2020 Vol. 33, No. 5
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2020, 33(5)
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2020, 33(5): 1-12.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.001
Abstract:
Objective To study the genetic variation and genetic stability of young forest growth traits and shoot growth behavior, and provide a reference for the selection of excellent families of Pinus massoniana. Method Forty three clones of P. massoniana were selected as the test samples, in which 7 clones from Fujian Province, 6 clones from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 10 clones from Hu'nan Province, 10 clones from Guangdong Province, and 10 clones from Zhejiang Province. The trial sites locate at Jingshan of Hubei Province, Guiyang of Hu'nan Province and Xinyi of Guangdong Province where test forests were established in 2014. The growth traits and shoot growth behavior of five-year-old P. massoniana family were investigated to analyze the genetic variation rule and correlation. On this basis, the stability and fast-growth traits of these families were evaluated. Result The growth traits and shoot growth behavior of 5-year-old P. massoniana were significantly different among families and locations, and the interaction between families and locations was also extremely significant. The family heritability was greater than the individual heritability at the three test locations. The heritability of DBH, tree height, whorled branches number and shoot growth traits was high. The family heritability was 0.72–0.96, while the individual heritability was 0.45–0.88. Trait correlation analysis showed that the fast-growing family had more frequent shoots, and the length of current shoot was longer, while the length of initial shoot was shorter. AMMI model was used to analyze the stability of family tree height and DBH. It was found that the tree height stability of 2 families from Fujian Province (ZP325 and ZP386) was the best, the stability of DBH of 2 families from Zhejiang Province (ZJ5153 and ZJ39) was the best, and the DBH and tree height stability of a family from Guangdong Province (GD8) were the worst. According to the evaluation criteria (5.00% higher in tree height and DBH than the others at each test location and higher than the corresponding 1st generation seed garden), 13, 4 and 7 elite families were evaluated respectively in Jingshan, Guiyang and Xinyi, among them, one family from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GLN2) and one from Guangdong Province (GD7) were identified as the fast-growing and stable families at the three sites. Conclusion The growth traits and shoot growth traits of the 5-year-old P. massoniana are rich in genetic variation among families. The heritability of the growth traits and shoot growth traits are strongly controlled by genetics. The fast-growing family has more frequent shoots and longer shoot lengths, but the fixed growth is shorter. GLN2 and GD7 are identified as the excellent families with fast-growing and stable in each test site.
2020, 33(5): 13-20.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.002
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Objective To analyze the wind resistance and select the F1 hybrids of Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis, in order to provide the references for eucalyptus’s breeding the improved wind-resistant varieties. Method Genetic and phenotypic correlation among growth traits, wood traits and wind-resistant of the F1 hybrids from E. urophylla×E. grandis were analyzed. And independent culling and principal component analysis were used to select the best hybrid according to the breeding objective. Result The wind resistance performance of the hybrids selected was obviously better than that of the control. The wind resistance value, growth traits, form traits and fiber width of wood traits exhibited significant differences (p<0.05) or extremely significant differences (p<0.01) among cross combinations, and showed no essential differences among blocks. The trait-trait genetic correlations between individual volume and wood traits were not significant. The trait-trait phenotypic correlations between individual volume and basic density, fiber width (FW), ratio of fiber length to fiber width (FL/FW) and lignin were significantly negative. The trait-trait genetic correlations between wind resistance value and growth traits were not significant. The trait-trait phenotypic correlations between wind resistance value and growth traits were significantly positive or extremely significantly positive. The genetic correlations were significantly negative between wind resistance and fiber length (FL), FW. The genetic correlations were not significant between wind resistance and remainder wood traits. The phenotypic correlations were significantly negative between wind resistance and FL, FW, FL/FW, and were significantly positive between wind resistance and hemicellulose, but were not significantly positive between wind resistance and basic density, cellulose, lignin. Conclusion The wind resistance performance of hybrids is obviously better than E. urophylla parents. The genetic correlations are significantly negative between wind resistance and FL, FW. Three hybrid combinations are selected by using independent culling and comprehensive index methods. And a total of 7 superior cross combinations, which are superior in growth, quality together with morphology, are determined according to principal component analysis.
