2011 Vol. 24, No. 4
Display Method:
2011, 24(4): 415-422.
[Abstract]
[PDF 975KB]
Abstract:
The variations in tracheid characteristics of earlywood and latewood of 4 species of Larix spp. and their hybrids with L. kaempferi as female parent were studied. The results are as follows: The tracheid characteristics and microfibril angle met or surpassed the requirements needed for superior pulp and paper properties. There were significant or extremely significant differences in the tracheid characteristics of earlywood and latewood among the species and hybrids. The variations of tracheid length for earlywood and latewood were 3 164.45-3 865.26 μm and 3 318.51-4 200.87 μm respectively. The ratios of tracheid length to width varied between 57.10 and 72.93 and 117.95 and 146.50 for earlywood and latewood separately. And that for internal diameter in radial direction were 38.96-46.68 μm and 10.76-12.92 μm for earlywood and latewood individually. Both of the tracheid lengths and the ratios of tracheid length to width for earlywood and latewood of L. kaempferi were larger than that of L. principis-rupprechtii, L. olgensis and L. gmelini. L. kaempferi is more suitable to be used as pulp and paper raw material than the other three species of based on the tracheid characteristics. Most of the tracheid characteristics of the 3 hybrids were closer to that of L. kaempferi 81, the female parent, and surpassed that of their paternal, especially the interspecific hybrids of L. kaempferi × L. olgensis, and L. kaempferi × L. gmelinii far surpassed the values of their paternal species. The radial variation of tracheid length, which is belonged to PashinⅡ, increased sharply at first and then kept at a steady values both for earlywood and latewood. The radial variation of tracheid width for earlywood and latewood and the tracheid internal diameter in radial direction for earlywood did not change much with age. However the tracheid internal diameter in radial direction for latewood displayed decreased tendency during the observed period. The technical maturity of Larch stands for pulp and paper using should be between 15 and 20 years old according the radial variation in tracheid traits. The young trees of Larix spp. which are under 20 years old are more suitable for pulp and paper than older ones because of ratios of wall to cavity for latewood of the older are larger which would affect the quality of paper.
The variations in tracheid characteristics of earlywood and latewood of 4 species of Larix spp. and their hybrids with L. kaempferi as female parent were studied. The results are as follows: The tracheid characteristics and microfibril angle met or surpassed the requirements needed for superior pulp and paper properties. There were significant or extremely significant differences in the tracheid characteristics of earlywood and latewood among the species and hybrids. The variations of tracheid length for earlywood and latewood were 3 164.45-3 865.26 μm and 3 318.51-4 200.87 μm respectively. The ratios of tracheid length to width varied between 57.10 and 72.93 and 117.95 and 146.50 for earlywood and latewood separately. And that for internal diameter in radial direction were 38.96-46.68 μm and 10.76-12.92 μm for earlywood and latewood individually. Both of the tracheid lengths and the ratios of tracheid length to width for earlywood and latewood of L. kaempferi were larger than that of L. principis-rupprechtii, L. olgensis and L. gmelini. L. kaempferi is more suitable to be used as pulp and paper raw material than the other three species of based on the tracheid characteristics. Most of the tracheid characteristics of the 3 hybrids were closer to that of L. kaempferi 81, the female parent, and surpassed that of their paternal, especially the interspecific hybrids of L. kaempferi × L. olgensis, and L. kaempferi × L. gmelinii far surpassed the values of their paternal species. The radial variation of tracheid length, which is belonged to PashinⅡ, increased sharply at first and then kept at a steady values both for earlywood and latewood. The radial variation of tracheid width for earlywood and latewood and the tracheid internal diameter in radial direction for earlywood did not change much with age. However the tracheid internal diameter in radial direction for latewood displayed decreased tendency during the observed period. The technical maturity of Larch stands for pulp and paper using should be between 15 and 20 years old according the radial variation in tracheid traits. The young trees of Larix spp. which are under 20 years old are more suitable for pulp and paper than older ones because of ratios of wall to cavity for latewood of the older are larger which would affect the quality of paper.
2011, 24(4): 423-427.
Abstract:
A full-length cDNA of β1-tubulin gene from Ericerus pela was obtained by using RACE and RT-PCR methods. The size of β1-tubulin gene is 1492 bp, which contains an open reading frame of 1 344 bp that encoding 447 amino acid residues with 50.20 kda molecular weight and 4.75 isoelectric point. The putative amino acid sequences contain conserved sequences of β1-tubulin and the GTP-binding site. The phylogenetic analysis showed that β1-tubulin gene of E. pela shares high identity with β-tubulin homologues from other insects. The sequences of β1-tubulin gene of E. pela were submitted to GenBank and the accession number was assigned JF731244.
A full-length cDNA of β1-tubulin gene from Ericerus pela was obtained by using RACE and RT-PCR methods. The size of β1-tubulin gene is 1492 bp, which contains an open reading frame of 1 344 bp that encoding 447 amino acid residues with 50.20 kda molecular weight and 4.75 isoelectric point. The putative amino acid sequences contain conserved sequences of β1-tubulin and the GTP-binding site. The phylogenetic analysis showed that β1-tubulin gene of E. pela shares high identity with β-tubulin homologues from other insects. The sequences of β1-tubulin gene of E. pela were submitted to GenBank and the accession number was assigned JF731244.
2011, 24(4): 428-436.
