2012 Vol. 25, No. 4
Display Method:
2012, 25(4): 411-418.
[Abstract]
[PDF 1670KB]
Abstract:
In order to identify miRNA and investigate it’s expression profile during somatic embryogenesis (SE) of larch, a small RNA library was constructed and sequenced by Solexa technique, and expression analysis of miRNAs and four precursors during eight developmental stages of SE was evaluated by qRT-PCR. The results demonstrated that a total of 87 miRNAs was identified, of which 29 miRNAs from 12 families were specific to conifers, including miR946, miR947, miR950, miR951, miR1311, miR1312, miR1313, miR1314, miR1316, miR3701, miR3702 and miR3704, which could be used for further analysis and next experiment. Of these, 25 miRNAs were 22nt in length, while 4 miRNAs were 21nt. The abundance of miRNAs varied largely in the small RNA library, such as miR1311 was detected by 18 copies, while miR950 with 33 009 copies. 34 potential target genes were predicted for 12 miRNA families, which were linked to many respects of regulation, including plant growth and development, disease resistance, AGO protein feedback regulation. qRT-PCR analysis showed that, for 72% miRNAs, the minor expression peak was at late single embryo or early cotyledonary embryo, the lowest level was at middle cotyledonary embryo, while the major peak was at late cotyledonary embryo, which was consistent with the physiology events of cotyledon formation, embryo pre-mature, and embryo dormancy. However, the expression model of miRNA precursor was differed from that of miRNA, and precursor expression with much smaller extent than that of miRNA. The discovery of miRNAs specific to conifers and their targets using embryogenic tissue could provide references for the study on the growth and development of gymnosperms.
In order to identify miRNA and investigate it’s expression profile during somatic embryogenesis (SE) of larch, a small RNA library was constructed and sequenced by Solexa technique, and expression analysis of miRNAs and four precursors during eight developmental stages of SE was evaluated by qRT-PCR. The results demonstrated that a total of 87 miRNAs was identified, of which 29 miRNAs from 12 families were specific to conifers, including miR946, miR947, miR950, miR951, miR1311, miR1312, miR1313, miR1314, miR1316, miR3701, miR3702 and miR3704, which could be used for further analysis and next experiment. Of these, 25 miRNAs were 22nt in length, while 4 miRNAs were 21nt. The abundance of miRNAs varied largely in the small RNA library, such as miR1311 was detected by 18 copies, while miR950 with 33 009 copies. 34 potential target genes were predicted for 12 miRNA families, which were linked to many respects of regulation, including plant growth and development, disease resistance, AGO protein feedback regulation. qRT-PCR analysis showed that, for 72% miRNAs, the minor expression peak was at late single embryo or early cotyledonary embryo, the lowest level was at middle cotyledonary embryo, while the major peak was at late cotyledonary embryo, which was consistent with the physiology events of cotyledon formation, embryo pre-mature, and embryo dormancy. However, the expression model of miRNA precursor was differed from that of miRNA, and precursor expression with much smaller extent than that of miRNA. The discovery of miRNAs specific to conifers and their targets using embryogenic tissue could provide references for the study on the growth and development of gymnosperms.
2012, 25(4): 419-424.
Abstract:
In order to study the effect of light quality on the growth, photosynthesis and Taxanes accumulation of Taxus yunnanensis, 2-years old young T. yunnanensis were planted under various color films for 1 year. Their size, biomass, architectural parameters, leaf feature, and photosynthetic parameters such as the maximal net photosynthesis rate (Pmax), apparent quantum yield (AQY), dark respiration rate (Rd), light saturation point (LSP), light compensation point (LCP) and Taxol content etc. were determined. The results showed that the Pmax, AQY, Rd, LSP, LCP, height, leaf and total biomass of the plants under red films increased. The Pmax, AQY of the plants under yellow films decreased, and the LSP,LCP, leaf, branch, root and total biomass increased. The Pmax and AQY, and ground diameter of the plants under blue films decreased, while the Rd,LSP,LCP and height increased. Under different color films, the diffrence of tananes content in the plants were not significant. The content of baccatin Ⅲ in leaf and 7-epi-taxol in root of the plants under red films increased. The content of Taxol, 10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ and 7-epi-taxol in root of the plants under yellow f ilms increased. The content of Taxol in root of the plant under blue films increased, but the content of baccatin Ⅲ in leaf dicreased.
In order to study the effect of light quality on the growth, photosynthesis and Taxanes accumulation of Taxus yunnanensis, 2-years old young T. yunnanensis were planted under various color films for 1 year. Their size, biomass, architectural parameters, leaf feature, and photosynthetic parameters such as the maximal net photosynthesis rate (Pmax), apparent quantum yield (AQY), dark respiration rate (Rd), light saturation point (LSP), light compensation point (LCP) and Taxol content etc. were determined. The results showed that the Pmax, AQY, Rd, LSP, LCP, height, leaf and total biomass of the plants under red films increased. The Pmax, AQY of the plants under yellow films decreased, and the LSP,LCP, leaf, branch, root and total biomass increased. The Pmax and AQY, and ground diameter of the plants under blue films decreased, while the Rd,LSP,LCP and height increased. Under different color films, the diffrence of tananes content in the plants were not significant. The content of baccatin Ⅲ in leaf and 7-epi-taxol in root of the plants under red films increased. The content of Taxol, 10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ and 7-epi-taxol in root of the plants under yellow f ilms increased. The content of Taxol in root of the plant under blue films increased, but the content of baccatin Ⅲ in leaf dicreased.