2020, 33(5): 21-27.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.003
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Objective To establish a pest based index (PBI) evaluation system of Kunyushan web-spinning sawfly (Cephalcia kunyushanica) and to quantitatively evaluate the effects of site factor on the occurrence degree of C. kunyushanica co-affected with other stand factors in pure forest. Method Based on the basic principles of forest pest occurrence, the results affecting the occurrence of C. kunyushanica were attributed to the comprehensive effect of stand factor and site factor. Temporary sample plots were set up in the pure forest ecosystem of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) with the same age-gradation to choose the key stand factors affecting the occurrence of C. kunyushanica, the functional relationship between the key stand factors and the pest severity index of C. kunyushanica were establish, and the optimal model was select as the guide curve. The PBI curve group of C. kunyushanica was obtained by stretching the guide curve in an equal proportion, and the bottom up of the curve showed different PBIs, i.e. the effect level of site factors on the occurrence degree of C. kunyushanica. Result (1) Based on the basic principle of forest pest occurrence, the concept PBI was proposed. (2) The PBI quantitative method of C. kunyushanica was determined, which contained 9 steps: setting sample, investigating the pest severity index of stands, investigating the site factor and stand factor, screening the key stand factor, determining the data of stand factor, establishing the alternative guide curve model, determining and evaluating guide curve model, drawing the guide curve, and establishing the curve groups. (3) Stepwise regression and partial correlation analysis showed that crown width was the key stand factor affecting the occurrence of C. kunyushanica. The guide curve equation was established according to the proposed quantitative method: Q=75.53/(1+e−0.84x+3.40), and the determination coefficient was R2=0.5230, indicating that the fitting equation was reliable. The average estimation accuracy of this model was 89.28% when using it to estimate the pest severity index. (4) A quantitative evaluation system was established by stretching the main curves of the PBI of red spot blight in equal proportions to form a curve group. The five curves in the system represented the different degrees of occurrence of C. kunyushanica respectively from bottom to top. Conclusion This study indicates that the guide curve model and curve group diagram of the PBI of C. kunyushanica can quantitatively evaluate the effect of site factors on the potential occurrence degree of C. kunyushanica, and can be used as an important tool in the ecological control of forest pests.
2020, 33(5): 28-37.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.004
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Objective To monitor and analyze the precipitation of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ at various vertical levels of forest during the growing season and non-growing season so as to compare the retention ability of nutrients and evaluate the water purification capacity of the three typical forest communities in northern subtropics. Method Three typical forest communities, i.e., Phyllostachys pubescens plantation, Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation and broadleaved forest dominated by Cyclobalanopsis glauca were selected and the hydrological processes samples were sampled during July 2018 to June 2019. The concentrations and fluxes of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in various hydrological components (i.e. precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, litterfall, and runoff) from July 2018 to June 2019 were determined and calculated. Result The annual average concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in rainfall were 0.27, 0.36, 0.89 and 0.17 mg·L−1, respectively, and the cation concentrations of K+ and Ca2+ were higher in the growing season than in non-growing season. The canopy and litter layers of the three forest communities leached K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ strongly and elevated the pH value of the rain. However, the leaching rate of the three kinds of cation by canopy layer was lower in the growing season, and the interception rate of the surface layer was insignificantly different between the growing season and the non-growing season. Comparing surface runoff (output) and atmospheric precipitation (input) fluxes, all the three forest communities showed a trapping effect on base cations, and the broadleaved forest dominated by Cyclobalanopsis glauca showed the strongest trapping capacity, with a trapping rate exceeding 94.70%. Conclusion The canopy and litter layers of the three forest communities are important sources of base cations which can buffer the acidic precipitation in non-growing season, while the surface layer effectively prevents the loss of base cations in both growing and non-growing seasons, maintains the nutrient cycling in the community and protects the safety of water quality in forest stream.
2020, 33(5): 38-47.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.005
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Objective To study the effects of various management modes of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation and determine the optimal modes in order improve the forest quality. Method Twenty indicators, including stand growth, stand structure, natural regeneration, species diversity, soil chemical properties, etc. were used to compare the developments of 29-year-old L. principis-rupprechtii plantations in Saihanba of Hebei province under different management modes, i.e. structure-based forest management (S), close-to-nature forest management (N), traditional forest management (T) and the control (CK). Principal component analysis was used to assess the effects of different management modes. Result The results showed that there was a significant difference in the average annual growth increment of individual tree volume among different management modes (P<0.05), which ranked in the order of S>N>T>CK. Stand-volume periodic annual increment under modes S, N and CK was significantly larger than that under mode T. The stand structure indicators varied differently among management modes. There was no significant difference in average tree height among the four management modes (P>0.05). The amount of tree with DBH of 24~28 cm showed larger volume in plots under modes N and T, and the largest was found on the plots under mode S. Spatial structure indices including uniform angle index and coefficient of DBH variation showed no significant differences among different modes (P>0.05). There were significant differences in herb species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity indicators among stands under different modes (P<0.05), which ranked in the order of N>S>T>CK. The soil indicators, including soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, showed significantly higher value in the plots under mode S than in CK plots. The comprehensive scores of modes T, N, S and CK were −6.14, 9.30, 11.49 and −14.64, respectively. Conclusion It is proved that, in Saihanba, the management effect of 29-year-old L. principis-rupprechtii plantations under mode S is the best.
