2016 Vol. 29, No. 3
Display Method:
2016, 29(3): 307-316.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
[Objective] The study aims at investigating the biomass, carbon storage and the quantity distribution of fallen tree within different forest types or stands in Jiangxi Province of mid-subtropics.[Method] The field survey was carried out, the central diameter and length were measured, and the decay class and species composition of fallen tree (diameter ≧1 cm,length ≧1 m) within 133 plots in subtropical typical forests were recorded.[Result] The biomass and carbon storage in Cunninghamia lanceolata forests were 0.684 t·hm-2 and 0.279 tc·hm-2, while that in Pinus massoniana forests were 0.553 t·hm-2 and 0.207 tc·hm-2. However, the biomass and carbon storage in evergreen broadleaf forests were 1.248 t·hm-2 and 0.521 tc·hm-2, and in secondary evergreen broadleaf forests were 1.888 t·hm-2 and 0.812 tc·hm-2. The biomass and carbon storage in P. massoniana-broadleaf mixed forests were 1.248 t·hm-2 and 0.521 tc·hm-2, while in C. lanceolata-broadleaf forests were 1.280 t·hm-2 and 0.432 tc·hm-2; the fallen tree biomass of diameter classⅡand Ⅲ were relatively larger than the others, which were significantly different from other diameter class in coniferous forests, there were significant differences between fallen tree biomass of diameter Ⅱ andⅠ, Ⅲ in coniferous-broadleaf mixed forests, while the fallen tree biomass of diameter class Ⅰwas significantly different fromⅡ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ. The moderate decays of fallen tree of C. lanceolata and P. massoniana were at 0.332 t·hm-2 and 0.321 t·hm-2, which was higher than those in mild and severe decay of fallen tree. The decay of fallen tree in evergreen broadleaf forest was similar to C. lanceolata and P. massoniana.[Conclusion] These indicated that the biomass of fallen tree within different coniferous and evergreen broadleaf forests was significantly varied, while no significant difference was found with different coniferous-broadleaf forests in mid-subtropics. The carbon storage of fallen tree within different coniferous, evergreen broadleaf and coniferous-broadleaf forests were significantly different. The fallen trees in Jiangxi mainly dominated by diameter classⅡ(5~10 cm) and Ⅲ (10~15 cm), and most were in moderate decay. The fallen tree of coniferous-broadleaf forests was primary distributed below 700 m a.s.l, while the fallen tree of evergreen broadleaf forests was mainly distributed above 650 m a.s.l. The results suggested that the fallen tree may play a key role in mitigating global warming and carbon cycles because of the larger amount of biomass and carbon storage in evergreen broadleaf forests. It is necessary to pay more attention to the influence of fallen tree on sustainable development of forests in the future's operation and management.
[Objective] The study aims at investigating the biomass, carbon storage and the quantity distribution of fallen tree within different forest types or stands in Jiangxi Province of mid-subtropics.[Method] The field survey was carried out, the central diameter and length were measured, and the decay class and species composition of fallen tree (diameter ≧1 cm,length ≧1 m) within 133 plots in subtropical typical forests were recorded.[Result] The biomass and carbon storage in Cunninghamia lanceolata forests were 0.684 t·hm-2 and 0.279 tc·hm-2, while that in Pinus massoniana forests were 0.553 t·hm-2 and 0.207 tc·hm-2. However, the biomass and carbon storage in evergreen broadleaf forests were 1.248 t·hm-2 and 0.521 tc·hm-2, and in secondary evergreen broadleaf forests were 1.888 t·hm-2 and 0.812 tc·hm-2. The biomass and carbon storage in P. massoniana-broadleaf mixed forests were 1.248 t·hm-2 and 0.521 tc·hm-2, while in C. lanceolata-broadleaf forests were 1.280 t·hm-2 and 0.432 tc·hm-2; the fallen tree biomass of diameter classⅡand Ⅲ were relatively larger than the others, which were significantly different from other diameter class in coniferous forests, there were significant differences between fallen tree biomass of diameter Ⅱ andⅠ, Ⅲ in coniferous-broadleaf mixed forests, while the fallen tree biomass of diameter class Ⅰwas significantly different fromⅡ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ. The moderate decays of fallen tree of C. lanceolata and P. massoniana were at 0.332 t·hm-2 and 0.321 t·hm-2, which was higher than those in mild and severe decay of fallen tree. The decay of fallen tree in evergreen broadleaf forest was similar to C. lanceolata and P. massoniana.[Conclusion] These indicated that the biomass of fallen tree within different coniferous and evergreen broadleaf forests was significantly varied, while no significant difference was found with different coniferous-broadleaf forests in mid-subtropics. The carbon storage of fallen tree within different coniferous, evergreen broadleaf and coniferous-broadleaf forests were significantly different. The fallen trees in Jiangxi mainly dominated by diameter classⅡ(5~10 cm) and Ⅲ (10~15 cm), and most were in moderate decay. The fallen tree of coniferous-broadleaf forests was primary distributed below 700 m a.s.l, while the fallen tree of evergreen broadleaf forests was mainly distributed above 650 m a.s.l. The results suggested that the fallen tree may play a key role in mitigating global warming and carbon cycles because of the larger amount of biomass and carbon storage in evergreen broadleaf forests. It is necessary to pay more attention to the influence of fallen tree on sustainable development of forests in the future's operation and management.
2016, 29(3): 317-323.
Abstract:
[Objective] Making a detailed comparative analysis of compatible volume models in different regions and different heteroscedasticity correction methods, developing compatible volume equations to estimate different regions for Dahurian larch (Larix gmelini Rupr.) in Daxing'anling.[Method] Regional differences in volume models were examined and tested using the nonlinear extra sum of squares method (F-test). Weighted regression was used to decrease the heteroscedasticity of volume equations in three regions using variety forms of weight functions.[Result] The results indicated that the volume models were significantly different among different regions (PF(x), 1/D4.99, 1/D3.38 for region 1(-0.11, 0.97), region 2(0.04, 0.08), and region 3(1.04, 0.93) respectively.[Conclusion] Individual tree volume model is a major component of forest inventory and growth and yield model. Prediction errors of compatible volume models were within ±3% in three different regions. Compatible volume models should consider the phenomena of heteroscedasticity, and the optimal weight functions of individual tree volume models don't have a uniform format. To get the stability of parameters estimation, different weight functions should be analyzed in the process of the weighted regression.
[Objective] Making a detailed comparative analysis of compatible volume models in different regions and different heteroscedasticity correction methods, developing compatible volume equations to estimate different regions for Dahurian larch (Larix gmelini Rupr.) in Daxing'anling.[Method] Regional differences in volume models were examined and tested using the nonlinear extra sum of squares method (F-test). Weighted regression was used to decrease the heteroscedasticity of volume equations in three regions using variety forms of weight functions.[Result] The results indicated that the volume models were significantly different among different regions (PF(x), 1/D4.99, 1/D3.38 for region 1(-0.11, 0.97), region 2(0.04, 0.08), and region 3(1.04, 0.93) respectively.[Conclusion] Individual tree volume model is a major component of forest inventory and growth and yield model. Prediction errors of compatible volume models were within ±3% in three different regions. Compatible volume models should consider the phenomena of heteroscedasticity, and the optimal weight functions of individual tree volume models don't have a uniform format. To get the stability of parameters estimation, different weight functions should be analyzed in the process of the weighted regression.
2016, 29(3): 324-330.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study the variation of oleoresin compounds among Pinus massoniana families and their correlations among compounds in order to provides data for the genetic improving of P. massoniana.[Method] Eleven-year-old half-sib family of P. massoniana at Laizhou Experimental Forest Farm of Fujian Province was used as research object. The type and content of oleoresin compounds taken from xylem of stem in 1.3 m height of each sample were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Then, genetic variations in compounds of oleoresin and their genetic correlations were analyzed. Finally, the tested families were clustered based on the significant difference of compounds among families.[Result] The results showed that 20 oleoresin terpenoids were identified. The abundant terpenoids in oleoresin were α-pinene, β-pinene, longifolene, β-caryophyllene, pimaric acid, sandaracopimaric acid, palustric acid/levopimaric acid, dehydroabietic acid, neoabietic acid and abietic acid. Camphene and limonene in monoterpenes, longicyclene, sativene, β- and α-caryophyllene in sequiterpenes, and pimaric acid and neoabietic acid in diterpenes were revealed significantly difference among families with the family heritability ranging from 0.45 to 0.59, which suggesting these compounds can obtain better genetic improving effects through family selection. Within the class of monoterpenes, the genetic correlations among β-pinene, camphene and limonene were significant at the level of PPβ- and α-caryophyllene was also at the significant level of P[Conclusion] In total, twenty compounds were identified from the oleoresin of xylem in P. massoniana. Eight compounds of camphene, limonene, longicyclene, sativene, β- and α-caryophyllene, pimaric acid and neoabietic acid showed larger family effect and were under moderate genetic control. Among and within the categories of monoterpenes, sequiterpenes and diterpenes, most of the stronger genetic correlation existed within the categories of monoterpenes and sequiterpenes.