2012, 25(4): 425-431.
Abstract:
To explore the development regularity from shoot to stem, the culms in different developmental stages and portions of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens) were studied by anatomy analysis. The results of histological observations indicated that the rapid development of culms mainly presented in longitudinal direction, which was dominated by cell division and cell elongation. In the initial stage of growth, numerous cell nuclei could be seen in parenchyma and fiber cells-an obvious sign of cell division-indicating the presence of meristematic tissue when cell division dominated the culms development. As the culm developed, the number of nuclei declined, until there were almost no detectable nuclei in the late stages of development. The development of culm was dominated by cell division in the initial stages and by cell elongation in the middle and late stages. The development, maturation and aging in different parts of the culm were studied systematically from the basal to the top internode. The lignification was appeared at fibrous tissue of basal internode in G7 stage when the length of culm was 6 m. The cell elongation of culms showed periodic fluctuations. The cell length of parenchyma, in the rapid elongating stage, deviated from normal distribution while it showed normal distribution in the slow elongating stage.
To explore the development regularity from shoot to stem, the culms in different developmental stages and portions of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens) were studied by anatomy analysis. The results of histological observations indicated that the rapid development of culms mainly presented in longitudinal direction, which was dominated by cell division and cell elongation. In the initial stage of growth, numerous cell nuclei could be seen in parenchyma and fiber cells-an obvious sign of cell division-indicating the presence of meristematic tissue when cell division dominated the culms development. As the culm developed, the number of nuclei declined, until there were almost no detectable nuclei in the late stages of development. The development of culm was dominated by cell division in the initial stages and by cell elongation in the middle and late stages. The development, maturation and aging in different parts of the culm were studied systematically from the basal to the top internode. The lignification was appeared at fibrous tissue of basal internode in G7 stage when the length of culm was 6 m. The cell elongation of culms showed periodic fluctuations. The cell length of parenchyma, in the rapid elongating stage, deviated from normal distribution while it showed normal distribution in the slow elongating stage.
2012, 25(4): 432-437.
Abstract:
In addition to water, Nitrogen (N) is often the key limiting factor for biological activity in Dry-hot Valleys. Biological N-fixation by nitrogen-fixation plants is of important source of N for vegetations in those areas. The nitrogenase activities (NAs) of nodules in Acacia auriliformis A. Cunn, Leucaena leucacephala (Lam.) de Wit, Cajanus cajan (L). Millspangh and Albiza kalkora Prain plantations were determined at the Dry red soils and Vertisol spots at four different sampling times in a Dry-hot Valley with the acetylene reduction assay. The results showed that the NAs of nodules in L. leucacephala (16.25 μmol·g-1·h-1) and A. auriliformis (15.85 μmol·g-1·h-1) were significantly higher than those in A. kalkora (9.60 μmol·g-1·h-1) and C. cajan (9.42 μmol·g-1·h-1). The NAs of nodules in rainy season were significantly higher than those in dry season, and approximated 2.3 times that in dry season. The NAs of nodules at the Dry red soils spots were 1.3-1.6 times higher than those at the Vertisol spots. The research revealed besides plant type, the NAs of nodules were primarily affected by soil type, season and soil water content, but less affected by soil temperature.
In addition to water, Nitrogen (N) is often the key limiting factor for biological activity in Dry-hot Valleys. Biological N-fixation by nitrogen-fixation plants is of important source of N for vegetations in those areas. The nitrogenase activities (NAs) of nodules in Acacia auriliformis A. Cunn, Leucaena leucacephala (Lam.) de Wit, Cajanus cajan (L). Millspangh and Albiza kalkora Prain plantations were determined at the Dry red soils and Vertisol spots at four different sampling times in a Dry-hot Valley with the acetylene reduction assay. The results showed that the NAs of nodules in L. leucacephala (16.25 μmol·g-1·h-1) and A. auriliformis (15.85 μmol·g-1·h-1) were significantly higher than those in A. kalkora (9.60 μmol·g-1·h-1) and C. cajan (9.42 μmol·g-1·h-1). The NAs of nodules in rainy season were significantly higher than those in dry season, and approximated 2.3 times that in dry season. The NAs of nodules at the Dry red soils spots were 1.3-1.6 times higher than those at the Vertisol spots. The research revealed besides plant type, the NAs of nodules were primarily affected by soil type, season and soil water content, but less affected by soil temperature.
2012, 25(4): 438-441.
Abstract:
Based on quantity indexes (DBH, tree height and individual volume) in combination with quality indexes (stem form, crown/height ratio and branch size), the selection criterion of Betula alnoides superior trees was established using a method of five-dominant-trees. By analyzing the superior tree selection criteria for B. alnoides plantation during different age stages ranged from 10 to 21 years, it was proposed that the strategy of superior tree selection for this species involved as follows: the DBH, tree height, and individual volume of superior tree were respectively 9%-11%, 5%-7% and 26%-31% greater than that of five-dominant-trees, and the multiple shape score was higher than 7.5. Thirty seven in 109 candidate trees were selected according to this criterion and the selected ratio was 33.9%. The superior tree selection criterion should be modified in the practice according to different stand conditions. Since the B.alnoides plantations were managed for large-size timber production, the growth index should be regarded as the principal factor for selection of superior trees so as to obtain high genetic gain. On the other hand, the wood property and resistance should also be considered to insure the genetic diversity of B.alnoides breeding population.
