2017 Vol. 30, No. 6
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2017, 30(6): 887-894.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.001
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Abstract:
Objective To reveal the effect of root diameter classes on the occurrence of soil preferential flow in different depth of soil layer. Method The study area located in the hillslope with hazelnut shrub forest in Zhangguangcailing of Changbaishan Mountains.The blue dye tracing method was applied to confirm and evaluate the changes in root biomass and root length density along preferential pathways in the soil matrix. Result The macropore flow, funnel flow and surround flow were the main soil water flow movement patterns which occurred rapidly with surround features. The root length density decreased with the increase of soil depth. In addition, the contributions of root length densities with root diameter (d) < 1 mm, 1 < d < 3 mm, 3 < d < 5 mm, 5 < d < 10 mm to preferential flow were 67.9%, 64.9%, 55.2%, and 59.3%. The average contribution of plant roots d < 1 mm to preferential flow was almost 58.5% at all the experimental plots. The fluctuation ranges of root length density at different soil depth and different diameter were 2.59%~31.2% and 1.16%~11.07%. The proportion of root biomass in the preferential pathways was 1.1% higher than that in the soil matrix. Conclusion The root length density of different root diameter classes in different soil layers has a significant effect on the soil preferential flow under hazel shrub forest. Root diameter d < 1 mm had the greatest effect. The root biomass does not play a decisive role in the occurrence of preferential flow paths.
2017, 30(6): 895-901.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.002
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Objective To study the forest spatial structure of the permanent 50-ha forest dynamics project plot on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. Method The seventh censuses (2010) of stems ≥ 1 cm DBH alive trees data of BCI plot was analyzed by the neighborhood-based variables of forest spatial structure, and the spatial structure of canopy trees and understory trees were compared. Result The pattern of live trees followed a random distribution (W=0.504) in the whole plot, 74.7% of the live trees in the state of high mingling degree, few individuals in the status of low mingling degree (Mi=0). Most of understory trees were in higher dominance degree and superior status of mingling. Large numbers of individuals in the plot were small trees (1 cm ≤ DBH < 20 cm), to this degree, they were in a status of disadvantage and belonged to inferior trees.Regardless live trees in the whole plot, the canopy or the understory, almost all individuals were in superior mingling status. At the scale of four neighboring trees around the reference tree within the whole plot, the ratio of conspecific neighbor trees (Mi=0, Wi=0.25) closed to zero. This indicated that the aggregate distribution of conspecific individuals in such a small scale was non-existence. Conclusion The forest was in a state of high mingling.More than half of the trees in the plot followed a random pattern, the trees with different dominance degrees had a similar frequency. It is suggested that the aggregate distribution of conspecific individuals in such a small scale (four neighboring trees around the reference tree) is non-existence.
2017, 30(6): 902-907.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.003
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Objective The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between lipid biosynthesis and source and sink genes' expression in seabuckthorn (Hippophae L.) pulp. Method Two close-related trains 'TF2-36'(with higher oil content) and 'Za 56' (with lower oil content) were selected as test samples. Their pulps were harvested in eight developmental stages. The oil content in pulp was tested by the method of chloroform methanol, and the differential expression of source gene 'GPD1' and sink genes 'DGAT1 and DGAT2' involved in lipid biosynthesis between high and low oil content lines were determined using qRT-PCR, and the effects of the three genes on lipid biosynthesis and accumulation were analyzed. Result (1) The oil contents in pulp of 'TF2-36' were higher than that of 'Za 56' at all stages, but it first increased, and then kept stable for two lines; (2) the peak values of GPD1, DGAT1 and DGAT2 expression in pulp of TF2-36 were significantly higher than that in 'Za 56' during pulp development. The peaks of GPD1 gene appeared in the period of rapid lipid biosynthesis, and the peaks of DGAT1 and DGAT2 genes appeared in the period of stable lipid accumulation. The high expression of source gene (GPD1) contributed to synthesis more G3P of TAG precursor in early stages of pulp development, but the high expression of sink genes (DGAT1 and DGAT2) accelerated high TAG accumulation in later stages of pulp development. Conclusion The high coordinated expression of source gene 'GPD1' and sink gene 'DGAT1 and DGAT2' resulted in the high lipid biosynthesis and accumulation in seabuckthorn pulp. These results provided basis for understanding lipid biosynthesis mechanism in seabuckthorn non-seed (pulp) tissue.
2017, 30(6): 908-915.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.004
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Objective To study the survival strategy of treeline trees in winter. Method Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) and their components (glucose, fructose, and starch) in Picea crassifolia were investigated along five altitude gradients (2 900 m, 3 000 m, 3 100 m, 3 200 m, and 3 300 m) in the Qilian mountains. Result (1) Before dormancy, the NSC contents in leaves at high altitudes were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in low altitudes, while no significant difference was found in branches. (2) After dormancy, the content of NSC at middle altitude (3 100 m) was significantly higher than those of other altitudes; moreover, the NSC contents in all the tissues, especially the leaves, were higher than those before dormancy. (3) After dormancy, the soluble carbohydrates increased, but starch increased more compared to those before dormancy, resulting in a decrease in the ratio of soluble sugar/starch. Conclusion These results reflects the adaptation strategy of Picea crassifolia near treeline that the reserved mobile carbon was enough to respiration metabolism and osmotic regulation during winter, and moreover, the NSC contents could have a quick compensation in the leaves and branches after dormancy, which provided the necessary carbon sources for the growth of new branches.
