2014 Vol. 27, No. 4
Display Method:
2014, 27(4): 445-453.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
Based on 24 sample plots with different biotopes and afforestation modes in Sanming and Jian'ou of Fujian Province, the growth and stand differentiation of Phoebe bournei were analyzed. The results indicated that: for 45-year-old Phoebe bournei pure plantation, the height displayed conversely with the diameter at breast height (DBH), the average height of Phoebe bournei grown at north and east slope was taller than that at south and west slope; however, the average DBH of stand at south and east slope was significantly larger than that of plantation at north and west slope; while the growth of the plantation at middle and lower slope was better than that at upper slope. For 45-year-old mixed plantation, the plantation mixed with Cunninghamia lanceolata was superior than that of other mixed modes such as mixed with Fokienia hodginsii, Phyllostachys edulis and Schima superba. Likewise, the 8 to 10-years-old Phoebe bournei plantation grown under different shady environment displayed that young stand planted under Pinus massoniana crown and interplanted with coppice shoot of fir did better than that of under C. lanceolata. Not only the height of Phoebe bournei with the two modes mentioned above, but also the DBH of them were larger than that of under C. lanceolata mode. The variation of height and DBH of Phoebe bournei plantation in same direction and position of slope, mixed plantation and the under Pinus massoniana crown mode were small, oppositely, differentiation in crown of that was large. The model fitting diameter distribution for different microsites (slope, position of slope) and mixed modes of Phoebe bournei plantation with cumulative distribution function of Weibull distribution were good; The diameter distribution for plantation in different direction and position of slope, mixed plantation with Phyllostachys edulis and that planted under shady environment were the reverse "J" type which means the stands had been undergoing stable stand structure and reasonable competition and the adaptability of this tree species strong. However, the diameter distribution for plantation mixed with C. lanceolata, F. hodginsii and S. superba took single hump with left avertence shape which indicated that the stands were in the late stage of natural thinning of competition period. And the tree species in class Ⅱ and Ⅲ were dominant in the stands excepting the plantation grown with coppice shoot of fir and under C. lanceolata according to tree classification. Thus, it is necessary to select the microsite and mixed mode for Phoebe bournei plantation depending on cultivation target. For example, the pure plantation should be in partial sunny, half shady, middle and lower slope. Phoebe bournei plantation should be planted under shady environment and the crown tree species could be removed when the target plantations reach its middle stage. C. lanceolata is a better choice for Phoebe bournei. While, it is better to remove the associated species in Phoebe bournei plantations mixed with C. lanceolata and interplanted with coppice shoot of fir when they reach to closure period. If possible, it should choose under Pinus massoniana crown mode when planted under shady environment and fertility site.
Based on 24 sample plots with different biotopes and afforestation modes in Sanming and Jian'ou of Fujian Province, the growth and stand differentiation of Phoebe bournei were analyzed. The results indicated that: for 45-year-old Phoebe bournei pure plantation, the height displayed conversely with the diameter at breast height (DBH), the average height of Phoebe bournei grown at north and east slope was taller than that at south and west slope; however, the average DBH of stand at south and east slope was significantly larger than that of plantation at north and west slope; while the growth of the plantation at middle and lower slope was better than that at upper slope. For 45-year-old mixed plantation, the plantation mixed with Cunninghamia lanceolata was superior than that of other mixed modes such as mixed with Fokienia hodginsii, Phyllostachys edulis and Schima superba. Likewise, the 8 to 10-years-old Phoebe bournei plantation grown under different shady environment displayed that young stand planted under Pinus massoniana crown and interplanted with coppice shoot of fir did better than that of under C. lanceolata. Not only the height of Phoebe bournei with the two modes mentioned above, but also the DBH of them were larger than that of under C. lanceolata mode. The variation of height and DBH of Phoebe bournei plantation in same direction and position of slope, mixed plantation and the under Pinus massoniana crown mode were small, oppositely, differentiation in crown of that was large. The model fitting diameter distribution for different microsites (slope, position of slope) and mixed modes of Phoebe bournei plantation with cumulative distribution function of Weibull distribution were good; The diameter distribution for plantation in different direction and position of slope, mixed plantation with Phyllostachys edulis and that planted under shady environment were the reverse "J" type which means the stands had been undergoing stable stand structure and reasonable competition and the adaptability of this tree species strong. However, the diameter distribution for plantation mixed with C. lanceolata, F. hodginsii and S. superba took single hump with left avertence shape which indicated that the stands were in the late stage of natural thinning of competition period. And the tree species in class Ⅱ and Ⅲ were dominant in the stands excepting the plantation grown with coppice shoot of fir and under C. lanceolata according to tree classification. Thus, it is necessary to select the microsite and mixed mode for Phoebe bournei plantation depending on cultivation target. For example, the pure plantation should be in partial sunny, half shady, middle and lower slope. Phoebe bournei plantation should be planted under shady environment and the crown tree species could be removed when the target plantations reach its middle stage. C. lanceolata is a better choice for Phoebe bournei. While, it is better to remove the associated species in Phoebe bournei plantations mixed with C. lanceolata and interplanted with coppice shoot of fir when they reach to closure period. If possible, it should choose under Pinus massoniana crown mode when planted under shady environment and fertility site.
2014, 27(4): 454-458.
Abstract:
The allocation patterns of biomass in five plantations were studied by harvesting method and established allometric equations in subtropical area of south China. The results showed that the biomass of different species plantations were quite different in the same circumstances such as similar site conditions, age and management measures, showing that Mytilaria laosensis stand (404.95 t·hm-2) > Michelia macclurei stand (376.61 t·hm-2) > Pinus massoniana stand (239.94 t·hm-2) > Castanopsis hystrix stand (231.01 t·hm-2) > Mesua ferrea stand (181.06 t·hm-2). The biomass spatial pattern dominated by tree layer, which accounted for 87.71%-97.86%, followed by the litter layer, accounting for 1.96%-10.90%, shrub and herb layers were the minimum, accounting for only 0.02%-1.09%. The organ biomass pattern of tree layer showed that proportion of stem biomass was the largest, followed by the root's or branch's, and then followed by the bark's, the lowest was the leaf's overall. The biomasses of shrub layer, herb layer, and floor litter among different stands were quite different. C. hystrix stand and P. massoniana stand had higher biomass of shrub layer, Mytilaria laosensis stand and Michelia macclurei stand were lower, Mesua ferrea stand was the lowest. The biomasses of herb layer and floor litter showed a similar law, that of P. massoniana stand was the highest, C. hystrix secondly, Mytilaria laosensis stand, Michelia macclurei stand and Mesua ferrea stand were lower.