Based on quantity indexes (DBH, tree height and individual volume) in combination with quality indexes (stem form, crown/height ratio and branch size), the selection criterion of Betula alnoides superior trees was established using a method of five-dominant-trees. By analyzing the superior tree selection criteria for B. alnoides plantation during different age stages ranged from 10 to 21 years, it was proposed that the strategy of superior tree selection for this species involved as follows: the DBH, tree height, and individual volume of superior tree were respectively 9%-11%, 5%-7% and 26%-31% greater than that of five-dominant-trees, and the multiple shape score was higher than 7.5. Thirty seven in 109 candidate trees were selected according to this criterion and the selected ratio was 33.9%. The superior tree selection criterion should be modified in the practice according to different stand conditions. Since the B.alnoides plantations were managed for large-size timber production, the growth index should be regarded as the principal factor for selection of superior trees so as to obtain high genetic gain. On the other hand, the wood property and resistance should also be considered to insure the genetic diversity of B.alnoides breeding population.
2012, 25(4): 442-448.
Abstract:
Five-year-old oil-tea camellia trees were selected to study the annual changes of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium absorption and accumulation. The results showed that the annual accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium achieved 44.05, 5.50 and 23.31 g per tree, respectively. And the ratio was approximately 8∶1∶4. The active absorption and accumulation period of nitrogen and potassium was from shooting in April to fruit development in July during which over 50.00% nitrogen and potassium of annual uptake was accumulated, in which 43.64% nitrogen and 26.97% potassium were used by the roots. The accumulation of phosphorous was stable from April to October and achieved 2.63 g per tree in which 35.36% was used by the roots during fruit ripening period. The content of major mineral elements in leaves, stems and roots of oil-tea camellia was N>K>P and K>N>P in ripening fruits. The phosphorous and potassium in roots partly transferred to leaves and new shoot during shooting period in April and the potassium in stems and leaves transferred to fruits during fruit ripening period.
Five-year-old oil-tea camellia trees were selected to study the annual changes of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium absorption and accumulation. The results showed that the annual accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium achieved 44.05, 5.50 and 23.31 g per tree, respectively. And the ratio was approximately 8∶1∶4. The active absorption and accumulation period of nitrogen and potassium was from shooting in April to fruit development in July during which over 50.00% nitrogen and potassium of annual uptake was accumulated, in which 43.64% nitrogen and 26.97% potassium were used by the roots. The accumulation of phosphorous was stable from April to October and achieved 2.63 g per tree in which 35.36% was used by the roots during fruit ripening period. The content of major mineral elements in leaves, stems and roots of oil-tea camellia was N>K>P and K>N>P in ripening fruits. The phosphorous and potassium in roots partly transferred to leaves and new shoot during shooting period in April and the potassium in stems and leaves transferred to fruits during fruit ripening period.
2012, 25(4): 449-455.
Abstract:
Using the progeny test plantation of Pinus massoniana seedling seed orchard located in Baisha Forestry Farm, Fujian province as materials, the genetic variations, heritabilities and increments (height, diameter at breast height, and stem volume) and form (stem straightness, crown width, and branch diameter) traits of P. massoniana at age 5 and 6 were estimated and analyzed. The genetic variations differed among traits. Obvious genetic variations possessed among and within families and intra-family variation (85%) was a main source. Family and individual heritabilities ranged from 0.493 to 0.731, and 0.080 to 0.199, respectively. Best linear prediction with stem volume and multi-traits (stem volume, crown width, branch diameter and stem straightness) was used to estimate the aggregated breeding values of families at age 6. Furthermore, realized and predicted genetic gains of female parents with different selection methods and selection rates were presented, in which the even-weighted multi-traits joint selection was the best way for female parent family selection and could get relatively higher genetic gains.
Using the progeny test plantation of Pinus massoniana seedling seed orchard located in Baisha Forestry Farm, Fujian province as materials, the genetic variations, heritabilities and increments (height, diameter at breast height, and stem volume) and form (stem straightness, crown width, and branch diameter) traits of P. massoniana at age 5 and 6 were estimated and analyzed. The genetic variations differed among traits. Obvious genetic variations possessed among and within families and intra-family variation (85%) was a main source. Family and individual heritabilities ranged from 0.493 to 0.731, and 0.080 to 0.199, respectively. Best linear prediction with stem volume and multi-traits (stem volume, crown width, branch diameter and stem straightness) was used to estimate the aggregated breeding values of families at age 6. Furthermore, realized and predicted genetic gains of female parents with different selection methods and selection rates were presented, in which the even-weighted multi-traits joint selection was the best way for female parent family selection and could get relatively higher genetic gains.
2012, 25(4): 456-463.
Abstract:
Based on soil hydro-physical properties, water holding capacity and infiltration, the water holding capacity and infiltration of typical vegetations were analyzed on the south slope of Liupan Mountains in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The results indicated that the maximum water storage capacity ranged from 486.5 mm to 604.8 mm and the effective storage capacity ranged from 61.0 mm to 292.1mm. The effective storage capacity of 0~100 cm soil layer was affected by the volumetric content of rock fragments. The initial infiltration rate of soil surface (0~10 cm) ranged from 4.00 mm·min-1 to 24.99 mm·min-1 and the steady infiltration rate ranged from 1.18 mm·min-1 to 15.17 mm·min-1. Simulations of the soil water infiltration using the Kostiakov equation, Horton equation and Philip equation showed the result using the Horton equation was the best. It also showed that the soil non-capillary porosity played a key role on the soil water infiltration and the volumetric content of rock fragments might affect the soil water infiltration through affecting the content of soil non-capillary porosity.