2017, 30(6): 916-920.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.005
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Objective To select superior plant and clone of Dalbergia sissoo. Method The height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of mother plants of four introduced D. sissoo provenances were measured. Twenty trees were selected as superior plants; The clone seedlings were propagated by grafting, then the height and DBH were measured to find superior clones for selective breeding of good varieties for D. sissoo with comparative analysis height and DBH among the 20 clones. Result The height and DBH variable coefficient (VC) of mother plants of four D. sissoo provenances were very great, and both the height and DBH of the twenty selected superior plants were approximately equal to, or greater than 130% of the mean height and DBH of mother plants. The height and DBH of clone 9 and clone 10 were significantly greater than that of the other clones and the control, followed by clones 12, 19 and 20. The trunk was straight, and the DBH was large for superior plants 9 and 10, and the height and DBH of clones 9 and 10 were also 70% higher than the mean values of mother trees. The height and DBH of clones 9 and 10 were significantly higher than that of the other clones, and both 30% higher than the control. It is proved that clones 9 and 10 could be selected as superior clone. Conclusion Twenty superior plants were selected, and twenty clones were reproduced, and clones 9 and 10 were chosen as the superior clones for selective breeding of D. sissoo.
2017, 30(6): 921-928.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.006
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Objective To evaluate superior trees for pesticides and provide practical methods for assessment of pesticidal neem clones. Method With azadirachta content in seeds tested, the variety comparative analysis of azadirachta-related phenotypic traits between superior pesticidal neem trees and average control group was performed by incomplete pedigree design, and then the repeat force was calculated to establish the standards of the potential cultivar type "pesticidal neem". Then the superior trees for pesticides were evaluated. Result The azadirachta content in seeds of clones varied with the azadirachta content in seeds of superior trees. The azadirachta content varied both within and among clones. The variation of azadirachta content in same clone ranged as: azadirachta B (5.26%~37.55%) > azadirachta A (6.06%~15.80%) > azadirachta A+B (2.95%~16.14%). Both the contents of azadirachta B and azadirachta A+B showed degradation and neutrality of genetic predispositions, but the content of azadirachta A showed all genetic predispositions including degradation, neutrality and development. The azadirachta content in seeds of various clones was significantly different (P < 0.01).For stability of azadirachta content among superior trees and clones, the coefficient of azadirachta A, B, and A+B was 0.78, 0.81, and 0.83, respectively, indicating that the variance of azadirachta content among clones was mainly influenced by genetic effects and normal environmental effects than some particular environmental effects. According to comprehensive performance of superior tree clones, three clones (LD0505, WW0401, and AT0515) were selected as the "variety of pesticidal neem". LD0505 and WW0421 were "parentage of pesticidal neem". Conclusion The repeatability of seed azadirachta content could be used to evaluate the quality of superior neem clones, to select variety and parentage of pesticidal neem trees. Analysis results indicates that superior pesticidal features could remain in same clone by genetic heritability. LD0505, WW0401 and AT0515 could be further developed as the varieties of pesticidal neem. Besides, LD0505 and WW0421 could be further developed as parentage of pesticidal neem. Other superior tree clones are unfavorable choice.
2017, 30(6): 929-935.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.007
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Objective Based on genetic parameter evaluation of growth traits of open-pollinated family in Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis progenies plantation, the aims of this study are to select the second generation superior families and trees and obtain better breeding strategy. And also, it intends to provide genetic resources for higher generation seed orchard of P. kesiya var. langbianensis. Method Randomized complete blocks design was applied to survey the diameter at ground height (DGH), diameter at breast height (DBH), height, under-branch height, crown, number of internodium (NO.Ⅰ), stem straightness (SS), stem fullness (SF), crown fullness (CF), volume and aboveground biomass (AGB) from 214 open-pollinated family progenies. Linear mixed model was used for genetic parameter assessment for superior families and individuals. Result Most of the growth traits were significantly different among the open-pollinated family progenies in P. kesiya var. langbianensis. The family heritability of all growth traits were larger than 0.5. The family heritability of DGH was the largest (1.105). The expected genetic gain of volume was more than AGB. The results of inter-and intra-family selection showed that the genetic gain of volume was 60.75% and 60 families were chosen, while the genetic gain of AGB was 44.22% and 66 families were chosen. The correlation analysis showed that NO.Ⅰ, SS, SF had a significant effect on the volume and AGB. Conclusion During early selection, the genetic variation of traits had a vital effect on the superior families and individuals. Four-year-old open-pollinated family progenies contained abundant genetic variation. Superior families and individuals can be selected for different breeding purposes so as to give full play of their genetic potentials.