[Objective] To study the variation of oleoresin compounds among Pinus massoniana families and their correlations among compounds in order to provides data for the genetic improving of P. massoniana.[Method] Eleven-year-old half-sib family of P. massoniana at Laizhou Experimental Forest Farm of Fujian Province was used as research object. The type and content of oleoresin compounds taken from xylem of stem in 1.3 m height of each sample were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Then, genetic variations in compounds of oleoresin and their genetic correlations were analyzed. Finally, the tested families were clustered based on the significant difference of compounds among families.[Result] The results showed that 20 oleoresin terpenoids were identified. The abundant terpenoids in oleoresin were α-pinene, β-pinene, longifolene, β-caryophyllene, pimaric acid, sandaracopimaric acid, palustric acid/levopimaric acid, dehydroabietic acid, neoabietic acid and abietic acid. Camphene and limonene in monoterpenes, longicyclene, sativene, β- and α-caryophyllene in sequiterpenes, and pimaric acid and neoabietic acid in diterpenes were revealed significantly difference among families with the family heritability ranging from 0.45 to 0.59, which suggesting these compounds can obtain better genetic improving effects through family selection. Within the class of monoterpenes, the genetic correlations among β-pinene, camphene and limonene were significant at the level of PPβ- and α-caryophyllene was also at the significant level of P[Conclusion] In total, twenty compounds were identified from the oleoresin of xylem in P. massoniana. Eight compounds of camphene, limonene, longicyclene, sativene, β- and α-caryophyllene, pimaric acid and neoabietic acid showed larger family effect and were under moderate genetic control. Among and within the categories of monoterpenes, sequiterpenes and diterpenes, most of the stronger genetic correlation existed within the categories of monoterpenes and sequiterpenes.
2016, 29(3): 331-339.
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[Objective] To select new germplasm for integrative breeding of poplar new varieties for industrial timber with high-yielding, superior quality and outstanding efficient traits.[Method] The comprehensive evaluation and subordinate function were used to analyze and evaluate comprehensively the growth, photosynthetic productivity, water use efficiency (WUE) and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of North-typed Populus deltoides germplasm resources.[Result] (1). There were significant or very significant differences in growth, photosynthetic productivity, WUE and NUE among different genotypes in the same provenance and among different provenances. (2). The traits of North-typed P. deltoides were significantly or very significantly correlated to DBH growth, including total leaf area, leaf number, leaf number growth rate, internode length, respiration rate, N transfer rate, N content in leaf & WUE in the suitable growth period. (3). According to comprehensive evaluation, 8 clones with high growth, 8 with high growth and photosynthetic productivity, 8 with high growth and WUE, and 8 with high growth and NUE were selected. Among them, 5 clones were found with high growth and high environmental resources use efficiency.[Conclusion] The abundant variations of North-typed P. deltoides provide a basis for breeding parents in the provenances and individuals levels. The total leaf area, leaf number growth rate, respiration rate, N transfer rate, and WUE in the suitable growth period can be used as selection index. The excellent germplasm, including 5 best clones, selected by complex evaluation, could be applied in poplar breeding.
[Objective] To select new germplasm for integrative breeding of poplar new varieties for industrial timber with high-yielding, superior quality and outstanding efficient traits.[Method] The comprehensive evaluation and subordinate function were used to analyze and evaluate comprehensively the growth, photosynthetic productivity, water use efficiency (WUE) and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of North-typed Populus deltoides germplasm resources.[Result] (1). There were significant or very significant differences in growth, photosynthetic productivity, WUE and NUE among different genotypes in the same provenance and among different provenances. (2). The traits of North-typed P. deltoides were significantly or very significantly correlated to DBH growth, including total leaf area, leaf number, leaf number growth rate, internode length, respiration rate, N transfer rate, N content in leaf & WUE in the suitable growth period. (3). According to comprehensive evaluation, 8 clones with high growth, 8 with high growth and photosynthetic productivity, 8 with high growth and WUE, and 8 with high growth and NUE were selected. Among them, 5 clones were found with high growth and high environmental resources use efficiency.[Conclusion] The abundant variations of North-typed P. deltoides provide a basis for breeding parents in the provenances and individuals levels. The total leaf area, leaf number growth rate, respiration rate, N transfer rate, and WUE in the suitable growth period can be used as selection index. The excellent germplasm, including 5 best clones, selected by complex evaluation, could be applied in poplar breeding.
2016, 29(3): 340-347.
Abstract:
[Objective] To evaluate the tree size diversity of natural and artificial forest.[Method] The data of 6 sample plots were compared and used to estimate the 6 size diversity indices, including size diversity indices that based on diameter distribution of Simpson (DN), Shannon (HN) and individual tree basal area of Gini coefficient (GC), and the size diversity indices that based on differentiation of diameter distribution of Simpson (DT), Shannon(HT) and its mean value (T).[Result] The results showed that the size diversity logical ranking of the 6 plots was successively the contrastive plot of Juglans mandshurica mixed broadleaf-conifer forest in Jilin> the structure-based forest managed plot of J. mandshurica mixed broadleaf-conifer forest in Jilin > the structure-based forest managed plot of Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata broadleaved mixed forest in Gansu > the contrastive plot of Q. aliena var. acutiserrata broadleaved mixed forest in Gansu > the plot of Pinus tabulaeformis and Larix gmelinii mixed plantation> the plot of Platycladus orientalis mixed plantation. The size diversity of natural forest was higher than that of the artificial forest, the more matured stand of old-growth forests in Jilin was higher than half-matured forest in Gansu, the stand been applied structure-based forest management for at least 5 years was higher than the contrastive plot, the mixed artificial stand was higher than the pure artificial stand.[Conclusion] The ordering results of methods GC, HN and DN showed inconformity to the logical ranking, stating that the methods based on diameter distribution could not properly express the differences of size diversity. The ordering results of methods T, DT and HT showed conformity to the logical ranking, stating that the methods based on diameter differentiation distribution could properly express the differences of diameter diversity among the 6 plots. It was better for T to discriminate the differences among 6 plots than DT and HT, due to its ability to estimate continuous variable, reflecting the differential degree between the target trees and the nearest neighboring trees, and that prone to explain its biological meaning. Therefore, it is considered that the T as the best method to express the diameter size diversity.
[Objective] To evaluate the tree size diversity of natural and artificial forest.[Method] The data of 6 sample plots were compared and used to estimate the 6 size diversity indices, including size diversity indices that based on diameter distribution of Simpson (DN), Shannon (HN) and individual tree basal area of Gini coefficient (GC), and the size diversity indices that based on differentiation of diameter distribution of Simpson (DT), Shannon(HT) and its mean value (T).[Result] The results showed that the size diversity logical ranking of the 6 plots was successively the contrastive plot of Juglans mandshurica mixed broadleaf-conifer forest in Jilin> the structure-based forest managed plot of J. mandshurica mixed broadleaf-conifer forest in Jilin > the structure-based forest managed plot of Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata broadleaved mixed forest in Gansu > the contrastive plot of Q. aliena var. acutiserrata broadleaved mixed forest in Gansu > the plot of Pinus tabulaeformis and Larix gmelinii mixed plantation> the plot of Platycladus orientalis mixed plantation. The size diversity of natural forest was higher than that of the artificial forest, the more matured stand of old-growth forests in Jilin was higher than half-matured forest in Gansu, the stand been applied structure-based forest management for at least 5 years was higher than the contrastive plot, the mixed artificial stand was higher than the pure artificial stand.[Conclusion] The ordering results of methods GC, HN and DN showed inconformity to the logical ranking, stating that the methods based on diameter distribution could not properly express the differences of size diversity. The ordering results of methods T, DT and HT showed conformity to the logical ranking, stating that the methods based on diameter differentiation distribution could properly express the differences of diameter diversity among the 6 plots. It was better for T to discriminate the differences among 6 plots than DT and HT, due to its ability to estimate continuous variable, reflecting the differential degree between the target trees and the nearest neighboring trees, and that prone to explain its biological meaning. Therefore, it is considered that the T as the best method to express the diameter size diversity.
2016, 29(3): 348-353.
Abstract:
[Objective] To develop new molecular markers suitable for Pinus massoniana.[Method] Based on the conservative region of RT (reverse transcriptase) sequences of Ty1-copia and Ty3-gypsy type retrotransposon, the IRAP-PCR system for P. massoniana was established and examined with 12 individuals.[Result] Of 42 IRAP primers, 29 gave stable and polymorphic amplification profiles, thus yielded 227 bands, among which 207 were polymorphic, accounting for 91.19% of the total. The average Observed Number of Alleles, Effective Number of Alleles, Nei's Genetic Diversity and Shannon Index of Diversity in the twelve P. massoniana gemplasms were 1.9119±0.2841, 1.4680±0.2882, 0.2911±0.1449 and 0.4472±0.1953, respectively. The cultivated types and clones could be effectively distinguished by primers P-12, P-15 or R-1, and all the genotypes might be clarified by P-2, which was labeled as the core primer for tested germplasms. The coefficient of the 12 germplasms ranged from 0.46 to 0.69, and with the threshold of 0.57, all the genotypes were grouped into three subclusters by the UPGMA.[Conclusion] The IRAP marker technology established may effectively facilitate the identification of genetic relationship in P. massoniana germplasms.