Abstract:
Based on field investigations and analysis of whole natural distribution of Picea linzhinensis, three cone characters, three needle traits and three seed wing characters of 15-30 trees from each of 11 populations in Tibet were selected and measured, in order to make clear population genetic differentiation within the species by statistical analysis. The results showed that it was significantly different in genetic variation among populations and among individuals within populations. The mean phenotypic differentiation among populations (VST) was 29.55%, that was at middle level in spruce species. The variation within populations was the main part of phenotypic variation, which stood 70.45%. The special variation of phenotypic traits within populations was studied by variation coefficient (CV),it showed that the mean CV of three variation indications of needle, cone, and seed wing at species level were 20.39%, 15.65%, and 10.79% respectively, and the variation indication of needle was the highest. By studying Mean CV of 9 phenotypic traits in 11 natural populations, the CV in Jindonggou of Langxian County was the highest, where has the most abundant diversity. Furthermore, The correlations between nine phenotypic traits and location factors and climate factors was analyzed, the results showed that in geographical distribution, the needle length and cone diameter became longer and wider from west to east; and in the influence of climate, the crown diameter, needle length, and needle shape became wider, longer and the more stretched-out with annual mean temperature rising. The 11 populations of P. linzhinensis investigated could be divided into four groups according to the cluster analysis.
Based on field investigations and analysis of whole natural distribution of Picea linzhinensis, three cone characters, three needle traits and three seed wing characters of 15-30 trees from each of 11 populations in Tibet were selected and measured, in order to make clear population genetic differentiation within the species by statistical analysis. The results showed that it was significantly different in genetic variation among populations and among individuals within populations. The mean phenotypic differentiation among populations (VST) was 29.55%, that was at middle level in spruce species. The variation within populations was the main part of phenotypic variation, which stood 70.45%. The special variation of phenotypic traits within populations was studied by variation coefficient (CV),it showed that the mean CV of three variation indications of needle, cone, and seed wing at species level were 20.39%, 15.65%, and 10.79% respectively, and the variation indication of needle was the highest. By studying Mean CV of 9 phenotypic traits in 11 natural populations, the CV in Jindonggou of Langxian County was the highest, where has the most abundant diversity. Furthermore, The correlations between nine phenotypic traits and location factors and climate factors was analyzed, the results showed that in geographical distribution, the needle length and cone diameter became longer and wider from west to east; and in the influence of climate, the crown diameter, needle length, and needle shape became wider, longer and the more stretched-out with annual mean temperature rising. The 11 populations of P. linzhinensis investigated could be divided into four groups according to the cluster analysis.
2011, 24(4): 437-442.
Abstract:
The structure characters of Pinus tabulaeformis natural forest on Xiaolong Mountain, Gansu Province was studied by fixed sample survey of each tree positioning data with statistical software, the result showed that the tree composition of Pinus tabulaeformis natural forest was abundants, there had 18 tree species in community dominated by P. tabulaeformis, however, the degree of tree species segregation was lower and the average value of mingling was weak. The diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution of forest stand followed a multi-shaped peak curve and the DBH distribution of P. tabulaeformis population approximated to normal distribution and it was well fitted by Weibull function, the tree height increased with the tree DBH increasing and the relationship between tree height and DBH was well fitted by power function. The individual size of DBH, tree height and crown width of P. tabulaeformis in stand was significantly differentiated; the average state belonged to medium. Both the horizontal distribution patterns of stand and P. tabulaeformis population were random distributed.
The structure characters of Pinus tabulaeformis natural forest on Xiaolong Mountain, Gansu Province was studied by fixed sample survey of each tree positioning data with statistical software, the result showed that the tree composition of Pinus tabulaeformis natural forest was abundants, there had 18 tree species in community dominated by P. tabulaeformis, however, the degree of tree species segregation was lower and the average value of mingling was weak. The diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution of forest stand followed a multi-shaped peak curve and the DBH distribution of P. tabulaeformis population approximated to normal distribution and it was well fitted by Weibull function, the tree height increased with the tree DBH increasing and the relationship between tree height and DBH was well fitted by power function. The individual size of DBH, tree height and crown width of P. tabulaeformis in stand was significantly differentiated; the average state belonged to medium. Both the horizontal distribution patterns of stand and P. tabulaeformis population were random distributed.
2011, 24(4): 443-452.
Abstract:
In 2009, the biomass and its allocation among vegetation layers and organs were invested for the main forest types in the small watershed of Xiangshuihe, which locates at the southern part of Liupan Mountains. The results showed that there was an obvious difference in the total living biomass among different forest types, which followed the order of Pinus armandii forest (102.70 t·hm-2) > Birch forest (84.42 t·hm-2)>Populus davidiana forest(79.97 t·hm-2)>Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (58.37 t·hm-2)>open forest (44.91 t·hm-2). The area-weighted average of biomass of all forests investigated was 78.37 t·hm-2, which was much higher than that of shrubs (20.77 t·hm-2), grassland (1.07 t·hm-2) and meadow (2.29 t·hm-2). The order of litter biomass of each forest type was Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (18.21 t·hm-2)>Pinus armandii forest (11.99 t·hm-2)>Birch forest (10.90 t·hm-2)>Populus davidiana (7.67 t·hm-2)>open forest (7.06 t·hm-2), all of them was also much higher than that of shrubs (3.13 t·hm-2), meadow (0.82 t·hm-2) and grassland (0.49 t·hm-2). Most of the biomass in forest ecosystems concentrated in the tree layer with a ratio of 91.04%, while the ratio amounted to only 8.09% for the shrub layer and even 0.87% for the herb layer. The organ allocation of biomass in forest ecosystems was trunk (54.06%)>branch (21.04%)>root (16.92%)>bark (5.34%)>leaf (2.65%) for the tree layer, while it was stem and branch (62.68%)>root (30.55%)>leaf (6.77%) for the shrubs layer, and over-ground shoot (58.32%)>root (41.18%) for the herb layer. The averaged ratio of above-to underground biomass for the tree layer of all forest types investigated was 4.49, while it was around 4.0 for the broadleaf forest types, 6.41 for the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation and 5.80 for the Pinus armandii forest; all of those were higher than that of shrubs (2.82), grassland (1.89) and meadow (1.20). The forest biomass increased nearly linearly with increasing forest age and canopy density within the range of the investigation. The forest biomass also increased rapidly with increasing stand density before the density reaches a threshold of 900 trees·hm-2; thereafter the biomass increased more slowly and towards its maximum. The forest biomass in Liupan Mountains is higher compared with that in the similar regions, showing a good result of the forest protection in last decades.