2017, 30(6): 936-945.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.008
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Objective In this study, the growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll contents of 6 willow clones under Cd, Zn, Cu and other heavy metal pollution conditions were studied. The results provide a basis for evaluating the potential application of different willow species in vegetation restoration in heavy metal polluted area. Method Potting experiment was adopted, and six willow clones were used as experimental materials. Split-plot experiment design was adopted according to clonal and media factors, and the growth, root morphological parameters, photosynthesis, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the 6 clones were determined. Result The results showed that all the 6 clones could grow in copper tailings, but the parameters such as plant height, ground diameter, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content were inhibited to different extents. The plant height, biomass and total chlorophyll content of Salix integra ('Yizhibi') were the lowest among the 6 clones, while the least of the net photosynthetic rate was S. matsudana (16). The leaves of the willows grown in the tailings all showed different degree of yellowing, and the content of pigment decreased in different degrees. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content of S. integra ('Yizhibi') decreased the least, the total chlorophyll content decreased only by 4% compared with the control. Principal component analysis showed that the growth traits played the most important role in the condition of heavy metal compound pollution, among which root volume, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight and total biomass were the key factors determining the growth status of willow in the tailings. Conclusion The growth and biomass accumulation of the 6 willow clones in copper tailings have obvious genotypic differences. Based on the comprehensive analysis of physiological and biochemical indexes such as biomass, tolerance index and photosynthesis, the tolerance of S. integra 'Yizhibi' slightly better than that of the S. integra 'Dahongtou'. The tolerance of S. matsudana (470) was the best, while S. matsudana (16) the worst. The tolerance of S. integra 'Yizhibi' and 'Dahongtou' in copper tailings soil was higher than that of S. matsudana. The synthesis of photosynthetic pigments was less affected, and the biomass accumulation ability was also better. So S. integra are more likely to be used the recovery vegetation of mine abandoned land.
2017, 30(6): 946-953.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.009
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Objective Aiming at studying the spatial distribution of fine root under surface drip irrigation, 5-year-old 107 poplar clone (Populus×euramericana cv.'74/76) plantation cultivated with surface drip irrigation in the forest farm of Daxing district was taken as the research object. Method By drilling sampling, the samples from different directions at different horizontal distances (0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m) from the trunk were collected. The depths of soil cores were 60 cm, 10 cm each as a soil layer. Result The distribution characteristics of fine root were analyzed under the condition of drip irrigation. Under different trunk distance and soil layer, the fine root biomass and root length showed similar distribution characteristics and its distribution was significantly affected by the trunk distance, soil layer and their interaction (P < 0.05). The total length of fine roots in the strains direction was 12.7 cm, which was 1.82 times and 2.32 times that of the diagonal direction and row direction. The total root length of the three sampling points was 25.2 cm, of which 86.4% were in the range of wetted belt formed by drip irrigation. In the soil depth of 0-60 cm, 84.5% of the total root length was in the 0-40 cm soil layer. The horizontal distribution of fine root in different directions was different. In the strains direction, the maximum root length was at the trunk distance of 0.5 m, which was 4.2 cm and showed significant difference with other trunk distances (P < 0.05). In the diagonal and row direction, the maximum root length, 0.2 m from the trunk, were 2.7 cm and 2.3 cm respectively and accounting for 38.1% and 41.8% of the total length in their respective directions. The vertical distribution of fine root in different directions was different. At different soil layers, the fine root length in the strains direction showed that the fine root length of 0-10 cm soil layer was larger than others, and accounting for 29.1% of the total length, the difference with other soil layers was significant (P < 0.05). In the diagonal and row direction, the maximum root length were at 10-20 cm soil layer, 2.0 cm and 1.7 cm respectively, and accounting for 27.9% and 31.0% of the total length in their respective directions, the differences with other soil layers were also significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion The spatial distribution characteristics of fine root in poplar plantations under drip irrigation can be expressed by either fine root biomass or fine root length. The difference of soil moisture condition caused by continuous wet belt range after drip irrigation makes the difference of horizontal and vertical distributions of fine root in different directions, the fine root length is expressed as strains direction > diagonal direction > row direction. Fine roots are mainly distributed in the range of wet belt and relatively concentrated in the 0-40 cm soil layer. According to the horizontal and vertical distribution of fine root of poplar plantation, the water should penetrate to at least 50 cm away from the trunk after each drip irrigation, and the depth of infiltration should reach at least 40 cm to meet the water demand of normal growth of poplar plantation. The results and conclusions of this study provide a theoretical basis for determining the precise single effective irrigation amount, so as to achieve the dual goal of saving water and ensuring the normal growth of trees.