[Objective] To develop new molecular markers suitable for Pinus massoniana.[Method] Based on the conservative region of RT (reverse transcriptase) sequences of Ty1-copia and Ty3-gypsy type retrotransposon, the IRAP-PCR system for P. massoniana was established and examined with 12 individuals.[Result] Of 42 IRAP primers, 29 gave stable and polymorphic amplification profiles, thus yielded 227 bands, among which 207 were polymorphic, accounting for 91.19% of the total. The average Observed Number of Alleles, Effective Number of Alleles, Nei's Genetic Diversity and Shannon Index of Diversity in the twelve P. massoniana gemplasms were 1.9119±0.2841, 1.4680±0.2882, 0.2911±0.1449 and 0.4472±0.1953, respectively. The cultivated types and clones could be effectively distinguished by primers P-12, P-15 or R-1, and all the genotypes might be clarified by P-2, which was labeled as the core primer for tested germplasms. The coefficient of the 12 germplasms ranged from 0.46 to 0.69, and with the threshold of 0.57, all the genotypes were grouped into three subclusters by the UPGMA.[Conclusion] The IRAP marker technology established may effectively facilitate the identification of genetic relationship in P. massoniana germplasms.
2016, 29(3): 354-361.
Abstract:
[Objective] To reveal the chilling and heat requirements of main cultivars of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnuts.[Method] The hydroponic experiments were carried out with excised annual shoots of 16 main cultivars of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla×C. avellana) as materials and excised annual shoots of the wild hazelnut (C. heterophylla Fisch.) as the control. The chilling and heat requirements were estimated by the observation of the phenological phase of the catkins, female inflorescences and leaf buds.[Result] There were great differences in the chilling requirements and the heat requirements among different organs of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnuts. The chilling requirements ranged 336~1176 h for catkins, 504~1344 h for female inflorescences and 672~1512 h for leaf buds. The heat requirements ranged 687.0~998.5 GDH℃ for catkins, 998.5~3496.1 GDH℃ for female inflorescences and 2546.5~4180.3 GDH℃ for leaf buds. When the cultivars and organs reach the minimum chilling requirements, the heat requirements were at the highest value. With the extension of the cold accumulation, the heat requirements reduced gradually.[Conclusion] This is the first report of research on the chilling and heat requirements for different organs of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnuts. As for chilling requirement, some cultivars such as Dawei and Ping'ou 48 showed lower-level chilling requirements, and some others such as Liaozhen No.2 and Ping'ou 545 showed higher-level chilling requirements. As for heat requirement, some cultivars such as Yuzhui and Ping'ou 69 showed lower-level heat requirements and some others such as Liaozhen No.1 and Liaozhen No.4 showed higher-level heat requirements. The data above enriched the information in the flowering and dormancy releasing of Corylus, which could provide reference for the breeding introduction and cultivation of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnuts.
[Objective] To reveal the chilling and heat requirements of main cultivars of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnuts.[Method] The hydroponic experiments were carried out with excised annual shoots of 16 main cultivars of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla×C. avellana) as materials and excised annual shoots of the wild hazelnut (C. heterophylla Fisch.) as the control. The chilling and heat requirements were estimated by the observation of the phenological phase of the catkins, female inflorescences and leaf buds.[Result] There were great differences in the chilling requirements and the heat requirements among different organs of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnuts. The chilling requirements ranged 336~1176 h for catkins, 504~1344 h for female inflorescences and 672~1512 h for leaf buds. The heat requirements ranged 687.0~998.5 GDH℃ for catkins, 998.5~3496.1 GDH℃ for female inflorescences and 2546.5~4180.3 GDH℃ for leaf buds. When the cultivars and organs reach the minimum chilling requirements, the heat requirements were at the highest value. With the extension of the cold accumulation, the heat requirements reduced gradually.[Conclusion] This is the first report of research on the chilling and heat requirements for different organs of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnuts. As for chilling requirement, some cultivars such as Dawei and Ping'ou 48 showed lower-level chilling requirements, and some others such as Liaozhen No.2 and Ping'ou 545 showed higher-level chilling requirements. As for heat requirement, some cultivars such as Yuzhui and Ping'ou 69 showed lower-level heat requirements and some others such as Liaozhen No.1 and Liaozhen No.4 showed higher-level heat requirements. The data above enriched the information in the flowering and dormancy releasing of Corylus, which could provide reference for the breeding introduction and cultivation of Ping'ou hybrid hazelnuts.
Relationships of Leaf Color and Pigment and Nutrient Elements in Senescing Leaves of Sassafras tsumu
2016, 29(3): 362-368.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study the changes of leaf color, pigment and nutrition concentrations of Sassafras tsumu from the perspective of leaf senescence so as to provide a scientific basis for breeding and cultivation of S. tsumu.[Method] Thirty S. tsumu trees planted under the same environment were tested. From leaf stopping growth to falling off, it can be divided into five periods to observe the leaf color, pigment content and nutrient element content.[Result] The value of leaf color, pigment and nutrition concentrations in S. tsumu showed highly significant difference from earlier period to late period. They were downtrend when the leaf of S.tsumu in autumn. However, the anthocyanin content increased gradually. The content of N, P, and K decreased gradually in the senescing leaf of S. tsumu. In accordance with the canonical correlation analysis, the leaf color a* value showed a significantly negative correlation with chlorophyll content, but showed a significantly positive correlation with the anthocyanin content. The anthocyanin content was inversely proportional to nitrogen content while the carotenoid content was proportional to the content of phosphorus. The symbol of nitrogen resorption efficiency and nitrogen concentrations were opposite. However, the symbol of proportional resorption efficiency and proportional concentrations were the same. The process of S. tsumu leaf senescence included 3 phases. The first phase was from late September to early November in which the leaf commences growing old.The second phase was from late October to early November in which leaf senescence was in plateau. The third phase, i.e. final phase, was from late November to the defoliation.[Conclusion] The best ornamental period of S. tsumu was from late October to early November in which leaf senescence was in plateau. The chlorophyll and carotenoid were decomposed and the anthocyanin was synthesized from the first phase to the third phase. The nitrogen resorption efficiency was lower when the nitrogen concentration was higher. On the contrary, the proportional concentrations had significantly positively correlation with the proportional resorption efficiency.
[Objective] To study the changes of leaf color, pigment and nutrition concentrations of Sassafras tsumu from the perspective of leaf senescence so as to provide a scientific basis for breeding and cultivation of S. tsumu.[Method] Thirty S. tsumu trees planted under the same environment were tested. From leaf stopping growth to falling off, it can be divided into five periods to observe the leaf color, pigment content and nutrient element content.[Result] The value of leaf color, pigment and nutrition concentrations in S. tsumu showed highly significant difference from earlier period to late period. They were downtrend when the leaf of S.tsumu in autumn. However, the anthocyanin content increased gradually. The content of N, P, and K decreased gradually in the senescing leaf of S. tsumu. In accordance with the canonical correlation analysis, the leaf color a* value showed a significantly negative correlation with chlorophyll content, but showed a significantly positive correlation with the anthocyanin content. The anthocyanin content was inversely proportional to nitrogen content while the carotenoid content was proportional to the content of phosphorus. The symbol of nitrogen resorption efficiency and nitrogen concentrations were opposite. However, the symbol of proportional resorption efficiency and proportional concentrations were the same. The process of S. tsumu leaf senescence included 3 phases. The first phase was from late September to early November in which the leaf commences growing old.The second phase was from late October to early November in which leaf senescence was in plateau. The third phase, i.e. final phase, was from late November to the defoliation.[Conclusion] The best ornamental period of S. tsumu was from late October to early November in which leaf senescence was in plateau. The chlorophyll and carotenoid were decomposed and the anthocyanin was synthesized from the first phase to the third phase. The nitrogen resorption efficiency was lower when the nitrogen concentration was higher. On the contrary, the proportional concentrations had significantly positively correlation with the proportional resorption efficiency.
2016, 29(3): 369-376.
Abstract:
[Objective] To determine whether the parasitic efficiency, fecundity, and longevity of parasitoid, Sclerodermus pupariae (Hymenoptera:Bethylidae), would be enhanced by the previous experience with feeding on supplementary nutrition.[Methods] The effects of previous feeding experience from host hemolymph or honey on host parasitization, parasitoid fecundity, and offspring lifespan of this species were investigated under laboratory conditions.[Results] The results indicated that both host insects and sugar-rich foods could be the potential food resources for parasitoid, S. pupariae. The parasitoids fed on host hemolymph or honey had significantly higher parasitism rate on the larvae of host, Thyestilla gebleri (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae), than those only fed on distilled water. The pre-oviposition duration decreased significantly in parasitoid that with the experience of previous nutrition feeding. The parasitoids that previously fed on host hemolymph exhibited more fertile than those only fed on distilled water. Fecundity of parasitoids which fed on honey had insignificant difference compare to the others. However, the immature duration and sex ratio of parasitoids showed no significant difference among the treatments. Survival analysis on this species parasitoid showed that the longevity of newly emerged female parasitoid would be prolongated by the short process of nutritional supplements. The lifespan of parasitoid which fed on host hemolymph or honey were two times as long as that of the parasitoid only fed on distilled water.[Conclusions] These findings suggested that the process of nutritional supplements of parasitoid before encountering the hosts is vital. The effects of feeding on host hemolymph or honey on the enhancement of parasitoid activity and longevity are equivalent. Thus, the authors proposed that it could achieve higher efficiency for using and protecting the natural enemy resources by furnishing some flowering plants around the parasitoid release sites in pest biological control programs.
