• 中国中文核心期刊
  • 中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)核心库来源期刊
  • 中国科技论文统计源期刊(CJCR)
  • 第二届国家期刊奖提名奖

2015 Vol. 28, No. 5

Display Method:
Expression Analysis of miR164b and Its Target Gene PeNAC1 in Phyllostachys edulis under Stress
WANG Li-li, ZHAO Han-sheng, SUN Hua-yu, DONG Li-li, LOU Yong-feng, GAO Zhi-min
2015, 28(5): 605-611.
Abstract:
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in a variety of biological growth processes and stress-resistance responses. As the plant-specific miRNA family, the miR164 mainly targets for NAC transcriptional factors. To reveal the regulatory mechanism for miR164 and its target gene, the mature sequence of miR164b and its targeted sequence of PeNAC1 were isolated respectively from Phyllostachys edulis seedlings by RT-PCR with stem-loop RT primers. The analysis indicated that there was one miR164b complementary site located in the open reading frame region of PeNAC1 mRNA. The sequencing result of RLM-5'RACE confirmed that PeNAC1 was regulated by miR164b through specific cleavage at the site between the 10th and 11th bases. Tissue specific expression of miR164b and PeNAC1 demonstrated that they both expressed in root, stem, leaf and sheath, of which miR164b expressed in root with the highest level and the lowest level in stem, while that of PeNAC1 coincided with miR164b conversely. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that miR164b was down-regulated under the treatments of NaCl (250 mmol·L-1), low temperature (4℃) and high light (1 500 μmol·m-2·s-1), but it was up-regulated obviously under the treatment of GA3 (100 μmol·L-1). Meanwhile, the expression of PeNAC1 showed exactly the opposite trends. It is suggested that miR164b played a regulator role in the expression of PeNAC1, which might be closely related to the resilience process of respond to abiotic stress. This result provides a reference of bamboo molecular breeding for resilience by using miRNA.
The Complete Genome of Buzura suppressaria Nucleopolyhedrovirus Guangxi Strain
LUO Ji, ZHOU Guo-ying, ZHU Ji-yu
2015, 28(5): 612-617.
Abstract:
The genome of Buzura suppressaria nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate Guangxi was sequenced by Sanger's method. The size of the genome is 121 268 bp with 36.76% G+C content. It contains 131 hypothetical open reading frames (ORFs) that potentially encode at least 50 amino acids respectively. 87 ORFs were annotated by Blast. 174 SSR sites and one homologous repeated sequence (HRS) were found in the genome. The SSR sites contained 6 types of repeats, and most of them were AT-rich sequences. HRS contained 12 repeats at 5' end and 7 repeats at 3' end. The repeat was 59 bp or truncated. Between 5' end and 3' end rapeats, there was a 236 bp sequence with no obvious features. Compared with Wuhan strain, 4 genes among 37 core genes were different in protein length and 6 non-core genes were found only in one strain, and another 13 genes were different in protein length.
Effect of Site Types on Carbon Storage of Natural White Birch Forest Ecosystem in Changbai Mountains, Northeast China
LI Na-na, MU Chang-cheng, ZHENG Tong, ZHANG Yi, CHENG Jia-you, CAO Wan-liang
2015, 28(5): 618-626.
Abstract:
The effect of site types on the ecosystem carbon storage (vegetation and soil), net primary productivity (NPP) and annual net carbon sequestration (ANCS) of natural white birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) forests were measured on seven site types (the top, middle, and bottom of the sunny slope and shady slope, and the valley floor) using relative growth equations and carbon/nitrogen analytical approach in Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. The results are as follows. (1) The vegetation carbon storage (45.61 87.22 t·hm-2) of natural white birch forests took on the upper and middle of shady slope and the valley > the upper and middle of sunny slope, and the lower of shady slope > the lower of sunny slope, which the high site types were significantly higher (50.8% 91.2%, PP>0.05). (2) The soil organic carbon storage (66.71 158.51 t·hm-2) took on the upper of sunny slope, the middle of shady slope and the valley > the lower and middle of sunny slope, and the lower of shady slope > the upper of shady slope, which the high site types were significantly higher (99.3% 137.6%, PP>0.05). (3) The ecosystem carbon storage (139.44 231.12 t·hm-2) took on the middle of shady slope and the valley > the upper of sunny slope and the lower of shady slope > the lower and the middle of sunny slope, and the upper of shady slope, which the high site types were significantly higher (35.6% 65.7%, PP>0.05) than the low site type. (4) The NPP and ANCS of the white birch forests(4.92 11.25 t·hm-2·a-1 and 2.32 5.32 t·hm-2·a-1) all took on the upper and middle of shady slope > the upper and lower of sunny slope, the lower of shady slope, and the valley > the middle of sunny, which the high site types were significantly higher (42.5% 128.7% or 45.2% 129.3%, P<0.05) than the low and medium site type, and the medium site types were 10.6% 56.3% or 14.2% 53.4% higher than the low site type, but only the lower of shady slope had significant difference with it. Therefore, the ecosystem carbon storage and carbon sequestration capacity of natural birch forests were strongly influenced by the site types in Changbai Mountains, and the site differentiation regularity should be considered in the evaluation of the carbon sink function.