2017, 30(6): 954-960.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.010
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Objective To investigate the concentrations and stoichiometric ratio of soil organic C, total N and P in Pinus massoniana plantations from young to mature stages in order to enrich the basic research of P. massoniana ecosystem in stoichiometric field. Method Four P. massoniana plantations at different ages (6-, 16-, 23-and 35-year-old) in Pingxiang of Guangxi were selected as the research object, three plots in size of 400 m2 were set up for each of the plantations. The soil samples were collected from 0-20, 20-40, 40-60 cm depths respectively for measuring organic C, total N and total P, the ratio among them was estimated. The LSD method was used to test the significance of single factor. Result The contents of soil organic C, total N and total P in 0-20 cm soil layer of P. massoniana plantation were 5.73-15.56 g·kg-1, 0.63-1.23 g·kg-1 and 0.17-0.33 g·kg-1, which are 1.51, 1.31, and 1.06 times of that in 20~40 cm soil layer, and 1.97, 1.58, 1.06 times of that in 40~60 cm soil layer, respectively. The concentrations of soil organic C and total N increased at initial and then decreased as the stand age increased, while decreased with the increasing soil depth. No significant difference was found in the soil total P among different stand age and soil depth. Stand age have statistically significant effect on soil C: N and N: P (P=0.001, P=0.000), the soil layer has significant effect on soil C: P and N: P (P=0.000, P=0.014). Conclusion The contents of soil organic C and total N begin to pick up from the mature stage. The change of N among different stand age and soil depth is the key factor changing soil N: P ratio. The ratio of soil C: N and C: P is mainly affected by organic C.
2017, 30(6): 961-968.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.011
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Objective The variations in morphology and composition of Armeniaca sibirica and their relationship with distributions were studied in order to select the superior individuals with different types based on these variations. Method The vertical diameter, horizontal diameter, side diameter, sheel thickness, shape index, dry mass of nutlet, the vertical diameter, horizontal diameter, side diameter, shape index, dry mass, rate, yield, ether extract of kernel, and the crude protein and nitrilosides of 217 individuals selected from 10 populations in Inner Mongolia were surveyed based on growth vigor and yield. Variance analysis, multiple comparisons, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis were applied to analyze 16 phenotypic traits. Then the superior individuals with different types were selected. Result (1) The results showed that there existed large variations in nutlet and kernel traits, and the variations coefficient ranged from 8.94% to 68.27%. The variation coefficient of nutlet morphological traits (16.87%) was higher than that of kernel morphological traits (14.14%) and kernel composition (14.61%). The variation degrees of mass and composition were higher than that of the size and shape. (2) There were significant differences in phenotypic variations among populations. The populations could be divided into five groups according to the cluster analysis based on kernel yield, weight of dry kernel, kernel rate, ether extract, crude protein, and nitrilosides. The kernel yield and dry kernel weight of group Ⅰ were high, higher kernel rate and crude protein were appeared in group Ⅱ, the ether extract and nitrilosides of group Ⅲ were higher, all the traits of group Ⅳ were lower, the higher kernel yield, ether extract and nitrilosides were appeared in the group Ⅴ. (3) Significant correlation was observed among traits. The kernel yield, nitrilosides and ether extract were respectively correlated to annual mean air temperature, latitude and longitude. (4) Principal component analysis showed that six principal components added up to 80.716% of the variation. The superior individuals of nine types are selected, in top 5% (11 individuals). The realized gains of superior individuals in each type were 146.12%~199.22%. Conclusion There are abundant phenotypic diversity and composition diversity of A. sibirica in Inner Mongolia adapted to diverse site conditions. And there are significantly differences in phenotypic variation among populations and individuals. The cluster analysis of main economic characters divided populations into five breeding groups with different economic characteristics. Significant correlation was observed among main economic characters, phenotypic traits and geographical environment factors.
2017, 30(6): 969-976.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.012
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Objective To screen the superior clones of Paulownia fortunei suitable for planting in the hilly area of Southern China. Method Eighteen 5-year-old P. fortunei clones in Chibi City, Hubei Province were used to conduct the variation analysis, genetic parameter evaluation, correlation analysis and comprehensive assessment on four growth traits[diameter (D1.3), height of trunk (H), total volume (V) and height of extended trunk (H2)] and two stem form traits[taper of trunk (β) and form factor (f)]. Result Extremely significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed in each of the six traits among these 18 clones. The repeatability of D1.3, H, V, H2 and f was higher than 0.7858, the repeatability of β was 0.516 3. Extremely significant positive phenotypic and genetic correlations were shown among D1.3, H, V and H2; The β showed no significant negative phenotypic correlation with H but significant negative phenotypic correlation with H2. In addition, the β showed significantly negative phenotypic and genetic correlation with the other traits; The f showed no significant positive phenotypic correlation with H but extremely significant phenotypic and genetic correlation with the other traits. Comparing with the CK, the genetic gains of the three clones selected by comprehensive selection index equation on D1.3, H, V, H2, β and f were 13.33%, 6.59%, 28.68%, 40.08%, 12.99% and 8.89%, and the actual gains were 13.82%, 7.55%, 32.04%, 43.31%, 25.16% and 11.31%, respectively. Conclusion With the selection rate of 17%, three clones were selected and evaluated as the superior clones from 18 P. fortunei clones by the method of comprehensive selection index.
