshan Experiment Bureau of Jiangxi Province. Akaike Information Criterion(AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion(BIC) were used in model performance evaluation. Within-plot time series error autocorrelation of dominant height growth data and different plantation density expressed with dummy variable were taken into account in mixed model. Finally, the precision of mixed models was compared with the precision of conventional nonlinear ordinary regression analysis method based on validation data. The result showed that the precision of modified Richards forms nonlinear mixed effect model which takes into account plot’s random effect was better than that of conventional regression model. Increasing the number of random effect parameter can increase the precision of model. First-order autoregressive error model in explaining time series error autocorrelation of dominant height growth not only improved simulated precision, but also can describe error distribution of sequence observation data; The precision of mixed model considering plot random effects, time series error autocorrelation and different plantation density at one time is better than that of ordinary regression analysis method.
The improvement on the dominant height growth implies in better productivity estimation due to the forest height growth is directly related with the site characteristics and forest productivity. A modified Richards growth model with nonlinear mixed effects is simulated used SAS software for modeling fir plantation dominant height growth in conjunction with different plantation density in Dagangshan Experiment Bureau of Jiangxi Province. Akaike Information Criterion(AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion(BIC) were used in model performance evaluation. Within-plot time series error autocorrelation of dominant height growth data and different plantation density expressed with dummy variable were taken into account in mixed model. Finally, the precision of mixed models was compared with the precision of conventional nonlinear ordinary regression analysis method based on validation data. The result showed that the precision of modified Richards forms nonlinear mixed effect model which takes into account plot’s random effect was better than that of conventional regression model. Increasing the number of random effect parameter can increase the precision of model. First-order autoregressive error model in explaining time series error autocorrelation of dominant height growth not only improved simulated precision, but also can describe error distribution of sequence observation data; The precision of mixed model considering plot random effects, time series error autocorrelation and different plantation density at one time is better than that of ordinary regression analysis method.
2011, 24(1): 74-81.
Abstract:
There exist two geomorphologic types (landscapes) on the area 40 meters away from the upper reaches of Wenyuhe River, i.e. floodplain and slope. The plots are divided into two areas: 0—20 meters and 20—40 meters away from the riparian. The floodplain is in the former area while the slope in the latter. On the basis of field survey and riparian forest community classification, the differences of forest community structure and diversity of the two landscapes were compared, serving for riparian width speculation. The results are as follows. With TWINSPAN and DCA, the 56 plots belong to 13 kinds of community, and the stand density, species richness and plant diversity of riparian forest are higher than that on the neighboring slope, but the differences of tree breast-area and evenness of the forests between the two landscapes are not significant, while the species similarity of the two landscapes is high, the common species is accounted to 75.13%. The dominant tree species are similar in the two landscapes, but Larix principis-rupprechtii grown on slope is more outstanding than that on floodplain. There are 34 plant species exist only on floodplain, most of which are wetland plants. 13 xerophytes species are merely exist on slope. Based on the situation mentioned above, it is deduced that the influence of flood on plant flora is limited to the area 20 meters away from riparian.
There exist two geomorphologic types (landscapes) on the area 40 meters away from the upper reaches of Wenyuhe River, i.e. floodplain and slope. The plots are divided into two areas: 0—20 meters and 20—40 meters away from the riparian. The floodplain is in the former area while the slope in the latter. On the basis of field survey and riparian forest community classification, the differences of forest community structure and diversity of the two landscapes were compared, serving for riparian width speculation. The results are as follows. With TWINSPAN and DCA, the 56 plots belong to 13 kinds of community, and the stand density, species richness and plant diversity of riparian forest are higher than that on the neighboring slope, but the differences of tree breast-area and evenness of the forests between the two landscapes are not significant, while the species similarity of the two landscapes is high, the common species is accounted to 75.13%. The dominant tree species are similar in the two landscapes, but Larix principis-rupprechtii grown on slope is more outstanding than that on floodplain. There are 34 plant species exist only on floodplain, most of which are wetland plants. 13 xerophytes species are merely exist on slope. Based on the situation mentioned above, it is deduced that the influence of flood on plant flora is limited to the area 20 meters away from riparian.
2011, 24(1): 82-90.
Abstract:
The samples of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)from Platycladus orientalis were collected by the method of absorption thermodesorption, the physiological characteristics of the species were measured by Li-cor6400. The results showed: (1) There were 106 kinds of VOCs belonging to 9 classes in amount, the main VOCs of the P. orientalis in spring were terpenes. The VOCs beneficial to human being included terpene, ethyl acetate, decanal, and the harmful VOCs were chloroform, benzene, and toluene. (2) The total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) concentration followed a "three peaks and two vales" pattern, the peaks were at 5:00, 13:00, and 19:00, and the vales were at 17:00 and 23:00—1:00. The appearance time of healthful components were at 5:00, 9:00, 15:00, and 19:00; the appearance time of unwholesome components were at 15:00, 21:00—1:00. (3) When the temperature was high, the illumination was strong, the humidity was low, the TVOCs concentration would be high, conversely, it would be low. The diurnal variation of transpiration rates, photosynthetic rates and the stomatal conductance were accorded with the concentration of TVOCs. It showed a very significantly positive relationship between the physiological characteristics and TVOCs concentration; a significantly positive relationship between the illumination and TVOCs concentration.