Based on soil hydro-physical properties, water holding capacity and infiltration, the water holding capacity and infiltration of typical vegetations were analyzed on the south slope of Liupan Mountains in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The results indicated that the maximum water storage capacity ranged from 486.5 mm to 604.8 mm and the effective storage capacity ranged from 61.0 mm to 292.1mm. The effective storage capacity of 0~100 cm soil layer was affected by the volumetric content of rock fragments. The initial infiltration rate of soil surface (0~10 cm) ranged from 4.00 mm·min-1 to 24.99 mm·min-1 and the steady infiltration rate ranged from 1.18 mm·min-1 to 15.17 mm·min-1. Simulations of the soil water infiltration using the Kostiakov equation, Horton equation and Philip equation showed the result using the Horton equation was the best. It also showed that the soil non-capillary porosity played a key role on the soil water infiltration and the volumetric content of rock fragments might affect the soil water infiltration through affecting the content of soil non-capillary porosity.
2012, 25(4): 464-469.
Abstract:
In this study, based on the data of 2190 branch diameter samples of 30 trees from Dahurian larch (Larix gmelini Rupr.) plantations located in Wuying Forest Bureau in Heilongjiang Province, the stepwise regression techniques were used to develop a branch diameter model: BD=b1+b2DINC+b3DINC2+b4DBH·DINC2. The developed model was fitted using linear mixed-effects modeling approach based on LME procedure of S-PLUS software. Evaluation statistics, such as AIC, BIC, Log Likelihood and likelihood ratio test were used for model comparisons. The results indicated that the branch diameter model with parameters b1, b2, b3as mixed effects showed the best performance. Exponential and power functions were incorporated into the mixed branch diameter model. The addition of the power function significantly improved the mixed-effects model. The plots of residuals indicated that the mixed-effects model with power function showed more homogeneous residual variance than the mixed-effects model. Branch diameters increased with the depth into crown (DINC) increasing for trees with similar DBH. Branch diameters increased with the DBH increasing for different trees. DBH is adequate variable of tree for describing branch diameter variations with different trees. Branch diameters can be predicted from the measurement of some tree-level variables without detailed knowledge of the stand history for Dahurian larch plantations.
In this study, based on the data of 2190 branch diameter samples of 30 trees from Dahurian larch (Larix gmelini Rupr.) plantations located in Wuying Forest Bureau in Heilongjiang Province, the stepwise regression techniques were used to develop a branch diameter model: BD=b1+b2DINC+b3DINC2+b4DBH·DINC2. The developed model was fitted using linear mixed-effects modeling approach based on LME procedure of S-PLUS software. Evaluation statistics, such as AIC, BIC, Log Likelihood and likelihood ratio test were used for model comparisons. The results indicated that the branch diameter model with parameters b1, b2, b3as mixed effects showed the best performance. Exponential and power functions were incorporated into the mixed branch diameter model. The addition of the power function significantly improved the mixed-effects model. The plots of residuals indicated that the mixed-effects model with power function showed more homogeneous residual variance than the mixed-effects model. Branch diameters increased with the depth into crown (DINC) increasing for trees with similar DBH. Branch diameters increased with the DBH increasing for different trees. DBH is adequate variable of tree for describing branch diameter variations with different trees. Branch diameters can be predicted from the measurement of some tree-level variables without detailed knowledge of the stand history for Dahurian larch plantations.
2012, 25(4): 470-476.
Abstract:
30 traditional cultivars of Paeonia suffruticosa with 10 different colors were selected as materials, and the squash method was used to analyze the features of chromosome. According to Stebbins theory of karyotypic evolution as well as using the method of coding of cladistics, 4 significant characters were analyzed. The results suggested that all the materials were diploid, 2n=10; the karyotypes mostly were 2A, and most was primitive type; the karyotype formulas mostly were 2n=6m+2sm+2st. The chromosomal differentiation of ‘Yin Fen Jin Lin’,‘Luo Yang Hong’ and ‘Ying Luo Bao Zhu’ was high, and that of ‘Gong Yang Zhuang’,‘Yi Pin Zhu Yi’ and ‘Chi Long Huan Cai’ was low. The importance of karyotype parameters was A.A.R > A.sk% > Lt/St > P.C.A%. The karyotypes were similar among different flower colors. The cultivars of the same color system had similar evolution levels, and the darker colors were more evolutional than the lighter ones. This research could provide some references for the study on evolution of traditional cultivars of P. suffruticosa
30 traditional cultivars of Paeonia suffruticosa with 10 different colors were selected as materials, and the squash method was used to analyze the features of chromosome. According to Stebbins theory of karyotypic evolution as well as using the method of coding of cladistics, 4 significant characters were analyzed. The results suggested that all the materials were diploid, 2n=10; the karyotypes mostly were 2A, and most was primitive type; the karyotype formulas mostly were 2n=6m+2sm+2st. The chromosomal differentiation of ‘Yin Fen Jin Lin’,‘Luo Yang Hong’ and ‘Ying Luo Bao Zhu’ was high, and that of ‘Gong Yang Zhuang’,‘Yi Pin Zhu Yi’ and ‘Chi Long Huan Cai’ was low. The importance of karyotype parameters was A.A.R > A.sk% > Lt/St > P.C.A%. The karyotypes were similar among different flower colors. The cultivars of the same color system had similar evolution levels, and the darker colors were more evolutional than the lighter ones. This research could provide some references for the study on evolution of traditional cultivars of P. suffruticosa
2012, 25(4): 477-485.