The allocation patterns of biomass in five plantations were studied by harvesting method and established allometric equations in subtropical area of south China. The results showed that the biomass of different species plantations were quite different in the same circumstances such as similar site conditions, age and management measures, showing that Mytilaria laosensis stand (404.95 t·hm-2) > Michelia macclurei stand (376.61 t·hm-2) > Pinus massoniana stand (239.94 t·hm-2) > Castanopsis hystrix stand (231.01 t·hm-2) > Mesua ferrea stand (181.06 t·hm-2). The biomass spatial pattern dominated by tree layer, which accounted for 87.71%-97.86%, followed by the litter layer, accounting for 1.96%-10.90%, shrub and herb layers were the minimum, accounting for only 0.02%-1.09%. The organ biomass pattern of tree layer showed that proportion of stem biomass was the largest, followed by the root's or branch's, and then followed by the bark's, the lowest was the leaf's overall. The biomasses of shrub layer, herb layer, and floor litter among different stands were quite different. C. hystrix stand and P. massoniana stand had higher biomass of shrub layer, Mytilaria laosensis stand and Michelia macclurei stand were lower, Mesua ferrea stand was the lowest. The biomasses of herb layer and floor litter showed a similar law, that of P. massoniana stand was the highest, C. hystrix secondly, Mytilaria laosensis stand, Michelia macclurei stand and Mesua ferrea stand were lower.
2014, 27(4): 459-465.
Abstract:
The host selection and oviposition choice behavior of Micromelalopha sieversi (Staudinger) among five Populus deltoids clones were observed by observation, and the host volatile extract were prepared for the purpose of comparing the differences in host selectivity, analyzing the impact of volatile substances on the moth host selection. The results showed that there were different host selection rates of different gender and physiological state moths. The females showed differences in host selectivity, while the males did not. There were more mated female moths made host choices than the virgin moths. The statistical results of host oviposition selectivity suggested that Biyu had the strongest oviposition attractant activity, followed by Populus×canadenesis ‘Guariento’, but there were no significant differences among the other treatments and controls.
The host selection and oviposition choice behavior of Micromelalopha sieversi (Staudinger) among five Populus deltoids clones were observed by observation, and the host volatile extract were prepared for the purpose of comparing the differences in host selectivity, analyzing the impact of volatile substances on the moth host selection. The results showed that there were different host selection rates of different gender and physiological state moths. The females showed differences in host selectivity, while the males did not. There were more mated female moths made host choices than the virgin moths. The statistical results of host oviposition selectivity suggested that Biyu had the strongest oviposition attractant activity, followed by Populus×canadenesis ‘Guariento’, but there were no significant differences among the other treatments and controls.
2014, 27(4): 466-473.
Abstract:
The reproductive development of male inflorescence for Betula platyphylla takes almost a whole year from the emergence of original male inflorescence to the formation of mature pollen. The early and middle development periods are much essential for the development of male gametophyte of B. platyphylla. The differentially expressed transcripts in early and middle developmental stages were analyzed by cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) technique. Among 62 successfully sequenced fragments, 30 showed significant homologies to known genes in Genbank, while the other 32 were supposed to unknown and new sequences. GO annotation showed that these known genes were involved in the processes of metabolic process, cellular process, response to stimulus, reproduction, signal transduction, and biological regulation, and then with the molecular function of catalytic activity, binding molecular, enzyme regulator activity and transporter activity. Two important TDFs involved in reproduction and male inflorescence development of B. platyphylla were found, named as Bplbs658 and Bplbs199. In addition, the transcript expression of 11 TDFs were examined in different tissues by qRT-PCR. The results indicated that these genes were involved in the development of both floral tissues and vegetative tissues of B. platyphylla with distinct tissue-specific expression patterns.
The reproductive development of male inflorescence for Betula platyphylla takes almost a whole year from the emergence of original male inflorescence to the formation of mature pollen. The early and middle development periods are much essential for the development of male gametophyte of B. platyphylla. The differentially expressed transcripts in early and middle developmental stages were analyzed by cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) technique. Among 62 successfully sequenced fragments, 30 showed significant homologies to known genes in Genbank, while the other 32 were supposed to unknown and new sequences. GO annotation showed that these known genes were involved in the processes of metabolic process, cellular process, response to stimulus, reproduction, signal transduction, and biological regulation, and then with the molecular function of catalytic activity, binding molecular, enzyme regulator activity and transporter activity. Two important TDFs involved in reproduction and male inflorescence development of B. platyphylla were found, named as Bplbs658 and Bplbs199. In addition, the transcript expression of 11 TDFs were examined in different tissues by qRT-PCR. The results indicated that these genes were involved in the development of both floral tissues and vegetative tissues of B. platyphylla with distinct tissue-specific expression patterns.
2014, 27(4): 474-480.
Abstract:
In order to explore the genetic variation among Pinus bungeana populations, their genetic diversity and differentiation level were studied in 21 natural populations by EST-SSR markers. 14 polymorphic loci were detected in 663 individuals among 21 natural populations using 7 pairs of EST-SSR primes. The effective number of alleles (Ne), Shannon's information index (I), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He) and Nei's expected heterozygosity (Nei's) were 1.156 5-1.601 9, 0.133 5-0.492 5, 0.138 4-0.397 3, 0.086-0.342 8, and 0.084 6-0.337 4 respectively. The results of genetic differentiation analysis showed that the average Fst and Nm were 0.215 2 and 0.911 9 respectively, the gene flow was less and the genetic differentiation was high among populations. Central regions of genetic diversity are mainly in west and south of the distribution and the genetic diversity in distribution changed regularly from west to east and from south to north.