The samples of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)from Platycladus orientalis were collected by the method of absorption thermodesorption, the physiological characteristics of the species were measured by Li-cor6400. The results showed: (1) There were 106 kinds of VOCs belonging to 9 classes in amount, the main VOCs of the P. orientalis in spring were terpenes. The VOCs beneficial to human being included terpene, ethyl acetate, decanal, and the harmful VOCs were chloroform, benzene, and toluene. (2) The total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) concentration followed a "three peaks and two vales" pattern, the peaks were at 5:00, 13:00, and 19:00, and the vales were at 17:00 and 23:00—1:00. The appearance time of healthful components were at 5:00, 9:00, 15:00, and 19:00; the appearance time of unwholesome components were at 15:00, 21:00—1:00. (3) When the temperature was high, the illumination was strong, the humidity was low, the TVOCs concentration would be high, conversely, it would be low. The diurnal variation of transpiration rates, photosynthetic rates and the stomatal conductance were accorded with the concentration of TVOCs. It showed a very significantly positive relationship between the physiological characteristics and TVOCs concentration; a significantly positive relationship between the illumination and TVOCs concentration.
2011, 24(1): 91-96.
Abstract:
By taking two-year-old Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis mulched by plastic film, stone, etc. as the research objects, the water stress experiments were conducted in calcareous rock area in middle Taihang Mountain. The soil water content was measured three times a day by using time domain reflectometry (TDR), and the wilting time was recorded. The results are as follows: the mulching treatments could decrease soil water consumption, increase soil water-holding time of effective water, prolong the survival time of sapling under water stressed condition; the least soil water content for sapling survive were 6.70% and 7.80% for Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, respectively, and forest planting could not be carried out when soil water content was lower.
By taking two-year-old Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis mulched by plastic film, stone, etc. as the research objects, the water stress experiments were conducted in calcareous rock area in middle Taihang Mountain. The soil water content was measured three times a day by using time domain reflectometry (TDR), and the wilting time was recorded. The results are as follows: the mulching treatments could decrease soil water consumption, increase soil water-holding time of effective water, prolong the survival time of sapling under water stressed condition; the least soil water content for sapling survive were 6.70% and 7.80% for Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, respectively, and forest planting could not be carried out when soil water content was lower.
2011, 24(1): 97-102.
Abstract:
In this study, the characteristics of stand structure and spatial distribution of Quercus liaotungensis forest in Liupan Mts. were analyzed based on the forestry resources inventory data collected in 2005. It was showed that Quercus liaotungensis forest is mainly distributed in the sites with an elevation of 1 900-2 300 m, an aspect of semi-shady, semi-sunny and shady slope, and a slope gradient of 20-35°. The sites with Quercus liaotungensis forest were very close with those occupied by Populus davidiana forests. The existing stands of Quercus liaotungensis were young forests, with an age of 30 years in average. The stand density was large with the average of 1 046 trees·hm-2. The mean tree height was 7.8 m, and the mean DBH was 12.4 cm. The trees with a DBH of 5-10 cm accounted for more than 50% of the total. With the increasing elevation, the change of aspect from semi-shady to shady and to semi-sunny slope, the variation of slope position from upper part to lower part, both the density and DBH and height of trees increased. These are mainly due to the forest age increase. As key accompanying pioneer tree species in the Quercus liaotungensis forest, the amount of Populus davidiana decreased when increasing forest age. This demonstrated that the existing Quercus liaotungensis forest is in the process of progressive succession. Thus, the close-to-nature management was suggested to promote the right development of current Quercus liaotungensis forests to the direction of close-to-nature forest stand.
In this study, the characteristics of stand structure and spatial distribution of Quercus liaotungensis forest in Liupan Mts. were analyzed based on the forestry resources inventory data collected in 2005. It was showed that Quercus liaotungensis forest is mainly distributed in the sites with an elevation of 1 900-2 300 m, an aspect of semi-shady, semi-sunny and shady slope, and a slope gradient of 20-35°. The sites with Quercus liaotungensis forest were very close with those occupied by Populus davidiana forests. The existing stands of Quercus liaotungensis were young forests, with an age of 30 years in average. The stand density was large with the average of 1 046 trees·hm-2. The mean tree height was 7.8 m, and the mean DBH was 12.4 cm. The trees with a DBH of 5-10 cm accounted for more than 50% of the total. With the increasing elevation, the change of aspect from semi-shady to shady and to semi-sunny slope, the variation of slope position from upper part to lower part, both the density and DBH and height of trees increased. These are mainly due to the forest age increase. As key accompanying pioneer tree species in the Quercus liaotungensis forest, the amount of Populus davidiana decreased when increasing forest age. This demonstrated that the existing Quercus liaotungensis forest is in the process of progressive succession. Thus, the close-to-nature management was suggested to promote the right development of current Quercus liaotungensis forests to the direction of close-to-nature forest stand.