Abstract:
The stratified sampling method was adopted to investigate the courtyard forest of 88 villages in Fujian province, results showed that plants were very rich ,including 86 families, 186 genera and 245 species. The order of floristic species and amount from greatest to smallest were arbor, herbage,shrub and vine. In different type village, the floristic species order from greatest to smallest were coastal type village, flat type village,hill type village and mountainous type village, but the amount order were coastal type village, flat type village, mountainous type and hill type village. The main plants were composed of ornamental and fruit plants. The application of high frequency plants were Osmanthus fragrans, Dimocarpus longgana, Ficus microcarpa,Amygdalus persica,Diospyros kaki,Pyrus sorotina,Trachycarpus fortunei and so on. The order of plant similarity were arbor, shrub, herbage and vine, the highest arbor similarity were the two groups between flat type village and coastal type village. The courtyard forest was dominated by native plants, the exotic plants occupied only 16.17%, the highest proportion of exotic plants was herbage, followed by arbor. The plant health status was excellent, the proportion of health plants, fair plants and poor plants accounted for 5.64%、89.72%、4.64%. Amount of recent-plant plants mainly for arbor and herbage, occupied only 9.61%, mainly belonged to ornamental, edible, expensive plants.
The stratified sampling method was adopted to investigate the courtyard forest of 88 villages in Fujian province, results showed that plants were very rich ,including 86 families, 186 genera and 245 species. The order of floristic species and amount from greatest to smallest were arbor, herbage,shrub and vine. In different type village, the floristic species order from greatest to smallest were coastal type village, flat type village,hill type village and mountainous type village, but the amount order were coastal type village, flat type village, mountainous type and hill type village. The main plants were composed of ornamental and fruit plants. The application of high frequency plants were Osmanthus fragrans, Dimocarpus longgana, Ficus microcarpa,Amygdalus persica,Diospyros kaki,Pyrus sorotina,Trachycarpus fortunei and so on. The order of plant similarity were arbor, shrub, herbage and vine, the highest arbor similarity were the two groups between flat type village and coastal type village. The courtyard forest was dominated by native plants, the exotic plants occupied only 16.17%, the highest proportion of exotic plants was herbage, followed by arbor. The plant health status was excellent, the proportion of health plants, fair plants and poor plants accounted for 5.64%、89.72%、4.64%. Amount of recent-plant plants mainly for arbor and herbage, occupied only 9.61%, mainly belonged to ornamental, edible, expensive plants.
2012, 25(4): 486-491.
Abstract:
The process of adventitious root development of original and partial ortet cuttings of Larix was investigated in the experiment. The effect of repeated cutting on cuttings’ rooting was studied, and the changes of endogenous hormones content in different stages of adventitious root development were analyzed. The results showed that 13-31 days after cottage were the period key to rooting, the formation rate of callus and the growth speed of young roots of partial ortet cuttings were higher than that of the original ones. The effect of repeated cutting on cuttings’ rooting was remarkable, especially the low-rooting percentage ortets, the rooting traits were remarkably improved. The repeated cutting impacted on the self-owned hormone contents, especially IAA, which was obviously higher than that in original ortet cuttings. The hormone ratio of(IAA+GA3+ZR)/ABA of partial ortet cuttings was higher than the original ones during adventitious root development, and the trend was similar to the change trend of rooting ability, which could be used as an index of rooting ability between original and partial ortet cuttings.
The process of adventitious root development of original and partial ortet cuttings of Larix was investigated in the experiment. The effect of repeated cutting on cuttings’ rooting was studied, and the changes of endogenous hormones content in different stages of adventitious root development were analyzed. The results showed that 13-31 days after cottage were the period key to rooting, the formation rate of callus and the growth speed of young roots of partial ortet cuttings were higher than that of the original ones. The effect of repeated cutting on cuttings’ rooting was remarkable, especially the low-rooting percentage ortets, the rooting traits were remarkably improved. The repeated cutting impacted on the self-owned hormone contents, especially IAA, which was obviously higher than that in original ortet cuttings. The hormone ratio of(IAA+GA3+ZR)/ABA of partial ortet cuttings was higher than the original ones during adventitious root development, and the trend was similar to the change trend of rooting ability, which could be used as an index of rooting ability between original and partial ortet cuttings.
2012, 25(4): 492-499.
Abstract:
In this study, a novel LTP gene which was named ThLTP was cloned from the cDNA library of Tamarix hispida root treated by 0.4 mol·L-1 NaCl. The sequence of ThLTP was 635 bp in full length, a protein with 116 amino acids residues. The authors examined the expression pattern of the ThLTP gene in leaf and root of T. hispida treated with 0.2 mol·L-1 NaCl, 150 μmol·L-1 CdCl2, 20% (W/V) PEG6000, 100 μmol·L-1 ABA and 4 ℃ stresses for different time using real time RT-PCR. The results showed that the ThLTP gene was induced by all the treatments in leaf and root except the treatment of 4 ℃ treated in root. ThLTP was inserted into a prokaryotic expression vector (pET32a) to produce the recombinant expression vector pET32a-LTP. The Escherichia coli BL21 (pET32a) could not live but the E. coli BL21 (pET32a-LTP) came to the maximum after 3 h delayed growth under the stress of 0.8% (W/V) NaCl and 20% (W/V) PEG6000. The results showed that ThLTP may be a salt- and drought-tolerant gene and enhance the stress tolerance of the recombinant.