2020, 33(5): 48-54.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.006
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Objective To study the application of Peak-valley analysis algorithm in the Resistograph drilling resistance sequence so as to promote the research on quasi-nondistructive tree age estimation. Method The increment cores and 104 groups Resistograph drilling resistance data were collected from Pinus koraiensis and Abies fabri in Jingouling Forest Farm, Wangqing Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province of northeastern China. The appropriate threshold value was selected according to the tree real age and the Peak-valley analysis algorithm was used to record the number of peaks and valleys of drilling resistance data as the estimation of tree age. Result The tree ages were estimated by the peak-valley analysis with the selected threshold value (Det), and the results showed that the data are close to the real tree age, with mean absolute error as −2 years, ranging from −5 to 5 years, and the mean relative error as −2.69%, ranging from −6.73% to 6.73%. Paired data t-test was carried out with t-value of 1.31, indicating that there is no significant difference between estimated tree age estimated by the method of peak-valley analysis and the real mean tree age. Conclusion The application of the drill resistance sequence on the tree age with peak-valley analysis algorithm is proved to be feasible. The appropriate threshold value is the key to guarantee the accuracy of tree age estimation by Resistograph, therefore it is the main part for further research.
2020, 33(5): 55-60.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.007
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Objective Taking the seeds of Liquidambar formosana as materials to investigate the changes of seed vigor with the prolonging of storage time under different temperatures. Method The seeds of L. formosana were dried in shade to the moisture content of 10.54%, and then stored under the temperatures of room temperature (25±2)℃, 4℃, −20℃ and −70℃, respectively. On the zero, 60, 180, 300, 360, 520 and 730 days of the storage, the malonaldehyde content and the relative membrane permeability of the seeds were respectively determined, coupled with seed germination rate, germination energy and height and root growth of one-month-old seedling through indoor seeding. Result The seed germination rate, germination energy, seedling height and root growth decreased gradually with the storage time, coupled with increased malonaldehyde content and the relative membrane permeability. When stored for 360 days, the seed vigor was well maintained under all of the four storage temperatures with insignificant difference. When stored for 730 days, the seeds stored under 4℃, −20℃and −70℃ all exhibited obviously better results than under room temperature, and the seeds stored under −70℃ showed the best result. Conclusion Within 360 days of storage, room temperature can effectively maintain the vigor of L. formosana seed with water content of 10.54%. Low temperature is necessary for a longer storage time. When stored for 730 days, 4℃, −20℃and −70℃ can effectively maintain the seed vigor, and −70℃ is the best.
2020, 33(5): 61-67.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.008
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Objective To establish stand biomass growth models and estimate the forest biomass on the regional scale so as to provide supports and references for carbon measurement and accounting. Method The forest inventory data of five phases in Guangdong province (1997, 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017) were used to select thirty fixed plots (with more than thirty reserved sample trees for five phases in each plot, totally 1 412 trees). Based on Richards theoretical growth function, the basic biomass growth model, stand-character-based biomass growth model, and stand-character-based and site-condition-based biomass growth model were established respectively using dummy variables. The biomass growth models established for stand level were evaluated and compared in this study. Result The basic biomass growth model performed the worst with the lowest Ra2 of 0.475. When the stand density was added to the basic biomass growth model, the performance got improved greatly with the R2 of 0.836. When the dummy variable were added to the stand-character-based biomass growth function, the performance got best with the highest R2 of 0.961. Conclusion Based on the stand characters, the biomass growth function can reflect the relationship between biomass growth and stand density to some extents and got better goodness-of-fit. The introduction of the dummy variable to the stand-character-based biomass growth functions can improve the fitting accuracy further, indicating the difference of stand condition and production among different stand types.
Drought and Salt Tolerance Analysis of BpbZIP1 Gene in Birch and ABRE Element Binding Identification
2020, 33(5): 68-76.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.009
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Objective To identify basic region/leucine zipper motif (bZIP), the gene resistant to abiotic stress, from Betula platyphylla Suk. Method The bZIP gene of B. platyphylla was cloned with genomic information, and the phylogenetic analysis of resistance related genes was carried out with bioinformatics analysis. The function of drought and salt tolerance was identified by histochemical staining and physiological index. The binding between transcription factors and elements was identified by yeast 1 hybrid. Result A bZIP gene was cloned from B. platyphylla, named as BpbZIP1, which was clustered into a group with the known resistance related gene protein sequence. The expression of BpbZIP1 gene was induced by NaCl treatment and did not change significantly under mannitol treatment. Under NaCl stress, the ability of scavenging ROS was stronger in transgenetic lines than that in wild-type control as the activities of SOD and POD increased. Under mannitol stress, the ability of scavenging ROS in transgenetic lines was not significantly different from that of the control, the POD activity increased, SOD activity increased less. BpbZIP1 can specifically bind to ABRE element. Conclusion BpbZIP1 gene can improve the salt tolerance in transient transformed birch by scavenging active oxygen, but the ability of drought resistance is not obvious. The bZIP gene of B. platyphylla with salt tolerance and its binding elements were identified. The results of this study provide data and materials for the molecular-based study of stress resistance and genetic improvement of in B. platyphylla.