2011, 24(1): 103-109.
Abstract:
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) supply necessary living material and development conditions for human being. In this paper, the features and concepts of NTFPs are summarized based on the related studies on NTFPs. Meanwhile, a four-leveled NTFPs classification system is suggested according to China’s current situations. At the first level, NTFPs are divided into three types, i.e. produced from animal, plant and microbe; At the second level, NTFPs are subdivided into sixteen types, i.e. food, medical material, industrial material, etc.; At the third levels, NTFPs are comprised with 54 types including beasts, birds, eatable material, vegetables, forage, etc.; At the fourth level, NTFPs are consisted of 142 items. The NTFPs classification system could provided useful references for the further studies on re-classification, exploitation and utilization, resources monitoring and monitor index system of China’s NTFPs.
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) supply necessary living material and development conditions for human being. In this paper, the features and concepts of NTFPs are summarized based on the related studies on NTFPs. Meanwhile, a four-leveled NTFPs classification system is suggested according to China’s current situations. At the first level, NTFPs are divided into three types, i.e. produced from animal, plant and microbe; At the second level, NTFPs are subdivided into sixteen types, i.e. food, medical material, industrial material, etc.; At the third levels, NTFPs are comprised with 54 types including beasts, birds, eatable material, vegetables, forage, etc.; At the fourth level, NTFPs are consisted of 142 items. The NTFPs classification system could provided useful references for the further studies on re-classification, exploitation and utilization, resources monitoring and monitor index system of China’s NTFPs.
2011, 24(1): 110-115.
Abstract:
A survey was conducted to compare structural characteristics of village roadside trees between Fujian and Zhejiang province, 14 villages of four counties (districts) were chosen, respectively. Results showed that all the arbors in two provinces belonged to 29 families, 47 genera and 57 species. shrubs belonged to 11 families, 15 genera and 16 species. The village roadside trees of Fujian were more abundant than those of Zhejiang. The ever-greening and native tree species were dominant, accounted for 69.7% and 68.2%. Small proportion of trees were planting cut-off and no managing cut-off in two provinces. The roadside trees indexes of diameter, height, crown breadth and height blow branch in Fujian province were larger than those in Zhejiang Province. Among the top ten tree species with high frequency in the in two provinces, the species of a Osmanthus fragrans and Cinnamomum camphora co-existed in two provinces.
A survey was conducted to compare structural characteristics of village roadside trees between Fujian and Zhejiang province, 14 villages of four counties (districts) were chosen, respectively. Results showed that all the arbors in two provinces belonged to 29 families, 47 genera and 57 species. shrubs belonged to 11 families, 15 genera and 16 species. The village roadside trees of Fujian were more abundant than those of Zhejiang. The ever-greening and native tree species were dominant, accounted for 69.7% and 68.2%. Small proportion of trees were planting cut-off and no managing cut-off in two provinces. The roadside trees indexes of diameter, height, crown breadth and height blow branch in Fujian province were larger than those in Zhejiang Province. Among the top ten tree species with high frequency in the in two provinces, the species of a Osmanthus fragrans and Cinnamomum camphora co-existed in two provinces.
2011, 24(1): 116-122.
Abstract:
The effects of agricultural non-point source pollution control by pond-wetland combined system in Shenxi river basin of Anji county were studied based on nearly one-years experiment. The removal rate of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the pond-wetland combined system was also studied with different inlet wastewater concentration and time. The results showed that the removal effect of TN, TP, and COD in pond-wetland combined system was fairly good. The removal rate of TN, TP, and COD in the system could respectively reach 96%, 98%, 82% when the TN, TP, and COD of inlet wastewater reach the highest point 33.3, 0.99, and 121.6 mg·L-1. Generally, the removal effect of the system was better in plant growth season and higher concentration of inlet wastewater period.
The effects of agricultural non-point source pollution control by pond-wetland combined system in Shenxi river basin of Anji county were studied based on nearly one-years experiment. The removal rate of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the pond-wetland combined system was also studied with different inlet wastewater concentration and time. The results showed that the removal effect of TN, TP, and COD in pond-wetland combined system was fairly good. The removal rate of TN, TP, and COD in the system could respectively reach 96%, 98%, 82% when the TN, TP, and COD of inlet wastewater reach the highest point 33.3, 0.99, and 121.6 mg·L-1. Generally, the removal effect of the system was better in plant growth season and higher concentration of inlet wastewater period.