[Objective] To determine whether the parasitic efficiency, fecundity, and longevity of parasitoid, Sclerodermus pupariae (Hymenoptera:Bethylidae), would be enhanced by the previous experience with feeding on supplementary nutrition.[Methods] The effects of previous feeding experience from host hemolymph or honey on host parasitization, parasitoid fecundity, and offspring lifespan of this species were investigated under laboratory conditions.[Results] The results indicated that both host insects and sugar-rich foods could be the potential food resources for parasitoid, S. pupariae. The parasitoids fed on host hemolymph or honey had significantly higher parasitism rate on the larvae of host, Thyestilla gebleri (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae), than those only fed on distilled water. The pre-oviposition duration decreased significantly in parasitoid that with the experience of previous nutrition feeding. The parasitoids that previously fed on host hemolymph exhibited more fertile than those only fed on distilled water. Fecundity of parasitoids which fed on honey had insignificant difference compare to the others. However, the immature duration and sex ratio of parasitoids showed no significant difference among the treatments. Survival analysis on this species parasitoid showed that the longevity of newly emerged female parasitoid would be prolongated by the short process of nutritional supplements. The lifespan of parasitoid which fed on host hemolymph or honey were two times as long as that of the parasitoid only fed on distilled water.[Conclusions] These findings suggested that the process of nutritional supplements of parasitoid before encountering the hosts is vital. The effects of feeding on host hemolymph or honey on the enhancement of parasitoid activity and longevity are equivalent. Thus, the authors proposed that it could achieve higher efficiency for using and protecting the natural enemy resources by furnishing some flowering plants around the parasitoid release sites in pest biological control programs.
2016, 29(3): 377-382.
Abstract:
[Objective] To explore the change of chloroplast genetic characteristics and laws of Paulownia elongata, P. fortunei and P. tomentosa and to discuss the genetic relationship among the three species.[Method] The genetic differences of the Chloroplast DNA rps16 region sequences of P. elongata, P. fortunei and P. tomentosa were analyzed by using sequencing method. The DNAs were extracted from each 15 individuals of P. elongata, P. fortunei and P. tomentosa, then were amplified with PCR to obtain specific fragment which were purified and sequenced. Quick sort were completed by the software Clustal X 2.0, multiple sequence were aligned by using software MEGA 4, and then the characteristics and the K2P genetic distance of the alignment sequence were also calculated.[Result] (1). The sequence lengths of rps16 region from P. elongata were measured by 916~933 bp; those from P. fortunei was calculated by 932 bp; and those from P. tomentosa were 916~918 bp after aligned. The length of rps16 sequence was 938 bp after aligned by the software Clustal X 2.0, and the average GC content was 34.31%. The amount of total variable loci detected from the aligned sequences was 10, accounting for 1.07% of the entire length of the sequence. The amount of variable loci (insertion-deletion site) was 9, accounting for 90% of the total variable loci, for 0.96% of the entire sequence. The amount of variable loci (substitution site) was 1, accounting for 10% of the total variable loci, for 0.11% of the entire sequence. (2). Total 10 variable loci were detected from the aligned sequences, of which 9(90%) sites were same between P. elongata and P. fortunei, while there was no same base between P. elongata and P. tomentosa.[Conclusion] According to the analysis on sequence characteristics and mutation sites of rps16 sequences from the three species of Genus Paulownia, in chloroplast genetic aspects, the results illustrated that there were much more similar plastid inheritances between P. elongata and P. fortunei than between P. elongata and P. tomentosa; indicating closer relationships between P. elongata and P. fortunei. From the above, P. elongata and P. fortunei could be inferred from the same maternal lineage.
[Objective] To explore the change of chloroplast genetic characteristics and laws of Paulownia elongata, P. fortunei and P. tomentosa and to discuss the genetic relationship among the three species.[Method] The genetic differences of the Chloroplast DNA rps16 region sequences of P. elongata, P. fortunei and P. tomentosa were analyzed by using sequencing method. The DNAs were extracted from each 15 individuals of P. elongata, P. fortunei and P. tomentosa, then were amplified with PCR to obtain specific fragment which were purified and sequenced. Quick sort were completed by the software Clustal X 2.0, multiple sequence were aligned by using software MEGA 4, and then the characteristics and the K2P genetic distance of the alignment sequence were also calculated.[Result] (1). The sequence lengths of rps16 region from P. elongata were measured by 916~933 bp; those from P. fortunei was calculated by 932 bp; and those from P. tomentosa were 916~918 bp after aligned. The length of rps16 sequence was 938 bp after aligned by the software Clustal X 2.0, and the average GC content was 34.31%. The amount of total variable loci detected from the aligned sequences was 10, accounting for 1.07% of the entire length of the sequence. The amount of variable loci (insertion-deletion site) was 9, accounting for 90% of the total variable loci, for 0.96% of the entire sequence. The amount of variable loci (substitution site) was 1, accounting for 10% of the total variable loci, for 0.11% of the entire sequence. (2). Total 10 variable loci were detected from the aligned sequences, of which 9(90%) sites were same between P. elongata and P. fortunei, while there was no same base between P. elongata and P. tomentosa.[Conclusion] According to the analysis on sequence characteristics and mutation sites of rps16 sequences from the three species of Genus Paulownia, in chloroplast genetic aspects, the results illustrated that there were much more similar plastid inheritances between P. elongata and P. fortunei than between P. elongata and P. tomentosa; indicating closer relationships between P. elongata and P. fortunei. From the above, P. elongata and P. fortunei could be inferred from the same maternal lineage.
2016, 29(3): 383-388.
Abstract:
[Objective] A two-dimensional (2-DE) electrophoresis system was explored for proteomic analysis of Ginkgo biloba embryo, aiming at laying a foundation for studying the differences in protein expression at different developmental stages.[Method] The 2-DE gels were involved with different protein extraction methods (direct extraction method, phenol extraction method, Tris-HCl method, Trizol extraction and TCA-acetone-phenol method), different concentrations of urea in lysis buffer (6 mol·L-1, 7 mol·L-1, 8 mol·L-1, and 9 mol·L-1), different protein loading dosages (1500 μg, 1650 μg, and 1800 μg) and different separation gel concentrations (10%, 12.5%, and 15%), to select the suitable condition.[Result] The optimized system includes the following steps:extracting total protein from G. biloba embryo by TCA-acetone-phenol method,dissolving proteins with lysis buffer containing 8 mol·L-1 urea,1650 μg of protein loading dosage and running SDS-PAGE with 12.5% gel concentration. Reproducible profiles with high resolution and clean background were obtained by this optimized two dimensional electrophoresis of embryonic total protein.[Conclusion] The optimized 2-DE electrophoresis system suitable for the separation of embryonic total protein from G. biloba was established, which is:extracting total protein by TCA-acetone-phenol method,dissolving proteins with lysis buffer containing 8 mol·L-1urea, 1650 μg of protein loading dosage and running SDS-PAGE with 12.5% gel concentration.
[Objective] A two-dimensional (2-DE) electrophoresis system was explored for proteomic analysis of Ginkgo biloba embryo, aiming at laying a foundation for studying the differences in protein expression at different developmental stages.[Method] The 2-DE gels were involved with different protein extraction methods (direct extraction method, phenol extraction method, Tris-HCl method, Trizol extraction and TCA-acetone-phenol method), different concentrations of urea in lysis buffer (6 mol·L-1, 7 mol·L-1, 8 mol·L-1, and 9 mol·L-1), different protein loading dosages (1500 μg, 1650 μg, and 1800 μg) and different separation gel concentrations (10%, 12.5%, and 15%), to select the suitable condition.[Result] The optimized system includes the following steps:extracting total protein from G. biloba embryo by TCA-acetone-phenol method,dissolving proteins with lysis buffer containing 8 mol·L-1 urea,1650 μg of protein loading dosage and running SDS-PAGE with 12.5% gel concentration. Reproducible profiles with high resolution and clean background were obtained by this optimized two dimensional electrophoresis of embryonic total protein.[Conclusion] The optimized 2-DE electrophoresis system suitable for the separation of embryonic total protein from G. biloba was established, which is:extracting total protein by TCA-acetone-phenol method,dissolving proteins with lysis buffer containing 8 mol·L-1urea, 1650 μg of protein loading dosage and running SDS-PAGE with 12.5% gel concentration.
2016, 29(3): 389-394.