2017, 30(6): 977-984.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.013
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Objective The morphological characteristics and 6 kinds of medicinal composition of leaves in Acer truncatum were analyzed to provide the reference for the qualitative and quantitative detection of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, development and utilization of leaf tea, and selection of superior clones in A. truncatum. Method The morphological indexes of the leaves were determined by conventional methods. The medicinal constituents of the leaves were detected by ultrasonic extraction and HPLC. Result The variability of leaf morphology was petiole length > leaf lobe width > leaf lobe length > leaf length > leaf width > leaf base angle. The leaf lobe width was mostly 2-3 cm. The leaf base-angle was less than 180°, except for No. 6-1. The average contents of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid in leaves were 2 979.65, 1 474.92, 268.12, 1 380.18, 218.28 and 8.13 μg·g-1 respectively. The correlation coefficient between the petiole length and the chlorogenic acid content in the leaves was -0.735*. The correlation coefficient of two tested leaf medicinal materials between mother and its asexual young plants of 'Luhong No.1' was 0.914*. The flavonoids content of No.6 series were higher than that of the others, while the phenolic content of No. 1 series was higher than that of the others. There were also significant differences of medicinal component content among different families, even different clones in the same family. Conclusion The indirect selection can be used for breeding leaf supply lines in A. truncatum, for example, the chlorogenic acid content of leaves could be improved by selection of petiole length. The selection of higher medicinal content individuals at young age is feasible because of the positive Juvenile-Mature Correlation of leaf medicinal component content.The significant differences of the leaf medicinal composition among clones in the same family reveal that individual plant selection in the family is also necessary. The line 'Luhong No.1' can be considered as high quality strain resource both for medicinal and ornamental usages due to its larger leaf, higher content of medicinal materials, and the red leaf color in autumn.
2017, 30(6): 985-992.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.014
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Objective To estimate the biological nitrogen fixation of Elaeagnus angustifolia under salt stress and to study the nitrogen distributions of several saline-tolerant trees species. Method Saline-tolerant trees were cultivated in greenhouse, and the value of 15N natural abundance (B) and appropriate reference plants in saline habitat were determined; the biological nitrogen fixation abilities of E. angustifolia in greenhouse and field saline habitat were investigated; and the nitrogen distributions of several saline-tolerant trees were obtained by determination of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Result The results of planting trials showed that the B value of E. angustifolia was -1.41‰; Tamarix chinensis or Fraxinus chinensis could be the reference plant of E. angustifolia; the biological nitrogen fixation percentage of E. angustifolia was 55.03%. The biological nitrogen fixation percentage of E. angustifolia in moderate salinity field was 69.69%. In the experimental condition, among three saline-tolerant tree species of E. angustifolia, T. chinensis and F. chinensis, E. angustifolia had the highest nitrogen contents in whole plants, roots, stems and leaves, and the contents were significantly different from other species (P < 0.05); the nitrogen and carbon content ratio and the nitrogen and phosphorus content ratio of E. angustifolia were the highest; the nitrogen and phosphorus content ratios of leaf, stem and root of E. angustifolia were the highest. The nitrogen and carbon content ratio and the nitrogen and phosphorus content ratio of E. angustifolia leaves in moderate salinity field were the highest. Conclusion 15N natural abundance method can be applied to the study of biological nitrogen fixation ability of E. angustifolia under salt stress, and T. chinensis and F. chinensis can be selected as the reference plants; E. angustifolia has relatively strong biological nitrogen fixation ability under salt stress, and it is an excellent tree species for biological improvement of saline soil. This study indicates that 15N natural abundance method can be used to estimate biological nitrogen fixation under salt stress, and the results are significant for the selection of plants used to saline soil bioremediation and comprehensive development and utilization of saline-tolerant trees.
2017, 30(6): 993-998.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.015
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Objective In order to unveil the mechanism of population divergences to sex pheromone responses and develop a region-specific pheromone lure for successful monitoring and control of Dendrolimus kikuchii (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), we focus on the geographic variation analysis of sex pheromones of D. kikuchii according to its sex pheromone quantity, blend ratio, antennal sensitivity, and biological activity in three populations from Hunan, Jiangxi, and Yunnan Provinces. Method Sex pheromone of D. kikuchii from different populations mentioned above was analyzed by means of Gas chromatography (GC), Electroantennographic recording (EAG), and field behavioral assays. Result GC analyses of virgin female glands demonstrated that three pheromone components, (5Z, 7E)-5, 7-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (Z5, E7-12:OAc), (5Z, 7E)-5, 7-dodecadien-1-ol (Z5, E7-12:OH) and (5Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12:OAc) were present in all three populations. On average, all populations had a similar and abundant quantity of Z5, E7-12:OAc as well as trace amounts of Z5, E7-12:OH and Z5-12:OAc, the blend ratio and quantities of the three components in three populations existed relatively small differences with a blend ratio of 100:10:25 or 100:10:10 showing better EAG and behavioral activities than that of the other blend ratios. Conclusion These results suggested that different geographic populations of D.kikuchii have developed some minor genetic variation but did not form completely independent groups. The subtle changes in sex pheromone quantities and blend ratios in different populations might be related to geographic distribution range, hosts, and man-made pesticide control interference.