In 2009, the biomass and its allocation among vegetation layers and organs were invested for the main forest types in the small watershed of Xiangshuihe, which locates at the southern part of Liupan Mountains. The results showed that there was an obvious difference in the total living biomass among different forest types, which followed the order of Pinus armandii forest (102.70 t·hm-2) > Birch forest (84.42 t·hm-2)>Populus davidiana forest(79.97 t·hm-2)>Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (58.37 t·hm-2)>open forest (44.91 t·hm-2). The area-weighted average of biomass of all forests investigated was 78.37 t·hm-2, which was much higher than that of shrubs (20.77 t·hm-2), grassland (1.07 t·hm-2) and meadow (2.29 t·hm-2). The order of litter biomass of each forest type was Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation (18.21 t·hm-2)>Pinus armandii forest (11.99 t·hm-2)>Birch forest (10.90 t·hm-2)>Populus davidiana (7.67 t·hm-2)>open forest (7.06 t·hm-2), all of them was also much higher than that of shrubs (3.13 t·hm-2), meadow (0.82 t·hm-2) and grassland (0.49 t·hm-2). Most of the biomass in forest ecosystems concentrated in the tree layer with a ratio of 91.04%, while the ratio amounted to only 8.09% for the shrub layer and even 0.87% for the herb layer. The organ allocation of biomass in forest ecosystems was trunk (54.06%)>branch (21.04%)>root (16.92%)>bark (5.34%)>leaf (2.65%) for the tree layer, while it was stem and branch (62.68%)>root (30.55%)>leaf (6.77%) for the shrubs layer, and over-ground shoot (58.32%)>root (41.18%) for the herb layer. The averaged ratio of above-to underground biomass for the tree layer of all forest types investigated was 4.49, while it was around 4.0 for the broadleaf forest types, 6.41 for the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation and 5.80 for the Pinus armandii forest; all of those were higher than that of shrubs (2.82), grassland (1.89) and meadow (1.20). The forest biomass increased nearly linearly with increasing forest age and canopy density within the range of the investigation. The forest biomass also increased rapidly with increasing stand density before the density reaches a threshold of 900 trees·hm-2; thereafter the biomass increased more slowly and towards its maximum. The forest biomass in Liupan Mountains is higher compared with that in the similar regions, showing a good result of the forest protection in last decades.
2011, 24(4): 453-457.
Abstract:
Single-tree biomass equations with constant parameters within the range of size classes may result in obvious biased estimation for small young trees. Based on the above-ground biomass data of larch (Larix spp.) of the north-east and Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) of the south in China, two methods were presented to improve the estimation of tree biomass, which were nonlinear regression equation with intercept and segmented modeling approach, and the fit statistics of the models were compared. The results showed: (i) the two methods not only were effective to solve the problem of biased estimation for small trees, but also improved the prediction of biomass model for all sample trees in some extents; (ii) the segmented regression models were slightly better than nonlinear regression equation with intercept for single-tree biomass estimation.
Single-tree biomass equations with constant parameters within the range of size classes may result in obvious biased estimation for small young trees. Based on the above-ground biomass data of larch (Larix spp.) of the north-east and Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) of the south in China, two methods were presented to improve the estimation of tree biomass, which were nonlinear regression equation with intercept and segmented modeling approach, and the fit statistics of the models were compared. The results showed: (i) the two methods not only were effective to solve the problem of biased estimation for small trees, but also improved the prediction of biomass model for all sample trees in some extents; (ii) the segmented regression models were slightly better than nonlinear regression equation with intercept for single-tree biomass estimation.
2011, 24(4): 458-463.
Abstract:
In order to reveal the ecological role of ant communities in southeastern Tibet, ant communities of 11 sample plots from Mount Demula and Bomi Valley were investigated with sample-plot and search-collecting methods. In total, 27 species belonging to 3 subfamilies and 10 genera of Formicidae are recognized, in which most are rare species. The results showed that the species numbers in the sample plots ranged between 0～11 (5.9 in average), the individual densities ranged between 0～1 706.2 heads·m-2(270.7 heads·m-2 in average), the diversity indexes ranged between 0.346 1～1.207 3 (0.795 3 in average), the evenness indexes ranged between 0.215 0～0.770 3 (0.474 6 in average), and the dominant indexes ranged between 0.383 5～0.811 9 (0.578 4 in average). The data showed that, in general, the individual densities decreased with the altitude rising. Species numbers from plots at middle position were lower than those at upper and lower positions of the mountain slope. No regular changes were found for the indexes of diversity, evenness and dominance, however, the evenness indexes showed a negative correlation with the dominant indexes. These phenomena showed that the diversity and stability of ant communities may be influenced by altitude, landforms and vegetation situations. Similarity analysis showed significant differences between ant communities from different plots, which well responsed to the significant difference in ecological habitats of Mount Demula.
In order to reveal the ecological role of ant communities in southeastern Tibet, ant communities of 11 sample plots from Mount Demula and Bomi Valley were investigated with sample-plot and search-collecting methods. In total, 27 species belonging to 3 subfamilies and 10 genera of Formicidae are recognized, in which most are rare species. The results showed that the species numbers in the sample plots ranged between 0～11 (5.9 in average), the individual densities ranged between 0～1 706.2 heads·m-2(270.7 heads·m-2 in average), the diversity indexes ranged between 0.346 1～1.207 3 (0.795 3 in average), the evenness indexes ranged between 0.215 0～0.770 3 (0.474 6 in average), and the dominant indexes ranged between 0.383 5～0.811 9 (0.578 4 in average). The data showed that, in general, the individual densities decreased with the altitude rising. Species numbers from plots at middle position were lower than those at upper and lower positions of the mountain slope. No regular changes were found for the indexes of diversity, evenness and dominance, however, the evenness indexes showed a negative correlation with the dominant indexes. These phenomena showed that the diversity and stability of ant communities may be influenced by altitude, landforms and vegetation situations. Similarity analysis showed significant differences between ant communities from different plots, which well responsed to the significant difference in ecological habitats of Mount Demula.