Abstract:
[Objective] The purpose of this research is to analyze the coupling between gully, collapse, platform and other micro-topography with spatial distribution of exising forest stand, which can provide references for near-natural vegetation restoration and the structure configuration of soil and water conservation tree-shrub mixed stand.[Method] Based on the investigaition data of the vegetations in Sandaochuan valley in Wuqi County of Shaanxi Province, the effects of slope micro-topography on spatial distribution of trees were analysed by using spatial analysis tools of software Arcgis 9.3.[Result] The results showed that the area of all types of micro-topography account for 21.03% in undisturbed slope area, but the amount of trees on micro-topography account for 51.77% of the total amount. Trees were distributed mainly in various type of micro-topography, and showed an aggregated distribution at gully and platform, but showed a random distribution at collapse and scrap. The trees in different micro-topography displayed very significant difference, Ulmus pumila, Populus simonii, and Prunus sibirica showed an aggregated distribution at gully; Populus hopeiensis showed an aggregated distribution at gully and platform, while Robinia pseudoacacia showed an aggregated distribution at platform.[Conclusion] The soil moisture of various slope micro-topography and its microhabitat have significant effects on the spatial distribution of trees. It is necessary to maintain the long term point of configuration trees planted in near-natural vegetation restoration according to various slope micro-topography habitats and spatial distributions of trees. Therefore, Populus hopeiensis, Populus simonii, Ulmus pumila and other tree species could be planted on gully, Populus hopeiensis, and Robinia pseudoacacia could be planted on platform, and the tree specvies such like Populus hopeiensis and Populus simonii should be planted on scrap.
[Objective] The purpose of this research is to analyze the coupling between gully, collapse, platform and other micro-topography with spatial distribution of exising forest stand, which can provide references for near-natural vegetation restoration and the structure configuration of soil and water conservation tree-shrub mixed stand.[Method] Based on the investigaition data of the vegetations in Sandaochuan valley in Wuqi County of Shaanxi Province, the effects of slope micro-topography on spatial distribution of trees were analysed by using spatial analysis tools of software Arcgis 9.3.[Result] The results showed that the area of all types of micro-topography account for 21.03% in undisturbed slope area, but the amount of trees on micro-topography account for 51.77% of the total amount. Trees were distributed mainly in various type of micro-topography, and showed an aggregated distribution at gully and platform, but showed a random distribution at collapse and scrap. The trees in different micro-topography displayed very significant difference, Ulmus pumila, Populus simonii, and Prunus sibirica showed an aggregated distribution at gully; Populus hopeiensis showed an aggregated distribution at gully and platform, while Robinia pseudoacacia showed an aggregated distribution at platform.[Conclusion] The soil moisture of various slope micro-topography and its microhabitat have significant effects on the spatial distribution of trees. It is necessary to maintain the long term point of configuration trees planted in near-natural vegetation restoration according to various slope micro-topography habitats and spatial distributions of trees. Therefore, Populus hopeiensis, Populus simonii, Ulmus pumila and other tree species could be planted on gully, Populus hopeiensis, and Robinia pseudoacacia could be planted on platform, and the tree specvies such like Populus hopeiensis and Populus simonii should be planted on scrap.
2016, 29(3): 395-401.
Abstract:
[Objective] To analyze the spatial pattern of main populations and gap makers formed by uprooting in permanent plot in Korean pine broad-leaved forest of Xiaoxing'anling Mountains.[Method] Based on field surveys and data statistics, the spatial distribution pattern and spatial association of four most important populations and the gap makers formed by uprooting at different spatial scales in the 2.55 hm2 permanent plot were studied by using point pattern analysis.[Result] The result showed that great differences in the density of main populations were observed for total 8 tree species with DBH greater than 1 cm in tree layer. The DBH class structure of all populations roughly exhibited asymmetrically unimodal curve. The importance values of Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Betula platyphylla and Ulmus spp. were ranked the top four in this plot. Pinus koraiensis and Betula platyphylla exhibited an aggregated distribution pattern at the whole research scale. The spatial distribution pattern of Picea koraiensis changed from aggregated, random to uniform distribution over the spatial scale. For Ulmus spp., its distribution was aggregated at ≤16 m scale and random at the other scales. Except that the significant negative correlation existed between Pinus koraiensis and Picea koraiensis, Pinus koraiensis and Betula platyphylla, Pinus koraiensis and Ulmus spp. at small scale, significant positive correlation between Picea koraiensis and Ulmus spp. at small scale, no significant spatial associations were observed among the other populations. Pinus koraiensis and Picea koraiensis were the major components of gap makers formed by uprooting in the plot. Spatial distribution pattern of gap makers was characterized as uniform distribution at 3~6 m scale and random distribution at all other research scales.[Conclusion] There were differences in spatial distribution pattern and spatial association among populations in different research scale in Korean pine broad-leaved forest of Xiaoxing'anling Mountains, Pinus koraiensis and Picea koraiensis are easy to form uprooted treefalls with the whole random distribution in the plot.
[Objective] To analyze the spatial pattern of main populations and gap makers formed by uprooting in permanent plot in Korean pine broad-leaved forest of Xiaoxing'anling Mountains.[Method] Based on field surveys and data statistics, the spatial distribution pattern and spatial association of four most important populations and the gap makers formed by uprooting at different spatial scales in the 2.55 hm2 permanent plot were studied by using point pattern analysis.[Result] The result showed that great differences in the density of main populations were observed for total 8 tree species with DBH greater than 1 cm in tree layer. The DBH class structure of all populations roughly exhibited asymmetrically unimodal curve. The importance values of Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Betula platyphylla and Ulmus spp. were ranked the top four in this plot. Pinus koraiensis and Betula platyphylla exhibited an aggregated distribution pattern at the whole research scale. The spatial distribution pattern of Picea koraiensis changed from aggregated, random to uniform distribution over the spatial scale. For Ulmus spp., its distribution was aggregated at ≤16 m scale and random at the other scales. Except that the significant negative correlation existed between Pinus koraiensis and Picea koraiensis, Pinus koraiensis and Betula platyphylla, Pinus koraiensis and Ulmus spp. at small scale, significant positive correlation between Picea koraiensis and Ulmus spp. at small scale, no significant spatial associations were observed among the other populations. Pinus koraiensis and Picea koraiensis were the major components of gap makers formed by uprooting in the plot. Spatial distribution pattern of gap makers was characterized as uniform distribution at 3~6 m scale and random distribution at all other research scales.[Conclusion] There were differences in spatial distribution pattern and spatial association among populations in different research scale in Korean pine broad-leaved forest of Xiaoxing'anling Mountains, Pinus koraiensis and Picea koraiensis are easy to form uprooted treefalls with the whole random distribution in the plot.
2016, 29(3): 402-406.
Abstract:
To approach annual variation of nutrient content and antioxidant ability of Ph. edulis stump roots and provide theoretical guidance for research on accretion decay technology, concentration of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein and activities of antioxidative enzymes, and root vigor of stump roots from bamboo stumps after cutting 2a, 4a, 6a and 6-years living bamboo were determined. With the increasing of cutting years, cell osmotic adjustment ability decreased, and cell membrane lipid peroxidation of stump root increased, while the root vigor and resistance physiological activity reduced gradually. Physiological activity and ability of growth and regeneration for bamboo stump root was high even after cutting 6 years, concentrations of C, N, P were also high. Furthermore, C concentrations increased greatly after bamboo cutting. Main nutrient stoichiometry adjusted adaptively, and N/P remained stable while C/N and C/P tended to increase. Stump root was able to adsorb nutrients from soil, and obtained C from the living bamboo parts through the rhizomes, which may be the important mechanism of slow decaying of bamboo stumps.
To approach annual variation of nutrient content and antioxidant ability of Ph. edulis stump roots and provide theoretical guidance for research on accretion decay technology, concentration of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein and activities of antioxidative enzymes, and root vigor of stump roots from bamboo stumps after cutting 2a, 4a, 6a and 6-years living bamboo were determined. With the increasing of cutting years, cell osmotic adjustment ability decreased, and cell membrane lipid peroxidation of stump root increased, while the root vigor and resistance physiological activity reduced gradually. Physiological activity and ability of growth and regeneration for bamboo stump root was high even after cutting 6 years, concentrations of C, N, P were also high. Furthermore, C concentrations increased greatly after bamboo cutting. Main nutrient stoichiometry adjusted adaptively, and N/P remained stable while C/N and C/P tended to increase. Stump root was able to adsorb nutrients from soil, and obtained C from the living bamboo parts through the rhizomes, which may be the important mechanism of slow decaying of bamboo stumps.
2016, 29(3): 407-412.