2017, 30(6): 999-1003.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.016
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Objective Germination ability of somatic embryos in Larix leptolepis was investigated to provide theoretical basis for large-scale breeding. Method The study was conducted by using mature somatic embryos (SEs) from embryonic cell line S287 of L. leptolepis as the material. Four cotyledon shapes were distinguished and analyzed with resin sections method and microscopic observation. The rooting ability of the four types of SEs was calculated and the important factors that affect seedlings regeneration were identified with exogenous application of hormones. Result Four types of mature SEs in L. leptolepis were found in the investigation, i.e. the normal one with cotyledon number (NC) ≥ 4, the poorly separated-cotyledon one with 2 < NC < 4, the cup shape one with NC=1 and the deformed one. Microscopic observation revealed that the first three SEs could develop complete SAM and RAM, with germination rates of 17.2%, 12.4% and 5.7% respectively. However, the abnormal embryos did not have full SAM and RAM, and could not take root and soon died in germination medium. Exogenous application with GA3 and IAA of different concentration showed that 2 mg·L-1 IAA obviously promote the germination ability with 56% germination rate of SEs in L. leptolepis and later maintain a higher survival rate. Conclusion IAA plays a vital role in modulating germination ability of somatic embryos in L. leptolepis.
2017, 30(6): 1004-1008.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.017
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Objective The purpose of this study is to identify the pathogen of walnut brown spot disease and reveal its pathogenesis in Sichuan. Method To isolate the pathogenic bacteria through tissue separation in diseased walnut from walnut orchard in Zhongjiang of Sichuan Province, and its pathogenicity was tested by inoculation back to walnut. The isolated strain was identified by the combination of spore morphology and the multiple sequence analysis of ITS and gdp sequence. And the pathogenesis regularity of walnut brown spot disease was investigated. Result 6 fungi were isolated, and just the strain ZJ5 could cause walnut brown spot disease. The strain ZJ5 was identified as Alternaria alternata according to the spore morphology and multiple sequence analysis. Beside, the pathogenesis regularity of walnut brown spot disease was revealed by investigation. Conclusion This is the first report that A. alternata is the pathogen of walnut brown spot disease in Sichuan and its pathogenesis regularity was studied.
2017, 30(6): 1009-1014.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.018
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Objective The study aimed to investigate the microorganism diversity and compare the difference of microorganism between overwintering individuals in Kunming and Changchun. Method The bacteria 16S rRNA and the fungi internal transcribed space (ITS) of overwintering individuals in Kunming (KM) and Changchun (CC) were sequencing by MiSeq high-throughput sequenced method. The bacterial and fungal Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were obtained by the Usearch software, and the Mothur software was used to calculate and analyze the taxonomy and alpha diversity. Result According to 344 OTUs obtained from KM and CC bacteria samples, 15 phyla and 137 genera were identified. Meanwhile, 6 phyla and 83 genera were identified from 230 OTUs obtained from KM and CC fungi samples. In KM the dominant bacteria, Lactococcus accounted for 29.78%. And in CC Rickettsia was dominant (55.77%). Unclassified Ophiocordycipitaceae was dominant both in KM and CC, but its proportion in CC was much lower than in KM. Conclusion In this study, lots of differences were found between Kunming and Changchun overwintering individuals on the bacteria and fungi category and quantity. In comparison of KM bacteria sample, Rickettsia became the dominant genus in CC.
2017, 30(6): 1015-1021.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.019
Abstract:
Objective To detect the characteristics of seed morphology, seed germination and seedling growth, and analyze the correlation with geographic and climatic factors of provenance locations in different provenances of Acer tutcheri. Method ANOVA and correlation analysis were used to analyze the seed morphology, seed germination, seedling growth and leaf color value of 18 families of three provenances from natural distribution areas in Guangdong. Result The provenance from Zhaoqing (HSD) had the thickest and the widest seeds, the provenance from Shenzhen (QNS) had the thinnest and the narrowest seeds, the provenance from Huizhou (NKS) had the biggest length and 1 000-seed weight. The samara length and width showed extremely significant positive correlation (P < 0.01). 1 000-seed weight and germination rate showed significant positive correlation (P < 0.05). Seedling basal diameter of 1-year-old A. tutcheri was proportional to seedling height; the growth of seedling was influenced by geographic and climatic factors of provenance locations. On the aspect of leaf color, the L* value of the families QNS3 and QNS13 was bigger than that of the other families, the b* value of the family QNS13 was bigger than that of the others significantly, and the family NKS14 had the biggest a* value. Conclusion The higher the 1 000-seed weight, the higher the germination rate. The basal diameter and height of the seedlings are influenced by geographic and climatic factors of provenance locations. Family NKS14 with better leaf color has the most obvious red color than the others.
