• 中国中文核心期刊
  • 中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)核心库来源期刊
  • 中国科技论文统计源期刊(CJCR)
  • 第二届国家期刊奖提名奖

2016 Vol. 29, No. 6

Display Method:
Cloning and Expression Pattern Analysis of Ectomycorrhizal Purple Acid Phosphatase Gene in Pinus massoniana Lamb.
ZHANG Ting, DING Gui-jie, WEN Xiao-peng
2016, 29(6): 797-806.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study the function of purple acid phosphatase gene and the response of phosphorus deficiency stress in Masson pine (Pinus massoniana). [Methods] The full-length sequence of PAP gene (PmPAP1) was cloned from this germplasm by RACE methodology, subsequently, multiple alignments of amino acid sequences, construction of phylogenetic tree, as well as the bioinformatics analysis were carried out. [Results] The results showed that PmPAP1 was obtained (GenBank accession number: KT390746), whose full-length cDNA sequence was 2,520 bp and the corresponding lengths of open reading frames (ORF) was 1,869 bp, which contained 622 amino acid residues, including a typical conserved domain and belonged to a high molecular weight protein. PmPAP1 had signal peptide and non-transmembrane domain, thus, it was presumably localized in matrix of cytoplasm or organelles, which demonstrated high homology with Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. and Amborella trichopoda Baill., reflecting the considerably ancient and strict conservation during the evolutionary process. The temporal and spatial expression profiles showed that the expression level of PmPAP1 was induced by ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, which was expressed in different tissues of P. massoniana, the expression level of root was significantly higher than that of stem and leaf. The expression of PmPAP1 was correlated with the phosphorus status of soil in both non-and ectomycorrhizal plants, and its expression might be intensively up-regulated by low phosphorus stress; conversely, high phosphorus level inhibited its expression. Further, the activity of acid phosphatase continued to rise in roots under low phosphorous stress, indicating that the acid phosphatase was time-dependent on the low phosphorus supply. [Conclusion] A PmPAP1 was cloned and characterized for the first time from P. massoniana, especially its enhanced expression pattern by ectomycorrhizal symbiosis under low phosphorus stress, which provided new information about the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Effects of Facultative Mutualism on Canopy Foraging Ants Diversity
ZHAO Jing-wen, WANG Jian-min, LU Zhi-xing, FU Xing-fei, DAO Jian-guo, CHEN You-qing
2016, 29(6): 807-811.
Abstract:
[Objective] To explore the consequences of ant-lac insect facultative mutualism, especially the effects on biodiversity conservations. [Methods] Investigations of ant communities foraging on Dalbergia obtusifolia (Baker) Prain canopy in lac-Fructus amomi agroforest were conducted by traps in different plots at Yayi town of Mojiang County, Yunnan Province in May and September, 2015. The plot Ⅰ never be used to cultivate Kerria yunnanensis Ou et Hong, the plot Ⅱ was used to cultivate lac insect three years ago but not cultivation in this experiment and the plot Ⅲ is used to cultivate lac insect. [Results] (1) 277 ant individuals were collected from plot Ⅰ, which belong to 14 species, 11 genera, and 5 subfamilies of Formicidae; 324 ant individuals were collected from plot Ⅱ, which belong to 16 species, 12 genera, and 5 subfamilies of Formicidae; 885 ant individuals were collected from plot Ⅲ, which belong to 22 species, 17genera, and 4 subfamilies of Formicidae. (2) The ant species richness of plot Ⅱ and plot Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of plot Ⅰ, but no significant differences were observed between the plot Ⅱ and plot Ⅲ. The ant relative abundance of the three plots had significant difference with each other, ranked as Ⅲ> Ⅱ> Ⅰ. (3) The ant community structure of plot Ⅱ was similar to plot Ⅲ, but the community structures of the two plots were dissimilar with plot I. The characteristic species presented in three plots were Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) and Camponotus mitis (Smith), and the abundance ranked as Ⅲ> Ⅱ> Ⅰ. The characteristic species presented in plot Ⅱ and plot Ⅲ was Camponotus parius Emery, but the abundance in plot Ⅲ was higher. And Pheidole sp.1 presented in plot Ⅰ, Odontoponera transversa (Smith) presented in plot Ⅱ, Monomorium chinensis Santschi presented in plot Ⅲ. [Conclusion] The facultative mutualism had obviously positive effects on the ant species richness, relative abundance and community structures of ant communities, and its ecological consequences had certain temporal and spatial scale.
An Algorithm of Stem Surface Reconstruction Based on Cylindrical Projection
YOU Lei, TANG Shou-zheng, SONG Xin-yu
2016, 29(6): 812-819.