2011, 24(1): 123-126.
Abstract:
The three main economic traits of DBH, DBH of dominant tree and wood basic density of dominant tree in 13-year-old progeny stand from the second-generation seed orchards of Chinese fir in Changle of Yuhang district, Zhejiang province were analyzed. The results showed that three economic traits were highly significant on each trait among the families, and their broad heritability was high. The genetic correlation coefficient was weakly negative correlated among growth traits and wood basic density. The correlation coefficient was significant positive correlated among 3-year-old tree height, 7-year-old tree height and DBH, 13-year-old DBH. Ten better families and individual plants were selected in interim period by index method with two traits of DBH and wood basic density, keeping wood basic density unchanged to compared with experiment population, the average DBHs of the family and individual plant were 7.59% and 59.16% higher than the experiment population respectively.
The three main economic traits of DBH, DBH of dominant tree and wood basic density of dominant tree in 13-year-old progeny stand from the second-generation seed orchards of Chinese fir in Changle of Yuhang district, Zhejiang province were analyzed. The results showed that three economic traits were highly significant on each trait among the families, and their broad heritability was high. The genetic correlation coefficient was weakly negative correlated among growth traits and wood basic density. The correlation coefficient was significant positive correlated among 3-year-old tree height, 7-year-old tree height and DBH, 13-year-old DBH. Ten better families and individual plants were selected in interim period by index method with two traits of DBH and wood basic density, keeping wood basic density unchanged to compared with experiment population, the average DBHs of the family and individual plant were 7.59% and 59.16% higher than the experiment population respectively.
2011, 24(1): 127-131.
Abstract:
Based on the diameter, height and biomass of different organs of Pseudosasa amabilis, an individual optimization model is established. The results showed that the relationships among diameter, height, and biomass of different organs followed the power function model, rather than exponential model, linear model, or polynomial model. The biomass proportion of large diameter grade increased apparently after culm harvesting, and diameter was mainly distributed from 4 to 5 cm diameter grade. The standing biomass of cultivated Pseudosasa amabilis was between 48.10 t·hm-2 and 53.10 t·hm-2, while standing biomass of non cultivated P. amabilis stand was between 66.90—70.40 t·hm-2, which is a suitable species for carbon sink. Bamboo individual biomass accounted for 70% of the above-ground biomass and grew multiply as the individual bamboo diameter increasing. The biomass of litter ranged from 8.32% to 18.10% in standing biomass while that of non cultivated bamboo stands was lower than that of cultivated bamboo. There existed a 1∶ 1 constant relationship between leaf biomass and branch biomass.
Based on the diameter, height and biomass of different organs of Pseudosasa amabilis, an individual optimization model is established. The results showed that the relationships among diameter, height, and biomass of different organs followed the power function model, rather than exponential model, linear model, or polynomial model. The biomass proportion of large diameter grade increased apparently after culm harvesting, and diameter was mainly distributed from 4 to 5 cm diameter grade. The standing biomass of cultivated Pseudosasa amabilis was between 48.10 t·hm-2 and 53.10 t·hm-2, while standing biomass of non cultivated P. amabilis stand was between 66.90—70.40 t·hm-2, which is a suitable species for carbon sink. Bamboo individual biomass accounted for 70% of the above-ground biomass and grew multiply as the individual bamboo diameter increasing. The biomass of litter ranged from 8.32% to 18.10% in standing biomass while that of non cultivated bamboo stands was lower than that of cultivated bamboo. There existed a 1∶ 1 constant relationship between leaf biomass and branch biomass.
2011, 24(1): 132-136.
Abstract:
Based on plant architecture,this paper analyzes the morphological structure of four Cunninghamia lanceolata trees in different ages using statistical method .The results indicate that: the bifurcation ratios increases with the age; the branching angles of primary branches are mainly distributed from 50° to 100° while the secondary branches are mainly distributed from 50° to 80°; the azimuth of primary branches follows uniform distribution and the secondary branches mostly distribute in horizontal direction; Distance from a branch attachment region to its parent container has a good correlation with the branch length. Branch length has a great relevance to the number of sublevel branch.
Based on plant architecture,this paper analyzes the morphological structure of four Cunninghamia lanceolata trees in different ages using statistical method .The results indicate that: the bifurcation ratios increases with the age; the branching angles of primary branches are mainly distributed from 50° to 100° while the secondary branches are mainly distributed from 50° to 80°; the azimuth of primary branches follows uniform distribution and the secondary branches mostly distribute in horizontal direction; Distance from a branch attachment region to its parent container has a good correlation with the branch length. Branch length has a great relevance to the number of sublevel branch.
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