2017, 30(6): 1022-1027.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.020
Abstract:
Objective To explore the salt adaptation mechanism of Nitraria sibirica Pall. Method The net fluxes of Na+ and K+ from apex root (using scanning ion-selective electrode technique) and the contents of Na+ and K+ in different organs (using ICP-OES Spectrpmeter) were investigated in N. sibirica seedlings under the stress of different NaCl concentration (0, 200 and 300 mmol·L-1) for 24 hours. Result (1) Short-term NaCl stress significantly increased Na+ content in roots, stems, and leaves of N. sibirica seedlings, and the Na+ content in leaves was three times that in roots; the content of K+ in roots, stems, and leaves of N. sibirica seedlings remained stable or increased. (2) The K+/Na+ ration in roots, stems, and leaves of N. sibirica seedlings decreased under salt stress. The K+/Na+ ration in roots showed no significant difference under 200 or 300 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress. (3) The results of ion fiux showed that NaCl stress significantly increased the Na+ efflux in roots. The net K+ fluxes of control and 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress were 156 pmol·cm-2·s-1 and 159 pmol·cm-2·s-1 respectively, and no significant difference was observed. 300 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress significantly increased the influx of K+, the net K+ flux was -370 pmol·cm-2·s-1. Conclusion In conclusion, N. sibirica can efficiently sequestrate Na+ into leaves, as well as strengthen the roots Na+ efflux and K+ influx ability, and thus maintains the relative balance of K+/Na+ in plant root, so as to adapt to the salty environment.
2017, 30(6): 1028-1033.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.021
Abstract:
Objective To explore the Geographic distribution and regionalization of potential suitable cultivated area for Idesia polycarpa. Method Based on the data of climate, altitude and soil, as well as the natural distribution of I. polycarpa, Maxent model was applied to predict the suitable cultivated area for I. polycarpa. Result The horizontal distribution of I. polycarpa, naturally ranges from 23°10'N to 35°30'N, 102°45'E to 121°40'E, and the elevation of distribution area ranges from 14 m to 2 500 m. Temperature and precipitation are the dominant factors affecting the distribution of I. polycarpa, followed by soil. This result is in accordance with the leanness-resistant characteristic. The suitable annual mean temperature and annual precipitation for the growth of I. polycarpa are 13~21℃ and 800~1 800 mm, respectively. The suitable mean temperature of the coldest month and the max temperature of the warmest month are -3~8℃ and 34℃, respectively. The potential cultivated regions of I. polycarpa with high suitability are Daba, Wuling, Miaoling, Xuefeng, Wugong, Wuyi, Jiulian, Daiyun, Dabie, Funiu mountains, the eastern Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, the northern Dayao and Yunkai mountains, as well as the margin of Sichuan Basin. The cultivated regions with ordinary suitability are the upland areas of Sichuan Basin, the plain of two lakes, Poyang-lake plain. Conclusion In this paper, the geographic distribution and the dominant bioclimatic factors are clarified. This paper predictes the regionalization of potential suitable cultivated area and provided references for cultivating I. polycarpa.
2017, 30(6): 1034-1040.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.022
Abstract:
Objective By analyzing the quantitative change of structural genes and metabolite of anthocyanin in 4 growth stages, the relationship between leaf-color mutation and gene expression was systematically illustrated. Method The leaves of Camellia japonica 'Jinhua Meinü' were selected taking the leaves of C. japonica 'Nuccio's Bella Rossa', C. azalea, and C. japonica as control. NCBI Primer Designing Tool was used to design the primers and the gene expressing of DFR, ANS, UFGT, ANR and LAR were analyzed by real-time PCR and measured the contents of catechins, epicatechins and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside by HPLC. Result (1) In the four growth stages, no significant difference was found in the expressing of DFR, nevertheless, the expressing of ANS, UFGT, ANR and LAR between red and green cultivar were obviously different, which indicating the express levels of those genes of flavonoids metabolic pathways had been altered in the leaves of C. japonica 'Jinhua Meinü'. (2) The content of polyphenols in the leaves of C. japonica 'Jinhua Meinü' were at a significantly lower level than the control groups, in particular, the content of epicatechins was only 0.04-0.21 mg·g-1, which suggesting the synthetic route of polyphenols were astricted in physiological level. (3) The average content of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside in the leaves of C. japonica 'Jinhua Meinü' was 1.2-1.4 mg·g-1, which was at a significantly higher level than the control groups in all the four growth stages. The content of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside could explain the capacity of synthesizing anthocyanins was kept in the leaves of the red cultivar. Conclusion According to above data, it can be preliminary inferred that the leaf color of C. japonica 'Jinhua Meinü' related to the change of anthocyanins metabolic pathway.