In order to explore the genetic variation among Pinus bungeana populations, their genetic diversity and differentiation level were studied in 21 natural populations by EST-SSR markers. 14 polymorphic loci were detected in 663 individuals among 21 natural populations using 7 pairs of EST-SSR primes. The effective number of alleles (Ne), Shannon's information index (I), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He) and Nei's expected heterozygosity (Nei's) were 1.156 5-1.601 9, 0.133 5-0.492 5, 0.138 4-0.397 3, 0.086-0.342 8, and 0.084 6-0.337 4 respectively. The results of genetic differentiation analysis showed that the average Fst and Nm were 0.215 2 and 0.911 9 respectively, the gene flow was less and the genetic differentiation was high among populations. Central regions of genetic diversity are mainly in west and south of the distribution and the genetic diversity in distribution changed regularly from west to east and from south to north.
2014, 27(4): 481-486.
Abstract:
In order to propose new design ideas of recovering mixed stand which mainly composed by Pinus koraiensis, some issues about stand structure were discussed and analyzed, such as diameter, spatial pattern, stand volume growth, regeneration and plant diversity, based on three types of overcutting spruce-fir forest on Changbai Mountains. The most difference among the forests was the ratio of conifer trees to broad-leaved trees, with stepped-rates of 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3. The results showed that: P. koraiensis forest became cutting object because of unreasonable and non-operating cutting in the past. The amount of P. koraiensis trees greatly changed among different diameter intervals, and loss happened when diameter greater than 18 cm, which led to the decline of parent tree, seed and provenance, contrary to positive evolution. The spatial pattern of mixed stand was not exactly the same as that of the main tree species, and showed difference among different trees in the same stand. The three forests with different needle/broadleaf ratios followed a random, aggregation and uniform distribution. P. koraiensis assumed aggregation distribution. So the following should be done to recover mixed stand which mainly composed of P. koraiensis. 1. Taking P. koraiensis and precious broadleaf species as the goal, adopting the target tree cultivation method, removing the trees affecting the renewal and growth of target trees, taking spruce fir and broad-leaved tree as accompanying species, weakening the dominance of spruce and fir, and eventually restored the stand gradually to the P. koraiensis and broad-leaved mixed stand; 2. For the stand with conifer tree and broadleaved tree mixed in the ratio of 8:2 and 7:3, changing aggregation distribution into uniform distribution through repair planting, intermediate cutting and combined with natural regeneration; 3. Adopting artificial supplementary interventions to help the natural regeneration of P. koraiensis, such as repair planting, litter cleaning and so on.
In order to propose new design ideas of recovering mixed stand which mainly composed by Pinus koraiensis, some issues about stand structure were discussed and analyzed, such as diameter, spatial pattern, stand volume growth, regeneration and plant diversity, based on three types of overcutting spruce-fir forest on Changbai Mountains. The most difference among the forests was the ratio of conifer trees to broad-leaved trees, with stepped-rates of 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3. The results showed that: P. koraiensis forest became cutting object because of unreasonable and non-operating cutting in the past. The amount of P. koraiensis trees greatly changed among different diameter intervals, and loss happened when diameter greater than 18 cm, which led to the decline of parent tree, seed and provenance, contrary to positive evolution. The spatial pattern of mixed stand was not exactly the same as that of the main tree species, and showed difference among different trees in the same stand. The three forests with different needle/broadleaf ratios followed a random, aggregation and uniform distribution. P. koraiensis assumed aggregation distribution. So the following should be done to recover mixed stand which mainly composed of P. koraiensis. 1. Taking P. koraiensis and precious broadleaf species as the goal, adopting the target tree cultivation method, removing the trees affecting the renewal and growth of target trees, taking spruce fir and broad-leaved tree as accompanying species, weakening the dominance of spruce and fir, and eventually restored the stand gradually to the P. koraiensis and broad-leaved mixed stand; 2. For the stand with conifer tree and broadleaved tree mixed in the ratio of 8:2 and 7:3, changing aggregation distribution into uniform distribution through repair planting, intermediate cutting and combined with natural regeneration; 3. Adopting artificial supplementary interventions to help the natural regeneration of P. koraiensis, such as repair planting, litter cleaning and so on.
2014, 27(4): 487-492.
Abstract:
The soil bulk density, the soil moisture content, the water storage capacity and the infiltration of grassland, Caragana sinica land and Robinia pseudoacacia land on the loess hilly region in west Shanxi Province were analyzed to compare the differences and correlations. The result showed that all the three vegetation types were able to effectively reduce the soil density of the surface layer. In terms of storage capacity, the retention storage capacity of 0-20 cm layer of the three vegetation types were higher, which performed that the C. sinica land (198.80 t·m-3)>R. pseudoacacia land (166.10 t·m-3)>grassland (87.37 t·m-3), and the retention storage capacity of 20-40 cm layer were C. sinica land (127.30 t·m-3)>R. pseudoacacia land (55.60 t·m-3)>grassland (47.30 t·m-3). It showed that the role of water conservation of C. sinica land on loess hilly area was the highest; in terms of soil infiltration, the steady infiltration rate of C. sinica land was the highest, which was 1.80 mm·min-1, followed by R. pseudoacacia land, which was 1.46 mm·min-1, grassland was the lowest; And the average infiltration rate of C. sinica land was also the highest, which was 4.81mm·min-1, and followed by R. pseudoacacia land, which was 4.51 mm·min-1, and the grassland was the lowest. It indicated that C. sinica land was the optimal choice in loess hilly area; the soil density was extreme significantly and negatively correlated with the retention storage capacity, initial infiltration rate, steady infiltration rate, and average infiltration rate, and was extreme significantly and positively correlated with the non-capillary porosity and both the steady infiltration rate and average infiltration rate. The smaller the soil density, the greater the non-capillary porosity, and the stronger the water conservation capacity of soil.