Abstract:
[Objective] To reconstruct the tree stem surface model. [Methods] A three-dimensional stem surface reconstruction algorithm based on cylindrical projection was presented. A number of consecutive slices were viewed as the reconstruction units. A cylinder was constructed by the centroid and diameter of the reconstruction unit. The stem points of reconstruction unit were transformed into cylindrical points, and then the cylindrical points were unfolded extendedly to planar points. The surface of reconstruction unit was reconstructed according to the connection among points in Delaunay triangulation created from planar point. The whole stem surface was obtained by connecting reconstructed surface of adjacent reconstruction unit. [Results] The experiment based on the stem point set of the barks of three tree species with different roughness showed that the reconstructed surface by proposed algorithm can showed information labeled in field work clearly and can exhibit the roughness characteristic of stem bark. By comparing with other three surface reconstruction algorithms, the proposed algorithm showed better visualization effect. Through quantitative analysis of diameter extracting from reconstructed surface, and comparing with the diameter by tape diameter in field work, the RMSE value of diameter extracting surface reconstructed by proposed algorithm was 0.14 cm and the surface reconstructed by proposed algorithm was more accurate than the algorithm of tangent based. [Conclusion] The present method is a simple, efficient and accurate one for stem surface reconstruction without calculating the normal vector and needs fewer surface triangles. It can effectively exhibit the surface features of the stem. The proposed algorithm was suitable for surface reconstruction, exact visualization of the stem and extracting stem parameters in an exact way.
Influence of Formula Fertilization on the Growth and Early Fruiting Yield Components of Moringa oleifera
REN Kai-lei, ZHENG Yi-xing, WU Jiang-chong, PENG Xing-min, ZHANG Yan-ping
2016, 29(6): 820-825.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study the effect of different formula fertilization on the growth and yield component of Moringa oleifera. [Methods] Orthogonal design L9 (34) with 3 factors 3 levels fertilization experiment was carried out. [Results] The results showed that fertilization treatment significantly promoted the growth in each period, and N fertilizer and K fertilizer dominated role in the vegetative growth. The optimal combination suitable for the growth of plant height and ground diameter was N150P40K100, while that for the crown and the number of branch growth was N85P85K100. The reproductive growth increased obviously compared to control. Low concentration of nitrogen and high concentration of phosphate and potash fertilizer contributed to M. oleifera flowering and fruit setting, and improved the pod and seed yields, and significantly increased the ordinal numbers, the numbers of mature fruit, hundred kernel weight and fruit-set rate. [Conclusion] Reasonable proportion of formula fertilization could significantly promote growth and increase production of M. oleifera. The optimal combination is N40P150K100 regarding the pod and seed yields.
Estimation Model of Poplar Equivalent Water Thickness Based on Hyperspectral Information
CHENG Zhi-qing, ZHANG Jin-song, MENG Ping, LI Yan-quan, ZHENG Ning
2016, 29(6): 826-833.
Abstract:
[Objective] To establish a model for the purpose of rapid and effective monitoring of poplar leaf water. [Methods] The equivalent water thickness (EWT) of poplar leaves was used as the token water content, the hyperspectral data of poplar was measured. The range of the equivalent water thickness, measured in poplar leaves, was used as the input parameters of the model. The hyperspectral reflectance data of leaf scale and canopy scale were simulated in different equivalent water thickness. By analyzing common water vegetation index sensitivity of equivalent water thickness, a vegetation index was constructed by the method of vegetation index ratio. The equivalent water thickness estimation accuracy of the leaf scale and canopy scale of poplar was compared with GVMI/MSI, global vegetation moisture index (GVMI) and water stress index (MSI). [Results] The result shows that the accuracies of the equivalent water thickness estimation model of Poplar (R2) with GVMI, MSI and GVMI/MSI as variable are respectively 0.997, 0.995 and 0.998 in leaf scale, and 0.837, 0.836 and 0.973 in canopy scale. GVMI/MSI is the best index for the equivalent water thickness of poplar leaves. [Conclusion] The equivalent water thickness model of poplar leaves modeled by GVMI/MSI has higher prediction accuracy. It is the optimal estimation model of equivalent water thickness of poplar leaves.
Molecular Evidence for Maternal Origin of Sorbus with Pink Fruits
TANG Wei, YU Xue-dan, ZHANG Chuan-hong, YE Xue-min, FU qi-di, ZHENG Yong-qi
2016, 29(6): 834-838.
Abstract:
[Objective] To explore the origin of Sorbus individuals with striking pink fruits, morphologically intermediated between Sorbus pohuashanensis and S. discolor in Mount Tuoliang, Hebei province. [Methods] The altitude distribution and growth state of S. pohuashanensis, S. discolor and Sorbus individuals with pink fruits were investigated and the phylogeny relationships of the these Sorbus species were analyzed by chloroplast DNA sequence. [Results] Most S. discolor are distributed at the elevation from 1 300~2 000 m. The majority of S. pohuashanensis distributes at an altitude from 1 500 to 2 200 m. The individuals with pink fruits appear in their sympathy area. 70% haplotype of individuals with pink fruits shared with S. discolor and 10% with S. pohuashanensis, the other is the specific. [Conclusion] The Sorbus individuals with pink fruits originate from interspecific hybridization between S. pohuashanensis and S. discolor, it is also inferred that they have multiple origins and might belong to a new species in natural taxa system. S. pohuashanensis or S. discolor may serve as maternal parent of individuals with striking pink fruits.
Cloning of Glutathione Peroxidase PmGPX6 Gene from Pinus massoniana and the Study on Drought Tolerance of Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana
CAI Qiong, DING Gui-jie, WEN Xiao-peng
2016, 29(6): 839-846.