Abstract:
[Objective] To classify the tree species in Puer's mountainous area by remote sensing image, and to search an efficient way to forest management planning.[Method] The AISA Eagle II hyperspectral data and airborne LiDAR taken in April of 2014 were merged, and based on Canopy Height Model (CHM) derived from airborne LiDAR point cloud data, the vertical structure data of target species were obtained. Then, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) transformation was used to reduce the noise and dimension of hyperspectral image. Finally, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) approach was used to classify the main tree species of Pu'er city.[Result] (1) The main tree species of Puer are Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gord. var. langbianensis (A.Chev.) Gaussen, Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Castanopsis hystrix A.DC, Schima superba Gardn. et Champ and so on. (2) It showed that the total accuracy and kappa coefficient are 80.54%, and 0.78, which are 6.55% and 0.08 higher compared with the classification accuracies without CHM. The mapping accuracy of the main tree species reached as high as 90.24%.[Conclusion] It is proved that this method is feasible for the identification of tree species in mountainous areas, and is a feasible way to improve total accuracy with merged LiDAR and hyperspectral data.
[Objective] To classify the tree species in Puer's mountainous area by remote sensing image, and to search an efficient way to forest management planning.[Method] The AISA Eagle II hyperspectral data and airborne LiDAR taken in April of 2014 were merged, and based on Canopy Height Model (CHM) derived from airborne LiDAR point cloud data, the vertical structure data of target species were obtained. Then, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) transformation was used to reduce the noise and dimension of hyperspectral image. Finally, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) approach was used to classify the main tree species of Pu'er city.[Result] (1) The main tree species of Puer are Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gord. var. langbianensis (A.Chev.) Gaussen, Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Castanopsis hystrix A.DC, Schima superba Gardn. et Champ and so on. (2) It showed that the total accuracy and kappa coefficient are 80.54%, and 0.78, which are 6.55% and 0.08 higher compared with the classification accuracies without CHM. The mapping accuracy of the main tree species reached as high as 90.24%.[Conclusion] It is proved that this method is feasible for the identification of tree species in mountainous areas, and is a feasible way to improve total accuracy with merged LiDAR and hyperspectral data.
2016, 29(3): 413-417.
Abstract:
[Objective] To obtain the transcriptomic data and characterize the transcriptome of pupal stage of male white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela.[Method] The high-throughput sequencing was performed by Illumina HiSeq 2000, and bioinformatics analysis were carried out subsequently. Three heat shock protein genes (hsps) were selected for expression profile analysis cross different developmental stages using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).[Result] The transcriptomic sequencing generated 63957 unigenes, 63272 open reading frame (ORF), and 9561simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The average length of the unigenes was 674 bp. A total of 14327 unigenes were annotated in different databases. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the putative function of many genes coincided the physiological characterization of pupal stage.[Conclusion] The data and analysis of the transcriptome could lay a foundation for further gene functional research and proteomic analysis of E. pela.
[Objective] To obtain the transcriptomic data and characterize the transcriptome of pupal stage of male white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela.[Method] The high-throughput sequencing was performed by Illumina HiSeq 2000, and bioinformatics analysis were carried out subsequently. Three heat shock protein genes (hsps) were selected for expression profile analysis cross different developmental stages using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).[Result] The transcriptomic sequencing generated 63957 unigenes, 63272 open reading frame (ORF), and 9561simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The average length of the unigenes was 674 bp. A total of 14327 unigenes were annotated in different databases. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the putative function of many genes coincided the physiological characterization of pupal stage.[Conclusion] The data and analysis of the transcriptome could lay a foundation for further gene functional research and proteomic analysis of E. pela.
2016, 29(3): 418-423.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study the major element demand of Moringa oleifera.[Method] The effects of formulated fertilization of N, P and K on the growth, leaf pigment content and leaf water content of Moringa oleifera young individuals were tested in Yuanyang dry-hot valley by using fertilizer experiment design "3414".[Result] The results showed that fertilization significantly promoted the growth of M. oleifera young trees. Fertilizer N significantly affected all indexes; Fertilizer P significantly affected all indexes except the ground diameter and leaf water content; Fertilizer K significantly affected the crown height, percentage of crown height, and leaf water content. Comprehensive results of variance analysis, range analysis, multiple comparison and correlation analysis showed that medium to high amount of fertilizer could significantly promote the growth of height, ground diameter, crown diameter, and accumulation of leaf pigments.[Conclusion] Among those treatments, N3P2K3 is the superiorly effective. The results also suggested that M. oleifera trees need a great amount of NPK fertilizer to maintain rapid growth in young stage.
[Objective] To study the major element demand of Moringa oleifera.[Method] The effects of formulated fertilization of N, P and K on the growth, leaf pigment content and leaf water content of Moringa oleifera young individuals were tested in Yuanyang dry-hot valley by using fertilizer experiment design "3414".[Result] The results showed that fertilization significantly promoted the growth of M. oleifera young trees. Fertilizer N significantly affected all indexes; Fertilizer P significantly affected all indexes except the ground diameter and leaf water content; Fertilizer K significantly affected the crown height, percentage of crown height, and leaf water content. Comprehensive results of variance analysis, range analysis, multiple comparison and correlation analysis showed that medium to high amount of fertilizer could significantly promote the growth of height, ground diameter, crown diameter, and accumulation of leaf pigments.[Conclusion] Among those treatments, N3P2K3 is the superiorly effective. The results also suggested that M. oleifera trees need a great amount of NPK fertilizer to maintain rapid growth in young stage.
2016, 29(3): 424-429.
Abstract:
[Objective] Taking middle-aged Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis plantations as examples to study the influence of terrain factors on soil organic carbon (SOC) reserve in P. kesiya var. langbianensis plantations.[Method] The differences in SOC contents, total nitrogen, soil bulk density, C:N ratio and SOC reserve among different soil layers under different site conditions were analyzed using T test and single factor analysis of variance, and the Pearson correlation between SOC reserve and total nitrogen, bulk density, C:N ratio was evaluated.[Result] The results showed that the SOC content, total nitrogen and C:N ratio decreased with the soil depth, while the bulk density increased. The aspect and slope had a significant effect on SOC reserve. The effect was significantly higher in shady slope than in sunny slope and significantly lower in slope 20~30° than in slopes 10~20° and 0~10°. But the slope position has no significant effect on SOC reserve. For 0~100 cm soil layer, the SOC reserve showed a tendency of reduction with the soil depth at different site conditions of middle-aged P. kesiya var. langbianensis plantation. And the SOC reserve was significantly higher among 0-20 cm soil layer at different aspect, slope position and slope degree. But the aspect and slope degree had a significant impact on the SOC reserve of 0-20 cm (P[Conclusion] The results suggested that the site conditions would influence the size and distribution of carbon storage, especially the aspect and slope would cause the difference of SOC storage in middle-aged P. kesiya var. langbianensis plantation.
[Objective] Taking middle-aged Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis plantations as examples to study the influence of terrain factors on soil organic carbon (SOC) reserve in P. kesiya var. langbianensis plantations.[Method] The differences in SOC contents, total nitrogen, soil bulk density, C:N ratio and SOC reserve among different soil layers under different site conditions were analyzed using T test and single factor analysis of variance, and the Pearson correlation between SOC reserve and total nitrogen, bulk density, C:N ratio was evaluated.[Result] The results showed that the SOC content, total nitrogen and C:N ratio decreased with the soil depth, while the bulk density increased. The aspect and slope had a significant effect on SOC reserve. The effect was significantly higher in shady slope than in sunny slope and significantly lower in slope 20~30° than in slopes 10~20° and 0~10°. But the slope position has no significant effect on SOC reserve. For 0~100 cm soil layer, the SOC reserve showed a tendency of reduction with the soil depth at different site conditions of middle-aged P. kesiya var. langbianensis plantation. And the SOC reserve was significantly higher among 0-20 cm soil layer at different aspect, slope position and slope degree. But the aspect and slope degree had a significant impact on the SOC reserve of 0-20 cm (P[Conclusion] The results suggested that the site conditions would influence the size and distribution of carbon storage, especially the aspect and slope would cause the difference of SOC storage in middle-aged P. kesiya var. langbianensis plantation.
2016, 29(3): 430-435.
Abstract:
[Objective] To illustrate the effects of exotic species Larix kaempferi forest on soil nutrition.[Method] The litter decomposition and nutrient release of L. kaempferi forest in Dalaoling Nature Reserve were investigated using litter bag.[Result] It was showed that the litter decomposition and nutrient release rates followed the order of:coniferous and broad leaved mixed forest >24-year-old L. kaempferi forest > 18-year-old L. kaempferi forest. The litter retention rate had an exponential relationship with time (R2>0.94, PK) of litter decomposition were 0.5556, 0.4450 and 0.3662 for the three forest types, respectively. The litter decomposition rate showed a significantly positive correlation with the initial N content (PPL. kaempferi forest >24-year-old L. kaempferi forest > the coniferous and broad leaved mixed forest.[Conclusion] Litter decomposition and nutrient release rates were different in different forest stands, with the coefficient of litter decomposition showed as the coniferous and broad leaved mixed forest > 24-year-old L. kaempferi forest > 18-year-old L. kaempferi forest.