Isolation and Ectopic Expression of BoGPIAP from Bambusa oldhamii
DONG Li-li, SUN Hua-yu, ZHAO Han-sheng, LOU Yong-feng, WANG Li-li, GAO Zhi-min
2015, 28(5): 627-633.
Abstract:
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (GPIAP) plays an important role in many biological processes because of its diversity of structure and function. A GPIAP gene was isolated from Bambusa oldhamii using homologous cloning method, and designed as BoGPIAP. The full-length cDNA of BoGPIAP was 1772 bp including an open reading frame of 1 356 bp. The predicted protein encoded by BoGPIAP was 451 amino acids with a transmembrane structure at the N-end and a signal of GPI-anchor at the C-end, and also containing a typical conserved domain (47-211) and a CCVS motif, which indicated that it was a membrane protein belonging to GPIAP family. The plant expression vector with BoGPIAP::GFP was constructed and transformed into onion epidermal cells. The results of fluorescent microscope showed that the fused proteins were mainly located on the cytoplasmic membrane, which revealed that the protein encoded by BoGPIAP was a membrane protein. The expression vectors of sense and antisense BoGPIAP were constructed into the multiple cloning sites of pBI121 respectively, and transformed into tobacco mediated with agrobacterium. The transgenic plants of BoGPIAP were confirmed by PCR method. The phenotypes showed the antisense transgenic plants were thin, while the sense transgenic ones were stout comparing with the wild type. The average thickness of fibrous cell wall in the antisense transgenic plants was thinner, while that of the sense transgenic ones was significantly thicker than that of wild type, indicating that the BoGPIAP may play a regulatory role in the wall development of fibrous cell in bamboo.
Comprehensive Evaluation on Drought Resistance of Hippophea rhamnoides
HE Cai-yun, LI Meng-ying, LUO Hong-mei, GAO Guo-ri, ZHANG Jian-guo
2015, 28(5): 634-639.
Abstract:
The drought resistance of Hippophea rhamnoides relates to the effects of multiple factors. It is one-sided to evaluate its resistance using single factor (single indicator). The drought resistance based on physiological and chemical indices in four H. rhamnoides species was evaluated by principal components analysis and subordinate function analysis. The results showed that the native species (H. rhamnoides ssp. Sinensis, Fengning; FN) had the strongest drought resistance compared with the other three exotic species (H. rhamnoides ssp. Mongolia, Xianyang, XY; H. rhamnoides ssp. Mongolia, Chuyi, CY; and H. rhamnoides ssp. Mongolia, Wulangemu,WL). The H. rhamnoides L. Wulangemu had the weakest drought resistance. And the capacity of drought resistance of the four species is gauged as follows: FN (0.619) > CY (0.445) > XY (0.390) > WL (0.274). It was also found that the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, glutathione reductase and ABA content could be used as the indicators to determine the drought resistance. In addition, with the increasing of drought stress, the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water potential decreased, while the catalase activity, cell membrane permeability, glutathione reductase and the four kinds of hormones increased. This implies that the growth and development process of H. rhamnoides was affected under the drought stress, and they increased their own resistant ability through the internal physiological and chemical indicators changing. These will provide a scientific basis for drought-resistant species selection and cross-breeding of H. rhamnoides.
Study on Nitrogen Transfer between Acacia melanoxylon and Eucalytups urophylla Seedlings
LIAO Shao-bo, LU Jun-kun, JIANG Ye-gen, WANG Sheng-kun
2015, 28(5): 640-645.