Abstract:
[Objective] To clone the glutathione peroxidase gene from Pinus massoniana and evaluate its gene functions. [Methods] The gene was cloned using RACE methods. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyze the gene expression in P. massoniana under drought stress. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines were obtained by dipping flowering plants. The phenotypes and root developments of wild-type and transgenic A. thaliana were evaluated. The activity of green fluorescence protein on root in transgenic A. thaliana plants was studied using fluorescence microscopy. [Results] The designated PmGPX6 was 871 bp in length with an open reading frame (513 bp), capable of encoding a predicted protein of 170 amino acids. The sequencing analysis indicated that the deduced amino acids shared 95% of identity with PtCBL from Pinus tabulaeformis. The expression levels of PmGPX6 were higher in roots than in stems and leaves, and the PmGPX6 expression increased in the initial 15 days, and then decreased under drought stress. No differences in the phenotypes and root lengths were observed between the wild-type and transgenic A. thaliana under normal conditions containing 0% PEG 6000. Nevertheless, the root lengths of transgenic A. thaliana were longer than those of the wild-type lines under drought stress. Bright green fluorescence was observed in transgenic A. thaliana under fluorescence microscopy, indicating that PmGPX6 is expressed efficiently. [Conclusion] These findings indicate that the PmGPX6 gene may play an important role under drought stress.
Comparative Study on Growth Characteristics of Walnut Hybrid ‘Zhongningqi’, Juglans hindsii and Juglans major
LI Li, XU Hui-min, ZHAO Rong-jun, ZHANG Jun-pei, PEI Dong
2016, 29(6): 847-853.
Abstract:
[Objective] The aims of this study are to understand the tree growth process of walnut hybrid ‘Zhongningqi’(Juglans hindsii×Juglans regia var. Zhongningqi), and provide reference for its variety application and high quality wood production through comparative studies on the tree-ring growth characteristics of “Zhongningqi”, Juglans hindsii and Juglans major. [Method] By stem analytical method, the growth of DBH, tree height, volume and growth process of ‘Zhongningqi’, Juglans hindsii and Juglans major planted in Luoning County of He'nan Province were analyzed. [Result] In the growth process, with the increase of age, the growth rates of DBH, tree height and volume of the three species showed a tendency of decrease and the growth rates were basically stable after the 14 years-old. The breast height form are 0.37-0.42, so the trunk of the three species are straight. The fast growing period of DBH of ‘Zhongningqi’ and J. hindsii is the 2nd to the 8th year, and that of J. major is the 2nd to the 10th year. The total DBH increment and average annual increment of ‘Zhongningqi’ are the highest, which are 36.68 cm and 1.59 cm respectively. The fast-growing period of the tree height could last for 8 years. The total growth of timber volume increment and average annual increment are keeping until the 23rd year, but the peak value of annual increment of timber volume does not reach the quantitative maturity then. The total timber volume increment and average annual increment of ‘Zhongningqi’ are the highest, with 0.49 m3 and 0.02 m3 respectively. [Conclusion] As the rootstock, ‘Zhongningqi’ can be used for fast-growing and high-quality timber species and it is a good choice for cultivating big diameter wood. Meanwhile, ‘Zhongningqi’ will play an important role for cultivating high-grade furniture material.
Research on the Growth of Teak (Tectona grandis) Plantation and Soil Physicochemical Properties in Different Regions
DU Jian, LIANG Kun-nan, ZHOU Shu-ping, LI Bi-jun, ZHOU Zai-zhi
2016, 29(6): 854-860.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study the growth of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) plantation and the soil physicochemical properties in different regions, so as to provide references for site selection and management of teak plantation. [Methods] A total of 48 sample plots with size of 20 m × 20 m in 13 year-old teak plantations were set up in Mengla of Yunnan Province, Jieyang of Guangdong Province and Sanya and Wuzhishan of Hainan Province for surveying the growth of teak and analyzing soil chemical and physical properties. [Results] The growth of teak in Mengla, with the average height, diameter at breast height, individual volume, stand volume of 14.4 m, 16.82 cm, 0.226 m3, and 192.0 m3·hm-2 respectively was significantly better than that in Jieyang and Hainan Province. The soil of Mengla has more silt content, higher pH, and higher base saturation than the other two sites. However, the growth of teak in Jieyang was worse than those in the other two sites due to more clay, low pH and low content of total N, total K, exchangeable Ca2+, and exchangeable Mg2+. The growth of teak has high correlation with the silt content, pH, total K, available Zn2+, available Fe2+、Fe3+, exchangeable Al3+, exchangeable Ca2+, exchangeable Mg2+ and base saturation on soils. [Conclusion] Teak grows better in silty loam with good drainage system than in sandy loam or heavy loam. The soil acidity has significant influence on the growth of teak. Teak would grows very poor on strong acid soil with high concentration of soil exchangeable aluminum and available iron. However,teak grows best on sites that moderately acid with high levels of total N, total K, available Zn2+, exchangeable Ca2+,exchangeable Mg2+ and base saturation.