In this study, a novel LTP gene which was named ThLTP was cloned from the cDNA library of Tamarix hispida root treated by 0.4 mol·L-1 NaCl. The sequence of ThLTP was 635 bp in full length, a protein with 116 amino acids residues. The authors examined the expression pattern of the ThLTP gene in leaf and root of T. hispida treated with 0.2 mol·L-1 NaCl, 150 μmol·L-1 CdCl2, 20% (W/V) PEG6000, 100 μmol·L-1 ABA and 4 ℃ stresses for different time using real time RT-PCR. The results showed that the ThLTP gene was induced by all the treatments in leaf and root except the treatment of 4 ℃ treated in root. ThLTP was inserted into a prokaryotic expression vector (pET32a) to produce the recombinant expression vector pET32a-LTP. The Escherichia coli BL21 (pET32a) could not live but the E. coli BL21 (pET32a-LTP) came to the maximum after 3 h delayed growth under the stress of 0.8% (W/V) NaCl and 20% (W/V) PEG6000. The results showed that ThLTP may be a salt- and drought-tolerant gene and enhance the stress tolerance of the recombinant.
2012, 25(4): 500-504.
Abstract:
Taking Phyllostachys edulis seeds as test material, the effects of Pb2+ and Cd2+ on seed germination and seedling early growth were studied. The results indicated that the germination rate increased at first and decreased subsequently with the increasing of Pb2+ and Cd2+ concentrations, and these concentrations negatively affected the germination index and vigor index. Meanwhile, there had an inhibitory action between Pb2+, Cd2+ and roots growth, stems growth and biomass accumulation, and this action was enhanced by the increasing of concentration in solution, especially for seedling roots, the inhibitory ratio could up to 96.20% and 94.00% at most, respectively. Although the increase of Pb2+ and Cd2+ concentrations in solution significantly increased both on the aboveground part and underground part, the accumulation amount underground were much higher than the former. The maximum differences between the aboveground and underground could be up to 27.21 times (for Pb2+) and 6.25 times (for Cd2+) at the same concentrations.
Taking Phyllostachys edulis seeds as test material, the effects of Pb2+ and Cd2+ on seed germination and seedling early growth were studied. The results indicated that the germination rate increased at first and decreased subsequently with the increasing of Pb2+ and Cd2+ concentrations, and these concentrations negatively affected the germination index and vigor index. Meanwhile, there had an inhibitory action between Pb2+, Cd2+ and roots growth, stems growth and biomass accumulation, and this action was enhanced by the increasing of concentration in solution, especially for seedling roots, the inhibitory ratio could up to 96.20% and 94.00% at most, respectively. Although the increase of Pb2+ and Cd2+ concentrations in solution significantly increased both on the aboveground part and underground part, the accumulation amount underground were much higher than the former. The maximum differences between the aboveground and underground could be up to 27.21 times (for Pb2+) and 6.25 times (for Cd2+) at the same concentrations.
2012, 25(4): 505-509.
Abstract:
The branching pattern and leaf water feature of Taxus yunnanensis in different light environment were studied in Jingdong of Yunnan Province. The results showed that the architectural model was modified plastically in response to different light conditions, the leaf water feature also has some differences. T. yunnanensis had great stature and wide crown in theses areas where the light is sufficient, the crown fullness ratio was 0.97(almost double those under canopy). The average overall bifurcation ratio in full light environment was 8.57, it was significantly bigger than 6.40 of gap and 4.81 of under canopy, some other architectural parameters such as length of the first order branch, branch angle and leaf angle had the same trend. The leaves displayed significant differently in various light environments, the leaf number of branch in full light was 2.77 times of that in gap and 6.88 times of that under canopy, but all of them had the biggest amount of leaves distributed at the first-order branches. The water saturation deficit increased with the continuous weakening of light intensity, while the tissue density, relative water content and ratio of dry weight to fresh weight reduced with the tapering off of light. It indicated that the leaf’s ability of combating drought, retaining water and resisting water stress increased with the increase of the light intensity. These indicated that T. yunnanensis made some necessary changes in morphological and physiological aspects in order to accommodate it to the change of light environment.
The branching pattern and leaf water feature of Taxus yunnanensis in different light environment were studied in Jingdong of Yunnan Province. The results showed that the architectural model was modified plastically in response to different light conditions, the leaf water feature also has some differences. T. yunnanensis had great stature and wide crown in theses areas where the light is sufficient, the crown fullness ratio was 0.97(almost double those under canopy). The average overall bifurcation ratio in full light environment was 8.57, it was significantly bigger than 6.40 of gap and 4.81 of under canopy, some other architectural parameters such as length of the first order branch, branch angle and leaf angle had the same trend. The leaves displayed significant differently in various light environments, the leaf number of branch in full light was 2.77 times of that in gap and 6.88 times of that under canopy, but all of them had the biggest amount of leaves distributed at the first-order branches. The water saturation deficit increased with the continuous weakening of light intensity, while the tissue density, relative water content and ratio of dry weight to fresh weight reduced with the tapering off of light. It indicated that the leaf’s ability of combating drought, retaining water and resisting water stress increased with the increase of the light intensity. These indicated that T. yunnanensis made some necessary changes in morphological and physiological aspects in order to accommodate it to the change of light environment.