2011, 24(4): 464-469.
Abstract:
Suojia-Qumahe Nature Reserve, which locates in the source region of Three Rivers (Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River), was taken as the research field to discuss the proper method for remote sensing classification of highland wetlands. The TM images, DEM, NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Indices) and the brightness, greenness and humidity after the tasseled cap transformation were used as the indicators to establish the decision tree model to distinguish the different wetlands and other land cover types. The authors compared the results with the traditional maximum likelihood supervised classification, it showed that the decision tree method based on the indices can improve the overall accuracy by 12.05%, and the overall kappa coefficient by 0.140 7. For rivers, lakes, swamps and floodplains, the producer’s accuracy and user’s accuracy increased by 6.06%, 6.25%; 0.12%, 3.13%; 6.99%, 25.00% and 6.12%, 28.13% respectively. The results of this study suggest that the decision tree method based on indices is an effective tool for wetlands remote sensing classification in highland area.
Suojia-Qumahe Nature Reserve, which locates in the source region of Three Rivers (Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River), was taken as the research field to discuss the proper method for remote sensing classification of highland wetlands. The TM images, DEM, NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Indices) and the brightness, greenness and humidity after the tasseled cap transformation were used as the indicators to establish the decision tree model to distinguish the different wetlands and other land cover types. The authors compared the results with the traditional maximum likelihood supervised classification, it showed that the decision tree method based on the indices can improve the overall accuracy by 12.05%, and the overall kappa coefficient by 0.140 7. For rivers, lakes, swamps and floodplains, the producer’s accuracy and user’s accuracy increased by 6.06%, 6.25%; 0.12%, 3.13%; 6.99%, 25.00% and 6.12%, 28.13% respectively. The results of this study suggest that the decision tree method based on indices is an effective tool for wetlands remote sensing classification in highland area.
2011, 24(4): 470-475.
Abstract:
The effects of planting density on growth and economic benefit of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantation were analyzed with the data of 21-year-old planting density experiment stand (the planting densities were 1 667, 3 333, 5 000, and 6 667 trees·hm-2 respectively), the results showed that the planting density had significant effect on stand growth and structure. With the increase of stand density, the diameter at breast height (DBH), the single tree volume and the crown diameter decreased, but the ratio of tree height/DBH increased. However, the difference of these factors decreased with stand age increasing at 16-year-old. The stand volume and the timber yield increased with stand density increasing at the juvenile stage, but the difference of these factors decreased when stand entered middle-aged stage. For 21-year-old stand, the timber yields of the four treatments of planting density were 300.13, 309.94, 303.19 and 313.32 m3·hm-2 respectively. The percentages of small-diameter trees and the yield of small-diameter logs increased with the increase of stand density. With stand age increasing, the correlation between NPV and stand density transformed from positive to negative. With the increase of planting density, the economic mature age advanced. By a synthetic analysis of yield, economic evaluation and growth law of Masson pine plantation, the optimal planting density for producing pulpwood or small-diameter timber could be determined as 2 200～3300 trees·hm-2, while that for producing large- or middle-diameter timber could be determined as 1 667～2 200 trees·hm-2.
The effects of planting density on growth and economic benefit of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantation were analyzed with the data of 21-year-old planting density experiment stand (the planting densities were 1 667, 3 333, 5 000, and 6 667 trees·hm-2 respectively), the results showed that the planting density had significant effect on stand growth and structure. With the increase of stand density, the diameter at breast height (DBH), the single tree volume and the crown diameter decreased, but the ratio of tree height/DBH increased. However, the difference of these factors decreased with stand age increasing at 16-year-old. The stand volume and the timber yield increased with stand density increasing at the juvenile stage, but the difference of these factors decreased when stand entered middle-aged stage. For 21-year-old stand, the timber yields of the four treatments of planting density were 300.13, 309.94, 303.19 and 313.32 m3·hm-2 respectively. The percentages of small-diameter trees and the yield of small-diameter logs increased with the increase of stand density. With stand age increasing, the correlation between NPV and stand density transformed from positive to negative. With the increase of planting density, the economic mature age advanced. By a synthetic analysis of yield, economic evaluation and growth law of Masson pine plantation, the optimal planting density for producing pulpwood or small-diameter timber could be determined as 2 200～3300 trees·hm-2, while that for producing large- or middle-diameter timber could be determined as 1 667～2 200 trees·hm-2.
2011, 24(4): 476-480.
Abstract:
Thirteen stand description factors affecting the harm extent of Massicus raddei was studied, and by stepwise regression analysis, three key factors, slope position, DBH and crown density, were selected. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the crown density and the ratio of infected oaks, and a significant positive correlation existed between the other two key factors and the ratio of infected oaks.Using these three key factors, a multiple regression model was established for risk analysis of the harm extent of Massicus raddei.The average difference degree was 0.174 2, so the model is suitable for risk assessment of the harm extent of the pest.
Thirteen stand description factors affecting the harm extent of Massicus raddei was studied, and by stepwise regression analysis, three key factors, slope position, DBH and crown density, were selected. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the crown density and the ratio of infected oaks, and a significant positive correlation existed between the other two key factors and the ratio of infected oaks.Using these three key factors, a multiple regression model was established for risk analysis of the harm extent of Massicus raddei.The average difference degree was 0.174 2, so the model is suitable for risk assessment of the harm extent of the pest.