The soil bulk density, the soil moisture content, the water storage capacity and the infiltration of grassland, Caragana sinica land and Robinia pseudoacacia land on the loess hilly region in west Shanxi Province were analyzed to compare the differences and correlations. The result showed that all the three vegetation types were able to effectively reduce the soil density of the surface layer. In terms of storage capacity, the retention storage capacity of 0-20 cm layer of the three vegetation types were higher, which performed that the C. sinica land (198.80 t·m-3)>R. pseudoacacia land (166.10 t·m-3)>grassland (87.37 t·m-3), and the retention storage capacity of 20-40 cm layer were C. sinica land (127.30 t·m-3)>R. pseudoacacia land (55.60 t·m-3)>grassland (47.30 t·m-3). It showed that the role of water conservation of C. sinica land on loess hilly area was the highest; in terms of soil infiltration, the steady infiltration rate of C. sinica land was the highest, which was 1.80 mm·min-1, followed by R. pseudoacacia land, which was 1.46 mm·min-1, grassland was the lowest; And the average infiltration rate of C. sinica land was also the highest, which was 4.81mm·min-1, and followed by R. pseudoacacia land, which was 4.51 mm·min-1, and the grassland was the lowest. It indicated that C. sinica land was the optimal choice in loess hilly area; the soil density was extreme significantly and negatively correlated with the retention storage capacity, initial infiltration rate, steady infiltration rate, and average infiltration rate, and was extreme significantly and positively correlated with the non-capillary porosity and both the steady infiltration rate and average infiltration rate. The smaller the soil density, the greater the non-capillary porosity, and the stronger the water conservation capacity of soil.
2014, 27(4): 493-497.
Abstract:
A study was conducted on Robinia pseudoacacia cl.‘Zhaiguan’ for its afforestation with truncated and un-truncated stocks, and the stem management measures for its young plantation made by truncated stocks, such as singling of sprouts, removal of lateral buds or pruning at Minquan Forest Farm in He'nan Province. The following results and conclusions were achieved in the study: (1) The appropriate type of planting stock for establishing fast-grow and high yielding R. pseudoacacia cl. ‘Zhaiguan’ plantation is the truncated stock, as compared with the plantation made by un-truncated stocks, the survival rate of plantation made by truncated stock was 9.50% higher, and the height growth in the current year, the second year and the third year after planting were 13.6%, 11.1% and 11.4% higher. (2) The mortality for stem of survived trees reached 52.30% as the plantation made by un-truncated stocks. (3) Any stem management measures in grown season of the current year, such as singling of sprouts, removal of lateral buds or cutting short of competitive branches, could reduce the DBH and height growth of R. pseudoacacia cl. ‘Zhaiguan’ in the current year if the plantation is made by truncated stocks, as the growth performance of young plantation appeared no singling of sprouts + no removal of lateral buds>singling of sprouts + no removal of lateral buds> singling of sprouts + removal of lateral buds, but the negative impact on growth would weaken or eliminate in the third years after planting. (4) The maximum DBH and height growth and good stem form of 3-year-old plantation would be gained, when cutting off the competitive branch on top crown of trees in the winter of the current year or early next spring before growing season while no any stem management measures were conducted after planting with the truncated stocks in grown season of the current year.
A study was conducted on Robinia pseudoacacia cl.‘Zhaiguan’ for its afforestation with truncated and un-truncated stocks, and the stem management measures for its young plantation made by truncated stocks, such as singling of sprouts, removal of lateral buds or pruning at Minquan Forest Farm in He'nan Province. The following results and conclusions were achieved in the study: (1) The appropriate type of planting stock for establishing fast-grow and high yielding R. pseudoacacia cl. ‘Zhaiguan’ plantation is the truncated stock, as compared with the plantation made by un-truncated stocks, the survival rate of plantation made by truncated stock was 9.50% higher, and the height growth in the current year, the second year and the third year after planting were 13.6%, 11.1% and 11.4% higher. (2) The mortality for stem of survived trees reached 52.30% as the plantation made by un-truncated stocks. (3) Any stem management measures in grown season of the current year, such as singling of sprouts, removal of lateral buds or cutting short of competitive branches, could reduce the DBH and height growth of R. pseudoacacia cl. ‘Zhaiguan’ in the current year if the plantation is made by truncated stocks, as the growth performance of young plantation appeared no singling of sprouts + no removal of lateral buds>singling of sprouts + no removal of lateral buds> singling of sprouts + removal of lateral buds, but the negative impact on growth would weaken or eliminate in the third years after planting. (4) The maximum DBH and height growth and good stem form of 3-year-old plantation would be gained, when cutting off the competitive branch on top crown of trees in the winter of the current year or early next spring before growing season while no any stem management measures were conducted after planting with the truncated stocks in grown season of the current year.
2014, 27(4): 498-501.
Abstract:
By geostatistic, the heterogeneous spatial distribution of topsoil moisture in typical naturally-regenerated montane broad-leaved mixed forests of Northern China were analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that in Betula platyphylla-Populus davidiana dominated broad-leaved forests, the topsoil moisture did not differ greatly among different quadrats. The heterogeneous spatial distribution of topsoil moisture was obvious in a small range (13.10 m), the spatial auto-correlated factors accounted for a large proportion (71.9%). A great spatial pattern was observed.
By geostatistic, the heterogeneous spatial distribution of topsoil moisture in typical naturally-regenerated montane broad-leaved mixed forests of Northern China were analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that in Betula platyphylla-Populus davidiana dominated broad-leaved forests, the topsoil moisture did not differ greatly among different quadrats. The heterogeneous spatial distribution of topsoil moisture was obvious in a small range (13.10 m), the spatial auto-correlated factors accounted for a large proportion (71.9%). A great spatial pattern was observed.
2014, 27(4): 502-507.
Abstract:
Nyssa yunnanensis is a critically endangered species in China,with only 8 wild populations left in Yunnan. In order to study the causes of endangerment and make effective protection, both methods of in-situ experiment in field and manipulated greenhouse experiments were used to examine whether N. yunnanensis had autotoxic effects on seed germination and seedling growth. The results demonstrated that the seed germination of N. yunnanensis was significantly inhibited by the litter in the field and its seed capsule. Also, different organs of N. yunnanensis aqueous extract have significant negative effects on seeds germination, among which the inhibition rate of root aqueous extracts (80.90%) was significantly higher than that of other parts' aqueous extracts. Furthermore, the seedling growth (shoot height, number of leaves and biomass) of N. yunnanensis was suppressed by aqueous extracts of different organs of itself. And seedling growth was significantly poorer on the soil where N. yunnanensis had previously grown than on the soils where N. sinensis had previously grown or no plants had grown. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that N. yunnanensis negatively affects its natural regeneration through autotoxicity.