Diversity of Wild Woody Ornamental Plant in Zhongtiao Mountain
PEI Shu-lan, WANG Kai, LEI Shu-hui
2016, 29(6): 861-868.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study the composition, distribution, development and utilization strategy of wild woody ornamental plant in Zhongtiao Mountain area. [Methods] By route survey method, the specieses, habitats, growth conditions, distributions and ornamental characters of wild woody plants in Zhongtiao Mountain were investigated. Based the initial selection by the experts, these plants were quantitatively evaluated using analytic hierarchy process. [Results] The results show that there are 380 wild ornamental species (including sub-species, variety and forma) in Zhongtiao Mountain, Shanxi. They belong to 128 genera and 63 families. The species, life form, distribution, ornamental and application are extremely diversified. 90 plant species were selected in the first stage, and by comprehensive assessment, they are divided t into three levels according to their scores. The score above 4.5 is Level Ⅰ, including nine tree species, six shrub species and four vines. The score between 3.5 to 4.5 is Level Ⅱ, including nine tree species, eleven shrub species and six vines. The score below 3.5 is Level Ⅲ, including twenty tree species, twenty shrub species and five vines. [Conclusion] The plants of LevelⅠhave the best development potential, which can be preferentially developed and utilized in adaptable range. The plants of Level Ⅱ have better development potential, which can be moderately developed and utilized in adaptable range. The plants of Level Ⅲ have good development potential, which can be selectively developed and utilized in adaptable range.
Field Screening and Application of Attractants for the Control of Yellow-spined Bamboo Locust, Ceracris kiangsu
ZHANG Wei, SHU Jin-ping, MENG Hai-lin, ZHANG Shou-ke, WU Hong, WANG Hao-jie
2016, 29(6): 869-874.
Abstract:
[Objective] To develop effective toxic attractants for the control of yellow-spined bamboo locust, Ceracris kiangsu. [Methods] The attractants for C. kiangsu adults were examined by field screening, and the effects of various toxic attractant baits were tested in bamboo forest of Hu'nan Province. [Results] The attractant, NaCl 2% + NH4HCO3 10% + Indole 5‰ (639.4 ± 48.14 adults killed per bait) was the most effective to kill C. kiangsu adults among all the attractants tested, followed by NaCl 2% + NH4HCO310% (580.8 ± 40.36 adults killed per bait). The trapping effect of different attractants was influenced significantly by the duration of application in field. Sodium chloride and ammonium bicarbonate were the key chemicals attracting C. kiangsu adults, and Indole could enhance the attractiveness of the attractants. [Conclusion] Trapping and killing C. kiangsu adults with the attractants blended with different chemicals and toxic pesticide could decrease the population of the yellow-spined bamboo locusts, and the number of females killed was much more than the number of males.
Development of SSR Molecular Markers Based on Transcriptome Sequences of Alnus
RAO Long-bing, YANG Han-bo, GUO Hong-ying, DUAN Hong-ping, CHEN Yi-tai
2016, 29(6): 875-882.
Abstract:
[Objective] To develop SSR markers of gene transcriptional areas from Alnus based on the results of transcriptome sequencing. [Methods] Distribution patterns of the markers in the transcriptome sequences and their characteristics were analyzed, in order to provide more powerful tools for molecular marker-assisted breeding Alnus. The SSR locus from transcriptome sequences were searched by MicroSAtellite (MISA), and statistical analyses were conducted for the amount, distribution and characteristics of SSR loci. 100 pairs of SSR primers were designed and synthesized. Agarose electrophoresis was used for initial check and capillary electrophoresis for separation and detection of the polymorphism of the primers. [Results] A total of 8 298 Unigenes containing 8 678 SSR locus were searched from 85 769 Unigenes by MicroSAtellite (MISA) sequence analysis software, accounting for 9.67% of the transcriptome sequences, with an average of one SSR per 14.04kb. The dinucleotide repeat is the most abundant repeat type, accounting for 65.87% of the total number of SSRs. Additionally, a small amount of GC repeats was found. A total of 4 531 pairs of primers were designed by Primer 3 software according to the Unigene sequences of transcriptional. 18 pairs of primers produced bands with expected sizes were selected from 100 pairs of primers. [Conclusion] The amplified primers of the polymorphism loci were mainly dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats. This study has an important value to develop SSR molecular markers based on the transcriptome sequencing analysis. This study is also important for analyzing genetic diversity, marker assisted selection, genetic linkage mapping and functional gene mining of Alnus by using SSR molecular markers.
Morphology and Development of Reproductive System of Male Adult Tirumala limniace(Cramer)
LIU Wei-fen, LIAO Huai-jian, LIU Hong-ping, SHI Lei, DU Ting, ZHOU Cheng-li, DENG Jiang
2016, 29(6): 883-889.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study the morphology and development of internal reproductive organs of Tirumala limniace so that to provide theoretical guidance for the artificial breeding of T. limniace. [Methods] By anatomy method, the morphologies of internal reproductive organs of male T. limniace with ages from one-to twelve-day-old were observed, in the meanwhile, the numerical characteristic parameters were measured, and the development of internal reproductive organs was graded according to the characteristics of each organ so as to understand the morphologies and development of internal reproductive organs of male T. limniace systematically. [Results] (1) The internal reproductive organs of male T. limniace contain one testis, two vesicula seminalis, a pair of vas deferens, a pair of ejaculatory duct duplex, an ejaculatory duct simplex and accessory gland. (2) With the increase of age, the diameter of ejaculatory duct duplex and the length of ejaculatory duct simplex increased. (3) The length of sperm bundles in testis sustainable increased with the age increased, the length of sperm bundles in vesicula seminalis increased constantly before 7-day-old and tended to stability then. (4) With age increasing, the number of sperm bundles in testis decreased gradually, that in vesicula seminalis increased gradually from 1-to 7-day-old and maintained stability after 7 days, and that in ejaculatory duct duplex increased gradually. (5) The development of internal reproductive organs of male T. limniace could be divided into 4 grades, i.e. milky and translucent stage, transporting and growing of sperm bundle stage, mass transporting and maturing of sperm bundles stage, and replenishing of sperm bundle stage, based on the developmental characteristics of vesicula seminalis and ejaculatory duct duplex. [Conclusion] The internal reproductive organs of male T. limniace were the same as that of other butterflies; the sperms matured at 6-day-old, and were released to vesicula seminalis and ejaculatory duct duplex in turn, then joined in fertilization. In this study, the developmental process of the internal reproductive organs of male T. limniace was divided into 4 grades for the first time.