2011, 24(4): 481-487.
Abstract:
The effect of ice and snow damage on seedling regeneration of subtropical evergreen forest in Jiulianshan Mountain was studied. The species composition, diversity and quantitative characters of seedlings in both non-gap stands and gaps stands damaged by frozen snow were investigated. The results of sequence analysis indicated that: (1) There was little different in seedling density between gaps and non-gap stands. (2) Importance value of arbor species was higher in gaps than in non-gap stands, while that of shrub species was higher in non-gap stands. (3) There was different response to gaps among the dominant arbor species. (4) The species diversity was the max in medium-disturbed gaps. (5) There was no significance correlation between seedling density and disturbance level. Also, the correlation between the species of seedlings and disturbance level was not significant.
The effect of ice and snow damage on seedling regeneration of subtropical evergreen forest in Jiulianshan Mountain was studied. The species composition, diversity and quantitative characters of seedlings in both non-gap stands and gaps stands damaged by frozen snow were investigated. The results of sequence analysis indicated that: (1) There was little different in seedling density between gaps and non-gap stands. (2) Importance value of arbor species was higher in gaps than in non-gap stands, while that of shrub species was higher in non-gap stands. (3) There was different response to gaps among the dominant arbor species. (4) The species diversity was the max in medium-disturbed gaps. (5) There was no significance correlation between seedling density and disturbance level. Also, the correlation between the species of seedlings and disturbance level was not significant.
2011, 24(4): 488-494.
Abstract:
The water ecophysiology of eight tree species growing in dry and hot valley of Jinsha River was studied. The result showed that in rain season the index of water saturation deficit (WSD) of indigenous tree species Dodonaea viscosa Jacg, and three eucalyptus species were higher than that of the other tree species. The plant with high WSD index and low relative water content (RWC) has strong drought tolerance. Enlargement of the rate of leaf area and fresh leaf weight is beneficial to enhance the drought tolerance of a plant, while increasing the accumulation of dry materials and the density of cytoplasm is also an effective way. Dry and hot stress may induce chlorophyll content reduced, while the chlorophyll content may increase in rainy seasons with increasing the rate of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. In dry seasons, the sugar content of test trees is higher than that in rainy seasons and the starch and sugar contents are lower in dry reasons than in rainy reasons except Acacia manguim De Willd. Under the arid condition, the free proline content of 7 tree species increased with different degrees except Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake. The tree species which are prone to wither and defoliation in dry seasons can accumulate more free proline. There are more ecophysiological similarities among the seven tree species which are suitable for afforestation except Acacia manguim De Willd.; and there exists obvious consistency in ecophysiological characteristics among same genus. Some ecophysiological characteristics of D. viscosa Jacg., the indigenous tree species, are similar to that of Acacia and some others are similar to that of Eucalyptus. Three Eucalyptus species, three Acacia species and D. viscosa Jacg. showed stronger ecological adaptability and grow well in dry and hot valley of Jinsha River.
The water ecophysiology of eight tree species growing in dry and hot valley of Jinsha River was studied. The result showed that in rain season the index of water saturation deficit (WSD) of indigenous tree species Dodonaea viscosa Jacg, and three eucalyptus species were higher than that of the other tree species. The plant with high WSD index and low relative water content (RWC) has strong drought tolerance. Enlargement of the rate of leaf area and fresh leaf weight is beneficial to enhance the drought tolerance of a plant, while increasing the accumulation of dry materials and the density of cytoplasm is also an effective way. Dry and hot stress may induce chlorophyll content reduced, while the chlorophyll content may increase in rainy seasons with increasing the rate of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. In dry seasons, the sugar content of test trees is higher than that in rainy seasons and the starch and sugar contents are lower in dry reasons than in rainy reasons except Acacia manguim De Willd. Under the arid condition, the free proline content of 7 tree species increased with different degrees except Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake. The tree species which are prone to wither and defoliation in dry seasons can accumulate more free proline. There are more ecophysiological similarities among the seven tree species which are suitable for afforestation except Acacia manguim De Willd.; and there exists obvious consistency in ecophysiological characteristics among same genus. Some ecophysiological characteristics of D. viscosa Jacg., the indigenous tree species, are similar to that of Acacia and some others are similar to that of Eucalyptus. Three Eucalyptus species, three Acacia species and D. viscosa Jacg. showed stronger ecological adaptability and grow well in dry and hot valley of Jinsha River.
2011, 24(4): 495-499.
Abstract:
The above-ground biomass and component factors of Oligostachyum lubricum were investigated and the above-ground biomass allocation and its relationship with ramet component were analyzed. The results indicated that present above-ground biomass allocation pattern of 1-year-old stands was stem﹥foliage﹥twig and that of 2-year-old stands was foliage﹥stem﹥twig. The rate of stem biomass of 2-year-old stands was extremely lower while that of foliage biomass of 2-year-old stands was extremely higher respectively than that of 1-year-old stands. However, there was no significant difference in twig biomass between 1- and 2-year-old stands. There were significant or very significant correlation between component factors and component biomass of 2-year-old stands. The total height (TH),height under branch (HB) and round of branches (RB) were subordinate factors of the diameter at breast-height (DBH) of 2-year-old stands. DBH of stands had decisive effects on the biomass of each component and above-ground part of stands and the relationship between them followed very significantly a cubic function. Increasing in allocation proportion of foliage biomass was beneficial to develop new habitat and consolidate present habitat for O. lubricum.