Nyssa yunnanensis is a critically endangered species in China,with only 8 wild populations left in Yunnan. In order to study the causes of endangerment and make effective protection, both methods of in-situ experiment in field and manipulated greenhouse experiments were used to examine whether N. yunnanensis had autotoxic effects on seed germination and seedling growth. The results demonstrated that the seed germination of N. yunnanensis was significantly inhibited by the litter in the field and its seed capsule. Also, different organs of N. yunnanensis aqueous extract have significant negative effects on seeds germination, among which the inhibition rate of root aqueous extracts (80.90%) was significantly higher than that of other parts' aqueous extracts. Furthermore, the seedling growth (shoot height, number of leaves and biomass) of N. yunnanensis was suppressed by aqueous extracts of different organs of itself. And seedling growth was significantly poorer on the soil where N. yunnanensis had previously grown than on the soils where N. sinensis had previously grown or no plants had grown. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that N. yunnanensis negatively affects its natural regeneration through autotoxicity.
2014, 27(4): 508-513.
Abstract:
The characteristics of seed germination of six Sophora moorcroftiana provenances were examined, and the relationships among seed size, germination and elevation were analyzed. The results indicated that: 1) the number of seed per pod varied from 2.96 to 4.50, the mass of 1 000 seed ranged from 30.639 g to 47.415 g, the seed length and width varied from 4.314~4.926 mm and 3.244~3.693 mm, respectively, and the ratios of seed length to width ranged from 1.306 to 1.383. The analysis of variance showed that except the ratios of seed length to width, there were significant differences in the number of seed per pod, the mass of 1 000 seed, the seed length and width among provenances; 2) the percentage of seed germination changed from 43.16% to 90.03% among six provenances, of which the highest was Sajia provenance and the lowest was Mirui provenance; 3); the difference in the start time of seed germination among six provenances was only one day; the persistent time of seed germination varied from 14 to 23 days and the maximum difference in it among the six provenances was 9 days; the summit of seed germination ranged from 17 to 27 days, and it was a large difference among provenances, of which the longest was Sajia provenance and the shortest was Langxian provenance; 4) with increasing altitude, the number of seed per pod significantly declined (R=-0.844 3, PR=0.614 3, PR=-0.883 6, PR=0.804 7, P<0.05).
The characteristics of seed germination of six Sophora moorcroftiana provenances were examined, and the relationships among seed size, germination and elevation were analyzed. The results indicated that: 1) the number of seed per pod varied from 2.96 to 4.50, the mass of 1 000 seed ranged from 30.639 g to 47.415 g, the seed length and width varied from 4.314~4.926 mm and 3.244~3.693 mm, respectively, and the ratios of seed length to width ranged from 1.306 to 1.383. The analysis of variance showed that except the ratios of seed length to width, there were significant differences in the number of seed per pod, the mass of 1 000 seed, the seed length and width among provenances; 2) the percentage of seed germination changed from 43.16% to 90.03% among six provenances, of which the highest was Sajia provenance and the lowest was Mirui provenance; 3); the difference in the start time of seed germination among six provenances was only one day; the persistent time of seed germination varied from 14 to 23 days and the maximum difference in it among the six provenances was 9 days; the summit of seed germination ranged from 17 to 27 days, and it was a large difference among provenances, of which the longest was Sajia provenance and the shortest was Langxian provenance; 4) with increasing altitude, the number of seed per pod significantly declined (R=-0.844 3, PR=0.614 3, PR=-0.883 6, PR=0.804 7, P<0.05).
2014, 27(4): 514-520.
Abstract:
Phyllanthus emblica L. has a longer harvest period than most of the other fruits and could be remained on the tree in winter. However, the post-harvested P. emblica suffers from high weight loss and rotting rate, and is easy to browning, so the storage of P.emblica is a key problem in processing industry. In this study, the storage of P. emblica was tested with different packaging, pretreatment and storage temperatures. The result showed that at the condition of cold shock treatment, vacuum packaging and stored at 4℃, the weight loss and water content of P. emblica were zero and 81.5% respectively. The time of storage could be as long as 70 days, while the physicochemical properties of P. emblica changed little, and the nutrition components, such as Vc and sugar, were well preserved.
Phyllanthus emblica L. has a longer harvest period than most of the other fruits and could be remained on the tree in winter. However, the post-harvested P. emblica suffers from high weight loss and rotting rate, and is easy to browning, so the storage of P.emblica is a key problem in processing industry. In this study, the storage of P. emblica was tested with different packaging, pretreatment and storage temperatures. The result showed that at the condition of cold shock treatment, vacuum packaging and stored at 4℃, the weight loss and water content of P. emblica were zero and 81.5% respectively. The time of storage could be as long as 70 days, while the physicochemical properties of P. emblica changed little, and the nutrition components, such as Vc and sugar, were well preserved.
2014, 27(4): 521-528.
Abstract:
472 wild tree species were identified in Hebei's tree germplasm resources survey and 98 of which were considered as the species with landscaping value. According to Analytic Hierarchy Process, the program modules were created, and the weights about the indicators at all levels of landscaping value were fixed. With the census data of tree germplasm resources of Hebei province and using Knowledge Based Engineering technology, the composite weight of each wild species was got then the cluster analysis was carried, the composite weight were classified.
472 wild tree species were identified in Hebei's tree germplasm resources survey and 98 of which were considered as the species with landscaping value. According to Analytic Hierarchy Process, the program modules were created, and the weights about the indicators at all levels of landscaping value were fixed. With the census data of tree germplasm resources of Hebei province and using Knowledge Based Engineering technology, the composite weight of each wild species was got then the cluster analysis was carried, the composite weight were classified.
2014, 27(4): 529-535.