Visualization Simulation Technique of Stand Structure Adjustment Based on 3D Virtual Environment
DENG Qiang, ZHANG Huai-qing, LI Yong-liang, YUAN Xiao-hong
2016, 29(6): 890-895.
Abstract:
[Objective] To realize optimal visual adjustment of real stand structure based on the modeling of 3D stand scenes, which adopt the technology of visual simulation. [Methods] Taking the Cunninghamia lanceolata and Liriodendron chinense mixed plantation planted in the Huangfengqiao State-owned Forest Farm, Youxian County, Hu'nan Province were used as samples, the virtual simulation adjustment system was developed by virtual simulation technique, based on the 3D virtual environment. By calculating and analysis of stand angle scale, size ratio, mingling, open index and competition index, the simulated process of adjustment the stand structure in 3D stand scene based on the bulletin board display technology, ray query algorithm and MOGRE, was implemented. [Results] After adjustment of the stand, the average heights of tree changed from 12.8 m to 13.6 m, DBH changed from 17.1 cm to 18.6 cm; the average angle scale from 0.449 to 0.481. The distribution pattern of the stand changed to random pattern from average one. The growth of the stand had a huge advantage as the average size of the stand became 0.519 from 0.511. The average mixture degree of the stand changed to 0.129. After apply the adjusted methods, the stand structure became more stable, the quality of the stand improved a lot. [Conclusion] The visual simulate technology and field investigation data were applied to from the virtual 3D forestry environment. In the 3D scenes, forest managers can not only view the property of every single tree in the stand, but also be able to observe the whole state of the stand. The optimal adjustment of stand structure in virtual forest environment is realized.
Synthesis of Betulin in Suspension Cells of Birch Induced by Interactions of Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) and K+ or Ca2+
HUANG Ya-ting, ZHAN Ya-guang, MA Ming-mei, FAN Gui-zhi
2016, 29(6): 896-901.
Abstract:
[Objective] To clarify the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on content of K+ and Ca2+ and synthesis of betulin in suspension cells of birch and whether accumulation of betulin was induced by the interactions of SNP and K+ or Ca2+. [Methods] The content changes of betulin, K+ and Ca2+ were analyzed by HPLC, atomic absorption spectroscopy and chemical colorimetry, respectively. [Results] The contents of K+ and Ca2+ and synthesis of betulin were influenced by the treatment concentration and time of SNP. The highest contents of K+ and Ca2+ were 1.47 and 1.50 times that of the control after adding 1 mmol·L-1 SNP for 12 hours and 5 mmol·L-1 SNP for 96 hours, respectively. The synthesis of betulin after adding 1 mmol·L-1 SNP with different concentrations of KCl was higher than that treated by SNP and KCl alone. The highest content of betulin was 1.72 and 2.33 times that of the contents of SNP and KCl alone when treated by SNP with 0.1 g·L-1 KCl. The synthesis of betulin after adding 1 mmol·L-1 SNP with different concentrations of CaCl2 was higher than that treated by SNP and CaCl2 alone. The highest content of betulin was 2.75 and 2.18 times that of SNP and CaCl2 alone when treated by SNP with 0.1 g·L-1 CaCl2. [Conclusion] SNP promoted the contents of K+ and Ca2+ and synthesis of betulin in suspension cells of birch and the synthesis of betulin was better when treated by interactions of SNP and K+ or Ca2+. It is surmised that K+ and Ca2+ mediated the synthesis of betulin in suspension cells of birch induced by SNP.
Effects of Elevated O3 Level on Photosynthesis and Injury of Phoebe and Machilus Seedlings in Subtropical China
YU Hao, SHANG He, CHEN Zhan, CAO Ji-xin
2016, 29(6): 902-910.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study the effects of O3 on the change law of photosynthesis and occurrence of visible symptoms. [Methods] One-year-old seedlings of Phoebe zhennan S. Lee et FNWei, Phoebe bournei(Hemsl.) Yang and Machilus pauhoi Kanehira, the native tree species in subtropical regions, were exposed to the O3 concentrations gradient consisting of low O3 treatment, non-filtered treatment, 100 nL·L-1 and 150 nL·L-1 O3 by using open-top chambers. [Results] (1) the decrease in photosynthesis of the three tree species was related to non-stomatal factors. Elevated O3 caused a decrease in the degree of correlation between net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, reduced the using range of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) as a whole, induced obviously the photo inhibition and weakened the photosynthetic acclimation of plants accordingly. The negative effects on Phoebe zhennan and Machilus pauhoi seedlings were more serious with higher O3 concentration, however, the negative effects of 100nL·L-1 O3 on Phoebe bournei were more serious than 150nL·L-1 O3. In non-filtered treatment, although the mean O3 concentration was low, to some extent, O3 had negative effects on seedlings as a result of its higher peak O3 concentration. Relative to non-filtered treatment, low O3 treatment reduced the damage of O3 by eliminating relative high O3 peak concentration. (2) Under O3 stress, obvious visible symptoms were found in the three tree species, including chlorosis, macular and necrosis in the leaves of Phoebe zhennan, chlorosis, macular and water stains in the leaves of Phoebe bournei, brown-red spots, water stains, necrosis, crimp and wilt in the leaves of Machilus pauhoi.[Conclusion] Elevated O3 resulted in the decrease of photosynthesis and visible symptoms in the leaves of the three tree species, and all these species can be used as bioindicators of O3 pollution. Sensitive degree to O3 among the three tree species was determined based on photosynthesis: Machilus pauhoi > Phoebe bournei > Phoebe zhennan. Machilus pauhoi has better indicating effect due to greater O3-sensitivity and more serious injury symptoms.