Abstract:
Nitrogen (N) can be transferred between plants. In order to remain N balance between plants and fertility of soil, mixture of N2-fixing plants and non-N2-fixing plants provide good system for forestry. To investigate whether the root isolation (e.g. complete isolation, partial isolation and no isolation) could account for the mixed Acacia melanoxylon and Eucalytups urophylla growth response and N transfer, the authors assessed N transfer by 15N-soil/leaf-label method in a pot study. The height, diameter and biomass of 7-month-old A. melanoxylon were lower when the root isolation reducing. By contrast, the growth index were significantly higher in E. urophylla grown under no isolation than that of grown in complete isolation, indicating E. urophylla owns stronger absorbing capacity than A. melanoxylon. In both 15N-soil/leaf-label treatments, the total 15N content of E. urophylla was significantly higher (5.0 and 59.6 times) in partial or no isolation than in complete isolation respectively. In 15N-soil-label status, the total 15N content in A. melanoxylon grown by no isolation were significantly lower than that of the other two isolation treatments. Nevertheless, by 15N-leaf-label, A. melanoxylon in complete isolation had significantly lower total 15N content than the other isolation treatments. Irrespective of the labeled status, A. melanoxylon always transferred the N to neighbor E. urophylla. The percentage and amount of N transfer increased with the root isolation reducing.
Damage Characteristics of Phyllostachys edulis Stands under Continuous High Temperature and Drought
LI Ying-chun, YANG Qing-ping, GUO Zi-wu, CHEN Shuang-lin, HU Jun-jing
2015, 28(5): 646-653.
Abstract:
The extreme weather of high temperature and drought occurred in 2013 from June to August in south of Yangtze River area. The damage of high temperature and drought stress on Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) stands in Fuyang of Zhejiang Province was investigated. The relationship between environmental factors and damage degree of bamboo stands was analyzed. The result showed that the bamboo leaf was hurt severely with burning appearance and in color of withered and yellow, even lost all leaf. The damage on stems depended on bamboo age. One-year-old bamboo appeared stem dehydration, and black spot occurred in the base part of stem, four-year-old bamboo showed slight black spot but no stem dehydration, six-year-old ones appeared no black spot. The death ratio of two-year-old bamboo was higher than that of the older bamboo under the stress of high temperature and drought. The CCA analysis suggested that the damage ratio of bamboo stands significantly depended on the soil depth, slope direction and slope position. The mortality rate of bamboo was significantly negatively correlated with bamboo age.It can be concluded that the soil depth, slope direction, slope position and bamboo age are the main factors determining the tolerance of bamboo stands to the stress of high temperature and drought.
Effects of Site Quality and Planting Density on Wood Assortment Rate in Chinese Fir Plantation
XIANG Cong-wei, ZHANG Jian-guo, DUAN Ai-guo, ZHANG Xiong-qing
2015, 28(5): 654-659.
Abstract:
The continuous observation data from 30 year-old permanent sample plot was studied. The effects of site quality and stand density on small-, middle- and large-diameter timber outturn rate were analyzed. The results suggested: 1.In the plots with same planting density, the stand quality was better, every timber assortment and the maximum outturn rate appeared earlier. In A3 plot with site index of 22, the maximum outturn rate appeared 5 year earlier than that in A1 plots with site index of 16; 2.The kurtosis and maximum value of small-diameter wood outturn rate decreased with planting density increasing. The maximum value in A2 plot with site index of 20 was higher than that in E2 plot. But, planting density had little effects on middle-diameter and large-diameter timber; 3.In different period of stand development, the stand density had different effects on timber assortment outturn rate. At 30 years old stand, the timber assortment rate in plots with similar stand volume was significant different. With the planting density increasing, small-diameter timber outturn rate increased and large size timber outturn rate decreased.
Water Use Efficiency of Three Poplar-Wheat Intercropping Systems in Yudong Plain of He'nan Province
HE Chun-xia, ZHANG Jin-song, HUANG Hui, MENG Ping, FAN Wei
2015, 28(5): 660-668.
Abstract:
In agroforestry system, trees and crops can make the best use of resources, such as water, nutrient, irradiance and so on. However, competition, particularly the water competition, may occur when the species configuration is not appropriate. The water use of 2-, 6-, and 15-year-old poplar-wheat intercropping systems at four growth period of winter wheat in Yudong Plain area of He'nan Province was studied by using stable carbon isotope technique. The water use efficiency (WUE) and water use quantity (WU) were calculated by using the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C), biomass and meteorological data. The results showed that the δ13C and WUE of both poplar and wheat from all the systems showed the highest values at the jointing stages of wheat. Two-year-old poplar had the highest δ13C and WUE values among the three intercropping systems during the whole wheat growth period (except the jointing stage). The δ13C and WUE of wheat from 2-year-old poplar-wheat intercropping was the highest among all the four systems at the seedling establishment stages, while that of sole wheat were the highest during the following growth periods in jointing, flowering-filling and maturing. The water use of sole wheat was 25.71% less than that of 2-year-old poplar intercropped with wheat, but was 2.78 and 1.88 times that of 6-year-old and 15-year-old poplar intercropped with wheat, respectively. The WUE and WU of wheat in all the three intercropping systems generally exhibited higher values at the middle and west of the tree rows than at the east. The wheat height, leaf mass per area, grain yield, total biomass, water use quantity and land equivalent ratio of 2-year-old poplar intercropped with wheat were higher than both sole wheat and wheat from the other two intercropping systems. However, the weight per thousand grain, harvest index and yield water use efficiency of sole wheat was the highest. The above results showed that 2-year-old poplar-wheat intercropping system had the greatest yield and highest land use efficiency. However, with the growing up of poplar trees, wheat is not appropriate to grow under the poplar, and some shade tolerant crop can be planted instead.