The above-ground biomass and component factors of Oligostachyum lubricum were investigated and the above-ground biomass allocation and its relationship with ramet component were analyzed. The results indicated that present above-ground biomass allocation pattern of 1-year-old stands was stem﹥foliage﹥twig and that of 2-year-old stands was foliage﹥stem﹥twig. The rate of stem biomass of 2-year-old stands was extremely lower while that of foliage biomass of 2-year-old stands was extremely higher respectively than that of 1-year-old stands. However, there was no significant difference in twig biomass between 1- and 2-year-old stands. There were significant or very significant correlation between component factors and component biomass of 2-year-old stands. The total height (TH),height under branch (HB) and round of branches (RB) were subordinate factors of the diameter at breast-height (DBH) of 2-year-old stands. DBH of stands had decisive effects on the biomass of each component and above-ground part of stands and the relationship between them followed very significantly a cubic function. Increasing in allocation proportion of foliage biomass was beneficial to develop new habitat and consolidate present habitat for O. lubricum.
2011, 24(4): 500-504.
Abstract:
In August and September 2009, the plots were established in Mangdang mountain of Nanping, Fujian(Ⅰ), Yaoren mountain of Congjiang, Guizhou(Ⅱ), Dayao mountain of Jinxiu, Guangxi(Ⅲ), Dawei mountain of Pingbian(Ⅳ)and Nanru mountain of Xishuangbanan(Ⅴ), Yunnan, which represent various type of distribution region, respectively. An investigation was made on the community structure and species diversity. The result indicated that there were fewer species in Styrax tonkinensis community in the five distribution regions. Styrax tonkinensis and the species of Fagaceae, Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, Betulaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Theaceae were the dominant population in tree layer, or Styrax tonkinensis was accompanying specie. There were fewer species in shrub layer and herb layer, and some interlayer species between shrub layer and herb layer. The ranking of community richness index (Dma) was tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. Dominance index (D) and diversity index (H) were smaller, the order was Ⅴ, Ⅱ, Ⅳ, Ⅰ and Ⅲ. The climate difference of distribution region may result in small common species and similarity coefficient among community.
In August and September 2009, the plots were established in Mangdang mountain of Nanping, Fujian(Ⅰ), Yaoren mountain of Congjiang, Guizhou(Ⅱ), Dayao mountain of Jinxiu, Guangxi(Ⅲ), Dawei mountain of Pingbian(Ⅳ)and Nanru mountain of Xishuangbanan(Ⅴ), Yunnan, which represent various type of distribution region, respectively. An investigation was made on the community structure and species diversity. The result indicated that there were fewer species in Styrax tonkinensis community in the five distribution regions. Styrax tonkinensis and the species of Fagaceae, Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, Betulaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Theaceae were the dominant population in tree layer, or Styrax tonkinensis was accompanying specie. There were fewer species in shrub layer and herb layer, and some interlayer species between shrub layer and herb layer. The ranking of community richness index (Dma) was tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. Dominance index (D) and diversity index (H) were smaller, the order was Ⅴ, Ⅱ, Ⅳ, Ⅰ and Ⅲ. The climate difference of distribution region may result in small common species and similarity coefficient among community.
2011, 24(4): 505-511.
Abstract:
In order to study the best dosage of fertilizer and brassinolide (BR) for the growth of Chang-Lin 4, Chang-Lin 166 and Chang-Lin 18 camellia clones, L9(34) orthogonal experiment design was adopted to test the fertilizer formula and foliar spraying BRs for the three clones. The results are as follows: (1) Varieties is the critical factor affecting the growth index of camellia. (2) The weights of various factors affecting ground diameter, crown diameter, yield and net photosynthesis are in the order of variety, interaction among factors, fertilizing and BRs. Fertilizing has stronger effect on leaf SPAD value than the interaction among factors, while the latter has stronger effect on height growth than the former. The factors affecting the seeding rate are variety, fertilizing, BRs and interaction among factors. (3) With the treatment composition of Chang-Lin 18, N2P2K2 and 0.067 mg·L-1 BRs, the indexes of tree height, crown diameter and seeding rate are the highest. With the treatment composition of Chang-Lin 4, N1P1K1 and 0.067 mg·L-1 BRs, the ground diameter, leaf SPAD value and the yield are the highest. With the treatment composition of Chang-Lin 4, N2P2K2 and 0.033 mg·L-1 BRs, the daily average net photosynthesis rate is the highest.
In order to study the best dosage of fertilizer and brassinolide (BR) for the growth of Chang-Lin 4, Chang-Lin 166 and Chang-Lin 18 camellia clones, L9(34) orthogonal experiment design was adopted to test the fertilizer formula and foliar spraying BRs for the three clones. The results are as follows: (1) Varieties is the critical factor affecting the growth index of camellia. (2) The weights of various factors affecting ground diameter, crown diameter, yield and net photosynthesis are in the order of variety, interaction among factors, fertilizing and BRs. Fertilizing has stronger effect on leaf SPAD value than the interaction among factors, while the latter has stronger effect on height growth than the former. The factors affecting the seeding rate are variety, fertilizing, BRs and interaction among factors. (3) With the treatment composition of Chang-Lin 18, N2P2K2 and 0.067 mg·L-1 BRs, the indexes of tree height, crown diameter and seeding rate are the highest. With the treatment composition of Chang-Lin 4, N1P1K1 and 0.067 mg·L-1 BRs, the ground diameter, leaf SPAD value and the yield are the highest. With the treatment composition of Chang-Lin 4, N2P2K2 and 0.033 mg·L-1 BRs, the daily average net photosynthesis rate is the highest.
2011, 24(4): 512-516.
Abstract:
The cuttings from 3-year-old mother plant of Picea pungens were chosen to investigate their rooting ability and the optimized combination of rooting agent. Besides, the effect of different cutting conditions on the rooting of different varieties of P.pungens was studied systematically. The results showed that the callus formation of P.pungens cutting started at10 days after cutting, and after 30 days they began to root, and the peak period of rooting was 40～70 days after cutting, and 80 days after cutting the rooting rate would reach to 97%. There were significant differences among the five P.pungens varieties on rooting rate and average root length, but the difference on the numbers of rooting was statistically significant. The dominant factor influencing the rooting rate was treating time. The effect of lateral branch types on rooting was extremely different. The rooting rate of first order lateral branches reached 100%, and the second lateral branches reached 88.97%. No significant difference was found between the cutting length and rooting rate and average root length, but very significant difference was found between the numbers of rooting and root effect index; the effect of cutting age on rooting had no significant differences. The optimized treatment of hormone concentration for rooting is to immerse the cuttings in 100 mg/L IBA for 0.5 hours with one-year-old 8-10 cm length first order side branches.