[Objective] To illustrate the effects of exotic species Larix kaempferi forest on soil nutrition.[Method] The litter decomposition and nutrient release of L. kaempferi forest in Dalaoling Nature Reserve were investigated using litter bag.[Result] It was showed that the litter decomposition and nutrient release rates followed the order of:coniferous and broad leaved mixed forest >24-year-old L. kaempferi forest > 18-year-old L. kaempferi forest. The litter retention rate had an exponential relationship with time (R2>0.94, PK) of litter decomposition were 0.5556, 0.4450 and 0.3662 for the three forest types, respectively. The litter decomposition rate showed a significantly positive correlation with the initial N content (PPL. kaempferi forest >24-year-old L. kaempferi forest > the coniferous and broad leaved mixed forest.[Conclusion] Litter decomposition and nutrient release rates were different in different forest stands, with the coefficient of litter decomposition showed as the coniferous and broad leaved mixed forest > 24-year-old L. kaempferi forest > 18-year-old L. kaempferi forest.
2016, 29(3): 436-441.
Abstract:
[Objective] When selecting the materials of establishing timber forest advanced-generation seed orchard, The initial focus was on timber's fast-growth, rather than the flowering phenology of superior tree. During the establishment of the advanced-generation orchard, the clone arrangements are usually based on the flowering phenology genetic factors of its provenance in a large scale. Even clones of same provenance on a small scale, the flowering phenology can not be absolutely synchronized, rather than that in large-scale. Therefore, understanding the flowering phenology of clonal seed orchard can provide some evidences for intensive cultivation, yield prediction, seed genetic quality regulation of the seed orchard.[Methods] Ten clones of Pinus massoniana were randomly selected from Region I and twenty five clones randomly from Region V with different type in Guiyang Pinus Massoniana Second-Generation Seed Orchard from 2012 to 2013, then observed their flowering phenology.[Result] The results showed that there were differences in commencement and ending dates and durations among different clones of female and male flowering phase, but a certain synchronicity in whole flowering phase between female and male of 35 clones, and also in sync roughly in their initial flowering stage, and total synchronization occurred in their full-bloom stage and last flowering stage. The difference in flowering phase among individuals was larger than that among clones. While the individuals who had an earlier male flowering period appeared to have also an earlier female flowering period. There were certain synchronicity between male and female from the same strain of parents in generation orchard. In addition to a weak negative correlation between the late flowering stage of female cones and the initial flowering stage of male cones, there were highly significant or significantly positive correlations between male and female of their initial flowering stage and full-bloom stage and last flowering stage. The extent of correlations decreased in sequence of the correlation between initial flowering stage and full-bloom stage, the correlation between full-bloom stage and lasting flowering stage, and the correlation between initial flowering stage and lasting flowering stage. The correlative coefficient of initial flowering stage of female and initial flowering stage of male was the greatest. Slope positions showed significant affect on the flowering period of the mother tree. Among the entire individual grows in different slope positions, there were obvious differences between the flowering value of male and female. The differences listed in order of small to large are:upper slope, middle slope, and down slope. The effects of slope positions on flowering period in a sequence from high to low degree were initial flowering stage of female, initial flowering stage of male, full-bloom stage of female, full-bloom stage of male, lasting flowering stage of both male and female. The flowering period of clones came from farther north origin was comparatively earlier. Among different type of clones there were significant differences in male full-boom stage and female initial flowering stage, but no significant difference was found in male initial flowering stage and lasting flowering stage, as well as female full-bloom stage and lasting flowering stage. Both in female and male flowering period, there were large differences yearly. The earliest flowering period in 2012 was 25 days in advance of that in 2013.[Conclusions] There were fairly good synchronicity in the whole flowering phase between female and male of 35 clones in Guiyang Pinus Massoniana Second-Generation Seed Orchard. Concerning the field of flowering phenology, it was quite reasonable in selecting the materials of establishing the generation orchard, and had no affect on yield prediction, seed genetic quality.
[Objective] When selecting the materials of establishing timber forest advanced-generation seed orchard, The initial focus was on timber's fast-growth, rather than the flowering phenology of superior tree. During the establishment of the advanced-generation orchard, the clone arrangements are usually based on the flowering phenology genetic factors of its provenance in a large scale. Even clones of same provenance on a small scale, the flowering phenology can not be absolutely synchronized, rather than that in large-scale. Therefore, understanding the flowering phenology of clonal seed orchard can provide some evidences for intensive cultivation, yield prediction, seed genetic quality regulation of the seed orchard.[Methods] Ten clones of Pinus massoniana were randomly selected from Region I and twenty five clones randomly from Region V with different type in Guiyang Pinus Massoniana Second-Generation Seed Orchard from 2012 to 2013, then observed their flowering phenology.[Result] The results showed that there were differences in commencement and ending dates and durations among different clones of female and male flowering phase, but a certain synchronicity in whole flowering phase between female and male of 35 clones, and also in sync roughly in their initial flowering stage, and total synchronization occurred in their full-bloom stage and last flowering stage. The difference in flowering phase among individuals was larger than that among clones. While the individuals who had an earlier male flowering period appeared to have also an earlier female flowering period. There were certain synchronicity between male and female from the same strain of parents in generation orchard. In addition to a weak negative correlation between the late flowering stage of female cones and the initial flowering stage of male cones, there were highly significant or significantly positive correlations between male and female of their initial flowering stage and full-bloom stage and last flowering stage. The extent of correlations decreased in sequence of the correlation between initial flowering stage and full-bloom stage, the correlation between full-bloom stage and lasting flowering stage, and the correlation between initial flowering stage and lasting flowering stage. The correlative coefficient of initial flowering stage of female and initial flowering stage of male was the greatest. Slope positions showed significant affect on the flowering period of the mother tree. Among the entire individual grows in different slope positions, there were obvious differences between the flowering value of male and female. The differences listed in order of small to large are:upper slope, middle slope, and down slope. The effects of slope positions on flowering period in a sequence from high to low degree were initial flowering stage of female, initial flowering stage of male, full-bloom stage of female, full-bloom stage of male, lasting flowering stage of both male and female. The flowering period of clones came from farther north origin was comparatively earlier. Among different type of clones there were significant differences in male full-boom stage and female initial flowering stage, but no significant difference was found in male initial flowering stage and lasting flowering stage, as well as female full-bloom stage and lasting flowering stage. Both in female and male flowering period, there were large differences yearly. The earliest flowering period in 2012 was 25 days in advance of that in 2013.[Conclusions] There were fairly good synchronicity in the whole flowering phase between female and male of 35 clones in Guiyang Pinus Massoniana Second-Generation Seed Orchard. Concerning the field of flowering phenology, it was quite reasonable in selecting the materials of establishing the generation orchard, and had no affect on yield prediction, seed genetic quality.
2016, 29(3): 442-447.
Abstract:
[Objective] To understand the effect of sand burial on the phenotypic plasticity of Nitraria tangutorum,[Method] The cutting shoots of N. tangutorum were treated by sand burial under different depths (0, 5, 10, and 15 cm) and then to analyze the data collected.[Result] (1) With the increase of sand burial depth, the plant height, 15 cm stem diameter, leaf area, the amounts of leaf and adventitious root decreased, and the length or diameter of adventitious root increased at first and then decreased. It was found that when the sand burial depths were 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm, the heights of the plant were respectively 62.82, 55.90, 52.38, and 49.24 cm, the 15 cm stem diameters were respectively 2.79, 2.48, 2.39, and 2.07 mm, the leaf areas were 477.81, 214.38, 247.90, and 112.91 cm2, the amounts of adventitious root were respectively 6.40, 3.80, 2.80, and 3.40, the lengths of adventitious root were respectively 10.19, 11.54, 13.92, 7.62 cm, the diameter of adventitious root were respectively 1.51, 1.95, 1.65, and 1.19 mm. (2) With the increase of sand burial depth, the above-ground biomass and the total biomass decreased, and the length, diameter of adventitious root and the below-ground biomass increased at first and then decreased, the biomass of above-ground/the below-ground biomass first decreased then increased. It was found that when the sand burial depths were 0, 5, 10, and 15cm, the branch biomasses were respectively 6.29, 4.20, 3.09, and 2.75 g, the leaf biomasses were respectively 3.93, 2.52, 3.31, and 1.28 g, the total biomasses were respectively 10.81, 7.53, 7.41, and 4.30 g, the below-ground biomasses were respectively 0.59, 0.81, 0.59, and 0.28 g, the biomass of above-ground/the below-ground biomass respectively is 17.32、8.30、10.85、14.39. (3) The daily averages of net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of N. tangutorum increased gradually. It was found that when the sand burial depths were 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm, the daily averages of net photosynthetic rate were respectively 8.06, 9.39, 9.72, and 11.25 μmol·m-2·s-1, the daily averages of transpiration rate were respectively 5.56, 6.70, 6.77, and 7.61 mmol·m-2·s-1, the daily averages of stomatal conductance were respectively 0.28, 0.31, 0.31, and 0.36 mol·m-2·s-1. (4) Compared with the CK, the difference of chlorophyll contents of N. tangutorum was not significant. When the depth was 15 cm, the chlorophyll contents of N. tangutorum increased significantly, but the differences of the ratio of the chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b were not significant.[Conclusion] The phenotypic plasticity of morphology, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of N. tangutorum were greater under different sand burial depth, and when the sand burial depth was 15 cm, the differences of photosynthetic parameters of N. tangutorum responded to different sand burial depth were significant.