Effects of Mulching Management on Soil Nitrogen, Nitrification and Denitrification in Phyllostachys praecox Stand
YE Li-sha, CHEN Shuang-lin, GUO Zi-wu
2015, 28(5): 669-673.
Abstract:
In order to understand the influence of mulching management on soil nitrogen, nitrification and denitrification of Phyllostachys praecox stands, and furthermore to provide a theoretic reference for the sustainable management of Ph. praecox, four kinds of Ph. praecox stand were selected, which were under mulching for one year (1 a), three years (3 a), five years (5 a) and non-mulching (CK), to measure the total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen in the soil layer with the depth from 0-20 cm. The gross nitrification and denitrification rates were measured by the barometrical separation technique. The results showed that, compared with the CK, the content of total nitrogen increased with prolonged mulching. The change law of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in different trial stands followed a curve of high-low-high-low. The ratio of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen increased significantly with the extended response time, as the ratio was the highest in mulching for 3 a. The ammonium nitrate ratio in soil indicated a progressively increase and had a remarkable increase after mulching for 5 a. Ammonium nitrogen is the main form of inorganic nitrogen reservoir in Ph. praecox stand soil. However, the gross nitrification rate decreased gradually over time. There was a significant decrease in mulching for 3 a and 5 a. Generally speaking, the soil nitrification rate was not positively associated with nitrogen or ammonium nitrate ratio, only the soil nitrification rate in the soil types of CK was positively related to the ammonium nitrate content. The denitrification rates greatly increased in the soil mulching for 5 years, reached 69.53 μg N·kg-1·h-1, but the others was 0. Research indicated that forest management had a more significant impact on the component types and rates in the proportion of soil nitrogen, and weakened the soil nitrification. Soil nitrogen was not the major factor limiting nitrification. A long-term management will significantly improve the soil denitrification, which will increase the loss of soil nitrogen. Casual types of mulching are recommended in actual production, with continuous coverage of less than 3 years.
Allelopathic Effects of Water Extractions from Leaves and Husks of Carya illinoensis on Three Plant Species
ZHANG Quan, FU Song-ling, YAO Xiao-hua, TENG Jian-hua, SHAO Wei-zhong, REN Hua-dong, WANG Kai-liang, CHANG Jun
2015, 28(5): 674-680.
Abstract:
In order to probe the allelopathic from leaves and husks of Carya illinoensis, the effects of different concentrations (0.005, 0.01, and 0.1 g·mL-1) of water extractions from leaves and husks of C. illinoensis on the seeds and plants of Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, and Vigna radiata were studied with indoor bio-assay. The results showed that water extractions improved seed germination plant height of tested plants in low levels (0.005 g·mL-1), whereas inhibited in high levels (0.1 g·mL-1). Some plants showed improved or inhibited effect within the scope of its concentration, but with the increase of concentration they also performed the promoting effect to reduce or inhibition enhance. The inhibitory effect of water extractions from leaves and husks of C. illinoensis on root length was higher than on shoot height for 3 crop species, but had different impacts on the fresh and dry weight of receptors due to variant species. The order of the synthesis effects of water extractions from leaves of C. illinoensis on 3 plant species is T. aestivum > V. radiata > B. napus. The order of the synthesis effects of water extractions from husks of C. illinoensis on 3 plant species is T. aestivum > B. napus > V. radiata. To synthesize the allelopathic effect of 3 plant species, the promoting effect of water extractions from leaves of C. Illinoensis on 3 plant species is higher, but the inhibition of water extractions from husks of C. illinoensis on 3 plant species is higher in the same concentration.
Analysis on Structure Characteristics of Pinus massoniana Natural Forest in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
TANG Wan-peng, PAN Lei, CUI Hong-xia, PANG Hong-dong, WANG Xiao-rong
2015, 28(5): 681-685.