Abstract:
Forest gap interference is one of the important factors maintaining forest ecosystems. It also plays an important role in driving seedling natural renewal process, forest species composition and forest biodiversity. In this study, the size structure, seedling regeneration, growth of forest gap on Schima superba in Jianglang Mountain of Zhejiang Province after 2008 snowstorm interference were evaluated, the results showed that the quantity of 50~100 m2 forest gaps in expanded gaps was the most (accounted for 45.45% of the total), which also occupied the highest percentage in area (accounted for 30.31% of the total area). The mean seedling height and basal diameter of forest gap were 1.44 cm and 0.66 mm higher than that of the control, while the average tree height and basal saplings were 45.37 cm and 5.00 mm higher than that of the control. The effect of forest gap size on seedling, saplings height and basal diameter was significant. The seedling height and basal diameter in medium size forest gap were significantly higher than that in small and maximum forest gaps (F=4.893, P=0.007, F=5.203, P=0.004; n=357). The difference of the basal diameter in different size forest gaps was significant (F=3.569, P=0.037; n=43). The forest gaps' seedlings regeneration density increased with the area of forest gaps, which reached its maximum value when the forest gap area was 76 m2, then the density decreased rapidly with the area of forest gap. Most regenerated seedlings in medium and small area forest gaps was low plants (grade 1 and 2), the S. superba seedling grew faster when the forest gaps area larger than 100 m2. Compared with other studies on natural forest gaps, the structure and size distribution of forest gaps changed after snowstorm interfere, the percentage of forest gaps with the area of 50 100 m2 was higher, which was more conducive to seedling regeneration and relatively large seedling regeneration density at some extents. No matter the size of the forest gaps, the quantity of seedlings in forest gaps was more than that within forest, the forest with larger canopy density or on a large area of open space is not conducive to the growth of regenerated seedlings. Therefore, based on the structure of forest gaps, seedling regeneration and seedling growth, the forest gap with medium area is suitable for the regeneration of seedlings.
Forest gap interference is one of the important factors maintaining forest ecosystems. It also plays an important role in driving seedling natural renewal process, forest species composition and forest biodiversity. In this study, the size structure, seedling regeneration, growth of forest gap on Schima superba in Jianglang Mountain of Zhejiang Province after 2008 snowstorm interference were evaluated, the results showed that the quantity of 50~100 m2 forest gaps in expanded gaps was the most (accounted for 45.45% of the total), which also occupied the highest percentage in area (accounted for 30.31% of the total area). The mean seedling height and basal diameter of forest gap were 1.44 cm and 0.66 mm higher than that of the control, while the average tree height and basal saplings were 45.37 cm and 5.00 mm higher than that of the control. The effect of forest gap size on seedling, saplings height and basal diameter was significant. The seedling height and basal diameter in medium size forest gap were significantly higher than that in small and maximum forest gaps (F=4.893, P=0.007, F=5.203, P=0.004; n=357). The difference of the basal diameter in different size forest gaps was significant (F=3.569, P=0.037; n=43). The forest gaps' seedlings regeneration density increased with the area of forest gaps, which reached its maximum value when the forest gap area was 76 m2, then the density decreased rapidly with the area of forest gap. Most regenerated seedlings in medium and small area forest gaps was low plants (grade 1 and 2), the S. superba seedling grew faster when the forest gaps area larger than 100 m2. Compared with other studies on natural forest gaps, the structure and size distribution of forest gaps changed after snowstorm interfere, the percentage of forest gaps with the area of 50 100 m2 was higher, which was more conducive to seedling regeneration and relatively large seedling regeneration density at some extents. No matter the size of the forest gaps, the quantity of seedlings in forest gaps was more than that within forest, the forest with larger canopy density or on a large area of open space is not conducive to the growth of regenerated seedlings. Therefore, based on the structure of forest gaps, seedling regeneration and seedling growth, the forest gap with medium area is suitable for the regeneration of seedlings.
2014, 27(4): 536-541.
Abstract:
Terminalia franchetii is an endemic species, often form "savanna grass" landscape with native grasses Heteropogon contortus. But for a long time, T. franchetii seedlings are rarely successful establishment in the natural community. In order to investigate the effects of H. contortus on the early growth and survival of T. franchetii seedlings, through the indoor pot experiment and artificially controlling the intensity of competition between T. franchetii seedlings and H. contortus, the effects of H. contortus competition on T. franchetii seedlings' morphology, biomass accumulation and distribution as well as the number and size of leaves were studied. The results showed that, T. franchetii seedlings' morphology, biomass accumulation and distribution as well as the number and size of leaves were significantly affected by H. contortus competition and the early growth of T. franchetii seedlings were severely restricted. When competed by H. contortus, the biomass allocation pattern of T. franchetii seedlings could not be changed significantly, and the R/S ratios changed from 0.42 to 0.62. No matter when the T. franchetii seedlings settle down, their roots length and dry biomass would be limited because of shortened or reduced resources. However, the settlement time and survival status of T. franchetii seedlings play very important roles. The R/S ratios of the early settlers were higher than that of the later settlers and delayed settlers, and not affected by the competitive intensity of H. contortus. So the T. franchetii showed a strong competitiveness.
Terminalia franchetii is an endemic species, often form "savanna grass" landscape with native grasses Heteropogon contortus. But for a long time, T. franchetii seedlings are rarely successful establishment in the natural community. In order to investigate the effects of H. contortus on the early growth and survival of T. franchetii seedlings, through the indoor pot experiment and artificially controlling the intensity of competition between T. franchetii seedlings and H. contortus, the effects of H. contortus competition on T. franchetii seedlings' morphology, biomass accumulation and distribution as well as the number and size of leaves were studied. The results showed that, T. franchetii seedlings' morphology, biomass accumulation and distribution as well as the number and size of leaves were significantly affected by H. contortus competition and the early growth of T. franchetii seedlings were severely restricted. When competed by H. contortus, the biomass allocation pattern of T. franchetii seedlings could not be changed significantly, and the R/S ratios changed from 0.42 to 0.62. No matter when the T. franchetii seedlings settle down, their roots length and dry biomass would be limited because of shortened or reduced resources. However, the settlement time and survival status of T. franchetii seedlings play very important roles. The R/S ratios of the early settlers were higher than that of the later settlers and delayed settlers, and not affected by the competitive intensity of H. contortus. So the T. franchetii showed a strong competitiveness.
2014, 27(4): 542-550.