2020, 33(5): 77-85.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.010
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Objective To study the community structure and floristic characteristics of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in Qingyunshan Nature Reserve and to provide reference for the protection of forest ecosystem and biodiversity. Method According to the field investigation protocol of the Center of Tropical Forest Science (CTFS), 14 forest dynamic plots with the size of 40 m×40 m were established in 2016 in Qingyunshan Nature Reserve, Wengyuan, Guangdong Province. All the woody plants with diameter at the breast height (DBH) ≥1 cm were measured, tagged, and identified to species level. Result There were a total of 13 630 trees, with DBH≥1 cm, belonging to 52 families, 110 genera and 216 species recorded in the 14 plots. The rare and occasional species accounted for 20.7% and 37.6% of the total species, respectively. The dominant species were Cunninghamia lanceolata, Schima superba, Diospyros morrisiana, Rhododendron moulmainense, Castanopsis fissa, Castanopsis fargesii, Castanopsis faberi, Castanopsis carlesii, Machilus chinensis, Itea chinensis, Phyllostachys edulis and Castanopsis eyrei. The dominant families were Lauraceae, Theaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Magnoliaceae, Rosaceae, Fagaceae and Gramineae. The 52 families of 216 woody species can be classified into 9 flora distribution types, with tropical elements accounting for 65.39% and temperate elements accounting for 15.38% of the total of families. The 110 genera can be classified into 12 distribution types, with tropical elements accounting for 70.00% and temperate elements accounting for 26.36% of total genera. Diameter distribution of all individuals showed inverted J-shaped structure and small diameter individuals were relatively abundant. The amount of species gradually decreased with the increase of DBH classes. The community regeneration was relatively well with a stable pattern. Conclusion In conclusion, the community characteristics of the subtropical forest in Qingyunshan Nature Reserve has abundant species and relatively good regeneration process, although the community is still in the early successional stage.
2020, 33(5): 86-96.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.011
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Objective Low rooting rate has been the key factor limiting the cuttage raising of Cinnamomum micranthum (Hay.) Hay, an endangered species. The study aims at determining the factors hindering the rooting of C. micranthum cuttage, so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving the rooting rate of C. micranthum. Method Different inclusions in different tissues of cuttings with different ages of C. micranthum were screened out based on the non-targeted detection technology. At the same time, cuttage experiment was used to verify the survival rate of cuttage with different ages. The authors tried to determine the effect of endogenous rooting inhibitors on cuttage rooting of C. micranthum. Result The results showed that the relative peak area of phenols and organic acids in xylem and phloem of C. micranthum were significantly larger than that of other substances, among which the relative peak area of phenols was the largest. It also showed that phenols content in phloem were higher than that in xylem. In addition, the content of phenols and organic acids in xylem and phloem of one-year-old branch were significantly higher than that of other branches with different ages, and the content decreased with the increase of cuttage age. Conversely, the survival rate of 1-year-old cuttage were the highest, and it decreased with the increase of cuttage age. Conclusion The rooting inhibitors are mainly phenolic and acid in the cuttage of C. micranthum and mainly distributed in phloem. The effect of endogenous rooting inhibitors on the rooting of cuttage will decrease with the increase of age of cuttage.
2020, 33(5): 97-105.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.012
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Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of growth traits in Quercus acutissima based on provenance test in order to select excellent materials for fuelwood plantation. Method Provenance test of Q. acutissima was conducted in Hongyashan Forest Farm of Chuzhou City, Anhui Province. The survival rate, growth and above-ground biomass (AGB) of 35 provenances were investigated within 11 years. The variation of growth traits of various Q. acutissima provenances were investigated and analyzed every three years by cluster analysis. Result The average survival rate of 1-year-old Q. acutissima was 89.50%, and it was 72.82% at the age of 11 with a 13.70% coefficient of variation. The differences in tree height (H), diameter at breast height (DBH) (or ground diameter (GD)) and AGB of individual trees among the 35 provenances became smaller with the increase of tree age. The variation of AGB of individual tree was the largest among the provenances, followed by DBH (or GD), and H was smallest. The cluster analysis of growth traits showed that provenances from Sichuan and Guizhou had higher growth rates, while the growth rates were lower in Shandong and Hubei provenances. Conclusion The performance of growth and aboveground biomass among provenances varied with increasing stand age. At the stage of young age, the Q. acutissima provenances from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau showed better growth performance in the study area.