Characteristics of δD and δ18O in Summer Precipitation in the West Ordos Desert and Its Water Vapor Sources
CHEN Jie, GAO De-qiang, XU Qing, HAO Yu-guang, MA Ying-bin, Zhang Bei-bei
2016, 29(6): 911-918.
Abstract:
[Objective] The ecological environment and climate in the West Ordos Desert of Inner Mongolia is fragile and sensitive. Study on the hydrogen(δD)and oxygen(δ18O)stable isotopic compositions and sources of precipitation in the West Ordos Desert is theoretically important to reveal the process of hydrological cycle in the West Ordos Desert and develop strategies for reducing or preventing land desertification and the use of regional water resource. [Methods] By using stable isotope technique, the compositions and relationships of δD and δ18O in precipitation and the effect of climatic factors on them in West Ordos Desert in summer were analyzed. Furthermore, the water vapor sources were determined based on HYSPLIT model. [Results] The relationship of δD and δ18O in precipitation in summer was δD = 7.287δ18O + 1.170. An apparent inverse correlation between stable isotopes and precipitation existed in the West Ordos Desert in summer (PP>0.05). The d-excess was positive and less than the global average d-excess (10‰), indicating that the precipitation in the West Ordos Desert was affected by ocean monsoon. The results of air mass back trajectories of summer precipitation using the HYSPLIT model indicated a dominant effect of local evaporation and continental northwesterly monsoon air masses in June and August, an effect of southeasterly monsoon on heavy rainfall (>30 mm), and the co-influence of oceanic monsoons southeasterly and southwesterly air masses in July. [Conclusion] The precipitation in the West Ordos Desert experiences evaporation effect. Analysis of precipitation and temperature effects indicates that the "amount effect" exists significantly, whereas the "temperature effect" is not obvious during summer. The water vapor from continental northwesterly, oceanic monsoons southeasterly and southwesterly, and local evaporation collectively have influence on precipitation in summer in the West Ordos Desert.
Quality Evaluation on Norway Spruce Cuttings with Different Types and Lengths
HU Meng-hong, OUYANG Fang-qun, JIA Zi-rui, WANG Jun-hui, ZHANG Song-zhi, MA Jian-wei, LV Xun
2016, 29(6): 919-925.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study the difference in clone quality so as to providing with the basis for cutting selection and cultivation. [Methods] A completely randomized block design was used to study the survival rate, preserving rate and clones quality of Norway spruce (Picea abies) cuttings with two cutting types (the twig base with 1.5 years hard branch, and the twig) and three cutting lengths (5~10, 10~15, and 15~20 cm) in the initial 3 years after transplanting. [Results] No significant difference was found on the survival rate, preserving rate between the clones with the two types of cuttings. However, there were significant differences in height, height increment, stem diameter, number of lateral branch, crown breadth and fresh weight, dry weight, and clones quality index (QI) between the clones with two types of cutting, with the higher value in the clones of twig base with 1.5 years hard branch. The survival rate, preserving rate, height, height increment, stem diameter, number of lateral branch, crown breadth and fresh weight, dry weight, and clones QI of the cuttings with different cutting lengths had significant difference. All the traits of the clones with 15~20 cm cuttings were the highest, followed by 10~15 cm cuttings, and the lowest was the 5~10 cm cuttings. The percent of normal seedlings declined year by year for cuttings and it was related the cutting length, the smaller the cuttings was, the lower the percent of normal seedling. The survival rate and preserving rate of the clones with 15~20 cm cuttings were the highest, which were 98.00% and 86.00% respectively; the clone's transplanting survival rate was the lowest for 5-10 cm cuttings, only 46.10%, and even as low as 23.33% in the third year after transplanting. The QI of clones of twig base with 1.5 years hard branch was 7.74 times of that of twigs. Of the clones with different cutting lengths, the QI of > 15 cm clones was 5.23 times and 5.47 times of those of 10 to 15 cm and 5~10 cm clones, respectively. A very significant positive correlation was found between the initial value of cuttings and the cutting seedlings diameter, the initial seedling height and the cutting seedlings. The clones with twig base with 1.5 years hard branches and 1520 cm cuttings grow quickly and also had the highest survival rate and QI. [Conclusion] The original cutting quality and rooting state influence the survival and growth of clones after transplanting. The longer and thicker cuttings achieve the highest survival rate, preserving rate, seedling height, ground diameter, and height increment, and also had the developed root. The clones of twig base with 1.5 years hard branch and > 15cm cutting had the highest value of the number of lateral branch, crown breadth, fresh weight, dry weight, and clones QI.