The cuttings from 3-year-old mother plant of Picea pungens were chosen to investigate their rooting ability and the optimized combination of rooting agent. Besides, the effect of different cutting conditions on the rooting of different varieties of P.pungens was studied systematically. The results showed that the callus formation of P.pungens cutting started at10 days after cutting, and after 30 days they began to root, and the peak period of rooting was 40～70 days after cutting, and 80 days after cutting the rooting rate would reach to 97%. There were significant differences among the five P.pungens varieties on rooting rate and average root length, but the difference on the numbers of rooting was statistically significant. The dominant factor influencing the rooting rate was treating time. The effect of lateral branch types on rooting was extremely different. The rooting rate of first order lateral branches reached 100%, and the second lateral branches reached 88.97%. No significant difference was found between the cutting length and rooting rate and average root length, but very significant difference was found between the numbers of rooting and root effect index; the effect of cutting age on rooting had no significant differences. The optimized treatment of hormone concentration for rooting is to immerse the cuttings in 100 mg/L IBA for 0.5 hours with one-year-old 8-10 cm length first order side branches.
2011, 24(4): 517-522.
Abstract:
By using the methods of regression analysis and model optimal selection, the biomass of each organ of Larix kaempferi was measured, and the biomass equations for L. kaempferi in Xiaolong Mountain of Gansu Province was built. The results showed that: The average biomass of young, immature, nearly mature, and mature forest of L. kaempferi were 3.617,29.846,123.954,and 177.482 kg. The biomass ratio of the stem, roots, branches, bark, leaves of different-aged L. kaempferi were 32∶ 17∶ 23∶ 11∶ 17 (young growth);50∶ 20∶ 15∶ 10∶ 5 (immature);62∶ 15∶ 10∶ 9∶ 4 (nearly mature);and 58∶ 23∶ 9∶ 8∶ 2 (mature forest).The biomass between DBH, height and various components, between each component and root and needle, and between aboveground and underground were significantly correlated. The final prediction model of individual tree biomass is lnWtotal=-1.916 4+0.768 11 ln(D2H) and the value of R2 is 0.986.
By using the methods of regression analysis and model optimal selection, the biomass of each organ of Larix kaempferi was measured, and the biomass equations for L. kaempferi in Xiaolong Mountain of Gansu Province was built. The results showed that: The average biomass of young, immature, nearly mature, and mature forest of L. kaempferi were 3.617,29.846,123.954,and 177.482 kg. The biomass ratio of the stem, roots, branches, bark, leaves of different-aged L. kaempferi were 32∶ 17∶ 23∶ 11∶ 17 (young growth);50∶ 20∶ 15∶ 10∶ 5 (immature);62∶ 15∶ 10∶ 9∶ 4 (nearly mature);and 58∶ 23∶ 9∶ 8∶ 2 (mature forest).The biomass between DBH, height and various components, between each component and root and needle, and between aboveground and underground were significantly correlated. The final prediction model of individual tree biomass is lnWtotal=-1.916 4+0.768 11 ln(D2H) and the value of R2 is 0.986.
2011, 24(4): 523-526.
Abstract:
Cold-tolerant clones of Casuarina glauca were established through vegetative reproduction of the plants survived under low temperature (-5—6 ℃) stress. The physiological characteristics of two cold-tolerant clones and the control at 4 low-temperature gradient treatments from -2 ℃ to -11 ℃ were tested. The results showed that the relative conductivity, soluble protein content, MDA content and SOD activity of all clones increased with the temperature decrease. The relative conductivity of two cold- tolerant C. glauca clones were lower than that of the control, while the soluble protein content, MDA content and SOD activity were higher than that of the control. The relative conductivity, the soluble protein content, MDA content and SOD activity can be used as screening index for the cold tolerance identification of C. glauca. The Ci 36 clone was stronger cold-tolerant than Ci 24 clone.
Cold-tolerant clones of Casuarina glauca were established through vegetative reproduction of the plants survived under low temperature (-5—6 ℃) stress. The physiological characteristics of two cold-tolerant clones and the control at 4 low-temperature gradient treatments from -2 ℃ to -11 ℃ were tested. The results showed that the relative conductivity, soluble protein content, MDA content and SOD activity of all clones increased with the temperature decrease. The relative conductivity of two cold- tolerant C. glauca clones were lower than that of the control, while the soluble protein content, MDA content and SOD activity were higher than that of the control. The relative conductivity, the soluble protein content, MDA content and SOD activity can be used as screening index for the cold tolerance identification of C. glauca. The Ci 36 clone was stronger cold-tolerant than Ci 24 clone.
2011, 24(4): 527-530.
Abstract:
Different concentrations of sucrose and boracic acid were designed for In vitro germination of teak pollen at room temperature, and the effects were studied, and the germination process was also analyzed. The results showed that boracic acid could facilitate the germination of teak pollen significantly, and a satisfactory medium for pollen germination of teak was achieved in a liquid medium supplemented 200 g·L-1 of sucrose and 200 mg·L-1 of boracic acid. The pollen germinated after incubating for 1.5 hours, and the pollen germination rate and pollen tube length became stabilized after 5 hours and 10 hours, respectively.