Abstract:
In order to provide a theoretical basis for scientific management of Pinus massoniana secondary forest, the undisturbed P. massoniana natural forest was selected in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area to investigate the species composition and natural regeneration. The stand structure characteristics of P. massoniana were analyzed using spatial structure and non-spatial structure indictors such as uniform angle index, mingling, neighborhood comparison and diameter distribution. The results showed that the species number was abundant. There were 117 vascular plant species in the stand. The stand natural regeneration was good, and the regeneration number was 5 221 per hectare including 24 species, and the number of seedlings which were lower than 100 cm accounted for 48.9% of the total number of regeneration trees. The tree number decreased with increasing diameter, and the feature of stand diameter distribution followed a typical uneven-aged forest character. The stand mean angel index was 0.508, and the pattern of individual tree horizontal distribution was random. The stand mean mingling was 0.60, and the stand was medium mingling. The stand mean neighborhood comparison was 0.50. Most of the individual trees were clearly different, and the number of individual tree which on different competitive position was almost same. The distribution of P. massoniana was cluster, and the mingling was close to medium, and 60.2 percentage trees were dominant or subdominant in the stand.
Research on Spatial Structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata Coppice Forest
ZHOU Hong-min, HE Bi-ting, PENG Hui, SHEN Bin, WU Ke-lin, LIN Feng, LIU Chun-hui
2015, 28(5): 686-690.
Abstract:
Taking Cunninghamia lanceolata coppice forest in Longquan County, Zhejiang Province as research object, the spatial structure of the forest were investigated and analyzed by using uniform angle index, neighborhood comparison and mingling degree. The results indicated that the stand uniform angle index was 0.512, the pattern of tree distribution was random, the pattern of tree distribution of the C. lanceolata was cluster distribution, the pattern of tree distribution of the Schima superba was randomm, the pattern of tree distribution of the other species was uniform. The stand average mingling degree was 0.438 4, being a weak mixed plantation to moderate mixed plantation. The neighborhood comparison order was Castanopsis sclerophylla, Pinus massoniana > Cunninghamia lanceolata > Cinnamomum camphora > Schima superba > Liquidambar formosana, Ormosia hosiei > Alniphyllum fortunei > Ulmus pumila. In order to improve plantation quality and paly its function better, this study aimed to provide scientific basis for guiding selective cutting management, replanting native tree species and spatial structure optimization of Cunninghamia lanceolata coppice forest.
The Relationship of Shade Tolerance of Poplar and Biomass Production under Different Plantation Density
WANG Ning-ning, HUANG Juan, DING Chang-jun, ZHANG Hong, SHEN Ying-bai, SU Xiao-hua
2015, 28(5): 691-700.
Abstract:
To clarify the relationship between the response of crown leaves to shade environment and biomass production, five genotypes of Populus×euramericana with different parents planted in two densities (2 m×3 m, 2 m×5 m) were chosen and the biomass production, crown depth, crown width, LAI and photosynthesis light response parameters were investigated. The results are as follows: (1) The response to weak light varied among genotypes. (2) The Genotypes 03-04-97,03-04-111 and 03-04-171 showed a high shade tolerance ability and had the highest biomass production in high density plantation. (3) The shade tolerance of genotypes 03-04-97,03-04-111 and 03-04-171 was different under different plantation density. Compared with the density 2 m×5 m, the crown leaves of middle and lower layer showed higher ability of shade tolerance. (4) The interaction between shade tolerance and biomass varied under different plantation density, the shade tolerance of upper layer had significant affections on biomass under the density 2 m×5 m, however, the shade tolerance of upper and lower layers played an important role in biomass production under the density 2 m×5 m. (5) The shade tolerance was affected by environment and heritability. The light compensation point (LCP) and respiration rate (Rd) of the genotypes with high biomass production was significant lower in 2 m×3 m compared with 2 m×5 m. These results could be used to select genotype for high density and short rotation plantation.
The Variation of Biomass of Larix principis-rupprechtii Plantation along Slopes and It's Scale Effect in the Xiangshuihe Watershed of Liupan Mountains of China, Ningxia
WANG Yun-ni, DENG Xiu-xiu, WANG Yan-hui, CAO Gong-xiang, YU Peng-tao, XIONG Wei, XU Li-hong
2015, 28(5): 701-707.