Ornamental Judge of Willow Based on Leaf and Branch Characteristics
LIU Li, LI Zhen-jian, ZHAI Fei-fei, JU Guan-sheng, LIU Jun-xiang, QIAN Yong-qiang, HAN Lei, SUN Zhen-yuan
2016, 29(6): 926-932.
Abstract:
[Objective] The aim of this study is to establish ornamental judge model of willow based on leaf and branch characteristics and judge ornamental value of willow clones rapidly. [Methods] Taking one-year-old willow clone seedlings adapted to Beijing area as the object, their ornamental value were evaluated based on thirteen characteristics relevant to leaf and branch by establishing analytic hierarchy process (AHP) structural model of willow ornamental value. According to the ornamental characteristics of willow, the score criteria were established combined with expert advice. The judgment matrix and consistency test were conducted. The weight of index was determined with respect to the overall target. The willow trait scores were multiplied by the corresponding weights to obtain its composite score. The willow clones were clustered based on the comprehensive score and graded according to clustering result. [Results] In criteria layer of the model, the leaves were weighted as 0.75, branches were weighted as 0.25. The order of factor layers according to their weight relative to the target layer is: mature leaf color F2 (0.2559) > leaf shape F3 (0.1527) > young leaf color F1 (0.1273) > lateral branch color F11 (0.0802) > twigs color F10 (0.0740) > leaf density F4 (0.0667) > leaf length F6 (0.0526) > leaf area F5 (0.0471) > trunk color F12 (0.0392) > branching angle F9 (0.0315) > leaf width F7 (0.0299) > branching amount F13 (0.0253) > stipule F8 (0.0179). The mature leaf color, leaf shape, young leaf color, lateral branches color and twigs color are the major factors affecting willow ornamental value. According to AHP composite score and clustering results, the 20 willow clones were divided into four levels: GradeⅠincludes S. Chaenomeloides var. iegata, SH31, S.erioclada, S.matsudana, S.babylonica, S.×Jiangsuensis CL.‘799’, S.×aureo-pendula, with the highest ornamental value; GradeⅡ includes S. argyracea, S. dasyclados, bamboo willow, S. cheilophila, with high ornamental value; GradeⅢ includes S. capitata, DQ1, S. matsudanaf. lobato-glandulosa, S.×chulbeozhv, G7, S. koreensis, S. integra, with medium ornamental value; GradeⅣ includes S. cheilophila, S. viminalis, with lower ornamental value. [Conclusion] Analytic hierarchy process can judge willow ornamental value effectively from the aspects of leaf and branch characteristics. It can provide a reference for further breeding of willow and landscaping applications.
Effects of Endogenous Hormones on Camellia oleifera Leaves and Fruit Growth under Drought Stress
DING Shao-jing, ZHONG Qiu-ping, YUAN Ting-ting, CAO Lin-qing, YAN Chao, YUAN Ya-qi
2016, 29(6): 933-939.
Abstract:
[Objective] To study the changes of endogenous hormones and fruit growth under drought stress treatments and the effect of two measures on alleviating drought. [Methods] 6-year-old Camellia oleifera forests were tested by applying natural condition, drought stress, covering straw and loosing soil. The endogenous hormones in leaves were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the fruit growth was also analyzed. [Results] (1) When the soil moisture content was lower than 24.0%-26.8%, the endogenous hormones began to appear larger changes. (2) The IAA content in leaves decreased, the ABA content increased, the GA content increased at first and then decreased, the ZR content decreased and then maintained at a low level, and the ZR/IAA values decreased under drought stress. Covering straw and loosing soil could effectively mitigate the effects of drought stress on the contents of IAA, GA and ZR. It had little effects on the ABA content and ZR/IAA values; C. oleifera forests dealt with drought stress by the changing the endogenous hormone content. (3) The fruit width growth decreased under drought stress and the fruit height growth was negative. With covering straw and loosing soil, the fruit width growth increased by 73.20% and 75.58% respectively and these two measures effectively alleviated the effects of drought stress on fruit height. [Conclusion] Production by the measures of covering straw and loosing soil can effectively alleviate the effects of drought stress on the fruit growth and covering straw as the best measure can be further applied.
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Ancient Chestnut Trees Based on Fluorescent SSR Markers
LIU Guo-bin, CAO Jun, WANG Jin-bao, LAN Yan-ping
2016, 29(6): 940-945.
Abstract:
[Objective] The genetic variations of ancient chestnut trees in Ming and Qing dynasties were studied based on molecular markers. [Methods] 33 accessions were collected from Bohai town at Huairou district of Beijing, and the genetic diversity and polymorphism were detected by using 13 fluorescent polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs). [Results] Thirteen SSR primers amplified 61 polymorphic alleles and 81 amplified bands in the 33 ancient chestnut trees, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 11 with an average of 4.7, and the amplified bands of 13 pairs of primers were 2 to 16 with an average of 6.2. The mean expected heterozygosity (HE) and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 0.4528 and 0.4103, respectively. PRA 75, PRA 83, PRD 25, CsCAT7 and PRD 53 can distinguish all of the ancient chestnut trees. [Conclusion] The habitats of chestnut trees in Ming and Qing dynasties were identical, the gene flow and gene exchange existed in a small area, which may be closely related to the low genetic diversity level. The study provides references for genetic diversity protection and utilization of chestnut germplasm resource. And the amplified bands and peak figures of 33 chestnut trees could lay the foundation for germplasm identification of the chestnut trees in Ming and Qing dynasties.