[Objective] To understand the effect of sand burial on the phenotypic plasticity of Nitraria tangutorum,[Method] The cutting shoots of N. tangutorum were treated by sand burial under different depths (0, 5, 10, and 15 cm) and then to analyze the data collected.[Result] (1) With the increase of sand burial depth, the plant height, 15 cm stem diameter, leaf area, the amounts of leaf and adventitious root decreased, and the length or diameter of adventitious root increased at first and then decreased. It was found that when the sand burial depths were 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm, the heights of the plant were respectively 62.82, 55.90, 52.38, and 49.24 cm, the 15 cm stem diameters were respectively 2.79, 2.48, 2.39, and 2.07 mm, the leaf areas were 477.81, 214.38, 247.90, and 112.91 cm2, the amounts of adventitious root were respectively 6.40, 3.80, 2.80, and 3.40, the lengths of adventitious root were respectively 10.19, 11.54, 13.92, 7.62 cm, the diameter of adventitious root were respectively 1.51, 1.95, 1.65, and 1.19 mm. (2) With the increase of sand burial depth, the above-ground biomass and the total biomass decreased, and the length, diameter of adventitious root and the below-ground biomass increased at first and then decreased, the biomass of above-ground/the below-ground biomass first decreased then increased. It was found that when the sand burial depths were 0, 5, 10, and 15cm, the branch biomasses were respectively 6.29, 4.20, 3.09, and 2.75 g, the leaf biomasses were respectively 3.93, 2.52, 3.31, and 1.28 g, the total biomasses were respectively 10.81, 7.53, 7.41, and 4.30 g, the below-ground biomasses were respectively 0.59, 0.81, 0.59, and 0.28 g, the biomass of above-ground/the below-ground biomass respectively is 17.32、8.30、10.85、14.39. (3) The daily averages of net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of N. tangutorum increased gradually. It was found that when the sand burial depths were 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm, the daily averages of net photosynthetic rate were respectively 8.06, 9.39, 9.72, and 11.25 μmol·m-2·s-1, the daily averages of transpiration rate were respectively 5.56, 6.70, 6.77, and 7.61 mmol·m-2·s-1, the daily averages of stomatal conductance were respectively 0.28, 0.31, 0.31, and 0.36 mol·m-2·s-1. (4) Compared with the CK, the difference of chlorophyll contents of N. tangutorum was not significant. When the depth was 15 cm, the chlorophyll contents of N. tangutorum increased significantly, but the differences of the ratio of the chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b were not significant.[Conclusion] The phenotypic plasticity of morphology, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of N. tangutorum were greater under different sand burial depth, and when the sand burial depth was 15 cm, the differences of photosynthetic parameters of N. tangutorum responded to different sand burial depth were significant.
2016, 29(3): 448-454.
Abstract:
[Objective] In order to understand the basic data and establish biomass regression equation of coarse woody debris(CWD) in a Castanopsis fissa-Diospyros morrisiana formation which was not influenced by ice storm, we carried out field investigation and sampling in Xiaokeng National Park, located in north of Guangdong.[Methods] We analyzed the basic characteristics and existing forms, distribution patterns in decay class and diameter of CWD in different landforms by plant plot investigation method.[Results] The results indicated that the total biomass of CWD was 8.25 t·hm-2, and the biomass in different decay class(1、2、3、4、5) occupied 41.07%,17.75%,13.89%,21.74%,5.55% respectively in the forest. The CWD was mainly composed of fallen logs and snags, followed by the large branches and stumps. Diameter structure of CWD concentrated in the range of 5~10 cm and 10~15 cm.[Conclusions] The spatial heterogeneity of CWD was high, but there was no significant difference in different landforms. Furthermore, biomass regression equation of CWD in different decay class levels were established by using 423 measured diameter and weight data of CWD.
[Objective] In order to understand the basic data and establish biomass regression equation of coarse woody debris(CWD) in a Castanopsis fissa-Diospyros morrisiana formation which was not influenced by ice storm, we carried out field investigation and sampling in Xiaokeng National Park, located in north of Guangdong.[Methods] We analyzed the basic characteristics and existing forms, distribution patterns in decay class and diameter of CWD in different landforms by plant plot investigation method.[Results] The results indicated that the total biomass of CWD was 8.25 t·hm-2, and the biomass in different decay class(1、2、3、4、5) occupied 41.07%,17.75%,13.89%,21.74%,5.55% respectively in the forest. The CWD was mainly composed of fallen logs and snags, followed by the large branches and stumps. Diameter structure of CWD concentrated in the range of 5~10 cm and 10~15 cm.[Conclusions] The spatial heterogeneity of CWD was high, but there was no significant difference in different landforms. Furthermore, biomass regression equation of CWD in different decay class levels were established by using 423 measured diameter and weight data of CWD.
2016, 29(3): 455-463.
Abstract:
Elevated ozone will cause substantial changes of root architecture that may ultimately affect the function of root and thereby the tree's overall health and ability to cope with stress. The effects of elevated ozone on the root of trees included root growth, fine root dynamics and turnover, root respiration, carbohydrates in roots, mycorrhiza growth and rhizosphere soil microbiology. The effects of ozone stress on tree root are relevant to the concentration of ozone, species, tree age, community composition and planting conditions. At present, there is limited information about the mechanism of the effects of ozone on root. It is necessary in the future to strengthen the in-situ observation and quantitative analysis of root architecture, response of endogenous hormone to ozone, stress signal sensing, transduction and interaction with other signaling pathway, and the molecular biological mechanisms of roots response to ozone.
Elevated ozone will cause substantial changes of root architecture that may ultimately affect the function of root and thereby the tree's overall health and ability to cope with stress. The effects of elevated ozone on the root of trees included root growth, fine root dynamics and turnover, root respiration, carbohydrates in roots, mycorrhiza growth and rhizosphere soil microbiology. The effects of ozone stress on tree root are relevant to the concentration of ozone, species, tree age, community composition and planting conditions. At present, there is limited information about the mechanism of the effects of ozone on root. It is necessary in the future to strengthen the in-situ observation and quantitative analysis of root architecture, response of endogenous hormone to ozone, stress signal sensing, transduction and interaction with other signaling pathway, and the molecular biological mechanisms of roots response to ozone.
2016, 29(3): 464-471.
Abstract:
The advances in forest plant tissue culture in recent years are reviewed from the aspects of explant selection, explant differentiation pathway, and the factors that have effects on proliferation and rooting in the process of tissue culture. There are three differentiation pathways (axillary bud germination, indirect organogenesis and somatic enbryogenesis), in which the axillary bud germination is popularity. It is necessary to choose different kind of explant according to the differentiation pathway. The culture medium and plant growth regulator are the main factors influencing the proliferate. The study on culture medium has shifted from the selection of general medium to culture medium without sucrose, and the concepts of photoautotrophic culture and open tissue culture emerged. Plant growth regulator is the critical factor for rooting. The interaction of endogenous hormone and exogenous hormones has great influence on proliferation. The causes and solutions of vitrification, browning and pollution in tissue culture were explained. Studying on vitrification and browning focused on the physiological state and culture environment of explant. It is suggested that tissue culture without sucrose could less the vitrification and browning by improvement of culture environment. Traditional culture focuses on solving the pollution problem by aseptic technique, resulting in high cost. The new tissue culture could lower the requirement of aseptic technique by adding bacteriostats and taking out sucrose. Open culture without high temperature and pressure sterilization under the adding of bacteriostats. Photoautotrophic culture which making use of the photosynthetic capacity of cultured explants, reducing the concentration of sucrose, and adjusting the light conditions, concentration of CO2, and moisture is another method for tissue culture. Both focus on reducing cost and simplifying culture procedure.
The advances in forest plant tissue culture in recent years are reviewed from the aspects of explant selection, explant differentiation pathway, and the factors that have effects on proliferation and rooting in the process of tissue culture. There are three differentiation pathways (axillary bud germination, indirect organogenesis and somatic enbryogenesis), in which the axillary bud germination is popularity. It is necessary to choose different kind of explant according to the differentiation pathway. The culture medium and plant growth regulator are the main factors influencing the proliferate. The study on culture medium has shifted from the selection of general medium to culture medium without sucrose, and the concepts of photoautotrophic culture and open tissue culture emerged. Plant growth regulator is the critical factor for rooting. The interaction of endogenous hormone and exogenous hormones has great influence on proliferation. The causes and solutions of vitrification, browning and pollution in tissue culture were explained. Studying on vitrification and browning focused on the physiological state and culture environment of explant. It is suggested that tissue culture without sucrose could less the vitrification and browning by improvement of culture environment. Traditional culture focuses on solving the pollution problem by aseptic technique, resulting in high cost. The new tissue culture could lower the requirement of aseptic technique by adding bacteriostats and taking out sucrose. Open culture without high temperature and pressure sterilization under the adding of bacteriostats. Photoautotrophic culture which making use of the photosynthetic capacity of cultured explants, reducing the concentration of sucrose, and adjusting the light conditions, concentration of CO2, and moisture is another method for tissue culture. Both focus on reducing cost and simplifying culture procedure.
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