Abstract:
Based on data from the National Forest Inventory from 1973 to 2008, the net production and mean net primary productivity of China's forests were estimated by various forest types and climatic zones. The results showed that, over the last 40 years, the total net production and mean net primary productivity of China's forest was increasing. The total net production increased from 803.359×106 t·a-1(1973 to 1976) to 1 478.425×106 t·a-1(2004 to 2008), with an increase of 84.03%. The mean net primary productivity increased from 7.302 t·hm-2·a-1(1973 to 1976) to 9.502 t·hm-2·a-1 (2004 to 2008), with an increase of 30.13%. The subtropical mixed evergreen-deciduous broadleaved forest, Betula and Populus forest, temperate typical deciduous broadleaved forest and subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest made a greater contribution to the net production of China's forest. The tropical rainforest and monsoon forest, subtropical mixed evergreen-deciduous broadleaved forest and subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest had higher mean net primary productivity, while that of Pinus tabulaeformis forest and P. massoniana forest were lower. Among different climatic zones, the net production of forest vegetation reduced in fluctuations in the tropics, while it increased in all the other three climatic zones. From 1973 to 2008, the relations of the mean net primary productivity in different climatic zones are as follows: tropical (18.625 t·hm-2·a-1) > cold and temperate (9.610 t·hm-2·a-1) > subtropical (8.499 t·hm-2·a-1) > warm temperate (7.800 t·hm-2·a-1).
Based on data from the National Forest Inventory from 1973 to 2008, the net production and mean net primary productivity of China's forests were estimated by various forest types and climatic zones. The results showed that, over the last 40 years, the total net production and mean net primary productivity of China's forest was increasing. The total net production increased from 803.359×106 t·a-1(1973 to 1976) to 1 478.425×106 t·a-1(2004 to 2008), with an increase of 84.03%. The mean net primary productivity increased from 7.302 t·hm-2·a-1(1973 to 1976) to 9.502 t·hm-2·a-1 (2004 to 2008), with an increase of 30.13%. The subtropical mixed evergreen-deciduous broadleaved forest, Betula and Populus forest, temperate typical deciduous broadleaved forest and subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest made a greater contribution to the net production of China's forest. The tropical rainforest and monsoon forest, subtropical mixed evergreen-deciduous broadleaved forest and subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest had higher mean net primary productivity, while that of Pinus tabulaeformis forest and P. massoniana forest were lower. Among different climatic zones, the net production of forest vegetation reduced in fluctuations in the tropics, while it increased in all the other three climatic zones. From 1973 to 2008, the relations of the mean net primary productivity in different climatic zones are as follows: tropical (18.625 t·hm-2·a-1) > cold and temperate (9.610 t·hm-2·a-1) > subtropical (8.499 t·hm-2·a-1) > warm temperate (7.800 t·hm-2·a-1).
2014, 27(4): 551-556.
Abstract:
Insect viruses are the microbes infecting arthropods only, including nuclear polyhedrosis virus, granulosis virus, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, poxvirus, iridovirus and many other groups. The nuclear polyhedrosis virus belongs to Rhabdoviridae Nucleopolyhedrovirus, which is the largest group of insect viruses. It can infect and kill one or several agricultural and forestry pests specifically, and is harmless to the natural enemies, environment, human and animals. So it is considered as the environment-friendly biopesticides to be worth promoting. This paper reviews recent research on the genomics of nuclear polyhedrosis virus, and summarizes the main functional genes including transcription related genes, DNA replication related genes, structure related genes and other genes. Further more, future development direction of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is also prospected.
Insect viruses are the microbes infecting arthropods only, including nuclear polyhedrosis virus, granulosis virus, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, poxvirus, iridovirus and many other groups. The nuclear polyhedrosis virus belongs to Rhabdoviridae Nucleopolyhedrovirus, which is the largest group of insect viruses. It can infect and kill one or several agricultural and forestry pests specifically, and is harmless to the natural enemies, environment, human and animals. So it is considered as the environment-friendly biopesticides to be worth promoting. This paper reviews recent research on the genomics of nuclear polyhedrosis virus, and summarizes the main functional genes including transcription related genes, DNA replication related genes, structure related genes and other genes. Further more, future development direction of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is also prospected.
2014, 27(4): 557-561.
Abstract:
In order to understand the variation in main growth traits of Picea likiangensis var. linzhiensis at seedling stage, eight seedling traits from 9 provenances in its natural distribution ranges were examined using field seed origin experiment. The results indicated: (1) Except for the lateral root number, the other seven seedling growth traits among 9 provenances showed significant differences; (2) The correlation analysis showed that the seedling height, basal diameter and aboveground biomass were significantly positive-correlated with the longitude, and significant negative-correlated with the altitude, but not significant correlated with the latitude. Interestingly, the taproot length and root/shoot ratio were significant negative-correlated with the longitude. These results suggested that there was a significant provenance geographical variation trend in Picea likiangensis var. linzhiensis at seedling stage; (3) By cluster analysis, the 9 provenances tested could be divided into two geographical provenance groups, the eastern group and the western group. The western group had higher adaptation to drought and cooling, although the increment of eastern group was higher in seedling stage.
In order to understand the variation in main growth traits of Picea likiangensis var. linzhiensis at seedling stage, eight seedling traits from 9 provenances in its natural distribution ranges were examined using field seed origin experiment. The results indicated: (1) Except for the lateral root number, the other seven seedling growth traits among 9 provenances showed significant differences; (2) The correlation analysis showed that the seedling height, basal diameter and aboveground biomass were significantly positive-correlated with the longitude, and significant negative-correlated with the altitude, but not significant correlated with the latitude. Interestingly, the taproot length and root/shoot ratio were significant negative-correlated with the longitude. These results suggested that there was a significant provenance geographical variation trend in Picea likiangensis var. linzhiensis at seedling stage; (3) By cluster analysis, the 9 provenances tested could be divided into two geographical provenance groups, the eastern group and the western group. The western group had higher adaptation to drought and cooling, although the increment of eastern group was higher in seedling stage.
2014, 27(4): 562-564.