Abstract:
In this study, one representative slopes covered by the 33-year-old Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation were selected in the small watershed of Xiangshuihe within the semi-humid region of Liupan Mountains, northwest China. Sixteen stand plots were set up continuous along the slope positions of slope top. The biomass was measured in the middle of growing season in 2014. The results showed that the mean biomass on the slope was 118.59 t/hm2, with a range of 96.19 139.18 t/hm2, and the variation range of 42.99 t/hm2 and the coefficient of variation was 0.12. The variation pattern of biomass along slope positions was shown a trend of first increase then decrease, reached the maximum at the middle-upper slope(horizontal slope length is 87.71 m). The biomass existed the slope scale effect. It was found that the moving averaged biomass (Y1) increases gradually with the increasing relative horizontal length (X1) of slope section from slope top. The relationship to express this scale effect on the shady slope is Y1=23.004X13-60.834X12+31.786X1+123.43(R2=0.84).The slope average of biomass increased 6.12 t/hm2 per 100 m increase in the slope length on the slope. The ratio of plot biomass to the slope average (Y2) varies nonlinearly along the relative horizontal distance of plots from slope top (X1), with the relation expressed as Y2=1.7226X13-2.8445X12+1.0338X1+1.0001(R2=0.57), This relation can be used to calculate the slope mean biomass from the biomass measured at certain slope position. The slope variation of biomass mentioned above is mainly caused by the comprehensive effect of solar radiationand duration of sunshine with the change of elevation along the slope.
Distribution of Monochamus alternatus on the Trunks of Pinus massoniana
GAO Shang-kun, TANG Yan-long, ZHANG Yan-long, YANG Zhong-qi, WANG Xiao-yi, LU Ji-fang, WANG Jian, SITU Chun-nan, FU Fu-yong
2015, 28(5): 708-712.
Abstract:
The biological control of pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus, the most important vector of pine wood nematode disease, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is an important method for the effective management of pine wood nematode disease. Understanding the distribution of the different staged M. alternatus on the host trunk is very important for releasing natural enemy insects in the particular conditions. The distributions of oviposition cut marks, larvae and pupae of pine sawyer on the trunk of Pinus massoniana were systematically investigated. The results showed that the oviposition cut marks were mainly distributed in 2.5 6.5 m of the host trunk. The amount of oviposition cut marks exhibited a significant positive linear relationship with the diameter of host trees, but a parabolic relationship with the host height. By contrast, no significant regression relationship was found between the amount of larvae and host diameter. The amount of pupa cells located above the entrance holes was significantly higher than those under the entrance holes. The average distances from the two types of pupa cells to the larvae entrance holes were 3.93 cm and 4.39 cm, respectively; there was no significant difference between them. Furthermore, a larvae vertical distribution model illustration in the trunk of P. massoniana was set up to exhibits the patterns. These findings suggested that the population density of pine sawyer was related with the host tree size. This might provide a fundamental data of the amount of natural enemies that being released in biological control.
Effect of Forest Management on Soil Respiration of Pinus massoniana
LEI Lei, XIAO Wen-fa, ZENG Li-xiong, HUANG Zhi-lin, GAO Shang-kun, TAN Ben-wang
2015, 28(5): 713-719.
Abstract:
Aerially seeded Pinus massoniana forest in the Three Gorges Reservoir area with different management treatments, including shrubs-cutting plus residue removal, harvest I (cutting intensity 15%, stem-only harvesting without residue removal), harvest II (cutting intensity 70%, harvest type as harvest I) and the control, were surveyed to measure the total soil respiration rates over a year by using LI-8100 system. The influence of various forest managements on soil respiration was discussed and the reasons causing the variability of soil respiration were analyzed. The results showed that: the annual soil respiration of forests with different treatments was1.82±0.07 μmol·m-2 s-1 (shrubs-cutting), 2.18±0.05 μmol·m-2 s-1 (control), 2.37±0.07 μmol·m-2s-1 (harvest I), and 2.86±0.1 μmol·m-2s-1(harvest II). The harvest intensity was positively related to soil respiration increment; soil respiration of all the harvest treatment reached the maximum in July and August. High intensity improved the soil temperature and moisture. The temperature sensitivity indexes of the control, shrubs-cutting, harvest I, and harvest II were 2.18±1.09, 1.65±0.07, 2.20 ±0.09 and 2.36±0.09 respectively.
Comparative Analysis of the Morphological Characteristics among Different Types of Chinese Horned Gall Aphid, Schlechtendalia chinensis
LIU Ping, YANG Zi-xiang, CHEN Xiao-ming, LI Yang
2015, 28(5): 720-724.