2020, 33(5): 106-113.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.013
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Objective To study the carbon sequestration and its change during the growth of the Taiwania flousiana plantations, and to provide reference for rational assessment of its ecological benefits. Method Taking T. flousiana plantations at Nandan Forest Farm, Northwestern of Guangxi, as the research samples, the carbon content, carbon storage, annual carbon sequestration and distribution characteristics of T. flousiana plantation at four stand ages (9-, 17-, 25- and 37-years-old) were studied by field investigation and laboratory analysis. Result (1) The carbon content in different organs of T. flousiana ranged from 425.3 g·kg−1 to 507.2 g·kg−1. The content of shrub, herb, litter layers ranged from 446.9 g·kg−1 to 461.3 g·kg−1, from 387.0 g·kg−1 to 412.5 g·kg−1, and from 410.5 g·kg−1 to 438.2 g·kg−1, respectively. The carbon content of soil layer (0−80 cm) ranged from 5.72 g·kg−1 to 45.79 g·kg−1, which increased with stand age but decreased with the soil depth. (2) The total carbon storage in the 9-, 17-, 25- and 37-year-old T. flousiana plantations were 180.39, 223.24, 254.65 and 314.59 t·hm−2, respectively, of which the arbor layer accounted for 20.15%, 33.72%, 38.31% and 46.70%, the shrub layer for 0.37%, 0.66%, 0.88% and 0.84%, the litter layer for 0.51%, 0.93%, 1.17% and 1.41%, and the soil layer for 78.98%, 64.69%, 59.69% and 51.06%, respectively. (3) Annual carbon sequestrations of T. flousiana plantations with the four age classes were up to 5.42, 7.15, 7.32 and 7.03 t·hm−2·a−1, respectively, of which the arbor layer accounted for 85.24%, 73.85%, 70.41% and 68.58%, and the annual litter accounted for 14.76%,26.15%, 31.42% and 29.59%, respectively. Conclusion The carbon storage of T. flousiana plantation in Northwest Guangxi obviously varies with growth, and has huge carbon storage potential. This study can be used as reference for the forest management aiming at carbon sequestration in northwestern Guangxi.
2020, 33(5): 114-120.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.014
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Objectives To analyze and identify the contents of aphid saliva so as to provide reference for coevolution research between the sap-sucking insects and host plants. Method A novel method was introduced to collect and concentrate saliva of a galling aphid, Kaburagia rhusicola rhusicola, from the gall tissue on Rhus potaninii. The samples were treated by applying ultrafiltration membrane concentration and freeze drying, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Result Protein peaks were found on the mass spectrum of concentrated samples by vacuum freeze-drying, and partial salivary proteins were successful identified in the gall tissue of K. rhusicola rhusicola, The molecular mass was between 30.9-157.6 kDa, The number of matched peptides was 1-4, and the length of the encoded amino acid was 277-1421. Five proteins were identified in the Acyrthosiphon pisum, (ACYPI 002474, ACYPI 006969, ACYPI 006711, ACYPI 007671, ACYPI 003311), i.e. pinin protein, actin protein, elongation factor protein, histone protein and adhesive proteins. Seven proteins were identified in the Arabidopsis protein database (Q9FJY0, Q56Y48, P19366, P21238, Q9FFR3, Q9LTX9, O03042), i.e. uncharacterized protein, transmembrane protein, ATP synthase protein, chaperonin protein, heat shock protein and phosphocarboxylase protein, etc. Conclusion In this study, 12 kinds of proteins were extracted by LC-MS/MS from gall tissue. The elongation factor protein, numbered ACYPI 006711, was identified in the saliva and salivary glands of Schlechtendalia chinensis; the actin protein, numbered ACYPI 006969, was also identified in the salivary gland of Schlechtendalia chinensis. It can be inferred that the proteins identified from the gall tissues of Kaburagia rhusicola, most likely come from the saliva of the Kaburagia rhusicola rhusicola.