2012, 25(4): 510-515.
Abstract:
The mechanical properties of single tracheids sampled from the juvenile wood of four 12-year-old Japanese Larix clones were examined by using tensile testing. The results revealed that the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and breaking elongation of single tracheids of different clones were 11.44 GPa, 616.59 MPa and 6.54%, respectively, with the corresponding variation coefficient being 26.97%, 26.26% and 23.17%. The modulus of elasticity and breaking elongation of single tracheids were significantly different (at 0.01 level) among different clones of Japanese Larix, whereas the tensile strength showed insignificant difference. The modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and breaking elongation of single tracheids showed significant differences among different growth rings within a single tree. The repeatability of modulus of elasticity and breaking elongation of Japanese Larix clone were 0.79 and 0.57, respectively, indicating these two mechanical property indexes of tracheids being under moderate to strong genetic control. These results indicate that there are great potentials for early clone selection and genetic improvement in wood properties of Japanese Larix clones.
The mechanical properties of single tracheids sampled from the juvenile wood of four 12-year-old Japanese Larix clones were examined by using tensile testing. The results revealed that the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and breaking elongation of single tracheids of different clones were 11.44 GPa, 616.59 MPa and 6.54%, respectively, with the corresponding variation coefficient being 26.97%, 26.26% and 23.17%. The modulus of elasticity and breaking elongation of single tracheids were significantly different (at 0.01 level) among different clones of Japanese Larix, whereas the tensile strength showed insignificant difference. The modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and breaking elongation of single tracheids showed significant differences among different growth rings within a single tree. The repeatability of modulus of elasticity and breaking elongation of Japanese Larix clone were 0.79 and 0.57, respectively, indicating these two mechanical property indexes of tracheids being under moderate to strong genetic control. These results indicate that there are great potentials for early clone selection and genetic improvement in wood properties of Japanese Larix clones.
2012, 25(4): 516-520.
Abstract:
The stem segments and leaves of Acer negundo as explants were put on MS basis culture media with various hormones matching. The results indicated that the callus was induced from leaves on all kinds of culture media, but without the adventitious buds obtained. The callus induced from stem segments was found on several types of culture media, while the regeneration buds were only found on MS+0.000 5 mg·L-1 TDZ + 0.01 mg·L-1 NAA and differentiation ratio of buds was 22.8%. The rooting rate was 83.3% on MS + 0.1 mg·L-1 NAA. The survival rate of transplantion was 86.2%.
The stem segments and leaves of Acer negundo as explants were put on MS basis culture media with various hormones matching. The results indicated that the callus was induced from leaves on all kinds of culture media, but without the adventitious buds obtained. The callus induced from stem segments was found on several types of culture media, while the regeneration buds were only found on MS+0.000 5 mg·L-1 TDZ + 0.01 mg·L-1 NAA and differentiation ratio of buds was 22.8%. The rooting rate was 83.3% on MS + 0.1 mg·L-1 NAA. The survival rate of transplantion was 86.2%.
2012, 25(4): 521-525.
Abstract:
Studying on the relationship between phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of tissue cultured plantlets of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and its disease-resistance, the PAL, PPO and SOD activities of the plantlets cultured in bottles and in greenhouse were measured. The result showed that after the plantlets were treated with brown-spot needle blight toxin, the PAL and PPO activities showed a positive correlation into disease resistance, and the SOD activity showed a certain degree of negative correlation at the 48-168 h.
Studying on the relationship between phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of tissue cultured plantlets of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and its disease-resistance, the PAL, PPO and SOD activities of the plantlets cultured in bottles and in greenhouse were measured. The result showed that after the plantlets were treated with brown-spot needle blight toxin, the PAL and PPO activities showed a positive correlation into disease resistance, and the SOD activity showed a certain degree of negative correlation at the 48-168 h.
2012, 25(4): 526-530.
Abstract:
Calocedrus macrolepis is a precious timber species in China. The method of stem analysis was used to compare the growth characteristics of C. macrolepis in Mojiang and Changning of Yunnan Province, which are the main distribution of C. macrolepis. The results indicated that: (1) The growth rate was slow in the initial 20 years, and the stand reached quantitative maturity at 70a when the volume increment began to decrease and tend to be stable. (2) C. macrolepis are shade tolerance and heliophilic. The growth vigor of C. macrolepis in Mojiang was better than that in Changning, which was consistent with environmental conditions. (3) According to its growth characteristics, some management measure were put forward including putting up shed in seedling stage, release cutting in sapling stage, thinning in mature age, etc.
Calocedrus macrolepis is a precious timber species in China. The method of stem analysis was used to compare the growth characteristics of C. macrolepis in Mojiang and Changning of Yunnan Province, which are the main distribution of C. macrolepis. The results indicated that: (1) The growth rate was slow in the initial 20 years, and the stand reached quantitative maturity at 70a when the volume increment began to decrease and tend to be stable. (2) C. macrolepis are shade tolerance and heliophilic. The growth vigor of C. macrolepis in Mojiang was better than that in Changning, which was consistent with environmental conditions. (3) According to its growth characteristics, some management measure were put forward including putting up shed in seedling stage, release cutting in sapling stage, thinning in mature age, etc.