Abstract:
The morphological characteristics of seven types of Chinese horned gall aphid, Schlechtendalia chinensis, were observed and measured by both optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the characteristics of each type are adapted to their divisions of labor respectively. Both the spring and autumn migrants have well developed legs, wings, antennae, sensilla and are adapted to their functions, migration and reproduction. Fundatrigeniae and overwintering nymphs have developed legs, mouthparts and are adapted to their functions, feeding, reproduction or overwintering. The fundatrix has the smallest body sizes, developed legs, mouthparts and is adapted to its functions, feeding, gall formation and reproduction. Female and male sexuales have small body sizes, undeveloped legs, degenerated mouthparts and are adapted to their functions, mating and reproduction. The adaptation of S. chinensis to its living environment by combining the habitat of each type was discussed.
Effect of Glyphosate with Two Surfactants on Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Miscanthus floridulus
SHU Jun, ZHOU Jun-hong, CHENG Xiang-rong, YU Mu-kui, ZHANG Lei
2015, 28(5): 725-730.
Abstract:
The effect of glyphosate (GLY) with two surfactants OSA and APG on physiological and biochemical characteristics in Miscanthus floridulus were investigated at a fallow forest land in Kaihua, Zhejiang Province. The results showed that adding surfactants significantly improved the inhibition ratio, but different concentration showed different control ratio. The inhibition ratio of OSA (0.03%) and APG (0.03%) was approximate 80% 86%, the two treatments were higher than the CK by 35.76% and 29.80%, respectively. Adding surfactants significant affected the physiological and biochemical characteristics of M. floridulus. The activity of blade enzyme and TTC root increased from the 3rd day to the 11th day after herbicide treatment (DAT), the concentration of surfactants and activity of antioxidant defense system of M. floridulus significantly enhanced. Antioxidant defense system was imbalanced with increasing of glyphosate and surfactants application time. The content of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and chlorophyll a/b decreased significantly, while the content of chlorophyll b increased significantly. The content of MDA in blade significantly increased and the activity of TTC root decreased on the 29th DAT, the APG (0.03%) had significantly stronger impact on the activity of TTC root than others. It showed that the stability of physiological metabolism and normal function of roots were broken in higher extent after adding surfactants, and accelerated plant wilting and death. M.floridulus showed severely damage symptoms. Therefore, adding surfactant could markedly improve control effect of glyphosate on M.floridulus.
Scientific Basis and Prospects of Biological Fire-prevention-belt Technique
WANG Hai-hui
2015, 28(5): 731-738.
Abstract:
Biological fire-prevention-belt technique is specific to the relatively dense plantation of evergreen broad-leaf species in highly-flammable coniferous communities in the form of a belt, for the purpose of preventing and blocking the spread of surface and crown fire. Research indicates that the functions of fire prevention and blockage not solely come from poor flammability of the plant leaves, but more importantly are originated from the individual crown structure of evergreen broad-leaf species and the stands formed as a result of relatively dense plantation. By inhibiting the growth of surface fuels in the belt, the surface fire can be isolated. During the attack of a crown fire, the fire intensity is lessened by the poor combustibility and layered feature of the plant crown. This rapidly reduces the efficiency of heat transfer during the fire spread, leading to the automatic termination of fire spread. Compared to the conventional fuel breaks, this technique has obvious advantages in the efficiency of blocking flame radiation and firebrands sourced from an external fire and in conserving local soil and water as well as maintaining the local ecology. So far, there is a lack of the understanding on its quantitative capacity in resisting the crown fire intensity, and no technical performance indexes and detailed implementation specifications have been established; thus, this technique remains at an empirical stage. Further development and improvement of this technique not only can ensure its effectiveness in the forest fire separation practice, but also make it available to maximize its utilization in other fire-prone areas such as the wildland and urban interface.
Studies on the Characteristics of Naturally-Regenerated Communities of Two Types of Plantation in Jianfengling, Hainan
PENG Wen-cheng, XIONG Meng-hui, LONG Wen-xing, KANG Yong, WANG Xi-xi, LIN Deng
2015, 28(5): 739-743.
Abstract:
25-years-old Cunninghamia lanceolata forests and 18-years-old Acacia mangium forests in Jianfengling of Hainan Province were surveyed to assess the structures and species diversity of naturally-regenerated plants. The results showed that there were 131 species in C. lanceolata forests, attributed to 100 genera and 51 families. The dominant species were Gironniera subaequalis, Schima superba, Pertusadina metcalfii and Polyspora hainanensis. There were 62 species in A. mangium forests, attributed to 59 genera and 33 families. The dominant species were Acronychia pedunculata, Tetradium glabrifolium, Machilus chinensis, Gironniera subaequalis and Toxicodendron succedaneum. The species richness, Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index for naturally-regenerated plants in C. lanceolata forests were 76.67±11.02, 0.94±0.04 and 3.50±0.49,while those in A. mangium forests were 39.00±8.54, 0.91±0.04 and 3.05±0.27. The Sørensen species similarity for naturally-regenerated plants of the two forests was 0.50, with a increasing age structure. The mean density, height and dbh for adult trees of naturally-regenerated components of C. lanceolata forests were significantly lower than A. mangium forests; while the mean density and height of small tress of naturally-regenerated components of C. lanceolata forests were significantly higher than A. mangium forests. The study indicated that the naturally-regenerated plant species increased, and the forest structures became complex with the regeneration of both C. lanceolata and A. mangium forests. These two pure plantations will become old-growth natural forests with the forest succession.