Different concentrations of sucrose and boracic acid were designed for In vitro germination of teak pollen at room temperature, and the effects were studied, and the germination process was also analyzed. The results showed that boracic acid could facilitate the germination of teak pollen significantly, and a satisfactory medium for pollen germination of teak was achieved in a liquid medium supplemented 200 g·L-1 of sucrose and 200 mg·L-1 of boracic acid. The pollen germinated after incubating for 1.5 hours, and the pollen germination rate and pollen tube length became stabilized after 5 hours and 10 hours, respectively.
2011, 24(4): 531-536.
Abstract:
The biomass of six-year-old Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham. and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk. pure plantation in Nansha were surveyed with both the correlative growth method and the mean sample tree method. The result showed that the biomass of S. apetala was 1 146.08 t·hm-2, in which the aerial part was 869.17 t·hm-2 and the underground part was 276.91 t·hm-2; the biomass of the trunk was 473.79 t·hm-2, which was accumulated as the highest biomass and took up 41.3% of the total. The biomass distribution among organs was in the order of trunk>branch>root>bark>flower and fruit>leaf. The biomass of B. gymnorrhiza was 55.51 t·hm-2, in which 40.62 t·hm-2 for the aerial part and 14.89 t·hm-2 for the underground part, and the biomass distribution among organs was in the order of trunk>root>branch>leaf. The average net productivity of S. apetala was 191.02 t·hm-2·a-1 and the average net productivity of B. gymnorrhiza was 9.26 t·hm-2·a-1. As the population age and initial density of plantation are taken into consideration, both the biomass and productivity of six-year old S. apetala were higher.
The biomass of six-year-old Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham. and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk. pure plantation in Nansha were surveyed with both the correlative growth method and the mean sample tree method. The result showed that the biomass of S. apetala was 1 146.08 t·hm-2, in which the aerial part was 869.17 t·hm-2 and the underground part was 276.91 t·hm-2; the biomass of the trunk was 473.79 t·hm-2, which was accumulated as the highest biomass and took up 41.3% of the total. The biomass distribution among organs was in the order of trunk>branch>root>bark>flower and fruit>leaf. The biomass of B. gymnorrhiza was 55.51 t·hm-2, in which 40.62 t·hm-2 for the aerial part and 14.89 t·hm-2 for the underground part, and the biomass distribution among organs was in the order of trunk>root>branch>leaf. The average net productivity of S. apetala was 191.02 t·hm-2·a-1 and the average net productivity of B. gymnorrhiza was 9.26 t·hm-2·a-1. As the population age and initial density of plantation are taken into consideration, both the biomass and productivity of six-year old S. apetala were higher.
2011, 24(4): 537-540.
Abstract:
The damage of Dioryctria yiai on young shoots of Pinus massoniana and the influence of this pest insect on development of male cone and pollen were studied. It is demonstrated that the wormhole of D. yiai is harmful to the development of male cone, microsporophyll and pollen in the next year. The length and diameter of male cone and microsporophyll number decreased and accounted for 33.3% and 40.2% of the health plant, respectively. The vertical and transverse diameter of microsporophyll accounted for 62.0% and 71.0% of the health plant, and the fresh and dry weight of microsporophyll accounted for 30.3% and 43.6% of the health plant. It is concluded that D. yiai could seriously damage the young shoot of P. massoniana and cause bad development of male cone shoot and pollen abortion.
The damage of Dioryctria yiai on young shoots of Pinus massoniana and the influence of this pest insect on development of male cone and pollen were studied. It is demonstrated that the wormhole of D. yiai is harmful to the development of male cone, microsporophyll and pollen in the next year. The length and diameter of male cone and microsporophyll number decreased and accounted for 33.3% and 40.2% of the health plant, respectively. The vertical and transverse diameter of microsporophyll accounted for 62.0% and 71.0% of the health plant, and the fresh and dry weight of microsporophyll accounted for 30.3% and 43.6% of the health plant. It is concluded that D. yiai could seriously damage the young shoot of P. massoniana and cause bad development of male cone shoot and pollen abortion.
2011, 24(4): 541-544.
Abstract:
A GPU-based visualization method of large forest scenarios simulation was proposed by using Cg language balance between scheduling CPU and GPU load. A scene roaming method based on pre-partition paging algorithms effective balanced the system consumption. On this basis, the visual simulation of Huangfengqiao Forest Farm achieved good results.
A GPU-based visualization method of large forest scenarios simulation was proposed by using Cg language balance between scheduling CPU and GPU load. A scene roaming method based on pre-partition paging algorithms effective balanced the system consumption. On this basis, the visual simulation of Huangfengqiao Forest Farm achieved good results.
2011, 24(4): 545-548.
Abstract:
The effects of physical and chemical factors on the property of the mulberry pigment were studied. The results show that the light and heat affect the stability of the mulberry pigment. The pigment is stable with lower pH, but the color changes at weak acid level which is close to neutrality. The pigment has less resistance capability against oxidizing or reducing agent and it is sensitive to chelating agent or sodium benzoate. Glucose and sucrose have little effects on the pigment, but salt, citric acid or vitamin C can enforce the color of the pigment. Metal ions Co2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, K+, A13+, Sn2+ can strengthen the color, but Fe2+, Fe3+, and Pb2+ weaken the stability of the pigment.
The effects of physical and chemical factors on the property of the mulberry pigment were studied. The results show that the light and heat affect the stability of the mulberry pigment. The pigment is stable with lower pH, but the color changes at weak acid level which is close to neutrality. The pigment has less resistance capability against oxidizing or reducing agent and it is sensitive to chelating agent or sodium benzoate. Glucose and sucrose have little effects on the pigment, but salt, citric acid or vitamin C can enforce the color of the pigment. Metal ions Co2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, K+, A13+, Sn2+ can strengthen the color, but Fe2+, Fe3+, and Pb2+ weaken the stability of the pigment.
Subvmission Guidelines
Peer Review
Reviewer Online
Office Work
Email alert
RSS