2020, 33(5): 121-128.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.015
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Objective By comparing the characteristics of soil physical and chemical properties and enzyme activity of understory vegetation removal and retention in the Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation to study the effect of understory vegetation management on the soil quality of Chinese fir plantation. Method Taking subtropical Chinese fir plantation as the research object, and by using a paired test design, two plots of understory vegetation retention (UP) and understory vegetation removal (UR) were treated on 8 plots to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the activities of five hydrolase. The soil nutrient-enzyme stoichiometric ratio was calculated, and the correlation between soil physical and chemical properties and enzyme activity and its stoichiometric ratio were analyzed. Result The understory vegetation removal significantly reduced the water content (SWC), organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) nutrient contents in soil humus layer, 0−5 cm and 5−10 cm soil layers and also inhibited the cellobioside (CB) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) enzyme activity of 0−5 cm and 5−10 cm soil layers. Understory vegetation removal and retention had no significant effect on acid phosphatase (AP) enzyme activity. The activities and stoichiometric ratios of the five soil hydrolyzing enzymes were significantly or very significantly correlated with SWC, SOC, TN, TP, available nitrogen and nutrient stoichiometric ratios, and the soil C, N and P hydrolase activities were extremely significant positive interrelated. The ln(BG+CB)/ln(NAG+LAP), ln(BG+CB)/ln(AP) and ln (NAG+LAP)/ln(AP) were respectively related to soil C/N, C/P and N/P which showed a very significant positive correlation. Conclusion Understory vegetation removal will reduce soil moisture, total nutrients, available nutrients and enzyme activity (CB, LAP). The nutrients and their stoichiometric ratio are closely related to enzyme activity and its stoichiometric ratio. These indicators may be important factors affecting soil enzyme activity and its stoichiometric ratio.
2020, 33(5): 129-136.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.016
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Objective To construct an age-independent theoretical growth model for simulating forest growth. Method The Richards model was used to fit the average height of Larix gmelinii stand in Jilin Province by using the difference form of implicit age. The growth model independent of age was constructed, and the free parameters were expressed as functions of stand correlation factor and site factors. Result The Jackknife method was used to validate the model. The age-independent model correction determination coefficient was between 0.92 and 0.94, while the age-dependent model correction determination coefficient was 0.85, and the age-independent model correction determination coefficient was increased by 8%~10%. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the age-independent model was between 1.30 and 1.59, which was much less than that of the age-dependent model (20.48). Comparing the age-independent models, introducing climate factor model to correct the RMSE and total relative error (TRE) of the determination coefficients was significantly lower than that without introducing, which showed that the introduction of climate factor improved the simulation effect of the model. Conclusion The age-independent theoretical models can be applied to stand where the age is unavailable or unrelated. In this paper, the age-independent site factors and climate factors are introduced into the model fitting in the way of free parameters. By comparing the two kinds of models with fixed parameters and free parameters, it is found that the model with free parameters performs better. This paper argues that the model is more effective by introducing site factors and climate factors into the average height growth model.
2020, 33(5): 137-144.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.017
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Objective To study the genetic diversity and genetic structure of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa in Shanxi Province so as to contribute to the conservation and sustainable utilization of Z. jujuba var. spinosa germplasm. Method Single-copy nuclear gene markers were screened and the genetic diversity, genetic structure and population demography of 14 Z. jujuba var. spinosa populations distributed in Shanxi were analyzed. Result 6 single-copy nuclear gene markers were screened and utilized in analysis. The length of the markers varied between 199 and 846 bp. The average number of segregating sites and haplotype diversity were 37 and 0.857, indicating high level of nucleotide diversity of these markers. All the markers were constrained to the neutral evolution model. The genetic diversity of Z. jujuba var. spinosa in Shanxi was relatively high (π=0.007 20, θw=0.009 25). High level of outcrossing and complex population demography resulted in high level of genetic diversity. Mismatch distribution analysis showed that Z. jujuba var. spinosa underwent population expansion in evolutionary history, which resulted from less affects by Quaternary glaciation cycles in the Loss Plateau. STRUCTURE analysis showed no genetic structure formed among populations. AMOVA analysis indicated that the populations of Z. jujuba var. spinosa in Shanxi showed moderately high level of genetic differentiation (Fst=0.145). Variation within populations contributed majority to the total variation (85.48%). Mantel test showed that no correlation was found between genetic distance and geographical distance. Conclusion Z. jujuba var. spinosa distributed in Shanxi shows relatively high level of genetic diversity and moderate genetic differentiation.
2020, 33(5): 145-153.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.018
Abstract:
Objective To study the genetic background and the genetic diversity of 'Jinsiqiu' (a species of Catalpa bungei) germplasm. Method AFLP was conducted using 10 EcoRⅠ+3 /MseⅠ+3 primer combinations to analyze 75 elite clones of C. fargesii, C. ovata, Guangyeqiu (a species of C. bungei) and C. bungei var. 'Yuqiu 1' as control. Result 1177 AFLP fragments were obtained totally, in which 1 130 were polymorphic and the average percentage of polymorphic bands (PPBs) was 96.01%. On the overall level, the value of effective number of alleles (Ne) ranged from 1.00 to 1.99 with an average of 1.48±0.03; Nei’s gene diversity (H) ranged from 0.00 to 0.49 with an average of 0.28±0.01 and Shannon’s information index (I) ranged from 0.00 to 0.69 with an average of 0.43±0.02. All the materials used in the study could be divided into 8 groups, among which group I contained 71 'Jinsiqiu' elite clones. It indicated a moderate level of genetic diversity and the genetic background may be quite narrow among the materials used in the study. The genetic distance and geographical distance of each clone showed a significant positive correlation, indicating that geographical isolation had a significant effect on the genetic diversity of Catalpa. Combined with the results of cluster analysis, a clone of 'Jinsiqiu' showed the furthest genetic distance from the others, which was worthy of special protection and promotion. Conclusion Morphological and AFLP molecular marker evidences show that 'Jinsiqiu' is significantly different from the common C. bungei species. The authors suggest that the taxonomic position of 'Jinsiqiu' should be reconsidered.