Comparison of Ant's Functional Traits in Resource Utilization
WU Zi-wen, LU Zhi-xing, CHEN You-qing
2015, 28(5): 744-748.
Abstract:
In order to reveal the difference of functional traits of ants and study on ant's functional diversity, the functional traits of 17 ant species were measured. The results were as follows: (1) There was difference of functional traits in terms of resource utilization among ant species. Pachycondyla rufipes (Jerdon) was the largest, and Technomyrmex albipes (Smith) was the smallest one in the aspect of food consumption amount. Technomyrmex bicolor Emery and Iridomyrmex anceps (Roger), Camponotus nicobarensis (Mayr) and Pachycondyla zhengi Xu, Gnamptogenys bicolor (Emery) and Aphaenogaster beccarii Emery showed similarity in food consumption amount. (2) In the aspect of mode of resource utilization, Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) has the longest relative legs, but their functions were prior to nesting, the 2 species of Aphaenogaster, 3 species of Camponotus and the Iridomyrmex anceps (Roger) could run fast to acquire resource, the rest 10 ant species had better resource utilization abilities in complex habitat. The overall trend showed that the species from the same family and genus had the similar traits in terms of food consumption amount and mode of resource utilization than those from different family or genus; the reason of difference was mainly due to the significantly different body sizes regardless the family or genus.
Early Growth Analysis of 5 Banksia robur Provenances
WANG Mei-ting, HUANG Ying-feng, CHEN Yong, CHEN Lei, LUO Shui-xing, ZHANG Jing, SUN Bing
2015, 28(5): 749-752.
Abstract:
By afforestation trial, the adaptation and growing states of 5 Banksia robur provenances in Jianfengling of Hainan were studied, and the effects of provenance and fertilizer treatment on the survival rate, height and ground diameter were analyzed. The results showed that all the 5 provenances had a good adaptability in Hainan province. 2 months after planting, the survival rate was 85%, but it was easily affected by air humidity and became lower in the dry season, especially the provenance No.38164, showing that the B. robur needs wet environment. The study also found that different provenances and fertilizer treatments had significant impact and interactions on the growth of B. robur. The provenance No.38163 had the fastest grow speed, with 1.35 mm of ground diameter increment and 10.57 cm of height increment during 3 months, while the provenance No.38164 had the lowest grow speed. The provenance No.39163 also had a strong barren resistance, while the provenances No.38177 and No.38199 needed well water and nutrient conditions. Different fertilizer treatments could enlarge the difference in growth status of the provenances, and the composted cattle manure had the best effect on promoting growth status, which could be used as the best fertilizer in afforestation.
Analysis on Antioxidant Activities in vitro of Refined Powder of Phyllanthus emblica L.
LI Xian, GAN Jin, ZHANG Wen-wen, HOU Bin, ZHANG Hong, FENG Ying
2015, 28(5): 753-757.
Abstract:
The antioxidant activities in vitro of refined powder of Phyllanthus emblica L. were detected by methods based on chemical measurement and cell modeling. The results of anti-peroxidation ability and iron reduction ability trials showed that the refined powder of P. emblica L. had strong ability of anti-peroxidation, and it increased with the increasing of concentration with a clear dose-response relationship. When the concentration reached 800 μg·mL-1, the ability of anti-peroxidation was almost equal to the positive control VC with the same concentration. Meanwhile, it also had iron reduction ability that accompanied by significant dose-response relationship. By in vitro cell culture method, H2O2 was used to induce SH-SY5Y cells damages to establish the cell model of oxidative damage. The author detected the effect of different concentrations of powder on cell survival rate for the model cells by MTT assay. The results indicated that refined powder could show better protective effect to oxidative damaged SH-SY5Y cells in the range of 600 1 200 μg·mL-1. When the concentration reached 1 200 μg·mL-1, the cell survival rate was the highest and refined powder exhibited the best antioxidant activity. Both methods proved the strong antioxidant activities of refined powder of P. emblica L. in vitro.