2012, 25(4): 531-534.
Abstract:
The in vitro plantlet leaves and stems of 4 elite Eucalyptus clones commonly cultivated in production were used as explants to study the callus induction and differentiation under different callus induction time, in order to establish an effective callus regeneration system. The results showed: The clones Eg5 and DH201-2 leaf callus inducted for 45 d were suitable for differentiation of adventitious buds, with the highest regeneration rate of 70.0% and 63.3% respectively. 20 d and 15 d were the best induction times for leaf callus inducting and stem callus inducting of clone GL9, with the regeneration rates of 66.7% and 63.3% respectively. The best regeneration rate of DH3229 was 16.7% from stem callus inducted for 30 d. There were significant differences in regeneration rate among the 4 clones. Clones Eg5, DH201-2, and GL9 were easy to regenerate compared with DH3229. No obvious difference was found in regeneration rate of leaf callus and stem callus from same clone.
The in vitro plantlet leaves and stems of 4 elite Eucalyptus clones commonly cultivated in production were used as explants to study the callus induction and differentiation under different callus induction time, in order to establish an effective callus regeneration system. The results showed: The clones Eg5 and DH201-2 leaf callus inducted for 45 d were suitable for differentiation of adventitious buds, with the highest regeneration rate of 70.0% and 63.3% respectively. 20 d and 15 d were the best induction times for leaf callus inducting and stem callus inducting of clone GL9, with the regeneration rates of 66.7% and 63.3% respectively. The best regeneration rate of DH3229 was 16.7% from stem callus inducted for 30 d. There were significant differences in regeneration rate among the 4 clones. Clones Eg5, DH201-2, and GL9 were easy to regenerate compared with DH3229. No obvious difference was found in regeneration rate of leaf callus and stem callus from same clone.
2012, 25(4): 535-539.
Abstract:
Dasychira dudgeoni is one of the main insect pests on Camellia oleifera in southern China. So far, there are no reports on the biocharacteristics of this insect. In this study, the biological characteristics of D. dudgeoni were investigated by field survey and laboratory observation. D. dudgeoni has 2—3 generations each year, and overwinters as eggs in Zhejiang Province. The eggs hatch during late February and early March. The first to third instar larva feed on the lower surface of leaves or the pericarp of the fruit. Later they feed mainly on leaves. The mature 5th instar larva move to lower leaves and combine two complete leaves by spinning silk into a ridge shaped cocoon then pupate inside. The female adults stay on the surface of the cocoon waiting for the male adult to mate. And the next day, the females lay eggs on the cocoon, then fly to the lower surface of leaves to oviposit.
Dasychira dudgeoni is one of the main insect pests on Camellia oleifera in southern China. So far, there are no reports on the biocharacteristics of this insect. In this study, the biological characteristics of D. dudgeoni were investigated by field survey and laboratory observation. D. dudgeoni has 2—3 generations each year, and overwinters as eggs in Zhejiang Province. The eggs hatch during late February and early March. The first to third instar larva feed on the lower surface of leaves or the pericarp of the fruit. Later they feed mainly on leaves. The mature 5th instar larva move to lower leaves and combine two complete leaves by spinning silk into a ridge shaped cocoon then pupate inside. The female adults stay on the surface of the cocoon waiting for the male adult to mate. And the next day, the females lay eggs on the cocoon, then fly to the lower surface of leaves to oviposit.
2012, 25(4): 540-544.
Abstract:
The partial correlation analysis on the relationship between the main meteorological factors and daily emergence amount of Carpomyia vesuviana overwinter generation adult from the beginning to the peak of emergence was conducted. The results of stepwise regression analysis show that the air temperature, the soil temperature and the relative humidity of soil are the main meteorological factors affecting the emergence amount of overwintering emergence. The results of Path analysis and decision-making system analysis show that the air temperature has positive affect on the emergence and is an important index directly impacting on the emergence amount of C. vesuviana; The soil temperature is the most important factor limiting the amount of emergence; the soil relative humidity has the greatest comprehensive influence on the amount of emergence. Based on partial correlation analysis, a multiple regression equation was established on the main meteorological factors and C. vesuviana overwintering generation adult emergence. The emergence amount predicted by the model is significantly correlated with the amount of emergence which was field measured. So this model is applicable for forecasting the amount of C. vesuviana overwintering generation adult.
The partial correlation analysis on the relationship between the main meteorological factors and daily emergence amount of Carpomyia vesuviana overwinter generation adult from the beginning to the peak of emergence was conducted. The results of stepwise regression analysis show that the air temperature, the soil temperature and the relative humidity of soil are the main meteorological factors affecting the emergence amount of overwintering emergence. The results of Path analysis and decision-making system analysis show that the air temperature has positive affect on the emergence and is an important index directly impacting on the emergence amount of C. vesuviana; The soil temperature is the most important factor limiting the amount of emergence; the soil relative humidity has the greatest comprehensive influence on the amount of emergence. Based on partial correlation analysis, a multiple regression equation was established on the main meteorological factors and C. vesuviana overwintering generation adult emergence. The emergence amount predicted by the model is significantly correlated with the amount of emergence which was field measured. So this model is applicable for forecasting the amount of C. vesuviana overwintering generation adult.
Subvmission Guidelines
Peer Review
Reviewer Online
Office Work
Email alert
RSS