2017, 30(6): 1041-1049.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.023
Abstract:
Objective 3 types of fresh moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) shoots were tested and analyzed to identify the spicy substances in order to further improving the quality and economic value. Method The bamboo shoots above the ground (AS), bamboo shoots under the ground (US) and rhizome shoots (RS) were analyzed by means of sensory evaluation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the correlation analysis between the concentrations of flavor substances and the flavor intensities of 3 types of fresh bamboo shoots, shoot residues after boiling and shoot soups. Result (1) The sensory evaluation of AS and US showed that the pungency was increasingly enhanced from base to top of bamboo shoot, and the range of AS was 2 to 9.5, which was apparently higher than that of the US which changed from 1 to 6. The taste of RS was slightly sweet, and there was no significant difference from base to top. The taste of boiled bamboo shoot residues was spicy, and the intensity decreased with the extension of boiling time. But the bamboo shoot soups were bitter and astringent, and the intensity increased along with the time of boiling. (2) A total of 43 compounds including 9 kinds of esters, 6 kinds of alcohols, 5 kinds of acids, 3 kinds of phenols, 2 kinds of ketones, 3 kinds of aldehydes, 4 kinds of hydrocarbons and 11 kinds of other compounds in fresh bamboo shoot were detected by GC-MS. The substances in bamboo shoots with high content and pungent taste were oxalic acid, tannin and ephedrine. (3) The results showed that the principal materials significantly associated with the spicy taste of AS and US were cyanide, cyanogenetic glycoside, tannin and ephedrine. The correlation coefficients of AS were 0.812, 0.850, 0.939 and 0.818 (P < 0.01), and those of US were 0.905, 0.857, 0.939 and 0.937 (P < 0.01). The relationship between cyanide, cyanogenetic glycoside, tannin and spicy taste intensity was highly significant in bamboo shoot residues, and the correlation coefficients were 0.859, 0.861, and 0.933 (P < 0.01) respectively. The main substances attributing to bitter and astringent were cyanide, tannin and oxalic acid, and the correlation coefficients were 0.982, 0.954, and 0.976 (P < 0.01) respectively. Conclusion The main spicy flavor substances of moso bamboo shoots were concluded as cyanide, cyanogenetic glycoside and tannin, and their interaction enhanced the strong spicy flavor of moso bamboo shoots.
2017, 30(6): 1050-1058.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.024
Abstract:
Objective To identify the interacted proteins of geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS) and provide theoretical bases for illuminating the mechanism of monoterpene biosynthesis in Litsea cubeba. Method The transcriptome database of fruits of L. cubeba was searched by basic blast tool. RT-PCR was used to clone GPPS genes (LcGPPS.SSU1 encoding the small subunit of heteromeric GPPS) and GGPPS genes (LcGGPPS1 and LcGGPPS3). qRT-PCR was conducted to analyze the expression patterns. In addition, prediction of three-dimensional structure models and yeast two-hybrid system were used to verify the protein interaction. Result LcGPPS.SSU1, LcGGPPS1 and LcGGPPS3 were cloned. The expression pattern analysis showed LcGPPS. SSU1 specifically expressed in flower, flower bud and fruit in a significant high level. The prediction of protein interaction showed that both LcGGPPS1 and LcGGPPS3 could interact with LcGPPS.SSU1, while the result of yeast two-hybrid system showed that only LcGGPPS3 can interact with LcGPPS.SSU1. Conclusion LcGPPS.SSU1 can interact with LcGGPPS3 to form heterodimer to function in the terpenoids biosynthesis in L. cubeba, which provides knowledge for addressing the mechanism of terpenoids biosynthesis pathway in L. cubeba.
2017, 30(6): 1059-1065.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.06.025
Abstract:
Objective In order to understand the process and mechanism of soil restoration under different thinning intensities, and provide theoretical basis for management of plantation, the impact of thinning intensity on soil enzyme activity and microorganisms in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation and the interaction between them were studied. Method 18-year-old C. lanceolata plantations in Rongjiang county of Guizhou province were studied with random block experiments. The soil enzyme activity and soil microorganisms under 4 different thinning intensities, TS0 (no thinning (0.0%), 1 800 trees·hm-2), TS1 (mild (16.7%), 1 500 trees·hm-2) and TS2 (moderate (33.3%), 1 200 trees·hm-2) and TS3 (severe (50.0%), 900 trees·hm-2) were analyzed, the correlation of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities were also revealed. Result After 3 years' thinning, both the enzyme activities and microorganism amounts in soil layer significantly increased, the differences in soil microbe amount and enzyme activity among different soil layers were significant, and the activities of soil catalase, phosphatase, urease and invertase significantly increased. The activities of catalase (15-30 cm and 30-45 cm), alkaline phosphatase (0-15 cm and 30-45 cm) and urease(30-45 cm)in treatment TS3 were higher than that in other treatments, while the activities of the other enzymes in different soil layers and different intensities were higher in treatment TS2. The amount of bacteria was the most in each layer, followed by actinomyces and nitrifying bacteria. The amount of microorganisms in treatment TS2 was more than that in other treatments. The activities of urease and catalase had very significantly positive correlation with the amounts of bacteria, fungi and digestion, while they were very significantly negative correlation with actinomycetes. The amount of ammonifying bacteria had negative correlation with hydrogen peroxide enzyme activity, and had positive correlation with urease activity. The activities of phosphatase had positive correlation with the amounts of bacteria, fungi and nitrifying bacteria, and had very significantly negative correlation with ammonifying bacteria amount, and had negative correlation with actinomycetes amount. The activities of invertase had very significantly positive correlation with the amount of bacteria, actinomyces, and ammonifying bacteria, and had positive correlation with amount of nitrifying bacteria, and had negative correlation with actinomycetes. Conclusion The forest environment, light, temperature and the growth of vegetation were improved after thinning, and the soil enzyme activities and the amount of microorganisms increased. The general performances after 3 years' thinning indicated that middle thinning intensity is the best in the management of near-mature C. lanceolata plantations and improvement of soil properties.
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