AtMET1 Gene Cloning and Chemical-inducible Expression Analysis
LIANG Li-xiong, CHANG Ying-ying, GAO Ya-nan, WANG Yan-bo, ZHANG Wei-xi, SU Xiao-hua, ZHANG Bing-yu
2016, 29(6): 946-950.
Abstract:
[Objective] In order to study the function of Arabidopsis thaliana methyltransferase gene AtMET1, 17-β-estradiol inducible plant expression vector pER8-MET1 was constructed, and its characters of inducible expression were detected. [Methods] The AtMET1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana was used as the target gene, and ‘digestion-ligation’ method was applied for constructing the plant expression vector pER8-MET1, which could be induced by 17-β-estradiol. Then the vector was transferred to Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. The Agrobacterium strain containing pER8-GFP vector was injected into the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum, then the leaves were induced by 17-β-estradiol in different levels of concentrations and time durations. QPCR was performed to detect GFP gene expression, through which the optimum concentration and time duration were screened. The Agrobacterium strain containing pER8-MET1 vector was injected into the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum, then the leaves were induced by optimal concentration of 17-β-estradiol through different time durations. QPCR was performed to detect MET1 gene expression. [Results] The results of qPCR showed that 17-β-estradiol can effectively induce the expression of the target gene in pER8-MET1 and the optimal concentration of 17-β-estradiol is 50 μmol·L-1. The expression level of MET1 gene gradually increased with 17-β-estradiol treating time and reached the highest level at 12h. [Conclusion] The pER8-MET1 vector was successfully constructed. The construction of the plant expression vector pER8-MET1 lays a good foundation for the mechanism study on the relationship between DNA methylation and phenotype variation.
Spatial Distribution of Phyllostachys praecox Gall under Two Management Patterns
GENG Xian-sheng, SHU Jin-ping, MENG Hai-lin
2016, 29(6): 951-955.
Abstract:
[Objective] The objective of the study is to clarify the characteristics of spatial distribution of Phyllostachys praecox gall under two management patterns. [Methods] Five aggregated indices and an aggregated formula were used to describe the spatial distribution patterns of Ph. praecox gall. The gall distribution under two different management patterns were compared. Through regression analysis, the relationship between the third-level shoots and the number of galls was determined. [Results] Statistical model analysis showed that the gall spatial distribution followed an uniformly aggregated pattern, and the basic components of gall was colony. The reasons for aggregation were the aggregation and characteristics of bamboo gall-makers. On the bamboo plant, significant difference was found in gall density among three layers of bamboo canopy. In rough management plots, the galls were concentrated in the middle layer of the canopy, the height is 3-4 m and 4-5 m sections. In intensively managed plots, the galls were concentrated in the upper layer of the canopy, the height is 2-3m section. In two different management patterns, there is a significant linear regression relation between the number of gall and the nunmber of third-level shoots. [Conclusion] Thespatial distribution of Ph. praecox gall followed an aggregated distribution pattern. There are significant differences in gall density among different heights of bamboo canopy. Management patterns will affect the distribution of gall, while obtruncation will affect the nunmber of third-level shoots. The nunmber of third-level shoots are related to the number of gall.
Studies on Soil Microorganism Quantity and Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen of Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus varaibilis Plantations in North China
WANG Feng-qin, TIAN Li-qing, SANG Yu-qiang, SONG An-dong, ZHANG Jin-song
2016, 29(6): 956-961.
Abstract:
[Objective] In order to provide the theoretical basis for evaluating the effect on soil microbial properties and for establishing reasonable sustainable forest management to reduce soil erosion and land degradation, soil chemical properties and microbial biomass of main tree species-Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus varaibilis in rocky mountain area of northern China were studied. [Methods] The chemical properties, microorganism amount, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil of R. pseudoacacia and Q. varaibilis plantations were analyzed. The factors influencing soil fertility were also studied with principal component analysis and stepwise regression analysis. [Results] The results showed that three kinds of main soil microorganisms and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen decreased with the deepening of the soil depth. The amount of soil bacteria in the R. pseudoacacia plantation was 2.13-2.26 times that in the soil of Q. varaibilis plantation. While the amount of actinomycetes in the soil of Q. variabilis plantation was 4.48-6.05 times that in the soil of R. pseudoacacia plantation. No obvious difference was observed between the amounts of fungi in these two kinds of forest soil. The content of nitrate nitrogen, organic matter, available phosphorus and the total amount of microbes, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the soil humus layer of R. pseudoacacia plantation were significantly higher than that of Q. variabilis plantation. [Conclusion] (1) The soil physical and chemical properties and the number of microorganisms and microbial biomass carbon/nitrogen could be used to reflect the variability of soil fertility in this area. (2) The main factors affecting the total amount of microbes and microbial biomass carbon/nitrogen are total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. (3) Planting R. pseudoacacia is more conducive to the ecological restoration of soils than planting Q. varaibilis.