2020, 33(5): 154-162.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.019
Abstract:
Objective To study the dynamic change of mangrove wetland in Dongzhai port, Hainan Province, and provide references for mangrove wetland protection, coastal zone restoration, converting the pond for wetland and other major ecological measures. Method The dynamic change characteristics of mangrove wetland in Dongzhai port were described from two aspects of landscape pattern and land use, and the dynamic change of mangrove wetland was studied by combining land use/cover change (LUCC) and landscape ecological index. Result (1) From the perspective of land use, from 1988 to 2016, the proportion of aquaculture area and construction land in Dongzhai port increased significantly, from 1.6% and 1.86% of the total area to 11.89% and 9.39% respectively. The area of woodland and arable land decreased from 17.61% and 38.89% to 11.83% and 27.06% respectively. (2) From the perspective of landscape, the high stability landscape indexes such as the increase of the density and the number of patch, the decrease of the mean patch area, the area-weighted mean shape fragmentation index, indicated that the degree of landscape fragmentation increased gradually in the study area of Dongzhai port. (3) The landscape fragmentation index and some correlation analysis about the changes of each landscape area showed the reduction of arable land. While the increase of construction land and aquaculture area surface area directly aggravated the degree of landscape fragmentation. (4) Mangroves, as the most important element of mangrove wetland, its area was mainly affected by disasters and human factors. There was no obvious change in the whole mangroves area of the study area in Dongzhai port. The change of area was bound with other land types like arable land, aquaculture area and water area. Conclusion In the past 30 years, the change of land use in Dongzhai port was mainly reflected in the increase of aquaculture area and construction land, and the reduction of woodland and arable land. The decline of the arable land and the increase of construction land and aquaculture area directly aggravated the degree of landscape fragmentation. At the same time, conservation efforts are focused on mangrove forests.
2020, 33(5): 163-169.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.020
Abstract:
Objective The effects of Camellia oleifera cultivar on the community structure of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi were investigated to provide references for further revealing the response of AM fungi to plant genotypes and the development of microbial fertilizers. Method The Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the structural characteristics of AM fungi in the rhizosphere soil of five main C. oleifera cultivars (Changlin 3, Changlin 4, Changlin 53, Ganwu 84-8 and Ganxing 48) in Jiangxi Province. Result A total of 2 538 OTUs were obtained from the 5 C. oleifera cultivars, belonging to 1 phylum, 1 class, 4 orders, 10 families and 12 genera. The relative abundance of Glomeraceae was the highest, accounting for 41.12% of AM fungi families. No significant differences were observed in the Simpson, Chao 1, ACE and Shannon indexes among the five C. oleifera cultivars. Mycorrhizal infection rate, Glomus abundance, Paraglomus abundance, Gigaspora abundance and Claroideoglomus abundance were significantly different among the five C. oleifera cultivars. NMDS analysis showed that C. oleifera cultivar changed the community structure of AM fungi in the rhizosphere soil of C. oleifera. RDA analysis showed that nitrate was the most important soil factor affecting the distribution of AM fungi community in C. oleifera rhizosphere. Conclusion The C.oleifera cultivar has significant influence on rhizosphere AM fungal community, whilst the impact of cultivar on AM fungal diversity is not significant. Furthermore, the content of nitrate is the most important factor affecting AM fungal community structure among many soil factors.
2020, 33(5): 170-176.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.021
Abstract:
Objective To study the difference of performance between mapping-grade GNSS receivers and recreation-grade GNSS receivers in middle and high canopy density stands under various site conditions aiming at changing the current situation of the misusing commercial positioning equipment in the forest environment. Method The GNSS signals of the handheld receiver for forestry applications under various site conditions were collected. The positioning errors in horizontal and vertical directions were quantitatively analyzed. Result The differences of Geometric Dilution of Precision and signal-to-noise ratio were compared. The theoretical basis for the difference of GNSS module was given. Conclusion It is considered that the selection of professional receivers and single point average are important means to meet the conventional needs of positioning better than 5 m during leaf-on forest conditions. Commercial receivers such as smart phones are only suitable for the general positioning requirements of about 10 meters in the forest environment.