Abstract:
In order to reveal the formation reasons for different colors of ornamental Eucommia leaf, the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides ‘Hongye’, E. ulmoides ‘Miye’ and E. ulmoides ‘Xiaoye’ were studied by using freehand section combined with photosynthetic pigments and anthocyanin content measurement. The results showed that for E. ulmoides ‘Hongye’, the front of the blade was dark red while the back was green, the pigment causing redness concentrates on the leaf palisade tissue; among the three varieties, Ca was 1.100 3~1.314 8 mg·g-1, Cb was 0.435 4~0.467 0 mg·g-1, CCar was 0.384 7~0.445 5 mg·g-1, CT was 1.462 5~1.781 8 mg·g-1, CF was 0.140 8~0.304 2 mg·g-1, CCar and CF of E. ulmoides ‘Hongye’ were significantly higher than that of E. ulmoides ‘Miye’ and E. ulmoides ‘Xiaoye’, while CT/CCar was significantly lower than E. ulmoides ‘Miye’ and E. ulmoides ‘Xiaoye’, moreover, the Ca, Cb, Ca/Cb and CT showed no significant difference between E. ulmoides. ‘Hongye’ and E. ulmoides ‘Miye’. The conclusion in this study stated that the anthocyanin and carotenoids contents were higher, which was the main reason for forming red color of E. ulmoides ‘Hongye’.
In order to reveal the formation reasons for different colors of ornamental Eucommia leaf, the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides ‘Hongye’, E. ulmoides ‘Miye’ and E. ulmoides ‘Xiaoye’ were studied by using freehand section combined with photosynthetic pigments and anthocyanin content measurement. The results showed that for E. ulmoides ‘Hongye’, the front of the blade was dark red while the back was green, the pigment causing redness concentrates on the leaf palisade tissue; among the three varieties, Ca was 1.100 3~1.314 8 mg·g-1, Cb was 0.435 4~0.467 0 mg·g-1, CCar was 0.384 7~0.445 5 mg·g-1, CT was 1.462 5~1.781 8 mg·g-1, CF was 0.140 8~0.304 2 mg·g-1, CCar and CF of E. ulmoides ‘Hongye’ were significantly higher than that of E. ulmoides ‘Miye’ and E. ulmoides ‘Xiaoye’, while CT/CCar was significantly lower than E. ulmoides ‘Miye’ and E. ulmoides ‘Xiaoye’, moreover, the Ca, Cb, Ca/Cb and CT showed no significant difference between E. ulmoides. ‘Hongye’ and E. ulmoides ‘Miye’. The conclusion in this study stated that the anthocyanin and carotenoids contents were higher, which was the main reason for forming red color of E. ulmoides ‘Hongye’.
2014, 27(4): 565-569.
Abstract:
The photosynthetic rate of Larix olgensis, L. kaempferi and L. gmelinii seedlings were measured in the mountainous area of Hebei province during July to September, 2009. The relevant physiological and morphologic indexes were also investigated to compare their photosynthetic productivities. The results showed that L. gmelinii exhibited the maximum CO2 assimilation capacity, followed by L. kaempferi and L. olgensis, but the differences were not significantly. The physiological and morphologic indexes of these species varied significantly; L. olgensis exhibited the lowest specific leaf weight compared with L. gmelinii and L. kaempferi. The variation in lateral quantity, lateral length, lateral diameter, needle width and needle length among these species reached significantly level, ranked as L. kaempferi > L. olgensis > L. gmelinii. In summary, although the photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area of L. kaempferi was constricted in this region, the largest whole-seedling leaf area and longest growth period made L. kaempferi grow faster than the other species. The photosynthetic productivity ranked as L. kaempferi > L. gmelinii > L. olgensis.
The photosynthetic rate of Larix olgensis, L. kaempferi and L. gmelinii seedlings were measured in the mountainous area of Hebei province during July to September, 2009. The relevant physiological and morphologic indexes were also investigated to compare their photosynthetic productivities. The results showed that L. gmelinii exhibited the maximum CO2 assimilation capacity, followed by L. kaempferi and L. olgensis, but the differences were not significantly. The physiological and morphologic indexes of these species varied significantly; L. olgensis exhibited the lowest specific leaf weight compared with L. gmelinii and L. kaempferi. The variation in lateral quantity, lateral length, lateral diameter, needle width and needle length among these species reached significantly level, ranked as L. kaempferi > L. olgensis > L. gmelinii. In summary, although the photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area of L. kaempferi was constricted in this region, the largest whole-seedling leaf area and longest growth period made L. kaempferi grow faster than the other species. The photosynthetic productivity ranked as L. kaempferi > L. gmelinii > L. olgensis.
2014, 27(4): 570-574.
Abstract:
In order to understand the effects of bacterial fertilizer on the growth of young oil-tea camellia, the fertilization trial in Matian Camellia Base in Shangyou of Jiangxi Province was conducted.The results showed that the bacterial fertilizer enhanced the growth significantly. The length of shoot and SPAD value of the autumn leaves treated with Azo and Pse rose by 49.0%, 66.4% and 3.50%, 5.56%, which were significantly higher than that of the control. The Pse had certain contribution to the flowers of the camellia. Bacterial fertilizer had little influence on the ground diameter. However, compared with the control, the Azo and Bac could increase the ground diameter increment by 14.62% and 18.41%, respectively. The Azo increased the content of copper and iron remarkably by 118.14% and 40.47%. The Bac and Pse showed no significant difference on the amount of the leaf nutrient elements.
In order to understand the effects of bacterial fertilizer on the growth of young oil-tea camellia, the fertilization trial in Matian Camellia Base in Shangyou of Jiangxi Province was conducted.The results showed that the bacterial fertilizer enhanced the growth significantly. The length of shoot and SPAD value of the autumn leaves treated with Azo and Pse rose by 49.0%, 66.4% and 3.50%, 5.56%, which were significantly higher than that of the control. The Pse had certain contribution to the flowers of the camellia. Bacterial fertilizer had little influence on the ground diameter. However, compared with the control, the Azo and Bac could increase the ground diameter increment by 14.62% and 18.41%, respectively. The Azo increased the content of copper and iron remarkably by 118.14% and 40.47%. The Bac and Pse showed no significant difference on the amount of the leaf nutrient elements.
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