2020, 33(5): 177-183.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.022
Abstract:
Objective The growth differences of Spartina alterniflora in coastal wetland of Zhejiang Province were compared to identify the influence of soil chemical properties on the growth of S. alterniflora and provide reference for management and control of S. alterniflora in coastal wetland. Method Field investigation and the related laboratory tests were carried out in Hangzhou Bay, Xiangshan Port and Yueqing Bay. The growth characteristics indexes of S. alterniflora population density, plant height, basal stem diameter and aboveground biomass, as well as soil chemical properties such as soil pH, water soluble salt, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen and available phosphorus were measured. Single factor ANOVA, correlation analysis, and path analysis were applied to analyze the relationship between soil chemical properties and the growth traits of S. alterniflora in sampling sites. Result (1) The population density, plant height, basal stem diameter and plant biomass of S. alterniflora followed the order of Hangzhou Bay > Xiangshan Port > Yueqing Bay. There was no significant difference in growth traits between Yueqing Bay and Xiangshan Port, while the growth traits in Hangzhou Bay were significantly higher than those in the other two regions (P < 0.01). (2) There was no significant difference in soil nutrient contents and soil salinity between Yueqing Bay and Xiangshan Port, significantly higher than those in Hangzhou Bay (P < 0.01). (3) The most important soil chemical properties affecting the growth of S. alterniflora was soil water-soluble salt and followed by soil total nitrogen, available phosphate and pH. Conclusion The growth of S. alterniflora is affected by soil chemical properties in coastal wetland of Zhejiang Province. Soil salinity and nutrient content in a certain range can promote the growth of S. alterniflora, while high salt and high nutrient content may inhibit its growth.
2020, 33(5): 184-190.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.023
Abstract:
Objective To study the community characteristics and niche of Taxus chinensis for the purpose of understanding the community dynamics and habitat changes. Method Based on field sampling survey, the composition, quantity, life form spectrum and niche characteristics of the main T. chinensis community in Xiaolongshan Mountains were studied. Result (1) There were 64 species belonging to 33 families and 47 genera in the T. chinensis community. The dominant families of arbor layer, shrub layer and herb layer were Taxus, Rosaceae and Cyperaceae respectively; The species abundance distribution of the community followed an inverted J type, and the life-form spectrum of the community showed that the above-ground bud plants>higher bud plants>ground bud plants>underground bud plants>annual plants; (2) The niche breadth of the tree layer of T. chinensis community was sequentially: Taxus chinensis > Pinus tabulaeformis > Quercus variabilis > Castanea mollissima > Platycladus orientalis > Pterocarpus indicus; The overlap value between T. chinensis and other populations was smaller than that among the companion species; the niche similarity ratio Cih greater than 0.9 among various populations of T. chinensis forests was 16 pairs, accounting for 57.15%. There were 9 pairs of Cih between 0.7-0.8, accounting for 32.14%; and 3 pairs between 0.6-0.7, accounting for 10.71%. From the viewpoint of disturbance to T. chinensis plantation, Pinus tabulaeformis was more obvious than Pterocarpus tatarinowii.
2020, 33(5): 191-198.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2020.05.024
Abstract:
Objective This study aims at revealing the biological characteristics of Xylosandrus brevis (Eichhoff) on Magnolia grandiflora in Anshun, and providing references for insect control. Method From March 2017 to December 2018, the morphological characteristics, life history, habits and damage characteristics of X. brevis were studied by laboratory observation and field survey. Result The results indicated that the length of female adult was 2.55±0.12 mm, and the width was 1.04±0.07 mm (n=21). The length of male adult was1.97±0.09 mm, and the width was 0.89±0.08 mm (n=18). The length of the eggs was 0.77±0.05 mm, and the width was 0.38±0.02 mm (n=19). They occurred one or two generations a year in Anshun with overlapped generations. A generation lasted for about 25 days. They overwintered as adult. The overwintering adults began their activities in early May and lasted until late August, the peak period of activity was from mid-May to early June. They mainly harmed 2- to 3-years-old branches. The female adults built tunnels in the pit of branch. The tunnel was 9-57 mm long and 1.5-3 mm wide. The number of bark beetles varied from 1 to 25 in each tunnel, and the ratio of male to female was about 10:1. The reproductive mode was mainly bisexual reproduction, there may be parthenogenesis. Conclusion Through parasitic activities, X. brevis carries fungi into the host branches. The fungi propagate and grow to provide food for X. brevis. Under the combined action of beetles and fungi, the branches will wither and die, which seriously affects the landscape. It is suggested that treatment should be carried out every year in winter and spring to control its harm and spread.
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